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Saeed S, Ullah S, Amin F, Al-Hawadi JS, Okla MK, Alaraidh IA, AbdElgawad H, Liu K, Harrison MT, Saud S, Hassan S, Nawaz T, Zhu M, Liu H, Khan MA, Fahad S. Salicylic acid and Tocopherol improve wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Physio-biochemical and agronomic features grown in deep sowing stress: a way forward towards sustainable production. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:477. [PMID: 38816803 PMCID: PMC11137976 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of germination and other physiological characteristics of seeds that are germinating are impacted by deep sowing. Based on the results of earlier studies, conclusions were drawn that deep sowing altered the physio-biochemical and agronomic characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). RESULTS In this study, seeds of wheat were sown at 2 (control) and 6 cm depth and the impact of exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol (Vitamin-E) on its physio-biochemical and agronomic features was assessed. As a result, seeds grown at 2 cm depth witnessed an increase in mean germination time, germination percentage, germination rate index, germination energy, and seed vigor index. In contrast, 6 cm deep sowing resulted in negatively affecting all the aforementioned agronomic characteristics. In addition, deep planting led to a rise in MDA, glutathione reductase, and antioxidants enzymes including APX, POD, and SOD concentration. Moreover, the concentration of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, proline, protein, sugar, hydrogen peroxide, and agronomic attributes was boosted significantly with exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol under deep sowing stress. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study showed that the depth of seed sowing has an impact on agronomic and physio-biochemical characteristics and that the negative effects of deep sowing stress can be reduced by applying salicylic acid and tocopherol to the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Saeed
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Fazal Amin
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohammad K Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Alaraidh
- Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Ke Liu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Burnie, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Matthew Tom Harrison
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Burnie, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Shah Saud
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Shah Hassan
- Department of Agricultural Extension Education & Communication, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Taufiq Nawaz
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Mo Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P.R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P.R. China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Xinxiang, 453000, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Khan
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23561, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Zhang XF, Li Z, Lin H, Cheng Y, Wang H, Jiang Z, Ji Z, Huang Z, Chen H, Wei T. A phytoplasma effector destabilizes chloroplastic glutamine synthetase inducing chlorotic leaves that attract leafhopper vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402911121. [PMID: 38776366 PMCID: PMC11145293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402911121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf yellowing is a well-known phenotype that attracts phloem-feeding insects. However, it remains unclear how insect-vectored plant pathogens induce host leaf yellowing to facilitate their own transmission by insect vectors. Here, we report that an effector protein secreted by rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) inhibits chlorophyll biosynthesis and induces leaf yellowing to attract leafhopper vectors, thereby presumably promoting pathogen transmission. This effector, designated secreted ROLP protein 1 (SRP1), first secreted into rice phloem by ROLP, was subsequently translocated to chloroplasts by interacting with the chloroplastic glutamine synthetase (GS2). The direct interaction between SRP1 and GS2 disrupts the decamer formation of the GS2 holoenzyme, attenuating its enzymatic activity, thereby suppressing the synthesis of chlorophyll precursors glutamate and glutamine. Transgenic expression of SRP1 in rice plants decreased GS2 activity and chlorophyll precursor accumulation, finally inducing leaf yellowing. This process is correlated with the previous evidence that the knockout of GS2 expression in rice plants causes a similar yellow chlorosis phenotype. Consistently, these yellowing leaves attracted higher numbers of leafhopper vectors, caused the vectors to probe more frequently, and presumably facilitate more efficient phytoplasma transmission. Together, these results uncover the mechanism used by phytoplasmas to manipulate the leaf color of infected plants for the purpose of enhancing attractiveness to insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhanpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Hanbin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Huanqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhoumian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhenxi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhejun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
