1
|
DeOliveira CC, Crane BR. A structural decryption of cryptochromes. Front Chem 2024; 12:1436322. [PMID: 39220829 PMCID: PMC11362059 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1436322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs), which are signaling proteins related to DNA photolyases, play pivotal roles in sensory responses throughout biology, including growth and development, metabolic regulation, circadian rhythm entrainment and geomagnetic field sensing. This review explores the evolutionary relationships and functional diversity of cryptochromes from the perspective of their molecular structures. In general, CRY biological activities derive from their core structural architecture, which is based on a Photolyase Homology Region (PHR) and a more variable and functionally specific Cryptochrome C-terminal Extension (CCE). The α/β and α-helical domains within the PHR bind FAD, modulate redox reactive residues, accommodate antenna cofactors, recognize small molecules and provide conformationally responsive interaction surfaces for a range of partners. CCEs add structural complexity and divergence, and in doing so, influence photoreceptor reactivity and tailor function. Primary and secondary pockets within the PHR bind myriad moieties and collaborate with the CCEs to tune recognition properties and propagate chemical changes to downstream partners. For some CRYs, changes in homo and hetero-oligomerization couple to light-induced conformational changes, for others, changes in posttranslational modifications couple to cascades of protein interactions with partners and effectors. The structural exploration of cryptochromes underscores how a broad family of signaling proteins with close relationship to light-dependent enzymes achieves a wide range of activities through conservation of key structural and chemical properties upon which function-specific features are elaborated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian R. Crane
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cammareri M, Frary A, Frary A, Grandillo S. Genetic and Biotechnological Approaches to Improve Fruit Bioactive Content: A Focus on Eggplant and Tomato Anthocyanins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6811. [PMID: 38928516 PMCID: PMC11204163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a large group of water-soluble flavonoid pigments. These specialized metabolites are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and play an essential role not only in plant reproduction and dispersal but also in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Anthocyanins are recognized as important health-promoting and chronic-disease-preventing components in the human diet. Therefore, interest in developing food crops with improved levels and compositions of these important nutraceuticals is growing. This review focuses on work conducted to elucidate the genetic control of the anthocyanin pathway and modulate anthocyanin content in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), two solanaceous fruit vegetables of worldwide relevance. While anthocyanin levels in eggplant fruit have always been an important quality trait, anthocyanin-based, purple-fruited tomato cultivars are currently a novelty. As detailed in this review, this difference in the anthocyanin content of the cultivated germplasm has largely influenced genetic studies as well as breeding and transgenic approaches to improve the anthocyanin content/profile of these two important solanaceous crops. The information provided should be of help to researchers and breeders in devising strategies to address the increasing consumer demand for nutraceutical foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cammareri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division Portici, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Amy Frary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA;
| | - Anne Frary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Silvana Grandillo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division Portici, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qu GP, Jiang B, Lin C. The dual-action mechanism of Arabidopsis cryptochromes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:883-896. [PMID: 37902426 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cryptochromes (CRYs) mediate blue-light regulation of plant growth and development. It has been reported that Arabidopsis CRY1and CRY2 function by physically interacting with at least 84 proteins, including transcription factors or co-factors, chromatin regulators, splicing factors, messenger RNA methyltransferases, DNA repair proteins, E3 ubiquitin ligases, protein kinases and so on. Of these 84 proteins, 47 have been reported to exhibit altered binding affinity to CRYs in response to blue light, and 41 have been shown to exhibit condensation to CRY photobodies. The blue light-regulated composition or condensation of CRY complexes results in changes of gene expression and developmental programs. In this mini-review, we analyzed recent studies of the photoregulatory mechanisms of Arabidopsis CRY complexes and proposed the dual mechanisms of action, including the "Lock-and-Key" and the "Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS)" mechanisms. The dual CRY action mechanisms explain, at least partially, the structural diversity of CRY-interacting proteins and the functional diversity of the CRY photoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Ping Qu
- Basic Forestry and Plant Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bochen Jiang
- Basic Forestry and Plant Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Basic Forestry and Plant Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Zeng J, Tian Z, Zhao Z. Root-specific photoreception directs early root development by HY5-regulated ROS balance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313092121. [PMID: 38300870 PMCID: PMC10861875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313092121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Root development is tightly controlled by light, and the response is thought to depend on signal transmission from the shoot. Here, we show that the root apical meristem perceives light independently from aboveground organs to activate the light-regulated transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). The ROS balance between H2O2 and superoxide anion in the root is disturbed under darkness with increased H2O2. We demonstrate that root-derived HY5 directly activates PER6 expression to eliminate H2O2. Moreover, HY5 directly represses UPBEAT1, a known inhibitor of peroxidases, to release the expression of PERs, partially contributing to the light control of ROS balance in the root. Our results reveal an unexpected ability in roots with specific photoreception and provide a mechanistic framework for the HY5-mediated interaction between light and ROS signaling in early root development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Zhaoxia Tian
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamashita H, Wada KC, Inagaki N, Fujimoto Z, Yonemaru JI, Itoh H. Deciphering transcriptomic signatures explaining the phenotypic plasticity of nonheading lettuce genotypes under artificial light conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3971-3985. [PMID: 37533309 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms and pathways involved in genotype-environment (G×E) interactions and phenotypic plasticity is critical for improving plant growth. Controlled environment agricultural systems allow growers to modulate the environment for particular genotypes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of interactions among 14 genotypes and four artificial light environments on leaf lettuce phenotypes and dissected the underlying molecular mechanism via transcriptome-based modeling. Variations in morphological traits and phytochemical concentrations in response to artificial light treatments revealed significant G×E interactions. The appropriate genotype and artificial light combinations for maximizing phenotypic expression were determined on the basis of a joint regression analysis and the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model for these G×E interactions. Transcriptome-based regression modeling explained approximately 50%-90% of the G×E variations. Further analyzes indicated Red Lettuce Leaves 4 (RLL4) regulates UV-B and blue light signaling through the effects of the HY5-MBW pathway on flavonoid biosynthesis and contributes to natural variations in the light-responsive plasticity of lettuce traits. Our study represents an important step toward elucidating the phenotypic variations due to G×E interactions in nonheading lettuce under artificial light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Yamashita
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaede C Wada
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Inagaki
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zui Fujimoto
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yonemaru
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hironori Itoh
