1
|
Schaefer EA, Edman J, Magdesian KG. Comparison of hematologic variables among Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, and Western stock horse breeds. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53:179-185. [PMID: 38679567 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematology is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the health status of horses. However, breed differences are often not considered. OBJECTIVES The objective was to compare complete blood count variables among Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, and stock horses (SH). METHODS Ninety-six healthy horses were grouped by breed (Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, and SH). Samples were collected through venipuncture for complete blood count analysis. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's tests or Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc tests were used to compare hematologic variables among groups. RESULTS Warmbloods had a significantly lower total white blood cell (WBC) count (6.08 ± 1.11 × 109/L) and lymphocyte count (1.76 ± 0.41 × 109/L) than Thoroughbreds (7.28 ± 1.45; 2.28 ± 5.16 × 109/L, respectively; P < .001) and SH (7.21 ± 1.18 × 109/L, P < .01; 2.10 ± 5.17 × 109/L; P < .05). Warmbloods had a significantly lower red blood cell count (7.7 ± 0.8 × 1012/L) and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV, 49.4 ± 2.2 fL) than Thoroughbreds (8.42 ± 1.2 × 1012/L, P < .01; 47.3 ± 3.0 fL). Warmbloods had lower MCVs than SH (49.4 ± 2.2 vs 51.2 ± 2.6 fL). The mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was higher in Warmbloods (35.0, 33.8-36.2 g/dL) and Thoroughbreds (34.9, 33.4-35.7 g/dL) than in SH breeds (34.0, 33.4-35.4 g/dL; P < .001, both). Total protein concentrations were significantly lower in Thoroughbreds (67, 59-80 g/L) compared with SH (71, 64-83 g/dL) (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Warmbloods had decreased WBC and lymphocyte counts compared with Thoroughbreds and SH, and Thoroughbreds had increased red blood cell counts. Thoroughbreds had lower total protein concentrations than SH. Clinicians should consider breed differences when interpreting hematologic values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Schaefer
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J Edman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - K G Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Buendia A, Teng KTY, Camino E, Dominguez L, Cruz-Lopez F. Influence of multiple factors on hematologic reference intervals in horses residing in livery yards in Spain. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:273-277. [PMID: 34053088 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hemogram is a routine analysis for equine veterinary practitioners in the assessment of patient clinical status. Reference intervals (RIs) of hematologic constituents vary according to different horse populations and are often described for a particular breed or horse type. The aims of this study were to determine RIs for hematologic constituents in a mixed-breed horse population residing in livery yards in central Spain and evaluate the associations between estimated RIs and multiple phenotypic and management characteristics. A total of 122 healthy horses from different breeds in central Spain were included in the study. RIs were calculated following the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. Significant associations between red blood cell (RBC) counts, packed cell volumes (PCVs), hemoglobin (HGB) concentrations, white blood cell (WBC) counts, and phenotypic and management features were evaluated using a novel multiple linear regression model analysis. Reference intervals were 5.8-10.0 × 1012 /L for RBCs, 97-164 g/L for HGB, 0.27-0.46 L/L for PCVs, 37.1-53.6 fL for MCVs, 3.8-10.8 × 109 /L for WBCs, and 76.1-377.9 × 109 /L for platelet counts. The season, discipline, and housing when and where the horses were sampled were factors significantly associated with WBC counts and/or red cell values (HGB, RBC, and PCV). Hematologic RIs for these horses were comparable to the RIs of warm-blooded horses and influenced by husbandry. These location-specific RIs should allow veterinary practitioners to make better-informed decisions for their patients residing in livery yards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Buendia
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kendy Tzu-Yun Teng
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliazar Camino
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Cruz-Lopez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Contalbrigo L, Borgi M, De Santis M, Collacchi B, Tuozzi A, Toson M, Redaelli V, Odore R, Vercelli C, Stefani A, Luzi F, Valle E, Cirulli F. Equine-Assisted Interventions (EAIs) for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Behavioural and Physiological Indices of Stress in Domestic Horses ( Equus caballus) during Riding Sessions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1562. [PMID: 34071859 PMCID: PMC8227027 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are especially suited for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who need a high degree of physical and psychological enrichment. Even though EAIs have become a common practice, stress responses in horses interacting with individuals that can manifest inappropriate behaviours, such as ASD children, have not been thoroughly investigated. Our multicentre study aimed to investigate behavioural and physiological