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Moreira E, Ferreira J, Coimbra S, Melo P. The significance of the two cytosolic glutamine synthetase enzymes, GLN1;3 and GLN1;5, in the context of seed development and germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108631. [PMID: 38657550 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS), an initial enzyme in nitrogen (N) plant metabolism, exists as a group of isoenzymes found in both cytosolic (GS1) and plastids (GS2) and has gathered significant attention for enhancing N use efficiency and crop yield. This work focuses on the A. thaliana GLN1;3 and GLN1;5 genes, the two predicted most expressed genes in seeds, among the five isogenes encoding GS1 in this species. The expression patterns were studied using transgenic marker line plants and qPCR during seed development and germination. The observed patterns highlight distinct functions for the two genes and confirm GLN1;5 as the most highly expressed GS1 gene in seeds. The GLN1;5, expression, oriented towards hypocotyl and cotyledons, suggests a role in protein turnover during germination, while the radicle-oriented expression of GLN1;3 supports a function in early external N uptake. While the single mutants exhibited a normal phenotype, except for a decrease in seed parameters, the double gln1;3/gln1;5 mutant displayed a germination delay, substantial impairment in growth, nitrogen metabolism, and number and quality of the seeds, as well as a diminishing in flowering. Although seed and pollen-specific, GLN1;5 expression is upregulated in the meristems of the gln1;3 mutants, filling the lack of GLN1;3 and ensuring the normal functioning of the gln1;3 mutants. These findings validate earlier in silico data on the expression patterns of GLN1;3 and GL1;5 genes in seeds, explore their different functions, and underscore their essential role in plant growth, seed production, germination, and early stages of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Moreira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; INOV4Agro - GreenUPorto - Research Centre on Sustainable Agri-Food Production, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Ferreira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Melo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; INOV4Agro - GreenUPorto - Research Centre on Sustainable Agri-Food Production, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Zhang Z, Diao R, Sun J, Liu Y, Zhao M, Wang Q, Xu Z, Zhong B. Diversified molecular adaptations of inorganic nitrogen assimilation and signaling machineries in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2108-2123. [PMID: 38155438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants evolved sophisticated machineries to monitor levels of external nitrogen supply, respond to nitrogen demand from different tissues and integrate this information for coordinating its assimilation. Although roles of inorganic nitrogen in orchestrating developments have been studied in model plants and crops, systematic understanding of the origin and evolution of its assimilation and signaling machineries remains largely unknown. We expanded taxon samplings of algae and early-diverging land plants, covering all main lineages of Archaeplastida, and reconstructed the evolutionary history of core components involved in inorganic nitrogen assimilation and signaling. Most components associated with inorganic nitrogen assimilation were derived from the ancestral Archaeplastida. Improvements of assimilation machineries by gene duplications and horizontal gene transfers were evident during plant terrestrialization. Clusterization of genes encoding nitrate assimilation proteins might be an adaptive strategy for algae to cope with changeable nitrate availability in different habitats. Green plants evolved complex nitrate signaling machinery that was stepwise improved by domains shuffling and regulation co-option. Our study highlights innovations in inorganic nitrogen assimilation and signaling machineries, ranging from molecular modifications of proteins to genomic rearrangements, which shaped developmental and metabolic adaptations of plants to changeable nutrient availability in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Runjie Diao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingyan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengru Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiuping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zilong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bojian Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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5
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Kimotho RN, Maina S. Unraveling plant-microbe interactions: can integrated omics approaches offer concrete answers? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1289-1313. [PMID: 37950741 PMCID: PMC10901211 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in high throughput omics techniques provide avenues to decipher plant microbiomes. However, there is limited information on how integrated informatics can help provide deeper insights into plant-microbe interactions in a concerted way. Integrating multi-omics datasets can transform our understanding of the plant microbiome from unspecified genetic influences on interacting species to specific gene-by-gene interactions. Here, we highlight recent progress and emerging strategies in crop microbiome omics research and review key aspects of how the integration of host and microbial omics-based datasets can be used to provide a comprehensive outline of complex crop-microbe interactions. We describe how these technological advances have helped unravel crucial plant and microbial genes and pathways that control beneficial, pathogenic, and commensal plant-microbe interactions. We identify crucial knowledge gaps and synthesize current limitations in our understanding of crop microbiome omics approaches. We highlight recent studies in which multi-omics-based approaches have led to improved models of crop microbial community structure and function. Finally, we recommend holistic approaches in integrating host and microbial omics datasets to achieve precision and efficiency in data analysis, which is crucial for biotic and abiotic stress control and in understanding the contribution of the microbiota in shaping plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Njoroge Kimotho
