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Campos-Sánchez JC, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. Serum proteinogram of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) as a new useful approach for detecting loss of haemostasis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109699. [PMID: 38876410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Proteinograms, a semiquantitative analytical method that separates proteins into multiple bands, have not been explored in teleosts for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. This study aimed to establish reference values for proteinograms in the serum of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), two important farmed fish species in the Mediterranean region. Serum proteins were studied using SDS-PAGE, electropherogram, and HPLC-mass spectrometry. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed four major bands of proteins around 11, 25, 70, and 100 kDa in the serum of gilthead seabream and European seabass. Electropherogram results showed that a protein with a molecular weight of 76.8 kDa was the most abundant protein in the serum of gilthead seabream, while a peak of 75.5 kDa was the most abundant in European seabass. HPLC-mass spectrometry detected 87 proteins and 119 proteins in the serum of gilthead seabream and European seabass, respectively, including α1-globulins, α2-globulins, β-globulins, and γ-globulins. Notably, the albumin sequence was not detected in either of the two species. These results help to characterise the serum protein profile and to establish reference proteinograms for these two fish species. They also provide a basis for the development of novel approaches for the rapid detection of loss of haemostasis due to stress, health disorders or disease in farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Morgan AN, Fogelson SB, Wills PS, Mincer T, Mejri S, Page A. Hematological changes in Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) supplemented with β-glucan and Pediococcus acidilactici synbiotic. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1091-1111. [PMID: 38174614 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) are a species of growing interest for commercial aquaculture. Effective health monitoring is crucial to the successful growout of the species, and prophylactic and therapeutic use of chemicals and antibiotics has been the traditional strategy for promoting stock health. However, concerns about antimicrobial resistance, chemical residues in seafood products and the environment, and resultant immunosuppression have prompted the industry to identify alternative management strategies, including supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics, and combinations of both (synbiotics). The objectives of this study are to determine and compare hematological, plasma biochemical, and plasma protein electrophoresis data of synbiotic-supplemented (β-glucan and Pediococcus acidilactici) and non-supplemented Florida pompano. Reference intervals for blood analytes are provided for both groups and for subgroups (females, males, large, and small fish) where statistically significant results exist. There are no differences between the hematological and plasma biochemistry analytes between the supplemented and control groups, except for blood urea nitrogen and carbon dioxide, indicating a possible effect of synbiotic supplementation on gill function and osmoregulation. Sex-related and size-related differences are observed within each of the control and supplemented groups; however, biometric measurements do not strongly correlate with blood analytes. These data represent baseline hematological and plasma biochemical data in the Florida pompano and indicate the safety of synbiotic supplementation in this commercially important species. This study serves to further the commercialization of Florida pompano by providing blood analyte reference intervals for health monitoring in the aquaculture setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Morgan
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | | | - Paul S Wills
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Tracy Mincer
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Sahar Mejri
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Annie Page
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
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Morón-Elorza P, David H, Batista H, Quina V, Baylina N, Pereira N. Blood collection under anesthesia, peripheral blood cells, plasma biochemistry, and plasma protein electrophoresis in a living fossil: the Spotted Ratfish ( Hydrolagus colliei). Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1305968. [PMID: 38274658 PMCID: PMC10808452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1305968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This report describes the safe and effective handling under anesthesia, blood collection and main clinical pathology values determination for three adult Spotted Ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) (two males and one female) successfully maintained under human care for more than 20 years. The anesthetic MS-222 diluted in tamponed salt water at 50 ppm provided deep narcosis with mean induction and recovery times of 5 and 20 min, allowing safe handling and blood collection in the three animals sampled. Major leukocyte types were similar to other teleost and elasmobranch species, identifying lymphocytes as the predominant leukocyte (75.5%), followed by the fine eosinophilic granulocytes (10.25%), the coarse eosinophilic granulocytes (9.75%), and a small percentage of monocytes (5.50%). Plasma biochemistry