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Vӧlz R, Kim KT, Alazem M, Harris W, Hwang S, Lee YH. Lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine triggers immunity against necrotrophs by promoting JA-signaling and ROS-homeostasis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:237-247. [PMID: 38085407 PMCID: PMC10721665 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the plant defense response by bioactive molecules is of increasing interest. However, despite plant cell lipids being one of the major cellular components, their role in plant immunity remains elusive. We found that the exogenous application of the cell-membrane localized phospholipid lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) reprograms the plant transcript profile in favor of defense-associated genes thereby priming the plant immune system. Exogenous LPE application to different Arabidopsis accessions increases resistance against the necrotrophic pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Cochliobolus heterostrophus. We found that the immunity-promoting effect of LPE is repealed in the jasmonic acid (JA) receptor mutant coi1, but multiplied in the JA-hypersensitive mutant feronia (fer-4). The JA-signaling repressor JAZ1 is degraded following LPE administration, suggesting that JA-signaling is promoted by LPE. Following LPE-treatment, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation is affected in coi1 and fer-4. Moreover, FER signaling inhibitors of the RALF family are strongly expressed after LPE application, and RALF23 is internalized in stress granules, suggesting the LPE-mediated repression of FER-signaling by promoting RALF function. The in-situ increase of LPE-abundance in the LPE-catabolic mutants lpeat1 and lpeat2 elevates plant resistance to B. cinerea, in contrast to the endogenous LPE-deficient mutant pla2-alpha. We show that LPE increases plant resistance against necrotrophs by promoting JA-signaling and ROS-homeostasis, thereby paving the way for the LPE-targeted genomic engineering of crops to raise their ability to resist biotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Vӧlz
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Korea
| | - Mazen Alazem
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Harris W, Kim S, Vӧlz R, Lee YH. Nuclear effectors of plant pathogens: Distinct strategies to be one step ahead. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:637-650. [PMID: 36942744 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary arms race between plants and pathogens, vital in determining the success of pathogenic colonization. Secreted effectors undermine a multitude of host cellular processes depending on their target destination. Effectors are classified by their localization as either extracellular (apoplastic) or intracellular. Intracellular effectors can be further subclassified by their compartment such as the nucleus, cytoplasm or chloroplast. Nuclear effectors bring into question the role of the plant nucleus' intrinsic defence strategies and their vulnerability to effector-based manipulation. Nuclear effectors interfere with multiple nuclear processes including the epigenetic regulation of the host chromatin, the impairment of the trans-kingdom antifungal RNAi machinery, and diverse classes of immunity-associated host proteins. These effector-targeted pathways are widely conserved among different hosts and regulate a broad array of plant cellular processes. Thus, these nuclear sites constitute meaningful targets for effectors to subvert the plant defence system and acquire resources for pathogenic propagation. This review provides an extensive and comparative compilation of diverse plant microbe nuclear effector libraries, thereby highlighting the distinct and conserved mechanisms these effectors employ to modulate plant cellular processes for the pathogen's profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Vӧlz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee S, Völz R, Lim YJ, Harris W, Kim S, Lee YH. The nuclear effector MoHTR3 of Magnaporthe oryzae modulates host defence signalling in the biotrophic stage of rice infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:602-615. [PMID: 36977203 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play a pivotal role in suppressing the host defence system, and their evolution is highly dynamic. By comparative sequence analysis of plant-pathogenic fungi and Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified the small secreted C2 H2 zinc finger protein MoHTR3. MoHTR3 exhibited high conservation in M. oryzae strains but low conservation among other plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting an emerging evolutionary selection process. MoHTR3 is exclusively expressed in the biotrophic stage of fungal invasion, and the encoded protein localizes to the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and the host cell nucleus. The signal peptide crucial for MoHTR3' secretion to the BIC and the protein section required for its translocation to the nucleus were both identified by a functional protein domain study. The host-nuclear localization of MoHTR3 suggests a function as a transcriptional modulator of host defence gene induction. After ΔMohtr3 infection, the expression of jasmonic acid- and ethylene-associated genes was diminished in rice, in contrast to when the MoHTR3-overexpressing strain (MoHTR3ox) was applied. The transcript levels of salicylic acid- and defence-related genes were also affected after ΔMohtr3 and MoHTR3ox application. In pathogenicity assays, ΔMohtr3 was indistinguishable from the wild type. However, MoHTR3ox-infected plants showed diminished lesion formation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, accompanied by a decrease in susceptibility, suggesting that the MoHTR3-induced manipulation of host cells affects host-pathogen interaction. MoHTR3 emphasizes the role of the host nucleus as a critical target for the pathogen-driven manipulation of host defence mechanisms and underscores the ongoing evolution of rice blast's arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yang D, Peng Q, Cheng Y, Xi D. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase promotes the infection of Chilli veinal mottle virus through affecting ROS signaling in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANTA 2022; 256:96. [PMID: 36217064 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