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Solomon Maina
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia
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6
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Cun Z, Li X, Zhang JY, Hong J, Gao LL, Yang J, Ma SY, Chen JW. Identification of candidate genes and residues for improving nitrogen use efficiency in the N-sensitive medicinal plant Panax notoginseng. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:105. [PMID: 38342903 PMCID: PMC10860327 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) metabolism-related key genes and conserved amino acid sites in key enzymes play a crucial role in improving N use efficiency (NUE) under N stress. However, it is not clearly known about the molecular mechanism of N deficiency-induced improvement of NUE in the N-sensitive rhizomatous medicinal plant Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. To explore the potential regulatory mechanism, the transcriptome and proteome were analyzed and the three-dimensional (3D) information and molecular docking models of key genes were compared in the roots of P. notoginseng grown under N regimes. RESULTS Total N uptake and the proportion of N distribution to roots were significantly reduced, but the NUE, N use efficiency in biomass production (NUEb), the recovery of N fertilizer (RNF) and the proportion of N distribution to shoot were increased in the N0-treated (without N addition) plants. The expression of N uptake- and transport-related genes NPF1.2, NRT2.4, NPF8.1, NPF4.6, AVP, proteins AMT and NRT2 were obviously up-regulated in the N0-grown plants. Meanwhile, the expression of CIPK23, PLC2, NLP6, TCP20, and BT1 related to the nitrate signal-sensing and transduction were up-regulated under the N0 condition. Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was decreased in the N-deficient plants, while the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) increased. The expression of genes GS1-1 and GDH1, and proteins GDH1 and GDH2 were up-regulated in the N0-grown plants, there was a significantly positive correlation between the expression of protein GDH1 and of gene GDH1. Glu192, Glu199 and Glu400 in PnGS1 and PnGDH1were the key amino acid residues that affect the NUE and lead to the differences in GDH enzyme activity. The 3D structure, docking model, and residues of Solanum tuberosum and P. notoginseng was similar. CONCLUSIONS N deficiency might promote the expression of key genes for N uptake (genes NPF8.1, NPF4.6, AMT, AVP and NRT2), transport (NPF1.2 and NRT2.4), assimilation (proteins GS1 and GDH1), signaling and transduction (genes CIPK23, PLC2, NLP6, TCP20, and BT1) to enhance NUE in the rhizomatous species. N deficiency might induce Glu192, Glu199 and Glu400 to improve the biological activity of GS1 and GDH, this has been hypothesized to be the main reason for the enhanced ability of N assimilation in N-deficient rhizomatous species. The key genes and residues involved in improving NUE provide excellent candidates for the breeding of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Cun
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jie Hong
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Li-Lin Gao
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Su-Yun Ma
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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7
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Lee KT, Liao HS, Hsieh MH. Glutamine Metabolism, Sensing and Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1466-1481. [PMID: 37243703 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the first amino acid synthesized in nitrogen (N) assimilation in plants. Gln synthetase (GS), converting glutamate (Glu) and NH4+ into Gln at the expense of ATP, is one of the oldest enzymes in all life domains. Plants have multiple GS isoenzymes that work individually or cooperatively to ensure that the Gln supply is sufficient for plant growth and development under various conditions. Gln is a building block for protein synthesis and an N-donor for the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, amino sugars and vitamin B coenzymes. Most reactions using Gln as an N-donor are catalyzed by Gln amidotransferase (GAT) that hydrolyzes Gln to Glu and transfers the amido group of Gln to an acceptor substrate. Several GAT domain-containing proteins of unknown function in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some metabolic fates of Gln have yet to be identified in plants. In addition to metabolism, Gln signaling has emerged in recent years. The N regulatory protein PII senses Gln to regulate arginine biosynthesis in plants. Gln promotes somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis with unknown mechanisms. Exogenous Gln has been implicated in activating stress and defense responses in plants. Likely, Gln signaling is responsible for some of the new Gln functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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8
