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Devereaux PJ, Marcucci M, Painter TW, Conen D, Lomivorotov V, Sessler DI, Chan MTV, Borges FK, Martínez-Zapata MJ, Wang CY, Xavier D, Ofori SN, Wang MK, Efremov S, Landoni G, Kleinlugtenbelt YV, Szczeklik W, Schmartz D, Garg AX, Short TG, Wittmann M, Meyhoff CS, Amir M, Torres D, Patel A, Duceppe E, Ruetzler K, Parlow JL, Tandon V, Fleischmann E, Polanczyk CA, Lamy A, Astrakov SV, Rao M, Wu WKK, Bhatt K, de Nadal M, Likhvantsev VV, Paniagua P, Aguado HJ, Whitlock RP, McGillion MH, Prystajecky M, Vincent J, Eikelboom J, Copland I, Balasubramanian K, Turan A, Bangdiwala SI, Stillo D, Gross PL, Cafaro T, Alfonsi P, Roshanov PS, Belley-Côté EP, Spence J, Richards T, VanHelder T, McIntyre W, Guyatt G, Yusuf S, Leslie K. Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1986-1997. [PMID: 35363452 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2201171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative bleeding is common in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic drug that may safely decrease such bleeding. METHODS We conducted a trial involving patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (1-g intravenous bolus) or placebo at the start and end of surgery (reported here) and, with the use of a partial factorial design, a hypotension-avoidance or hypertension-avoidance strategy (not reported here). The primary efficacy outcome was life-threatening bleeding, major bleeding, or bleeding into a critical organ (composite bleeding outcome) at 30 days. The primary safety outcome was myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, nonhemorrhagic stroke, peripheral arterial thrombosis, or symptomatic proximal venous thromboembolism (composite cardiovascular outcome) at 30 days. To establish the noninferiority of tranexamic acid to placebo for the composite cardiovascular outcome, the upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval for the hazard ratio had to be below 1.125, and the one-sided P value had to be less than 0.025. RESULTS A total of 9535 patients underwent randomization. A composite bleeding outcome event occurred in 433 of 4757 patients (9.1%) in the tranexamic acid group and in 561 of 4778 patients (11.7%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.87; absolute difference, -2.6 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.8 to -1.4; two-sided P<0.001 for superiority). A composite cardiovascular outcome event occurred in 649 of 4581 patients (14.2%) in the tranexamic acid group and in 639 of 4601 patients (13.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.14; upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% CI, 1.14; absolute difference, 0.3 percentage points; 95% CI, -1.1 to 1.7; one-sided P = 0.04 for noninferiority). CONCLUSIONS Among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, the incidence of the composite bleeding outcome was significantly lower with tranexamic acid than with placebo. Although the between-group difference in the composite cardiovascular outcome was small, the noninferiority of tranexamic acid was not established. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; POISE-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03505723.).
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Devereaux
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Maura Marcucci
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Thomas W Painter
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - David Conen
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Vladimir Lomivorotov
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Flavia K Borges
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - María J Martínez-Zapata
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Chew Yin Wang
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Denis Xavier
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Sandra N Ofori
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Michael K Wang
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Sergey Efremov
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Ydo V Kleinlugtenbelt
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Wojciech Szczeklik
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Denis Schmartz
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Amit X Garg
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Timothy G Short
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Maria Wittmann
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Christian S Meyhoff
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Mohammed Amir
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - David Torres
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Ameen Patel
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Emmanuelle Duceppe
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Kurt Ruetzler
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Joel L Parlow
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Vikas Tandon
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Edith Fleischmann
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Carisi A Polanczyk
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Andre Lamy
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Sergey V Astrakov
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Mangala Rao
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - William K K Wu
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Keyur Bhatt
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Miriam de Nadal
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Valery V Likhvantsev
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Pilar Paniagua
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Hector J Aguado
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Richard P Whitlock
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Michael H McGillion
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Michael Prystajecky
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Jessica Vincent
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - John Eikelboom
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Ingrid Copland
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Alparslan Turan
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - David Stillo
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Teresa Cafaro
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Pascal Alfonsi
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Pavel S Roshanov
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Emilie P Belley-Côté
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Jessica Spence
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Toby Richards
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Tomas VanHelder
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - William McIntyre
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Salim Yusuf
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Kate Leslie
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
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