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kanojia A, Bhola D, Mudgil Y. Light signaling as cellular integrator of multiple environmental cues in plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1485-1503. [PMID: 38076763 PMCID: PMC10709290 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile need to rapidly adapt to the constantly changing environment through modifications in their internal clock, metabolism, and gene expression. They have evolved an intricate system to perceive and transfer the signals from the primary environmental factors namely light, temperature and water to regulate their growth development and survival. Over past few decades rigorous research using molecular genetics approaches, especially in model plant Arabidopsis, has resulted in substantial progress in discovering various photoreceptor systems and light signaling components. In parallel several molecular pathways operating in response to other environmental cues have also been elucidated. Interestingly, the studies have shown that expression profiles of genes involved in photomorphogenesis can undergo modulation in response to other cues from the environment. Recently, the photoreceptor, PHYB, has been shown to function as a thermosensor. Downstream components of light signaling pathway like COP1 and PIF have also emerged as integrating hubs for various kinds of signals. All these findings indicate that light signaling components may act as central integrator of various environmental cues to regulate plant growth and development processes. In this review, we present a perspective on cross talk of signaling mechanisms induced in response to myriad array of signals and their integration with the light signaling components. By putting light signals on the central stage, we propose the possibilities of enhancing plant resilience to the changing environment by fine-tuning the genetic manipulation of its signaling components in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kanojia
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Diksha Bhola
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang W, Gao L, Zhao T, Chen J, Chen T, Lin W. Arabidopsis NF-YC7 Interacts with CRY2 and PIF4/5 to Repress Blue Light-Inhibited Hypocotyl Elongation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12444. [PMID: 37569819 PMCID: PMC10419918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is an important environmental factor. Plants adapt to their light environment by developing the optimal phenotypes. Light-mediated hypocotyl growth is an ideal phenotype for studying how plants respond to light. Thus far, many signaling components in light-mediated hypocotyl growth have been reported. Here, we focused on identifying the transcription factors (TFs) involved in blue light-mediated hypocotyl growth. We analyzed the blue-light-mediated hypocotyl lengths of Arabidopsis TF-overexpressing lines and identified three NF-YC proteins, NF-YC7, NF-YC5, and NF-YC8 (NF-YCs being the short name), as the negative regulators in blue light-inhibited hypocotyl elongation. NF-YC-overexpressing lines developed longer hypocotyls than those of the wild type under blue light, while the deficient mutants nf-yc5nf-yc7 and nf-yc7nf-yc8 failed to exhibit hypocotyl elongation under blue light. NF-YCs physically interacted with CRY2 (cryptochrome 2) and PIF4/5 (phytochrome interacting factor 4 or 5), while the NF-YCs-PIF4/5 interactions were repressed by CRY2. Moreover, the overexpression of CRY2 or deficiency of PIF4/5 repressed NF-YC7-induced hypocotyl elongation under blue light. Further investigation revealed that NF-YC7 may increase CRY2 degradation and regulate PIF4/5 activities under blue light. Taken together, this study will provide new insight into the mechanism of how blue light inhibits hypocotyl elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Wang W, Jia Q, Tian H, Wang X, Li Y, Hussain S, Hussain H, Wang T, Wang S. BIC2, a Cryptochrome Function Inhibitor, Is Involved in the Regulation of ABA Responses in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112220. [PMID: 37299199 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ABA (abscisic acid) is able to regulate plant responses to abiotic stresses via regulating the expression of ABA response genes. BIC1 (Blue-light Inhibitor of Cryptochromes 1) and BIC2 have been identified as the inhibitors of plant cryptochrome functions, and are involved in the regulation of plant development and metabolism in Arabidopsis . In this study, we report the identification of BIC2 as a regulator of ABA responses in Arabidopsis . RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) results show that the expression level of BIC1 remained largely unchanged, but that of BIC2 increased significantly in response to ABA treatment. Transfection assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts show that both BIC1 and BIC2 were mainly localized in the nucleus, and were able to activate the expression of the co-transfected reporter gene. Results in seed germination and seedling greening assays show that ABA sensitivity was increased in the transgenic plants overexpressing BIC2, but increased slightly, if any, in the transgenic plants overexpressing BIC1. ABA sensitivity was also increased in the bic2 single mutants in seedling greening assays, but no further increase was observed in the bic1 bic2 double mutants. On the other hand, in root elongation assays, ABA sensitivity was decreased in the transgenic plants overexpressing BIC2, as well as the bic2 single mutants, but no further decrease was observed in the bic1 bic2 double mutants. By using qRT-PCR (quantitative RT-PCR), we further examined how BIC2 may regulate ABA responses in Arabidopsis , and found that inhibition of ABA on the expression of the ABA receptor genes PYL4 (PYR1-Like 4) and PYL5 were decreased, but promotion of ABA on the expression of the protein kinase gene SnRK2.6 (SNF1-Related Protein Kinases 2.6) was enhanced in both the bic1 bic2 double mutants and 35S:BIC2 overexpression transgenic plants. Taken together, our results suggest that BIC2 regulates ABA responses in Arabidopsis possibly by affecting the expression of ABA signaling key regulator genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Qiming Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hainan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xutong Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hadia Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shucai Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liao J, Deng B, Yang Q, Li Y, Zhang Y, Cong J, Wang X, Kohnen MV, Liu ZJ, Lu MZ, Lin D, Gu L, Liu B. Insights into cryptochrome modulation of ABA signaling to mediate dormancy regulation in Marchantia polymorpha. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1479-1497. [PMID: 36797656 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of dormancy capabilities has enabled plants to survive in adverse terrestrial environmental conditions. Dormancy accumulation and release is coupled with light signaling, which is well studied in Arabidopsis, but it is unclear in the distant nonvascular relative. We study the characteristics and function on dormancy regulation of a blue light receptor cryptochrome in Marchantia polymorpha (MpCRY). Here, we identified MpCRY via bioinformatics and mutant complement analysis. The biochemical characteristics were assessed by multiple protein-binding assays. The function of MpCRY in gemma dormancy was clarified by overexpression and mutation of MpCRY, and its mechanism was analyzed via RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses associated with hormone treatment. We found that the unique MpCRY protein in M. polymorpha undergoes both blue light-promoted interaction with itself (self-interaction) and blue light-dependent phosphorylation. MpCRY has the specific characteristics of blue light-induced nuclear localization and degradation. We further demonstrated that MpCRY transcriptionally represses abscisic acid (ABA) signaling-related gene expression to suppress gemma dormancy, which is dependent on blue light signaling. Our findings indicate that MpCRY possesses specific biochemical and molecular characteristics, and modulates ABA signaling under blue light conditions to regulate gemma dormancy in M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Liao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ban Deng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qixin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jiajing Cong
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaqin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Markus V Kohnen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Bobin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Li H, Liu B, Zhao T. N6-methyladenosine mRNA methylation is important for the light response in soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1153840. [PMID: 37082338 PMCID: PMC10110966 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1153840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) is the most prevalent and abundant modification in eukaryotic mRNA and posttranscriptionally modulates the transcriptome at almost all stages of mRNA metabolism. In plants, m6A is crucial for embryonic-phase growth, flowering time control, microspore generation and fruit maturation. However, the role of m6A in plant responses to light, the most important environmental stimulus, remains unexplored. Here, we profile the m6A transcriptome of Williams 82, a soybean cultivar, and reveal that m6A is highly conserved and plays an important role in the response to light stimuli in soybean. Similar to the case in Arabidopsis, m6A in soybean is enriched not only around the stop codon and within the 3'UTR but also around the start codon. Moreover, genes with methylation occurring in the 3'UTR have higher expression levels and are more prone to alternative splicing. The core genes in the light signaling pathway, GmSPA1a, GmPRR5e and GmBIC2b, undergo changes in methylation modification and transcription levels in response to light. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes with differential m6A peaks were involved in the "photosynthesis" and "circadian rhythm" pathways. Our results highlight the important role played by epitranscriptomic mRNA methylation in the light response in soybean and provide a solid basis for determining the functional role of light on RNA m6A modification in this plant.