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Xie N, Huang X, Zhou J, Song X, Lin J, Yan M, Zhu M, Li J, Wang K. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor CsMYB42 regulates theanine biosynthesis in albino tea leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111850. [PMID: 37648117 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is a unique secondary metabolite in tea plants and contributes to the umami taste and health benefits of tea. However, theanine biosynthesis in tea plants is not fully understood, and its mechanism of transcriptional regulation remains poorly reported. Theanine content was significantly correlated with the expression of theanine biosynthesis-related gene CsGS1c and transcription factor CsMYB42 in different leaf positions and picking times, but there was no significant correlation in different tissues of albino tea plant 'Anjibaicha'. This suggests that CsMYB42 may regulate CsGS1c to synthesize theanine in albino tea leaves, and the regulation is tissue specific. CsMYB42 is a nuclear-localized R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene with transcriptional activation activity. Yeast one-hybrid assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the direct binding of CsMYB42 to the promoter of CsGS1c. Luciferase assay showed that CsMYB42 activates the CsGS1c expression. Furthermore, the inhibition of CsMYB42 using an antisense oligonucleotide in tea leaves decreased CsGS1c expression and theanine content. These results indicate that CsMYB42 plays a crucial role in activating the expression of CsGS1c and may be involved in the biosynthesis of theanine in albino tea leaves. This study provides fresh insights into the tissue-specific regulation of theanine biosynthesis, which laid a foundation for breeding high-theanine tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianci Xie
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangxiang Huang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Junming Lin
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Meihong Yan
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Juan Li
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Kunbo Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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9
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Wu X, Deng H, Wang Q, Lei L, Gao Y, Hao G. Meta-learning shows great potential in plant disease recognition under few available samples. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:767-782. [PMID: 36883481 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases worsen the threat of food shortage with the growing global population, and disease recognition is the basis for the effective prevention and control of plant diseases. Deep learning has made significant breakthroughs in the field of plant disease recognition. Compared with traditional deep learning, meta-learning can still maintain more than 90% accuracy in disease recognition with small samples. However, there is no comprehensive review on the application of meta-learning in plant disease recognition. Here, we mainly summarize the functions, advantages, and limitations of meta-learning research methods and their applications for plant disease recognition with a few data scenarios. Finally, we outline several research avenues for utilizing current and future meta-learning in plant science. This review may help plant science researchers obtain faster, more accurate, and more credible solutions through deep learning with fewer labeled samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Liang Lei
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 550000, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Gefei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
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10
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Crop germplasm: Current challenges, physiological-molecular perspective, and advance strategies towards development of climate-resilient crops. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12973. [PMID: 36711267 PMCID: PMC9880400 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Germplasm is a long-term resource management mission and investment for civilization. An estimated ∼7.4 million accessions are held in 1750 plant germplasm centres around the world; yet, only 2% of these assets have been utilized as plant genetic resources (PGRs). According to recent studies, the current food yield trajectory will be insufficient to feed the world's population in 2050. Additionally, possible negative effects in terms of crop failure because of climate change are already being experienced across the world. Therefore, it is necessary to reconciliation of research advancement and innovation of practices for further exploration of the potential of crop germplasm especially for the complex traits associated with yield such as water- and nitrogen use efficiency. In this review, we tried to address current challenges, research gaps, physiological and molecular aspects of two broad spectrum complex traits such as water- and nitrogen-use efficiency, and advanced integrated strategies that could provide a platform for combined stress management for climate-smart crop development. Additionally, recent development in technologies that are directly related to germplasm characterization was highlighted for further molecular utilization towards the development of elite varieties.
