1
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Lewin TD, Liao IJY, Luo YJ. Annelid Comparative Genomics and the Evolution of Massive Lineage-Specific Genome Rearrangement in Bilaterians. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae172. [PMID: 39141777 PMCID: PMC11371463 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The organization of genomes into chromosomes is critical for processes such as genetic recombination, environmental adaptation, and speciation. All animals with bilateral symmetry inherited a genome structure from their last common ancestor that has been highly conserved in some taxa but seemingly unconstrained in others. However, the evolutionary forces driving these differences and the processes by which they emerge have remained largely uncharacterized. Here, we analyze genome organization across the phylum Annelida using 23 chromosome-level annelid genomes. We find that while many annelid lineages have maintained the conserved bilaterian genome structure, the Clitellata, a group containing leeches and earthworms, possesses completely scrambled genomes. We develop a rearrangement index to quantify the extent of genome structure evolution and show that, compared to the last common ancestor of bilaterians, leeches and earthworms have among the most highly rearranged genomes of any currently sampled species. We further show that bilaterian genomes can be classified into two distinct categories-high and low rearrangement-largely influenced by the presence or absence, respectively, of chromosome fission events. Our findings demonstrate that animal genome structure can be highly variable within a phylum and reveal that genome rearrangement can occur both in a gradual, stepwise fashion, or rapid, all-encompassing changes over short evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Lewin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Jyun Luo
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Gajda Ł, Daszkowska-Golec A, Świątek P. Discovery and characterization of the α-amylases cDNAs from Enchytraeus albidus shed light on the evolution of "Enchytraeus-Eisenia type" Amy homologs in Annelida. Biochimie 2024; 221:38-59. [PMID: 38242278 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Although enchytraeids have gained popularity in scientific research, fundamental questions regarding their feeding ecology and biology remain largely unexplored. This study investigates α-amylases, major digestive enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing starch and similar polysaccharides into sugars, in Enchytraeus albidus. Genetic data related to α-amylases is currently lacking for the family Enchytraeidae but also for the entire Annelida. To detect and identify coding sequences of the expressed α-amylase genes in COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) of E. albidus, we used classical "gene fishing" and transcriptomic approaches. We also compared coding sequence variants of α-amylase retrieved from transcriptomic data related to freeze-tolerant strains. Our results reveal that E. albidus possesses two distinct α-amylase genes (Amy I and Amy II) that are homologs to earthworm Eisenia fetida Ef-Amy genes. Different strains of E. albidus possess distinctive alleles of α-amylases with unique SNP patterns specific to a particular strain. Unlike Amy II, Amy I seems to be a highly polymorphic and multicopy gene. The domain architecture of the putative Amy proteins was found the same as for classical animal α-amylases with ABC-domains. A characteristic feature of Amy II is the lack of GHGA motif in the flexible loop region, similarly to many insect amylases. We identified "Enchytraeus-Eisenia type" α-amylase homologs in other clitellates and polychaetes, indicating the ancestral origin of Amy I/II proteins in Annelida. This study provides the first insight into the endogenous non-proteolytic digestive enzyme genes in potworms, discusses the evolution of Amy α-amylases in Annelida, and explores phylogenetic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gajda
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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3
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Gajda Ł, Daszkowska-Golec A, Świątek P. Trophic Position of the White Worm ( Enchytraeus albidus) in the Context of Digestive Enzyme Genes Revealed by Transcriptomics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4685. [PMID: 38731903 PMCID: PMC11083476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the impact of Enchytraeidae (potworms) on the functioning of the decomposer system, knowledge of the feeding preferences of enchytraeid species is required. Different food preferences can be explained by variations in enzymatic activities among different enchytraeid species, as there are no significant differences in the morphology or anatomy of their alimentary tracts. However, it is crucial to distinguish between the contribution of microbial enzymes and the animal's digestive capacity. Here, we computationally analyzed the endogenous digestive enzyme genes in Enchytraeus albidus. The analysis was based on RNA-Seq of COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) specimens, utilizing transcriptome profiling to determine the trophic position of the species. We also corroborated the results obtained using transcriptomics data from genetically heterogeneous freeze-tolerant strains. Our results revealed that E. albidus expresses a wide range of glycosidases, including GH9 cellulases and a specific digestive SH3b-domain-containing i-type lysozyme, previously described in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Therefore, E. albidus combines traits of both primary decomposers (primary saprophytophages) and secondary decomposers (sapro-microphytophages/microbivores) and can be defined as an intermediate decomposer. Based on assemblies of publicly available RNA-Seq reads, we found close homologs for these cellulases and i-type lysozymes in various clitellate taxa, including Crassiclitellata and Enchytraeidae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.G.); (A.D.-G.)