Collapse
|
11
|
Direct experimental observation of blue-light-induced conformational change and intermolecular interactions of cryptochrome. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1103. [PMID: 36257983 PMCID: PMC9579160 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue light receptors that mediate circadian rhythm and magnetic sensing in various organisms. A typical cryptochrome consists of a conserved photolyase homology region domain and a varying carboxyl-terminal extension across species. The structure of the flexible carboxyl-terminal extension and how carboxyl-terminal extension participates in cryptochrome’s signaling function remain mostly unknown. In this study, we uncover the potential missing link between carboxyl-terminal extension conformational changes and downstream signaling functions. Specifically, we discover that the blue-light induced opening of carboxyl-terminal extension in C. reinhardtii animal-like cryptochrome can structurally facilitate its interaction with Rhythm Of Chloroplast 15, a circadian-clock-related protein. Our finding is made possible by two technical advances. Using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer technique, we directly observe the displacement of carboxyl-terminal extension by about 15 Å upon blue light excitation. Combining structure prediction and solution X-ray scattering methods, we propose plausible structures of full-length cryptochrome under dark and lit conditions. The structures provide molecular basis for light active conformational changes of cryptochrome and downstream regulatory functions. Refined structures, protein-docking analysis and single molecule assays provides insights into light-induced conformational changes in the cryptochrome CraCRY.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abid MA, Wei Y, Meng Z, Wang Y, Ye Y, Wang Y, He H, Zhou Q, Li Y, Wang P, Li X, Yan L, Malik W, Guo S, Chu C, Zhang R, Liang C. Increasing floral visitation and hybrid seed production mediated by beauty mark in Gossypium hirsutum. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1274-1284. [PMID: 35266277 PMCID: PMC9241374 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid crop varieties have been repeatedly demonstrated to produce significantly higher yields than their parental lines; however, the low efficiency and high cost of hybrid seed production has limited the broad exploitation of heterosis for cotton production. One option for increasing the yield of hybrid seed is to improve pollination efficiency by insect pollinators. Here, we report the molecular cloning and characterization of a semidominant gene, Beauty Mark (BM), which controls purple spot formation at the base of flower petals in the cultivated tetraploid cotton species Gossypium barbadense. BM encodes an R2R3 MYB113 transcription factor, and we demonstrate that GbBM directly targets the promoter of four flavonoid biosynthesis genes to positively regulate petal spot development. Introgression of a GbBM allele into G. hirsutum by marker-assisted selection restored petal spot formation, which significantly increased the frequency of honeybee visits in G. hirsutum. Moreover, field tests confirmed that cotton seed yield was significantly improved in a three-line hybrid production system that incorporated the GbBM allele. Our study thus provides a basis for the potentially broad application of this gene in improving the long-standing problem of low seed production in elite cotton hybrid lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Abid
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yunxiao Wei
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhigang Meng
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuan Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yulu Ye
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanan Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Haiyan He
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qi Zhou
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanyan Li
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Peilin Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Liuhua Yan
- Cropedit Biotechnology Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Waqas Malik
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sandui Guo
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biologythe Innovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rui Zhang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1), a main blue light receptor protein, plays a significant role in several biological processes. However, the expression patterns and function of CRY1 in strawberry have not been identified. Here, the expression profile of CRY1 in different tissues and developmental stages of strawberry fruit, and expression patterns response to abiotic stresses (low temperature, salt and drought) were analyzed. Its subcellular localization, interaction proteins and heterologous overexpression in tobacco were also investigated. The results showed that CRY1 was mainly expressed in leaves and fruits with an expression peak at the initial red stage in strawberry fruit. Abiotic stresses could significantly induce the expression of CRY1. The CRY1 protein was located in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Five proteins (CSN5a-like, JAZ5, eIF3G. NF-YC9, and NDUFB9) interacting with CRY1 were discovered. Genes related flowering times, such as HY5 and CO, in three overexpressed FaCRY1 tobacco lines, were significantly upregulated. Taken together, our results suggested CRY1 have a broad role in biological processes in strawberry.
Collapse
|
14
|
Stop CRYing! Inhibition of cryptochrome function by small proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:773-782. [PMID: 35311888 PMCID: PMC9162457 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants can detect the presence of light using specialised photoreceptor proteins. These photoreceptors measure the intensity of light, but they can also respond to different spectra of light and thus ‘see' different colours. Cryptochromes, which are also present in animals, are flavin-based photoreceptors that enable plants to detect blue and ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light. In Arabidopsis, there are two cryptochromes, CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1) and CRYPTOCHROME 2 (CRY2) with known sensory roles. They function in various processes such as blue-light mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, photoperiodic promotion of floral initiation, cotyledon expansion, anthocyanin production, and magnetoreception, to name a few. In the dark, the cryptochromes are in an inactive monomeric state and undergo photochemical and conformational change in response to illumination. This results in flavin reduction, oligomerisation, and the formation of the ‘cryptochrome complexome'. Mechanisms of cryptochrome activation and signalling have been extensively studied and found to be conserved across phylogenetic lines. In this review, we will therefore focus on a far lesser-known mechanism of regulation that is unique to plant cryptochromes. This involves inhibition of cryptochrome activity by small proteins that prevent its dimerisation in response to light. The resulting inhibition of function cause profound alterations in economically important traits such as plant growth, flowering, and fruit production. This review will describe the known mechanisms of cryptochrome activation and signalling in the context of their modulation by these endogenous and artificial small inhibitor proteins. Promising new applications for biotechnological and agricultural applications will be discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ponnu J, Hoecker U. Signaling Mechanisms by Arabidopsis Cryptochromes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844714. [PMID: 35295637 PMCID: PMC8918993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue light photoreceptors that regulate growth, development, and metabolism in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), CRY1 and CRY2 possess partially redundant and overlapping functions. Upon exposure to blue light, the monomeric inactive CRYs undergo phosphorylation and oligomerization, which are crucial to CRY function. Both the N- and C-terminal domains of CRYs participate in light-induced interaction with multiple signaling proteins. These include the COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin ligase, several transcription factors, hormone signaling intermediates and proteins involved in chromatin-remodeling and RNA N6 adenosine methylation. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of Arabidopsis CRY signaling in photomorphogenesis and the recent breakthroughs in Arabidopsis CRY research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Hoecker
- *Correspondence: Ute Hoecker, , orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-9777
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mu R, Lyu X, Ji R, Liu J, Zhao T, Li H, Liu B. GmBICs Modulate Low Blue Light-Induced Stem Elongation in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:803122. [PMID: 35185980 PMCID: PMC8850649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.803122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Blue-light inhibitors of cryptochromes (BICs) promote hypocotyl elongation by suppressing the activity of cryptochromes in Arabidopsis. Nevertheless, the roles of BICs in other plant species are still unclear. Here we investigate their functions by genetic overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9 engineered mutations targeting the six GmBIC genes in soybean. We showed that the GmBICs overexpression (GmBICs-OX) lines strongly promoted stem elongation, while the single, double, and quadruple mutations in the GmBIC genes resulted in incremental dwarfing phenotypes. Furthermore, overexpression of GmBIC2a abolished the low blue light (LBL)-induced stem elongation, demonstrating the involvement of GmBICs in regulating cryptochrome-mediated LBL-induced shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). The Gmbic1a1b2a2b quadruple mutant displayed reduced stem elongation under LBL conditions, which was reminiscent of the GmCRY1b-OX lines. Taken together, this study provided essential genetic resources for elucidating GmBICs functional mechanisms and breeding of shade-tolerant soybean cultivars in future.