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11
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Increased Rice Susceptibility to Rice Blast Is Related to Post-Flowering Nitrogen Assimilation Efficiency. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111217. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions with the goal of more sustainability in agriculture implies better identification and characterization of the different patterns in nitrogen use efficiency by crops. However, a change in the ability of varieties to use nitrogen resources could also change the access to nutrient resources for a foliar pathogen such as rice blast and lead to an increase in the susceptibility of these varieties. This study focuses on the pre- and post-floral biomass accumulation and nitrogen uptake and utilization of ten temperate japonica rice genotypes grown in controlled conditions, and the relationship of these traits with molecular markers and susceptibility to rice blast disease. After flowering, the ten varieties displayed diversity in nitrogen uptake and remobilization. Surprisingly, post-floral nitrogen uptake was correlated with higher susceptibility to rice blast, particularly in plants fertilized with nitrogen. This increase in susceptibility is associated with a particular metabolite profile in the upper leavers of these varieties.
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12
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Liu J, Wang J, Wang Z, Li M, Liang C, Yang Y, Li D, Wang R. Alleviation of iron deficiency in pear by ammonium nitrate and nitric oxide. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:434. [PMID: 36089596 PMCID: PMC9465966 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is essential for the growth and development of trace elements in plants, and iron deficiency can lead to leaf chlorosis. Ammonium and nitrate are the major forms of nitrogen present in soils. Ammonium nitrate alleviates the chlorosis of leaves caused by iron deficiency, but the mechanism is not clear in pear. RESULTS Ammonium nitrate induced the increase of nitric oxide (NO) under iron deficiency. We further analyzed the effect of NO by exogenous NO treatment. The results showed that ammonium nitrate and NO increased the activity of ferric chelate reductase. NO induced the expression of multiple IRT genes and promoted the transmembrane transport of irons. Ammonium nitrate and NO promoted the activity of nitrogen assimilation-related enzymes and the nitrogen absorption capacity, and they also increased glutamine synthetase activity. Finally, ammonium nitrate and NO increased chlorophyll synthesis, with subsequent increase in the photosynthetic capacity of plants and accumulation of biomass. CONCLUSION Ammonium nitrate indirectly alleviates the symptoms of plant yellowing by promoting the increase of NO, which increases the response of iron transporters. Both substances increase the nitrogen accumulation in plants. This study demonstrates a new option for minimizing Fe deficiency by regulating the balance between nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jinzhu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zidong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, 265200, China
| | - Yingjie Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dingli Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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13
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Mondal R, Madhurya K, Saha P, Chattopadhyay SK, Antony S, Kumar A, Roy S, Roy D. Expression profile, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in hydrogen sulphide metabolism connecting the balance between development and stress adaptation in plants: a data-mining bioinformatics approach. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:602-617. [PMID: 34939301 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent research focused on novel aspects of sulphur and sulphur-containing molecules in fundamental plant processes has highlighted the importance of these compounds. Currently, the focus has shifted to the efficacy of hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) as signalling compounds that regulate different development and stress mitigation in plants. Accordingly, we used an in silico approach to study the differential expression patterns of H2 S metabolic genes at different growth/development stages and their tissue-specific expression patterns under a range of abiotic stresses. Moreover, to understand the multilevel regulation of genes involved in H2 S metabolism, we performed computation-based promoter analysis, alternative splice variant analysis, prediction of putative miRNA targets and co-expression network analysis. Gene expression analysis suggests that H2 S biosynthesis is highly influenced by developmental and stress stimuli. The functional annotation of promoter structures reveales a wide range of plant hormone and stress responsive cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that regulate H2 S metabolism. Co-expression analysis suggested that genes involved in H2 S metabolism are also associated with different metabolic processes. In this data-mining study, the primary focus was to understand the genetic architecture governing pathways of H2 S metabolism in different cell compartments under various developmental and stress signalling cascades. The present study will help to understand the genetic architecture of H2 S metabolism via cysteine metabolism and the functional roles of these genes in development and stress tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mondal
- Mulberry Tissue Culture Lab, Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre (CSGRC), Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, Hosur, India
| | - K Madhurya