values in this species were like those seen in elasmobranchs, with the highest levels of blood urea nitrogen described in any Chondrichthyes (mean 679.7 mmol/l). Plasma protein electrophoresis analysis in the Spotted Ratfish showed five consistent fractions, like those previously described in other fish species, with a negligible quantity of proteins migrating in the region equivalent to albumin, and with fraction 4 (mean 53.20%) as the predominant fraction. Despite the limitations imposed by the small sample size and the challenging access to the studied species under human care, this study will shed light on and enhance clinical knowledge regarding Ratfish handling, anesthesia, blood collection, and analysis. It aims to deliver a comprehensive clinical pathology description, presenting valuable data for professionals engaged in the care and management of Chimaerans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hugo David
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Batista
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Quina
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuria Baylina
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Pereira
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Mendonça WCS, Duncan WP, Vidal MD, Magnusson WE, Da Silveira R. Blood Biochemical Reference Intervals of Black Caimans (Melanosuchus niger) and Spectacled Caimans (Caiman crocodilus) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:198-203. [PMID: 37909403 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Reference intervals for physiologic parameters, crucial for assessing the health status of animals, have been documented for various crocodilian species across the globe. Nonetheless, the establishment of plasma biochemical reference intervals specific to Amazonian crocodilians remains incomplete. In an effort to address this gap, we procured blood samples from 65 black caimans (Melanosuchus niger) and 58 spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus) during the period of September-December 2019 within the Anavilhanas National Park in the Brazilian Amazon region We aimed to define reference intervals for 11 key plasma variables measured, namely glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, albumin, total protein, uric acid, and urea. In general, the determined blood reference intervals aligned closely with those established for other crocodilian species. Some specific measurements, such as total cholesterol, sodium, and magnesium, exhibited distinct variations based on the species. Furthermore, female black caimans showcased elevated cholesterol levels compared with their male counterparts. Within the spectacled caimans, disparities related to sex were evident solely in the case of electrolytes sodium and potassium, with males demonstrating higher levels compared with females. These reference intervals not only provide data for assessing potential fluctuations in the health of wild or captive Amazonian crocodilians but also hold value for veterinary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washington C S Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Manaus Amazonas 69077-000, Brazil
- Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Manaus Amazonas 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Wallice P Duncan
- Laboratório de Morfologia Funcional, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Manaus Amazonas 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D Vidal
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Sociobiodiversidade Associada a Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Rua das Hortas, 223, Centro, São Luís Maranhão 65020-270, Brazil
| | - William E Magnusson
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Cp 2223, Manaus Amazonas 69067-970, Brazil
| | - Ronis Da Silveira
- Laboratório de Manejo de Faunas, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Manaus Amazonas 69077-000, Brazil
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Sheley WC, Cray C, Wilber MQ, Carter ED, Kumar R, Hardman RH, Towe AE, Gray MJ, Miller DL. A Pilot Study Investigating Plasma Protein Electrophoresis in One Anuran and Six Urodelan Species. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:796-803. [PMID: 37846919 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
As threats to amphibian health increase, there is a growing need for diagnostic tools to assess and monitor their health status. Plasma protein electrophoresis has proven to be useful in other nonmammalian species. It enables quantification of protein fractions in plasma that may be altered in various disease processes, and is therefore useful in narrowing down differential diagnoses and detecting inflammation, in combination with other modalities such as biochemical and hematologic testing. The amphibian electrophoretogram must be defined before baseline reference intervals are obtained across species. Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed on plasma samples collected from presumed clinically normal individuals of one anuran and six urodelans: Osteopilus septentrionalis (n=2), Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (n=1), Notophthalmus viridescens (n=1), Eurycea guttolineata (n=2), Amphiuma tridactylum (n=2), Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (n=5), and Siren lacertina (n=6). The electrophoretograms varied in number of fractions between each species; however, the number of fractions was consistent within a species. An albumin migrating fraction was consistently observed in all species. A prealbumin migrating fraction was identified in species that primarily use organs other than skin for respiration. This study provides preliminary examples of a normal plasma protein electrophoretogram for seven amphibian species. Further studies quantifying reference intervals and identification of protein fractions will help establish protein electrophoresis as a useful tool in amphibian health investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Sheley