Collapse
|
17
|
Li C, Wang X, Zhang L, Zhang C, Yu C, Zhao T, Liu B, Li H, Liu J. OsBIC1 Directly Interacts with OsCRYs to Regulate Leaf Sheath Length through Mediating GA-Responsive Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010287. [PMID: 35008710 PMCID: PMC8745657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochrome 1 and 2 (CRY1 and CRY2) are blue light receptors involved in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation, cotyledon expansion, and flowering time in Arabidopsisthaliana. Two cryptochrome-interacting proteins, Blue-light Inhibitor of Cryptochrome 1 and 2 (BIC1 and BIC2), have been found in Arabidopsis. BIC1 plays critical roles in suppressing the physiological activities of CRY2, which include the blue light-dependent dimerization, phosphorylation, photobody formation, and degradation process, but the functional characterization of BIC protein in other crops has not yet been performed. To investigate the function of BIC protein in rice (Oryza sativa), two homologous genes of Arabidopsis BIC1 and BIC2, namely OsBIC1 and OsBIC2 (OsBICs), were identified. The overexpression of OsBIC1 and OsBIC2 led to increased leaf sheath length, whereas mutations in OsBIC1 displayed shorter leaf sheath in a blue light intensity-dependent manner. OsBIC1 regulated blue light-induced leaf sheath elongation through direct interaction with OsCRY1a, OsCRY1b, and OsCRY2 (OsCRYs). Longitudinal sections of the second leaf sheath demonstrated that OsBIC1 and OsCRYs controlled leaf sheath length by influencing the ratio of epidermal cells with different lengths. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis further proved that OsBIC1 and OsCRYs regulated similar transcriptome changes in regulating Gibberellic Acids (GA)-responsive pathway. Taken together, these results suggested that OsBIC1 and OsCRYs worked together to regulate epidermal cell elongation and control blue light-induced leaf sheath elongation through the GA-responsive pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
- Institute of Nanfan & Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Liya Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Chunsheng Yu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Tao Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Hongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Transcriptome sequencing revealed the influence of blue light on the expression levels of light-stress response genes in Centella asiatica. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260468. [PMID: 34843573 PMCID: PMC8629183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica is rich in medical and cosmetic properties. While physiological responses of C. asiatica to light have been widely reported, the knowledge of the effects of light on its gene expression is sparse. In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the expression of the C. asiatica genes in response to monochromatic red and blue light. Most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under blue light were up-regulated but those under red light were down-regulated. The DEGs encoded for CRY-DASH and UVR3 were among up-regulated genes that play significant roles in responses under blue light. The DEGs involved in the response to photosystem II photodamages and in the biosynthesis of photoprotective xanthophylls were also up-regulated. The expression of flavonoid biosynthetic DEGs under blue light was up-regulated but that under red light was down-regulated. Correspondingly, total flavonoid content under blue light was higher than that under red light. The ABI5, MYB4, and HYH transcription factors appeared as hub nodes in the protein-protein interaction network of the DEGs under blue light while ERF38 was a hub node among the DEGs under red light. In summary, stress-responsive genes were predominantly up-regulated under blue light to respond to stresses that could be induced under high energy light. The information obtained from this study can be useful to better understand the responses of C. asiatica to different light qualities.
Collapse
|
19
|
He Y, Li D, Li S, Liu Y, Chen H. SmBICs Inhibit Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1001-1011. [PMID: 34043001 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eggplant is rich in anthocyanins, which are thought to be highly beneficial for human health. It has been reported that blue light inhibitors of cryptochromes (BICs) act as negative regulators in light signal transduction, but little is known about their role in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, yeast one-hybrid analysis showed that SmBICs could bind to the promoter of SmCHS, indicating that they could directly participate in eggplant anthocyanin biosynthesis. In SmBICs-silenced eggplants, more anthocyanins were accumulated, while SmBIC1-overexpression (OE) and SmBIC2-OE Arabidopsis and eggplants synthesized less anthocyanin. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction also revealed that the anthocyanin structural genes, which were downregulated in SmBIC1-OE and SmBIC2-OE lines, were upregulated in SmBICs-silenced eggplants. In addition, transcriptome analysis further confirmed that differentially expressed genes of SmBICs-OE plants were enriched mainly in the pathways related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and the key transcription factors and structural genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as SmMYB1, SmTT8, SmHY5, SmCHS, SmCHI, SmDFR and SmANS, were suppressed significantly. Finally, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and blue-light-dependent degradation assay suggested that SmBICs interacted with photo-excited SmCRY2 to inhibit its photoreaction, thereby inhibiting the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and reducing anthocyanin accumulation. Collectively, our study suggests that SmBICs repress anthocyanin biosynthesis by inhibiting photoactivation of SmCRY2. This study provides a new working model for anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - DaLu Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - ShaoHang Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huoying Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Serrano AM, Vanhaelewyn L, Vandenbussche F, Boccalandro HE, Maldonado B, Van Der Straeten D, Ballaré CL, Arana MV. Cryptochromes are the dominant photoreceptors mediating heliotropic responses of Arabidopsis inflorescences. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3246-3256. [PMID: 34181245 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescence movements in response to natural gradients of sunlight are frequently observed in the plant kingdom and are suggested to contribute to reproductive success. Although the physiological and molecular bases of light-mediated tropisms in vegetative organs have been thoroughly investigated, the mechanisms that control inflorescence orientation in response to light gradients under natural conditions are not well understood. In this work, we have used a combination of laboratory and field experiments to investigate light-mediated re-orientation of Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescences. We show that inflorescence phototropism is promoted by photons in the UV and blue spectral range (≤500 nm) and depends on multiple photoreceptor families. Experiments under controlled conditions show that UVR8 is the main photoreceptor mediating the phototropic response to narrowband UV-B radiation, and phototropins and cryptochromes control the response to narrowband blue light. Interestingly, whereas phototropins mediate bending in response to low irradiances of blue, cryptochromes are the principal photoreceptors acting at high irradiances. Moreover, phototropins negatively regulate the action of cryptochromes at high irradiances of blue light. Experiments under natural field conditions demonstrate that cryptochromes are the principal photoreceptors acting in the promotion of the heliotropic response of inflorescences under full sunlight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Vanhaelewyn
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hernán Esteban Boccalandro
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Belén Maldonado
- Instituto Argentino de Investigación de las Zonas Áridas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Luis Ballaré
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agronomía (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBio), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Arana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rai N, Morales LO, Aphalo PJ. Perception of solar UV radiation by plants: photoreceptors and mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1382-1396. [PMID: 33826733 PMCID: PMC8260113 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