- Mulberry Tissue Culture Lab, Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre (CSGRC), Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, Hosur, India
| | - P Saha
- Department of Botany, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur, India
| | - S K Chattopadhyay
- Directorate of Distance Education, Vidyasagar University Midnapore (West), Midnapore, India
| | - S Antony
- Mulberry Tissue Culture Lab, Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre (CSGRC), Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, Hosur, India
| | - A Kumar
- Host Plant Division, Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, Jorhat, India
| | - S Roy
- Department of Botany, Santipur College, Nadia, India
| | - D Roy
- Department of Botany, Seth Anandram Jaipuria College, Kolkata, India
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14
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Contribution of Exogenous Proline to Abiotic Stresses Tolerance in Plants: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095186. [PMID: 35563577 PMCID: PMC9101538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses are the major environmental factors that play a significant role in decreasing plant yield and production potential by influencing physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. Abiotic stresses and global population growth have prompted scientists to use beneficial strategies to ensure food security. The use of organic compounds to improve tolerance to abiotic stresses has been considered for many years. For example, the application of potential external osmotic protective compounds such as proline is one of the approaches to counteract the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on plants. Proline level increases in plants in response to environmental stress. Proline accumulation is not just a signal of tension. Rather, according to research discussed in this article, this biomolecule improves plant resistance to abiotic stress by rising photosynthesis, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity, regulating osmolyte concentration, and sodium and potassium homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis, sensing, signaling, and transport of proline and its role in the development of various plant tissues, including seeds, floral components, and vegetative tissues. Further, the impacts of exogenous proline utilization under various non-living stresses such as drought, salinity, high and low temperatures, and heavy metals have been extensively studied. Numerous various studies have shown that exogenous proline can improve plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance under adverse environmental factors.
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15
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Valderrama‐Martín JM, Ortigosa F, Ávila C, Cánovas FM, Hirel B, Cantón FR, Cañas RA. A revised view on the evolution of glutamine synthetase isoenzymes in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:946-960. [PMID: 35199893 PMCID: PMC9310647 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme responsible for the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium into the amino acid glutamine. In plants, two groups of functional GS enzymes are found: eubacterial GSIIb (GLN2) and eukaryotic GSIIe (GLN1/GS). Only GLN1/GS genes are found in vascular plants, which suggests that they are involved in the final adaptation of plants to terrestrial life. The present phylogenetic study reclassifies the different GS genes of seed plants into three clusters: GS1a, GS1b and GS2. The presence of genes encoding GS2 has been expanded to Cycadopsida gymnosperms, which suggests the origin of this gene in a common ancestor of Cycadopsida, Ginkgoopsida and angiosperms. GS1a genes have been identified in all gymnosperms, basal angiosperms and some Magnoliidae species. Previous studies in conifers and the gene expression profiles obtained in ginkgo and magnolia in the present work could explain the absence of GS1a in more recent angiosperm species (e.g. monocots and eudicots) as a result of the redundant roles of GS1a and GS2 in photosynthetic cells. Altogether, the results provide a better understanding of the evolution of plant GS isoenzymes and their physiological roles, which is valuable for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and productivity. This new view of GS evolution in plants, including a new cytosolic GS group (GS1a), has important functional implications in the context of plant metabolism adaptation to global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Valderrama‐Martín
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y BioquímicaUniversidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos29071MálagaSpain
- Integrative Molecular Biology LabUniversidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos29071MálagaSpain
| | - Francisco Ortigosa
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y BioquímicaUniversidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos29071MálagaSpain
| | - Concepción Ávila
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y BioquímicaUniversidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos29071MálagaSpain
| | - Francisco M. Cánovas
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y BioquímicaUniversidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos29071MálagaSpain
| | - Bertrand Hirel
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Versailles‐GrignonRD 1078026Versailles CedexFrance
| | - Francisco R. Cantón
- Integrative Molecular Biology LabUniversidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos29071MálagaSpain
| | - Rafael A. Cañas
- Integrative Molecular Biology LabUniversidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos29071MálagaSpain
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