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4
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Thalén F, Köhne CG, Bleidorn C. Patchwork: Alignment-Based Retrieval and Concatenation of Phylogenetic Markers from Genomic Data. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad227. [PMID: 38085033 PMCID: PMC10735302 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (also known as "genome skimming") is becoming an increasingly affordable approach to large-scale phylogenetic analyses. While already routinely used to recover organellar genomes, genome skimming is rather rarely utilized for recovering single-copy nuclear markers. One reason might be that only few tools exist to work with this data type within a phylogenomic context, especially to deal with fragmented genome assemblies. We here present a new software tool called Patchwork for mining phylogenetic markers from highly fragmented short-read assemblies as well as directly from sequence reads. Patchwork is an alignment-based tool that utilizes the sequence aligner DIAMOND and is written in the programming language Julia. Homologous regions are obtained via a sequence similarity search, followed by a "hit stitching" phase, in which adjacent or overlapping regions are merged into a single unit. The novel sliding window algorithm trims away any noncoding regions from the resulting sequence. We demonstrate the utility of Patchwork by recovering near-universal single-copy orthologs within a benchmarking study, and we additionally assess the performance of Patchwork in comparison with other programs. We find that Patchwork allows for accurate retrieval of (putatively) single-copy genes from genome skimming data sets at different sequencing depths with high computational speed, outperforming existing software targeting similar tasks. Patchwork is released under the GNU General Public License version 3. Installation instructions, additional documentation, and the source code itself are all available via GitHub at https://github.com/fethalen/Patchwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Thalén
- Department for Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Cardio-CARE AG, Medizincampus Davos, Davos Wolfgang 7265, Switzerland
| | - Clara G Köhne
- Department for Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Department for Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
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Kobayashi G. Buried treasure in a public repository: Mining mitochondrial genes of 32 annelid species from sequence reads deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). PeerJ 2023; 11:e16446. [PMID: 38047014 PMCID: PMC10693233 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of metazoans generally include the same set of protein-coding genes, which ensures the homology of mitochondrial genes between species. The mitochondrial genes are often used as reference data for species identification based on genetic data (DNA barcoding). The need for such reference data has been increasing due to the application of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis for environmental assessments. Recently, the number of publicly available sequence reads obtained with next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been increasing in the public database (the NCBI Sequence Read Archive, SRA). Such freely available NGS reads would be promising sources for assembling mitochondrial protein-coding genes (mPCGs) of organisms whose mitochondrial genes are not available in GenBank. The present study aimed to assemble annelid mPCGs from raw data deposited in the SRA. Methods The recent progress in the classification of Annelida was briefly introduced. In the present study, the mPCGs of 32 annelid species of 19 families in clitellates and allies in Sedentaria (echiurans and polychaetes) were newly assembled from the reads deposited in the SRA. Assembly was performed with a recently published pipeline mitoRNA, which includes cycles of Bowtie2 mapping and Trinity assembly. Assembled mPCGs were deposited in GenBank as Third Party Data (TPA) data. A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed with maximum likelihood (ML) analysis, together with other mPCGs deposited in GenBank. Results and Discussion mPCG assembly was largely successful except for Travisia forbesii; only four genes were detected from the assembled contigs of the species probably due to the reads targeting its parasite. Most genes were largely successfully obtained, whereas atp8, nad2, and nad4l were only successful in 22-24 species. The high nucleotide substitution rates of these genes might be relevant to the failure in the assembly although nad6, which showed a similarly high substitution rate, was successfully assembled. Although the phylogenetic positions of several lineages were not resolved in the present study, the phylogenetic relationships of some polychaetes and leeches that were not inferred by transcriptomes were well resolved probably due to a more dense taxon sampling than previous phylogenetic analyses based on transcriptomes. Although NGS data are generally better sources for resolving phylogenetic relationships of both higher and lower classifications, there are ensuring needs for specific loci of the mitochondrial genes for analyses that do not require high resolutions, such as DNA barcoding, eDNA, and phylogenetic analysis among lower taxa. Assembly from publicly available NGS reads would help design specific primers for the mitochondrial gene sequences of species, whose mitochondrial genes are hard to amplify by Sanger sequencing using universal primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Kobayashi
- Research Center for Creative Partnerships, Ishinomaki Senshu University, Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Japan
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6