About 95% of the ultraviolet (UV) photons reaching the Earth's surface are UV-A (315-400 nm) photons. Plant responses to UV-A radiation have been less frequently studied than those to UV-B (280-315 nm) radiation. Most previous studies on UV-A radiation have used an unrealistic balance between UV-A, UV-B, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Consequently, results from these studies are difficult to interpret from an ecological perspective, leaving an important gap in our understanding of the perception of solar UV radiation by plants. Previously, it was assumed UV-A/blue photoreceptors, cryptochromes and phototropins mediated photomorphogenic responses to UV-A radiation and "UV-B photoreceptor" UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) to UV-B radiation. However, our understanding of how UV-A radiation is perceived by plants has recently improved. Experiments using a realistic balance between UV-B, UV-A, and PAR have demonstrated that UVR8 can play a major role in the perception of both UV-B and short-wavelength UV-A (UV-Asw, 315 to ∼350 nm) radiation. These experiments also showed that UVR8 and cryptochromes jointly regulate gene expression through interactions that alter the relative sensitivity to UV-B, UV-A, and blue wavelengths. Negative feedback loops on the action of these photoreceptors can arise from gene expression, signaling crosstalk, and absorption of UV photons by phenolic metabolites. These interactions explain why exposure to blue light modulates photomorphogenic responses to UV-B and UV-Asw radiation. Future studies will need to distinguish between short and long wavelengths of UV-A radiation and to consider UVR8's role as a UV-B/UV-Asw photoreceptor in sunlight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rai
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Author for communication: . Present address: Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis Orlando Morales
- School of Science and Technology, The Life Science Center-Biology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Pedro José Aphalo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Podolec R, Demarsy E, Ulm R. Perception and Signaling of Ultraviolet-B Radiation in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:793-822. [PMID: 33636992 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is an intrinsic fraction of sunlight that plants perceive through the UVR8 photoreceptor. UVR8 is a homodimer in its ground state that monomerizes upon UV-B photon absorption via distinct tryptophan residues. Monomeric UVR8 competitively binds to the substrate binding site of COP1, thus inhibiting its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity against target proteins, which include transcriptional regulators such as HY5. The UVR8-COP1 interaction also leads to the destabilization of PIF bHLH factor family members. Additionally, UVR8 directly interacts with and inhibits the DNA binding of a different set of transcription factors. Each of these UVR8 signaling mechanisms initiates nuclear gene expression changes leading to UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and acclimation. The two WD40-repeat proteins RUP1 and RUP2 provide negative feedback regulation and inactivate UVR8 by facilitating redimerization. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of the UVR8 pathway from UV-B perception and signal transduction to gene expression changes and physiological UV-B responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Podolec
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Demarsy
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu Y, Wang Q, Qu J, Liu W, Gao X, Li X, Ouyang X, Lin C, Shuai J. Different response modes and cooperation modulations of blue-light receptors in photomorphogenesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1802-1815. [PMID: 33665849 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes photoreceptors, CRY1 and CRY2 in Arabidopsis, mediate blue light responses in plants and metazoa. The signalling interactions underlying photomorphogenesis of cryptochromes action have been extensively studied in experiment, expecting a systematical analysis of the dynamic mechanisms of photosensory signalling network from a global view. In this study, we developed a signalling network model to quantitatively investigate the different response modes and cooperation modulations on photomorphogenesis for CRY1 and CRY2 under blue light. The model shows that the different modes of time-dependent and fluence-rate-dependent phosphorylations for CRY1 and CRY2 are originated from their different phosphorylation rates and degradation rates. Our study indicates that, due to the strong association between blue-light inhibitor of cryptochromes (BIC) and CRY2, BIC negatively modulates CRY2 phosphorylation, which was confirmed by our experiment. The experiment also validated the model prediction that the time-dependent BIC-CRY1 and the fluence-rate-dependent BIC-CRY2 are both bell-shaped under blue light. Importantly, the model proposes that the COP1-SPA abundance can strongly inhibit the phosphorylation response of CRY2, resulting in the positive regulation of CRY2 phosphorylation by CRY1 through COP1-SPA. The model also predicts that the CRY1-HY5 axis, rather than CRY2-HY5 pathway, plays a dominant role in blue-light-dependent photomorphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuejuan Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinhao Ouyang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu T, Zhang X. Transcriptome and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Regulatory Networks Controlling Maize Stomatal Development in Response to Blue Light. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [PMID: 34065495 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-152688/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Blue light is important for the formation of maize stomata, but the signal network remains unclear. (2) Methods: We replaced red light with blue light in an experiment and provided a complementary regulatory network for the stomatal development of maize by using transcriptome and metabolomics analysis. (3) Results: Exposure to blue light led to 1296 differentially expressed genes and 419 differential metabolites. Transcriptome comparisons and correlation signaling network analysis detected 55 genes, and identified 6 genes that work in the regulation of the HY5 module and MAPK cascade, that interact with PTI1, COI1, MPK2, and MPK3, in response to the substitution of blue light in environmental adaptation and signaling transduction pathways. Metabolomics analysis showed that two genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism participate in stomatal development. Their signaling sites located on the PHI1 and MPK2 sites of the MAPK cascade respond to blue light signaling. (4) Conclusions: Blue light remarkably changed the transcriptional signal transduction and metabolism of metabolites, and eight obtained genes worked in the HY5 module and MAPK cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiedong Liu
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Transcriptome and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Regulatory Networks Controlling Maize Stomatal Development in Response to Blue Light. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105393. [PMID: 34065495 PMCID: PMC8161096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Blue light is important for the formation of maize stomata, but the signal network remains unclear. (2) Methods: We replaced red light with blue light in an experiment and provided a complementary regulatory network for the stomatal development of maize by using transcriptome and metabolomics analysis. (3) Results: Exposure to blue light led to 1296 differentially expressed genes and 419 differential metabolites. Transcriptome comparisons and correlation signaling network analysis detected 55 genes, and identified 6 genes that work in the regulation of the HY5 module and MAPK cascade, that interact with PTI1, COI1, MPK2, and MPK3, in response to the substitution of blue light in environmental adaptation and signaling transduction pathways. Metabolomics analysis showed that two genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism participate in stomatal development. Their signaling sites located on the PHI1 and MPK2 sites of the MAPK cascade respond to blue light signaling. (4) Conclusions: Blue light remarkably changed the transcriptional signal transduction and metabolism of metabolites, and eight obtained genes worked in the HY5 module and MAPK cascade.