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Mark Q Wilber
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Edward D Carter
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca H Hardman
- One Health Initiative, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Anastasia E Towe
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Matthew J Gray
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Debra L Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- One Health Initiative, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Osorio S, Soto J, Schmitt D, Kiso W, Cray C. Preliminary assessment of serum capillary zone electrophoresis in the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1204880. [PMID: 37745210 PMCID: PMC10512825 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1204880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum protein electrophoresis has been demonstrated to have utility in diagnostic workup, wellness exams, and prognosis. Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) has previously been described for use with serum from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). As the newer method of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is becoming more commonplace in veterinary diagnostic laboratories, serum samples from Asian elephants were examined using this method. CZE allowed for a reproducible definition of two beta fractions and, overall, showed a low coefficient of variation for fraction quantitation. Preliminary reference intervals were generated using samples primarily from an older population of 22 female elephants. Albumin levels determined by CZE were also compared with those determined by the bromocresol green method on a chemistry analyzer. It was found that the latter method overestimated the level of albumin with a mean positive bias of 11.6% or 0.38 g/dL, thus method-specific reference intervals should be used. Significant negative correlations were observed between A/G ratio determined by CZE and serum amyloid A levels (r = -0.47, p < 0.0001) and haptoglobin (r = -0.52, p < 0.0001); both APP were significantly correlated with the alpha 2 globulin fraction (p < 0.0001). CZE reflects an overall picture of changes in acute phase proteins and immunoglobulins and accurate quantitation of albumin and thus should be considered as an adjunct tool to the use of other measures of the acute phase response in patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Osorio
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jeny Soto
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dennis Schmitt
- White Oak Conservation, Yulee, FL, United States
- Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States
| | - Wendy Kiso
- White Oak Conservation, Yulee, FL, United States
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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da Fonseca LA, Montiani-Ferreira F, Soto J, Jones MP, Zagaya N, Cray C. Comparison of agarose gel and capillary zone electrophoresis methods with preliminary reference interval generation using capillary zone electrophoresis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:452-460. [PMID: 36973576 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrophoresis can be used to aid in the diagnosis of different diseases in avian species. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is an automated method that is proposed to be superior to the dye methods used in agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). However, reference intervals (RIs) for CZE in avian species and comparison studies between electrophoretic methods are lacking. OBJECTIVES The goals of the current study were to compare AGE and CZE methods and determine reference intervals for CZE using plasma from bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). METHODS Heparinized plasma samples from 44 bald eagles (mean age 18.7 years) under managed care were examined by AGE and CZE. Method comparison analyses were completed, as well as the generation of preliminary RIs using the CZE method and ASVCP guidelines. RESULTS Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plots demonstrate that these methods are not equivalent. All fractions were significantly correlated between the methods except for alpha 1 globulin. Inter-assay and intra-assay CVs for CZE were lower or comparable to AGE and ranged from 2.4% to 15.4%, and 0.8% to 8.3%, respectively. CZE resolved more fractions than AGE with two fractions observed in the beta and gamma region vs one for AGE in each region. CONCLUSIONS CZE provided improved resolution and reproducibility for the quantitation of protein fractions in the bald eagle. Although most fraction results correlated with AGE, these methods were judged as not equivalent, necessitating method-specific Rls. Reference intervals generated from a limited number of mostly aged individuals under managed care should be considered preliminary; additional studies will aid in the production of more robust intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Abreu da Fonseca
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Puerto Rico, Brazil
| | - Jeny Soto
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Nancy Zagaya