indices of stress in horses involved in EAI standardised sessions with children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. A controlled within-subject design with repeated measurements involving 19 horses and 38 children was adopted. Stress-related behaviours, heart rate, heart rate variability, and eye temperature were recorded during the riding sessions. Moreover, blood samples were collected from horses before and after each session to monitor changes in blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and catecholamines. Results indicate that, in general, stress responses in horses involved in EAIs did not differ as a function of the horse being ridden by children with ASD or TD. A lower sympathetic tone in horses involved in ASD sessions was found, while in the mounting and dismounting phases, horses displayed behavioural signs of stress, independently from children's behaviour. We conclude that professionals working in EAI should increase their awareness of animal welfare and refine riding practices, taking into account horse's needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Contalbrigo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.D.S.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Marta Borgi
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (B.C.); (A.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Marta De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.D.S.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Barbara Collacchi
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (B.C.); (A.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Adele Tuozzi
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (B.C.); (A.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.D.S.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Veronica Redaelli
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Rosangela Odore
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (R.O.); (C.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (R.O.); (C.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Annalisa Stefani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.D.S.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Emanuela Valle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (R.O.); (C.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (B.C.); (A.T.); (F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Satué K, Hernández Á, Lorente C, Fazio E, Medica P. Age- and Sex-Related Modifications of Hematology in Spanish Purebred Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 93:103219. [PMID: 32972677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that age and sex significantly modulate the changes in hematological parameters of physiologically healthy Spanish Purebred horse, establishing the reference values. Blood samples were obtained on a total of 159 horses (n = 77 males and n = 82 females), classified in four age groups: group A (1-2 years; n = 39), group B (>2-3 years; n = 38), group C (>3-4 years; n = 41), and group D (>4-7 years; n = 41). By means ADVIA 2020i, red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HB), packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelets (PLTs), as well as total and differential white blood cells (WBCs) were determined. Total plasma protein was determined by spectrophotometry. Results obtained showed that sex had a limited influence on these parameters, being the HB higher in males and WBC higher in females (P = .047). Age caused a reduction in RBC, with a compensatory increase of MCV and MCH, decrease in WBC, PLT, lymphocytes (LYMPs), as well as an increase of N/L ratio (P = .047). Interactions between age and sex showed higher RBC in males than in females of the group B, and higher HB and WBC in males than in females of the group D. According to hematological data, Spanish Purebred horse was classified as a warm- or cold-blooded horse. Decline of RBC, WBC, and PLT parameters is a natural condition of horse with the advance of age, indicating a decrease of the narrow bone response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ángel Hernández
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Lorente
- Private Clinician, Diplomate Dermatology, Adervet Clinic, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Faramarzi B, Rich L. Haematological profile in foals during the first year of life. Vet Rec 2019; 184:503. [PMID: 30995997 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Foals' haematological values change constantly during their first year of life. The use of updated age-based reference intervals (RIs) is imperative for providing accurate diagnosis and optimum care for sick foals. The authors' objective was to provide updated RIs for 13 haematological values in 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, 180 and 365-day-old foals and to investigate the changes over time in each measured value. Venous blood was collected at those ages from clinically healthy foals. Thirteen haematological values were analysed. The 95% RIs were reported using a bootstrapping method. Differences over time were examined using Friedman test. RIs for each of the measured values were calculated. Results showed noticeable trends in changes over time in several values. Nevertheless, white blood cell counts significantly increased between day 2 and day 90 (P=0.011) while lymphocyte counts increased from day 2 up to day 180 (P=0.033). The mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume (P=0.011) significantly decreased between day 2 and day 90. Normal haematological values in foals not only differ from those in adult horses but also change throughout the first year of life; thus, it is critical that clinicians use age-based RIs when treating sick foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Faramarzi