Collapse
|
26
|
Roeber VM, Bajaj I, Rohde M, Schmülling T, Cortleven A. Light acts as a stressor and influences abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:645-664. [PMID: 33190307 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light is important for plants as an energy source and a developmental signal, but it can also cause stress to plants and modulates responses to stress. Excess and fluctuating light result in photoinhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation around photosystems II and I, respectively. Ultraviolet light causes photodamage to DNA and a prolongation of the light period initiates the photoperiod stress syndrome. Changes in light quality and quantity, as well as in light duration are also key factors impacting the outcome of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Short day or shady environments enhance thermotolerance and increase cold acclimation. Similarly, shade conditions improve drought stress tolerance in plants. Additionally, the light environment affects the plants' responses to biotic intruders, such as pathogens or insect herbivores, often reducing growth-defence trade-offs. Understanding how plants use light information to modulate stress responses will support breeding strategies to enhance crop stress resilience. This review summarizes the effect of light as a stressor and the impact of the light environment on abiotic and biotic stress responses. There is a special focus on the role of the different light receptors and the crosstalk between light signalling and stress response pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venja M Roeber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ishita Bajaj
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareike Rohde
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bhatia C, Gaddam SR, Pandey A, Trivedi PK. COP1 mediates light-dependent regulation of flavonol biosynthesis through HY5 in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110760. [PMID: 33487344 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols, a class of flavonoids, accumulate as protective agents in response to various stresses. Among various environmental stimuli, light is one of the factors regulating flavonol production. MYB12/11/111, members of the R2R3 MYBs family, regulates spatio-temporal flavonol accumulation in Arabidopsis. Although various studies indicate at the involvement of an E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) in flavonoid biosynthesis in response to UV-B, the regulatory roles of these components under visible light are yet to be investigated. Here, we demonstrate that flavonol accumulation in Arabidopsis is light-regulated. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that MYB12 is a HY5-dependent light-inducible gene and plays a key role in the activation of the flavonol biosynthesis in response to light. Our results indicate the involvement of COP1 in the dark-dependent repression of MYB12 expression and flavonol accumulation. In addition, results also suggest that the effect of COP1 on MYB12 is indirect and is mediated through HY5, a direct transcriptional activator of the MYB12. Together these findings indicate that COP1 acts as a master negative regulator of flavonol biosynthesis in the dark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Bhatia
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Subhash Reddy Gaddam
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang Z, Yan B, Dong H, He G, Zhou Y, Sun J. BIC1 acts as a transcriptional coactivator to promote brassinosteroid signaling and plant growth. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104615. [PMID: 33280146 PMCID: PMC7780237 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) transcription factor family plays an essential role in plant brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, but the signaling mechanism through which BZR1 and its homologs cooperate with certain coactivators to facilitate transcription of target genes remains incompletely understood. In this study, we used an efficient protein interaction screening system to identify blue-light inhibitor of cryptochromes 1 (BIC1) as a new BZR1-interacting protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that BIC1 positively regulates BR signaling and acts as a transcriptional coactivator for BZR1-dependent activation of BR-responsive genes. Simultaneously, BIC1 interacts with the transcription factor PIF4 to synergistically and interdependently activate expression of downstream genes including PIF4 itself, and to promote plant growth. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that BIC1 and BZR1/PIF4 interdependently associate with the promoters of common target genes. In addition, we show that the interaction between BIC1 and BZR1 is evolutionally conserved in the model monocot plant Triticum aestivum (bread wheat). Together, our results reveal mechanistic details of BR signaling mediated by a transcriptional activation module BIC1/BZR1/PIF4 and thus provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the integration of BR and light signaling in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongju Yang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Baiqiang Yan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huixue Dong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guanhua He
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are evolutionarily conserved photoreceptors that mediate various light-induced responses in bacteria, plants, and animals. Plant cryptochromes govern a variety of critical growth and developmental processes including seed germination, flowering time and entrainment of the circadian clock. CRY's photocycle involves reduction of their flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-bound chromophore, which is completely oxidized in the dark and semi to fully reduced in the light signaling-active state. Despite the progress in characterizing cryptochromes, important aspects of their photochemistry, regulation, and light-induced structural changes remain to be addressed. In this study, we determine the crystal structure of the photosensory domain of Arabidopsis CRY2 in a tetrameric active state. Systematic structure-based analyses of photo-activated and inactive plant CRYs elucidate distinct structural elements and critical residues that dynamically partake in photo-induced oligomerization. Our study offers an updated model of CRYs photoactivation mechanism as well as the mode of its regulation by interacting proteins.
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu H, Su T, He W, Wang Q, Lin C. The Universally Conserved Residues Are Not Universally Required for Stable Protein Expression or Functions of Cryptochromes. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:327-340. [PMID: 31550045 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Universally conserved residues (UCRs) are invariable amino acids evolutionarily conserved among members of a protein family across diverse kingdoms of life. UCRs are considered important for stability and/or function of protein families, but it has not been experimentally examined systematically. Cryptochromes are photoreceptors in plants or light-independent components of the circadian clocks in mammals. We experimentally analyzed 51 UCRs of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) that are universally conserved in eukaryotic cryptochromes from Arabidopsis to human. Surprisingly, we found that UCRs required for stable protein expression of CRY2 in plants are not similarly required for stable protein expression of human hCRY1 in human cells. Moreover, 74% of the stably expressed CRY2 proteins mutated in UCRs retained wild-type-like activities for at least one photoresponses analyzed. Our finding suggests that the evolutionary mechanisms underlying conservation of UCRs or that distinguish UCRs from non-UCRs determining the same functions of individual cryptochromes remain to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tiantian Su
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenjin He
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Boccaccini A, Legris M, Krahmer J, Allenbach-Petrolati L, Goyal A, Galvan-Ampudia C, Vernoux T, Karayekov E, Casal JJ, Fankhauser C. Low Blue Light Enhances Phototropism by Releasing Cryptochrome1-Mediated Inhibition of PIF4 Expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1780-1793. [PMID: 32554507 PMCID: PMC7401145 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Shade-avoiding plants, including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), display a number of growth responses, such as elongation of stem-like structures and repositioning of leaves, elicited by shade cues, including a reduction in the blue and red portions of the solar spectrum and a low-red to far-red ratio. Shade also promotes phototropism of de-etiolated seedlings through repression of phytochrome B, presumably to enhance capture of unfiltered sunlight. Here we show that both low blue light and a low-red to far-red light ratio are required to rapidly enhance phototropism in Arabidopsis seedlings. However, prolonged low blue light treatments are sufficient to promote phototropism through reduced cryptochrome1 (cry1) activation. The enhanced phototropic response of cry1 mutants in the lab and in response to natural canopies depends on PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs). In favorable light conditions, cry1 limits the expression of PIF4, while in low blue light, PIF4 expression increases, which contributes to phototropic enhancement. The analysis of quantitative DII-Venus, an auxin signaling reporter, indicates that low blue light leads to enhanced auxin signaling in the hypocotyl and, upon phototropic stimulation, a steeper auxin signaling gradient across the hypocotyl. We conclude that phototropic enhancement by canopy shade results from the combined activities of phytochrome B and cry1 that converge on PIF regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boccaccini
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Legris
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Krahmer
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Allenbach-Petrolati
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anupama Goyal
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Galvan-Ampudia
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Elizabeth Karayekov
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Av. San Martin 4453, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge J Casal
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Av. San Martin 4453, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundacion Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma L, Wang X, Guan Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Zheng L, Gong Z, Shen C, Wang J, Zhang D, Liu Z, Yin P. Structural insights into BIC-mediated inactivation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:472-479. [PMID: 32398826 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue-light receptors in plants that harbor FAD as a cofactor and regulate various physiological responses. Photoactivated CRYs undergo oligomerization, which increases the binding affinity to downstream signaling partners. Despite decades of research on the activation of CRYs, little is known about how they are inactivated. Binding of blue-light inhibitors of cryptochromes (BICs) to CRY2 suppresses its photoactivation, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report crystal structures of CRY2N (CRY2 PHR domain) and the BIC2-CRY2N complex with resolutions of 2.7 and 2.5 Å, respectively. In the BIC2-CRY2N complex, BIC2 exhibits an extremely extended structure that sinuously winds around CRY2N. In this way, BIC2 not only restrains the transfer of electrons and protons from CRY2 to FAD during photoreduction but also interacts with the CRY2 oligomer to return it to the monomer form. Uncovering the mechanism of CRY2 inactivation lays a solid foundation for the investigation of cryptochrome protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeyuan Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yidong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Gong