G6PDH negatively regulates viral accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana through RBOHB-associated ROS signaling. Anti-oxidative metabolism and phytohormone-mediated immunity responses play important roles in virus infection. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, which plays an important role in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and has functions in plant growth, development and stress tolerance. However, the role of G6PDH in plants response to virus infection is poorly understood. In this study, NbG6PDH was found to be down-regulated after Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV-GFP) infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Subcellular localization of NbG6PDH showed that it was punctate distributed in the protoplasm. Silencing of NbG6PDH reduced the sensitivity of N. benthamiana plants to ChiVMV-GFP. By contrast, transient overexpression of NbG6PDH promoted the accumulation of the virus. The results of physiological indexes showed that glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and proline played an important role in maintaining plants physiological homeostasis. The results of gene expression detection showed that jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) signaling pathway was significantly correlated with the response of N. benthamiana to ChiVMV-GFP infection, and the changes of N. benthamiana respiratory burst oxidase homologues B (NbRBOHB) indicated that the NbG6PDH-dependent ROS may be regulated by NbRBOHB. Pretreatment of the inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoted virus infection, whereas inhibitor of ROS alleviated virus infection. Thus, our results indicate that the promoting effect of NbG6PDH on ChiVMV-GFP infection may be related to the NbRBOHB-regulated ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiding Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Lee S, Völz R, Song H, Harris W, Lee YH. Characterization of the MYB Genes Reveals Insights Into Their Evolutionary Conservation, Structural Diversity, and Functional Roles in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:721530. [PMID: 34899620 PMCID: PMC8660761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.721530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor family is evolutionarily conserved among plants, animals, and fungi, and contributes to their growth and development. We identified and analyzed 10 putative MYB genes in Magnaporthe oryzae (MoMYB) and determined their phylogenetic relationships, revealing high divergence and variability. Although MYB domains are generally defined by three tandem repeats, MoMYBs contain one or two weakly conserved repeats embedded in extensive disordered regions. We characterized the secondary domain organization, disordered segments, and functional contributions of each MoMYB. During infection, MoMYBs are distinctively expressed and can be subdivided into two clades of being either up- or down-regulated. Among these, MoMYB1 and MoMYB8 are up-regulated during infection and vegetative growth, respectively. We found MoMYB1 localized predominantly to the cytosol during the formation of infection structures. ΔMomyb1 exhibited reduced virulence on intact rice leaves corresponding to the diminished ability to form hypha-driven appressorium (HDA). We discovered that MoMYB1 regulates HDA formation on hard, hydrophobic surfaces, whereas host surfaces partially restored HDA formation in ΔMomyb1. Lipid droplet accumulation in hyphal tips and expression of HDA-associated genes were strongly perturbed in ΔMomyb1 indicating genetic interaction of MoMYB1 with downstream components critical to HDA formation. We also found that MoMYB8 is necessary for fungal growth, dark-induced melanization of hyphae, and involved in higher abiotic stress tolerance. Taken together, we revealed a multifaceted picture of the MoMYB family, wherein a low degree of conservation has led to the development of distinct structures and functions, ranging from fungal growth to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Ferreira-Silva A, Hughes FM, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Higher turnover of endophytic fungal assemblages in the tissues of globose cactus Melocactus ernestii from Brazilian semi-arid biome. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Darino M, Chia K, Marques J, Aleksza D, Soto‐Jiménez LM, Saado I, Uhse S, Borg M, Betz R, Bindics J, Zienkiewicz K, Feussner I, Petit‐Houdenot Y, Djamei A. Ustilago maydis effector Jsi1 interacts with Topless corepressor, hijacking plant jasmonate/ethylene signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3393-3407. [PMID: 33247447 PMCID: PMC8126959 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is the causal agent of maize smut disease. During the colonization process, the fungus secretes effector proteins that suppress immune responses and redirect the host metabolism in favor of the pathogen. As effectors play a critical role during plant colonization, their identification and functional characterization are essential to understanding biotrophy and disease. Using biochemical, molecular, and transcriptomic techniques, we performed a functional characterization of the U. maydis effector Jasmonate/Ethylene signaling inducer 1 (Jsi1). Jsi1 interacts with several members of the plant corepressor family Topless/Topless related (TPL/TPR). Jsi1 expression in Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana leads to transcriptional induction of the ethylene response factor (ERF) branch of the jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) signaling pathway. In A. thaliana, activation of the ERF branch leads to biotrophic susceptibility. Jsi1 likely activates the ERF branch via an EAR (ET-responsive element binding-factor-associated amphiphilic repression) motif, which resembles EAR motifs from plant ERF transcription factors, that interacts with TPL/TPR proteins. EAR-motif-containing effector candidates were identified from different fungal species, including Magnaporthe oryzae, Sporisorium scitamineum, and Sporisorium reilianum. Interaction between plant TPL proteins and these effector candidates from biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi indicates the convergent evolution of effectors modulating the TPL/TPR corepressor hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Darino
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI)Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
| | - Khong‐Sam Chia
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)OT Gatersleben06466Germany
| | - Joana Marques
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI)Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
| | - David Aleksza
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Vienna1180Austria
| | - Luz Mayela Soto‐Jiménez
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI)Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
| | - Indira Saado
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)OT Gatersleben06466Germany
| | - Simon Uhse
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI)Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
| | - Michael Borg
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI)Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
| | - Ruben Betz
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)OT Gatersleben06466Germany
| | - Janos Bindics
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI)Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and LipidomicsGoettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB)University of GoettingenGoettingenD‐37077Germany
- Department of Plant BiochemistryAlbrecht von Haller Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB)University of GöttingenGöttingenD‐37077Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and LipidomicsGoettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB)University of GoettingenGoettingenD‐37077Germany
- Department of Plant BiochemistryAlbrecht von Haller Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB)University of GöttingenGöttingenD‐37077Germany
| | - Yohann Petit‐Houdenot
- UMR BIOGERINRAAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐Grignon78850France
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich,NR4 7UKUK
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI)Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)Vienna1030Austria
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)OT Gatersleben06466Germany
- Present address:
Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Crop Science and Resource ConservationUniversity of BonnBonn53115Germany
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Völz R, Park JY, Harris W, Hwang S, Lee YH. Lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine primes the plant immune system and promotes basal resistance against hemibiotrophic pathogens. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 33536000 PMCID: PMC7856808 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) is a natural phospholipid that functions in the early stages of plant senescence. Plant innate immunity and early leaf senescence share molecular components. To reveal conserved mechanisms that link-up both processes, we tried to unravel to what extent LPE coordinates defense response and by what mode of action. Result We found that LPE-treatment induces signaling and biosynthesis gene expression of the defensive hormone salicylic acid (SA). However, jasmonic acid and ethylene triggered gene induction levels are indistinguishable from the control. In accordance with gene induction for SA, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, we detected raised in-situ hydrogen peroxide levels following LPE-application. Yet, ROS-burst assays of LPE-pretreated plants revealed a reduced release of ROS after PAMP-administration suggesting that LPE interferes with an oxidative burst. Our data refer to a priming effect of LPE on SA/ROS-associated genomic loci that encode pivotal factors in early senescence and considerably improve plant basal immunity. Thus, we challenged Arabidopsis thaliana with the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Consistently, we found an increased resistance in the LPE-pretreated Arabidopsis plants compared to the mock-pretreated control. Conclusions Our results underscore a beneficial effect of LPE on plant innate immunity against hemibiotrophs. Given the resistance-promoting effect of exogenously applied LPE, this bio-agent bears the potential of being applied as a valuable tool for the genetic activation of defense-associated traits. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-020-00661-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Völz
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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