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Lon Rich
- Antech Diagnostics Inc, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miglio A, Morelli C, Maresca C, Felici A, Di Giambattista A, Antognoni MT. Hematologic reference intervals for the Italian Heavy Draft horse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
7
|
Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Cotovio M, Maia M, Queiroga F, Pires MJ, Colaço A. Reference intervals for haematological parameters in the Lusitano horse breed. Acta Vet Hung 2018; 66:530-541. [PMID: 30580541 DOI: 10.1556/004.2018.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Lusitano horse is an autochthonous Portuguese breed with a growing worldwide expansion. Our objective was to establish reference intervals for haematological parameters using the haematological cell counter LaserCyte (IDEXX). For this purpose, blood samples from 100 healthy adult horses (13 females and 87 males, ranging from 3 to 25 years of age) were analysed. The reference intervals were estimated following the ASVCP guidelines with the Reference Value Advisor software. The obtained reference intervals were 6.4-10.1 × 1012/L for red blood cells, 30.6-45.1% for haematocrit, 11.6-17.1 g/dL for haemoglobin, 42.8-53.2 fL for mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 15.5-20.8 pg for mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), 33.7-39.4 g/dL for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, 17.8-20.3% for red cell distribution width (RDW), 4.5-10.1 × 109/L for white blood cells, 2.2-6.0 × 109/L for neutrophils, 0.9-4.9 × 109/L for lymphocytes, 0.2-0.5 × 109/L for monocytes, 0.1-0.6 × 109/L for eosinophils, 0.0-0.1 × 109/L for basophils, 78.5-172.2 K/mL for platelets, 4.3-9.4 fL for mean platelet volume, 18.8-24.2% for platelet distribution width, and 0.06-0.12% for plateletcrit. LaserCyte equine reference intervals are transferable to the Lusitano horse for 18 of the 22 analytes studied. Regarding age, significant statistical differences were observed for MCV, RDW, neutrophils and lymphocytes between the mean values of young (3-6 years old), middle-aged (7-14 years old) and old (< 15 years old) age groups. MCH means were statistically significantly different between the three age groups. The haematological reference intervals established in this study might represent a valuable and applicable tool for haematological assessment of adult Lusitano horses, providing useful information that helps clinicians to interpret clinical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mário Cotovio
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences
- 2 CECAV, Centre for the Animal and Veterinary Sciences
| | | | - Felisbina Queiroga
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences
- 3 CITAB, Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M João Pires
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences
- 3 CITAB, Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Aura Colaço
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences
- 2 CECAV, Centre for the Animal and Veterinary Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hooijberg EH, Miller M, Cray C, Buss P, Steenkamp G, Goddard A. Serum protein electrophoresis in healthy and injured southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200347. [PMID: 30044807 PMCID: PMC6059428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of globulin fractions by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is the first step towards evaluation of the proteome in the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). Furthermore, identification of changes in globulins in animals with poaching and other injuries can guide discovery of potentially useful biomarkers of inflammation. The aim of this study was to develop reference intervals for agarose gel SPE in healthy white rhinoceros and to compare these serum protein electrophoresis results to those from animals with tissue trauma. Reference intervals for total serum protein and agarose gel electrophoretic albumin and globulin fractions were generated using serum samples from 49 healthy free-ranging adult white rhinoceros. A standardised gating system together with identification of specific proteins by mass spectrometry aided in fraction identification. Six globulin fractions were identified: α1a, α1b, α2, β1, β2 and γ. Reference intervals were generated for total serum protein (76–111 g/L), albumin (10–27 g/L) and globulin fractions (α1a: 1.6–3.2 g/L; α1b: 1.7–3.6 g/L; α2: 16.1–26.6 g/L; β1: 6.6–18.2 g/L; β2: 11.8–30.4 g/L; γ: 10.4–23.1 g/L; albumin: globulin ratio: 0.12–0.39). Results were compared to those from 30 animals with various degrees and chronicities of tissue trauma. Wounded animals had lower concentrations of total serum protein, albumin, total globulin, α and β1 globulins, lower percentages of α2 and β1 globulins, and higher percentages of β2 and γ globulins. These protein changes are similar to those seen in human patients with wounds rather than classic acute phase or chronic inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma H. Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Michele Miller
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Steenkamp
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|