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuicui Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Delin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue-light receptors that mediate photoresponses in plants. The genomes of most land plants encode two clades of cryptochromes, CRY1 and CRY2, which mediate distinct and overlapping photoresponses within the same species and between different plant species. Photoresponsive protein-protein interaction is the primary mode of signal transduction of cryptochromes. Cryptochromes exist as physiologically inactive monomers in the dark; the absorption of photons leads to conformational change and cryptochrome homooligomerization, which alters the affinity of cryptochromes interacting with cryptochrome-interacting proteins to form various cryptochrome complexes. These cryptochrome complexes, collectively referred to as the cryptochrome complexome, regulate transcription or stability of photoresponsive proteins to modulate plant growth and development. The activity of cryptochromes is regulated by photooligomerization; dark monomerization; cryptochrome regulatory proteins; and cryptochrome phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation. Most of the more than 30 presently known cryptochrome-interacting proteins are either regulated by other photoreceptors or physically interactingwith the protein complexes of other photoreceptors. Some cryptochrome-interacting proteins are also hormonal signaling or regulatory proteins. These two mechanisms enable cryptochromes to integrate blue-light signals with other internal and external signals to optimize plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cryptochrome-mediated blue-light signalling modulates UVR8 photoreceptor activity and contributes to UV-B tolerance in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1323. [PMID: 32165634 PMCID: PMC7067804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-B constitutes a critical part of the sunlight reaching the earth surface. The homodimeric plant UV-B photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) monomerizes in response to UV-B and induces photomorphogenic responses, including UV-B acclimation and tolerance. REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (RUP1) and RUP2 are negative feedback regulators that operate by facilitating UVR8 ground state reversion through re-dimerization. Here we show that RUP1 and RUP2 are transcriptionally induced by cryptochrome photoreceptors in response to blue light, which is dependent on the bZIP transcriptional regulator ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). Elevated RUP1 and RUP2 levels under blue light enhance UVR8 re-dimerization, thereby negatively regulating UVR8 signalling and providing photoreceptor pathway cross-regulation in a polychromatic light environment, as is the case in nature. We further show that cryptochrome 1, as well as the red-light photoreceptor phytochrome B, contribute to UV-B tolerance redundantly with UVR8. Thus, photoreceptors for both visible light and UV-B regulate UV-B tolerance through an intricate interplay allowing the integration of diverse sunlight signals. The Arabidopsis UVR8 photoreceptor is a dimer that monomerizes in response to UV-B. Here the authors show that cryptochromes contribute to UV tolerance and facilitate UVR8 redimerization via induction of RUP proteins in response to blue light, modifying UV-B signalling in polychromatic light environments.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hammad M, Albaqami M, Pooam M, Kernevez E, Witczak J, Ritz T, Martino C, Ahmad M. Cryptochrome mediated magnetic sensitivity in Arabidopsis occurs independently of light-induced electron transfer to the flavin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:341-352. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00469f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis cryptochrome-dependent magnetosensitivity occurs via a reaction that does not require light. This excludes radical pairs formed during light-triggered electron transfer to the flavin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hammad
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Paris 6 – CNRS
- UMR8256 - IBPS
- Photobiology Research Group
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - M. Albaqami
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Paris 6 – CNRS
- UMR8256 - IBPS
- Photobiology Research Group
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - M. Pooam
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Paris 6 – CNRS
- UMR8256 - IBPS
- Photobiology Research Group
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - E. Kernevez
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Paris 6 – CNRS
- UMR8256 - IBPS
- Photobiology Research Group
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - J. Witczak
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Paris 6 – CNRS
- UMR8256 - IBPS
- Photobiology Research Group
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - T. Ritz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of California at Irvine
- USA
| | - C. Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Science
- Florida Institute of Technology
- Melbourne
- USA
| | - M. Ahmad
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Paris 6 – CNRS
- UMR8256 - IBPS
- Photobiology Research Group
- 75005 Paris
- France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu L, Guo R, Jiang Y, Ye X, Yang Z, Meng Y, Shao C. Identification of novel phasiRNAs loci on long non-coding RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genomics 2019; 111:1668-1675. [PMID: 30458274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the "dark matters"involved in gene regulation with complex mechanisms. However, the functions of most lncRNAs remain to be determined. Our previous work revealed a massive number of degradome-supported cleavage signatures on Arabidopsis lncRNAs. Some of them have been confirmed associated with miRNAs-like sRNAs production, while others without long stem structure remain unexplored. A systematical search for phasiRNAs generating ability of these lncRNAs was conducted. Eight novel small RNA triggered lncRNA-phasiRNA pathways were discovered and three of them were found to be conserved in Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa, Glycine max and Gossypium hirsutum. Besides, Five novel ta-siRNAs derived from these lncRNAs were further identified to be involved in the regulation of plant development, stress responses and aromatic amino acids synthesis. These results substantially expanded the gene regulation mechanisms of lncRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Rongkai Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yeqin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Xinghuo Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Zhihong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Yijun Meng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China.
| | - Chaogang Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ronald J, Davis SJ. Focusing on the nuclear and subnuclear dynamics of light and circadian signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2871-2884. [PMID: 31369151 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks provide organisms the ability to synchronize their internal physiological responses with the external environment. This process, termed entrainment, occurs through the perception of internal and external stimuli. As with other organisms, in plants, the perception of light is a critical for the entrainment and sustainment of circadian rhythms. Red, blue, far-red, and UV-B light are perceived by the oscillator through the activity of photoreceptors. Four classes of photoreceptors signal to the oscillator: phytochromes, cryptochromes, UVR8, and LOV-KELCH domain proteins. In most cases, these photoreceptors localize to the nucleus in response to light and can associate to subnuclear structures to initiate downstream signalling. In this review, we will highlight the recent advances made in understanding the mechanisms facilitating the nuclear and subnuclear localization of photoreceptors and the role these subnuclear bodies have in photoreceptor signalling, including to the oscillator. We will also highlight recent progress that has been made in understanding the regulation of the nuclear and subnuclear localization of components of the plant circadian clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Ronald
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Seth J Davis
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
He Y, Chen H, Zhou L, Liu Y, Chen H. Comparative transcription analysis of photosensitive and non-photosensitive eggplants to identify genes involved in dark regulated anthocyanin synthesis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:678. [PMID: 31455222 PMCID: PMC6712802 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light is a key environmental factor in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Through a large number of bagging screenings, we obtained non-photosensitive eggplants that still have decent amount of anthocyanin synthesized after bagging. In the present study, transcriptome was made to explore the molecular mechanism of dark-regulated anthocyanin synthesis in non-photosensitive eggplant. RESULTS The transcriptome of the pericarp at 0 h, 0.5 h, 4 h, and 8 h after bag removal were sequenced and analyzed. Comparison of the sequencing data with those of photosensitive eggplant for the same time period showed that anthocyanin synthesis genes had different expression trends. Based on the expression trends of the structural genes, it was discovered that 22 transcription factors and 4 light signal transduction elements may be involved in the anthocyanin synthesis in two types of eggplants. Through transcription factor target gene prediction and yeast one-hybrid assay, SmBIM1, SmAP2, SmHD, SmMYB94, SmMYB19, SmTT8, SmYABBY, SmTTG2, and SmMYC2 were identified to be directly or indirectly bound to the promoter of the structural gene SmCHS. These results indicate that the identified 9 genes participated in the anthocyanin synthesis in eggplant peel and formed a network of interactions among themselves. CONCLUSIONS Based on the comparative transcription, the identified 22 transcription factors and 4 light signal transduction elements may act as the key factors in dark regulated anthocyanin synthesis in non-photosensitive eggplant. The results provided a step stone for further analysis of the molecular mechanism of dark-regulated anthocyanin synthesis in non-photosensitive eggplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Hang Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Lu Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Huoying Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240 China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jin H, Zhu Z. Dark, Light, and Temperature: Key Players in Plant Morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1793-1802. [PMID: 31113832 PMCID: PMC6670080 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in plant thermomorphogenesis under different light conditions reveal the roles of plant photoreceptors in the control of thermomorphogenesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Plant photoreceptors: Multi-functional sensory proteins and their signaling networks. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 92:114-121. [PMID: 30946988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Light is a crucial environmental cue not only for photosynthetic energy production but also for plant growth and development. Plants employ sophisticated methods to detect and interpret information from incoming light. Five classes of photoreceptors have been discovered in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These photoreceptors act either distinctly and/or redundantly in fine-tuning many aspects of plant life cycle. Unlike mobile animals, sessile plants have developed an enormous plasticity to adapt and survive in changing environment. By monitoring different information arising from ambient light, plants precisely regulate downstream signaling pathways to adapt accordingly. Given that changes in the light environment is typically synchronized with other environmental cues such as temperature, abiotic stresses, and seasonal changes, it is not surprising that light signaling pathways are interconnected with multiple pathways to regulate plant physiology and development. Indeed, recent advances in plant photobiology revealed a large network of co-regulation among different photoreceptor signaling pathways as well as other internal signaling pathways (e.g., hormone signaling). In addition, some photoreceptors are directly involved in perception of non-light stimuli (e.g., temperature). Therefore, understanding highly inter-connected signaling networks is essential to explore the photoreceptor functions in plants. Here, we summarize how plants co-ordinate multiple photoreceptors and their internal signaling pathways to regulate a myriad of downstream responses at molecular and physiological levels.