- The American Eagle Foundation, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Bonsembiante F, Giordano A, Gili C, Mazzariol S, Berlanda M, Guglielmini C, Bedin S, Gelain ME. Serum Protein Concentration and Serum Protein Fractions in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Human Care Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1745. [PMID: 37889653 PMCID: PMC10251839 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is the most used and reliable method to determine the percentage of serum protein subfractions. The interpretation of the kinetics of total proteins and albumin and globulin fractions is receiving increased attention in wild animals, as well as in domestic animals, due to the possibility of identifying typical pathologic patterns. However, the interpretation of these data had to be performed in light of an appropriate method-and species- specific reference intervals (RIs). In marine mammals, as well as other non-domestic species, specific attention should also be given to the different environment (free ranging vs. human managed) and the associated different exposure to environmental stimuli. The aim of this report was to establish RIs for the serum protein fractions evaluated using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) in bottlenose dolphins under human care. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 40 bottlenose dolphins during standard veterinary procedures to evaluate their health status. Total protein concentration was determined using the biuret method while AGE was performed using an automated system. A pooled dolphin's serum sample was used to determine the intra-assay and inter-assay imprecision of AGE. The RIs were calculated using an Excel spreadsheet with the Reference Value Advisor set of macroinstructions. The intra and inter-assay imprecisions were 1.2% and 2.5%, respectively, for albumin; 2.9% and 5.7%, respectively, for α-globulins; 3.8% and 4.0%, respectively, for β-globulins; and 3.4% and 4.8%, respectively, for γ-globulins. The total protein, albumin, α-globulin, β-globulin, and γ-globulin concentrations were 65.5 ± 5.4 g/L, 45.5 ± 4.9 g/L, 8.0 ± 1.0 g/L, 5.0 ± 2.0 g/L, and 7.0 ± 2.0 g/L, respectively. We established the RIs for the total protein and serum protein fractions using AGE in bottlenose dolphins under human care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (S.B.)
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Claudia Gili
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Michele Berlanda
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Bedin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
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Hooijberg EH, Cray C. Acute phase reactants in nondomesticated mammals-A veterinary clinical pathology perspective. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:19-36. [PMID: 36289012 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Applications for acute phase reactants (APRs) in nondomesticated mammals include identifying inflammatory disease, monitoring the course of specific disease processes and recovery during rehabilitation, detecting preclinical or subclinical disease, being used as bioindicators for monitoring population and ecosystem health, and as markers of stress and animal welfare. Serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, albumin, and iron are most commonly measured. The procedure for evaluating an APR in a nondomesticated mammalian species should follow a stepwise approach beginning with an assessment of analytical performance, followed by an evaluation of overlap performance, clinical performance, and impact on patient outcomes and management. The lack of species-specific standards and antibodies for nondomesticated mammals presents a challenge, and more attention needs to be focused on assessing cross-reactivity and ensuring adequate analytical performance of APR assays. Sample selection for the initial evaluation of APRs should consider preanalytical influences and should originate from animals with confirmed inflammatory disease and healthy animals. Reference intervals should be generated according to published guidelines. Further evaluation should focus on assessing the diagnostic utility of APRs in specific disease scenarios relevant to a species. Greater attention should be paid to assay performance and uniformity of methods when using APRs for population and ecosystem surveillance. Veterinary clinical pathologists should work closely with zoo veterinarians and wildlife researchers to optimize the accuracy and utility of APR measurements in these various conservation medicine scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Shinder SL, Cray C, Hammerschlag N, Merly L. Serum Protein Electrophoresis Reference Intervals for Six Species of Wild-Sampled Sharks in South Florida. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1547-1556. [PMID: 35661219 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum proteins found in the blood have been used as diagnostic markers in both human and animal medicine. Evaluating proteins in the blood of sharks may be a valuable way to assess shark health. The purpose of this study was to perform serum protein electrophoresis from non-lethal blood samples of wild sharks and establish baseline values for six species off South Florida: blacknose (Carcharhinus acronotus), blacktip (C. limbatus), bull (C. leucas), lemon (Negaprion brevirostris), sandbar (C. plumbeus), and tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier). Two hundred and fifty-one serum samples were collected between 2015-2018 along with sex determination and morphometric measurements. Agarose gel analysis was performed using mammalian protein fraction delimits albumin, alpha 1-globulins, alpha 2-globulins, beta globulins, and gamma globulins alternatively defined as fractions 