Collapse
|
41
|
Schneider T, Bolger A, Zeier J, Preiskowski S, Benes V, Trenkamp S, Usadel B, Farré EM, Matsubara S. Fluctuating Light Interacts with Time of Day and Leaf Development Stage to Reprogram Gene Expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1632-1657. [PMID: 30718349 PMCID: PMC6446761 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural light environments are highly variable. Flexible adjustment between light energy utilization and photoprotection is therefore of vital importance for plant performance and fitness in the field. Short-term reactions to changing light intensity are triggered inside chloroplasts and leaves within seconds to minutes, whereas long-term adjustments proceed over hours and days, integrating multiple signals. While the mechanisms of long-term acclimation to light intensity have been studied by changing constant growth light intensity during the day, responses to fluctuating growth light intensity have rarely been inspected in detail. We performed transcriptome profiling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves to investigate long-term gene expression responses to fluctuating light (FL). In particular, we examined whether responses differ between young and mature leaves or between morning and the end of the day. Our results highlight global reprogramming of gene expression under FL, including that of genes related to photoprotection, photosynthesis, and photorespiration and to pigment, prenylquinone, and vitamin metabolism. The FL-induced changes in gene expression varied between young and mature leaves at the same time point and between the same leaves in the morning and at the end of the day, indicating interactions of FL acclimation with leaf development stage and time of day. Only 46 genes were up- or down-regulated in both young and mature leaves at both time points. Combined analyses of gene coexpression and cis-elements pointed to a role of the circadian clock and light in coordinating the acclimatory responses of functionally related genes. Our results also suggest a possible cross talk between FL acclimation and systemic acquired resistance-like gene expression in young leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trang Schneider
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anthony Bolger
- Institute for Biology I: Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Preiskowski
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Björn Usadel
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
- Institute for Biology I: Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Farré
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Shizue Matsubara
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang Q, Zuo Z, Wang X, Liu Q, Gu L, Oka Y, Lin C. Beyond the photocycle-how cryptochromes regulate photoresponses in plants? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:120-126. [PMID: 29913346 PMCID: PMC6240499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue light receptors that mediate light regulation of plant growth and development. Land plants possess various numbers of cryptochromes, CRY1 and CRY2, which serve overlapping and partially redundant functions in different plant species. Cryptochromes exist as physiologically inactive monomers in darkness; photoexcited cryptochromes undergo homodimerization to increase their affinity to the CRY-signaling proteins, such as CIBs (CRY2-interacting bHLH), PIFs (Phytochrome-Interacting Factors), AUX/IAA (Auxin/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID), and the COP1-SPAs (Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 1-Suppressors of Phytochrome A) complexes. These light-dependent protein-protein interactions alter the activity of the CRY-signaling proteins to change gene expression and developmental programs in response to light. In the meantime, photoexcitation also changes the affinity of cryptochromes to the CRY-regulatory proteins, such as BICs (Blue-light Inhibitors of CRYs) and PPKs (Photoregulatory Protein Kinases), to modulate the activity, modification, or abundance of cryptochromes and photosensitivity of plants in response to the changing light environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Zecheng Zuo
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yoshito Oka
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lin F, Jiang Y, Li J, Yan T, Fan L, Liang J, Chen ZJ, Xu D, Deng XW. B-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN28 Negatively Regulates Photomorphogenesis by Repressing the Activity of Transcription Factor HY5 and Undergoes COP1-Mediated Degradation. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2006-2019. [PMID: 30099385 PMCID: PMC6181009 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a delicate molecular system to fine-tune their growth and development in response to dynamically changing light environments. In this study, we found that BBX28, a B-box domain protein, negatively regulates photomorphogenic development in a dose-dependent manner in Arabidopsis thaliana BBX28 interferes with the binding of transcription factor HY5 to the promoters of its target genes through physical interactions, thereby repressing its activity and negatively affecting HY5-regulated gene expression. In darkness, BBX28 associates with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) and undergoes COP1-mediated degradation via the 26S proteasome system. Collectively, these results demonstrate that BBX28 acts as a key factor in the COP1-HY5 regulatory hub by maintaining proper HY5 activity to ensure normal photomorphogenic development in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liumin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang Q, Liu Q, Wang X, Zuo Z, Oka Y, Lin C. New insights into the mechanisms of phytochrome-cryptochrome coaction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:547-551. [PMID: 29139123 PMCID: PMC6677561 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 547 I. Introduction 547 II. Phytochromes mediate light-induced transcription of BICs to inactivate cryptochromes 548 III. PPKs phosphorylate light-signaling proteins and histones to affect plant development 548 IV. Prospect 550 Acknowledgements 550 References 550 SUMMARY: Plants perceive and respond to light signals by multiple sensory photoreceptors, including phytochromes and cryptochromes, which absorb different wavelengths of light to regulate genome expression and plant development. Photophysiological analyses have long revealed the coordinated actions of different photoreceptors, a phenomenon referred to as the photoreceptor coaction. The mechanistic explanations of photoreceptor coactions are not fully understood. The function of direct protein-protein interaction of phytochromes and cryptochromes and common signaling molecules of these photoreceptors, such as SPA1/COP1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and bHLH transcription factors PIFs, would partially explain phytochrome-cryptochrome coactions. In addition, newly discovered proteins that block cryptochrome photodimerization or catalyze cryptochrome phosphorylation may also participate in the phytochrome and cryptochrome coaction. This Tansley insight, which is not intended to make a comprehensive review of the studies of photoreceptor coactions, attempts to highlight those recent findings and their possible roles in the photoreceptor coaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zecheng Zuo
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yoshito Oka
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, UCLA-FAFU Joint Research Center on Plant Proteomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|