1-5. Reference electrophoretic profiles were established for each species, revealing the dominance of protein fractions 3 and 4. The fraction 3:4 ratio was determined for each shark and reference intervals for total solids, protein fractions, and fraction 3:4 ratio are reported for each species. There were no significant differences in total solids or protein fractions between males and females of any species. In both blacktip sharks and bull sharks, total solids were positively correlated with body size, but not in the other species evaluated. In blacknose sharks, the fraction 3:4 ratio was positively correlated with body condition. Results suggest that there may be differences in total solids values across dry and wet seasons for some species. Newly established reference intervals can now be utilized in future research to evaluate the health of captive sharks and to investigate the health status of individuals in the wild as well as relate health measures to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Shinder
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami at Coral Gables Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine at Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami at Coral Gables Miami, FL 33149, USA.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami at Coral Gables Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Liza Merly
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami at Coral Gables Miami, FL 33149, USA.,Shark Research and Conservation Program, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami at Coral Gables Miami, FL 33149, USA
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Villanueva-Saz S, Borobia M, Fernández A, Jiménez C, Yzuel A, Verde MT, Ramo MÁ, Figueras L, Ruíz H. Anaemia in Sheep Caused by Babesia and Theileria Haemoparasites. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233341. [PMID: 36496866 PMCID: PMC9738125 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Piroplasmoses in sheep are caused by vector-borne apicomplexan protozoa, Babesia and Theileria. Different species are responsible for the disease; some species are more pathogenic than others and have a worldwide distribution. In this sense, these causative agents can cause anaemia in flocks. In general, these vector-borne diseases infect small ruminants and cause host-mediated pathology. In the case of Babesia species, a combination of different mechanisms is involved: red blood cell lysis due to intracellular parasite multiplication, activation of biogenic amines and the coagulation system with the possibility of disseminated intravascular coagulation. By contrast, less information is available on the different immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of anaemia in sheep with theileriosis. However, the mechanisms of pathogenic action in theileriosis are similar to those studied in babesiosis. Diagnosis is based on compatible clinical signs, laboratory findings, specific diagnostic tests and the presence of the tick vector. Some of these tests detect the causative agent itself, such as direct identification by light microscopy and molecular analysis. In contrast, other tests detect the sheep's immune response to the organism by serology. Both diseases pose a significant diagnostic challenge for veterinary practitioners around the world. This review presents the most frequent clinical signs, pathogenesis and clinicopathological findings, diagnosis.
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Morón-Elorza P, Rojo-Solís C, Steyrer C, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, Ortega J, Encinas T, García-Párraga D. Increasing the data on elasmobranch plasma protein electrophoresis: electrophoretogram reference values determination in the undulate skate (Raja Undulata) and the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris) maintained under human care. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:380. [DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study determined plasma protein electrophoresis (PPE) reference intervals in two elasmobranch species: the undulate skate (Raja undulata) and the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris), using a reference population of 48 undulate skates (27 males, 21 females) and 62 nursehounds (32 males, 30 females), considered to be clinically healthy. Plasma samples were analyzed using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE).
Results
The undulate skate electrophoretogram resembled those previously reported in other batoids and could be divided into seven consistent fractions. No statistically significant differences were detected between sexes and developmental stages. The nursehound electrophoretogram was similar to that previously described in other shark species and could be divided into eight consistent fractions. Fraction 5% was significantly higher in juvenile nursehounds when compared to adults, while fraction 6 concentration and percentage were significantly higher in adults. Fraction 4% was higher in males than in females. Albumin band was not detected, and pre-albumin was negligible in both studied species. Alpha-globulins were predominant in the undulate skate, while beta-globulins were predominant in nursehounds. Statistically significant differences were found in all electrophoretogram fraction percentages and concentrations between the two species.
Conclusion
To the authors knowledge, this is the first study reporting PPE values in undulate skates and nursehounds, and the first study using CZE in elasmobranch plasma. These findings can serve as a primary reference for health monitoring in both species and will add to the limited data available on PPE in elasmobranchs.
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Supplementation of Boswellia serrata and Salix alba Extracts during the Early Laying Phase: Effects on Serum and Albumen Proteins, Trace Elements, and Yolk Cholesterol. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162014. [PMID: 36009605 PMCID: PMC9404453 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts from Boswellia serrata (Bs) and Salix alba (Sa) are used as supplements in poultry feed. The aims of this research were to study the possible effects of dietary supplementation with Bs and Sa extracts on serum and albumen proteins, zinc and iron, and yolk cholesterol content in Leghorn hens during the critical phase of the onset of laying. A total of 120 pullets, 17 weeks of age, were assigned to two groups (control (C) and treated (T), n = 60 each). The T group received a supplement containing Bs (5%) and Sa (5%) for 12 weeks. The study lasted 19 weeks. Serum proteins were fractionated using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Trace elements were determined in serum using atomic absorption spectrometry, and yolk cholesterol was determined using a colorimetric test. No significant differences were observed between control and supplemented hens for the analyzed biochemical indices. Moreover, the supplementation with phytoextracts did not negatively affect the physiological variations in serum proteins; therefore, it can be safely used as a treatment to prevent inflammatory states at onset and during the early laying phase.
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ANALYSIS OF SERUM PROTEINS IN HEALTHY GIANT PANDAS ( AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) UNDER MANAGED CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:442-447. [PMID: 35758586 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a practical diagnostic tool for the identification of changes in serum protein fractions, which can be associated with a variety of diseases. Protein electrophoresis studies in Ursidae are limited, and currently no published fraction values are available for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The aim of this study was to describe the serum protein fractions in the giant panda using both capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and standard agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) techniques. Serum samples from nine healthy giant pandas (n = 19) were used for this study. Samples were evaluated using CZE and standard AGE. The CZE procedure successfully resolved serum proteins into seven fractions: prealbumin; albumin; and α1-, α2-, β1-, β2-, and γ-globulin; while AGE separated serum into only six protein fractions: prealbumin; albumin; α1-, α2-, and β-globulins; and γ-globulin. These data will serve as a preliminary baseline for further studies and provide insight for the medical management of giant pandas.
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Sheley WC, Gray MJ, Wilber MQ, Cray C, Carter ED, Miller DL. Electrolyte imbalances and dehydration play a key role in Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans chytridiomycosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1055153. [PMID: 36713878 PMCID: PMC9880075 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1055153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the most important emerging infectious diseases of amphibians is caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Bsal was recently discovered and is of global concern due to its potential to cause high mortality in amphibians, especially salamander species. To date, little has been reported on the pathophysiological effects of Bsal; however, studies of a similar fungus, B. dendrobatidis (Bd), have shown that electrolyte losses and immunosuppression likely play a key role in morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. The goal of this study was to investigate pathophysiological effects and immune responses associated with Bsal chytridiomycosis using 49 rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) as the model species. Methods Taricha granulosa were exposed to a 1 × 107 per 10 mL dose of Bsal zoospores and allowed to reach various stages of disease progression before being humanely euthanized. At the time of euthanasia, blood was collected for biochemical and hematological analyses as well as protein electrophoresis. Ten standardized body sections were histologically examined, and Bsal-induced skin lesions were counted and graded on a scale of 1-5 based on severity. Results Results indicated that electrolyte imbalances and dehydration induced by damage to the epidermis likely play a major role in the pathogenesis of Bsal chytridiomycosis in this species. Additionally, Bsal-infected, clinically diseased T. granulosa exhibited a systemic inflammatory response identified through alterations in complete blood counts and protein electrophoretograms. Discussion Overall, these results provide foundational information on the pathogenesis of this disease and highlight the differences and similarities between Bsal and Bd chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C. Sheley
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wesley C. Sheley
| | - Matthew J. Gray
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Mark Q. Wilber
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - E. Davis Carter
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Debra L. Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
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