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Świątek P, Thounaojam RS, Singh TB, James S, Gajda Ł, Małota K, Raś D, Urbisz AZ. Ovary organization and ultrastructure in six species of Amynthas and Metaphire earthworms (Annelida, Crassiclitellata, Megascolecidae). ZOOLOGY 2023; 160:126109. [PMID: 37586295 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2023.126109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Ovaries in earthworms belonging to the family Megascolecidae are paired structures attached to the septum in the anterior part of the XIII segment. They are fan to rosette shaped with numerous rows of growing oocytes, known as egg strings, radiating from the ovary center towards the segmental cavity. The histological and ultrastructural ovary organization in megascolecids and the course of oogenesis remain unknown. The paper presents the results of light and electron microscopy analyses of ovaries in six megascolecid species, three from the genus Amynthas and three from Metaphire. Both parthenogenetic and sexually reproducing species were included in the study. The organization and ultrastructure of ovaries in all studied species are broadly similar. Considering the histological organization of ovaries, they could be divided into two zones. Zone I (proximal, close to the connection with the septum) is tightly packed with germline and somatic cells. Germ cells are interconnected via intercellular bridges and thin strands of the central cytoplasm (known as cytophore) and form syncytial cysts. Cysts unite oogonia, early meiotic cells (till diplotene), and clustering cells develop synchronously. During diplotene, interconnected cells lose developmental synchrony; most probably, one cell per cyst grows faster than others, detaches from the cysts, and becomes an oocyte. The remaining cells grow slightly and are still interconnected via the thin and reticular cytophore; these cells are considered nurse cells. Zone II has a form of egg strings where growing oocytes are isolated one from another by thin somatic cells and form short cords. We present the ultrastructural details of germline and somatic cells. We propose the term "Amynthas" type of ovaries for this ovary organization. We suppose that such ovaries are characteristic of other megascolecids and related families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Rojen Singh Thounaojam
- Department of Life Sciences (Zoology), Manipur University, Canchipur 795003, Manipur, India
| | - Th Binoy Singh
- Department of Life Sciences (Zoology), Manipur University, Canchipur 795003, Manipur, India
| | - Samuel James
- Regenerative Organic Agriculture Department, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, IA 52557, USA
| | - Łukasz Gajda
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karol Małota
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dominika Raś
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Z Urbisz
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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7
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Struck TH, Golombek A, Hoesel C, Dimitrov D, Elgetany AH. Mitochondrial Genome Evolution in Annelida-A Systematic Study on Conservative and Variable Gene Orders and the Factors Influencing its Evolution. Syst Biol 2023; 72:925-945. [PMID: 37083277 PMCID: PMC10405356 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genomes of Bilateria are relatively conserved in their protein-coding, rRNA, and tRNA gene complement, but the order of these genes can range from very conserved to very variable depending on the taxon. The supposedly conserved gene order of Annelida has been used to support the placement of some taxa within Annelida. Recently, authors have cast doubts on the conserved nature of the annelid gene order. Various factors may influence gene order variability including, among others, increased substitution rates, base composition differences, structure of noncoding regions, parasitism, living in extreme habitats, short generation times, and biomineralization. However, these analyses were neither done systematically nor based on well-established reference trees. Several focused on only a few of these factors and biological factors were usually explored ad-hoc without rigorous testing or correlation analyses. Herein, we investigated the variability and evolution of the annelid gene order and the factors that potentially influenced its evolution, using a comprehensive and systematic approach. The analyses were based on 170 genomes, including 33 previously unrepresented species. Our analyses included 706 different molecular properties, 20 life-history and ecological traits, and a reference tree corresponding to recent improvements concerning the annelid tree. The results showed that the gene order with and without tRNAs is generally conserved. However, individual taxa exhibit higher degrees of variability. None of the analyzed life-history and ecological traits explained the observed variability across mitochondrial gene orders. In contrast, the combination and interaction of the best-predicting factors for substitution rate and base composition explained up to 30% of the observed variability. Accordingly, correlation analyses of different molecular properties of the mitochondrial genomes showed an intricate network of direct and indirect correlations between the different molecular factors. Hence, gene order evolution seems to be driven by molecular evolutionary aspects rather than by life history or ecology. On the other hand, variability of the gene order does not predict if a taxon is difficult to place in molecular phylogenetic reconstructions using sequence data or not. We also discuss the molecular properties of annelid mitochondrial genomes considering canonical views on gene evolution and potential reasons why the canonical views do not always fit to the observed patterns without making some adjustments. [Annelida; compositional biases; ecology; gene order; life history; macroevolution; mitochondrial genomes; substitution rates.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten H Struck
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonn 53113, Germany
- FB05 Biology/Chemistry; University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück 49069, Germany
| | - Anja Golombek
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonn 53113, Germany
- FB05 Biology/Chemistry; University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück 49069, Germany
| | - Christoph Hoesel
- FB05 Biology/Chemistry; University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück 49069, Germany
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Asmaa Haris Elgetany
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Central zone, 34517, Egypt
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8
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He X, Wang H, Xu T, Zhang Y, Chen C, Sun Y, Qiu JW, Zhou Y, Sun J. Genomic Analysis of a Scale Worm Provides Insights into Its Adaptation to Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad125. [PMID: 37401460 PMCID: PMC10348049 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea polynoid scale worms endemic to hydrothermal vents have evolved an adaptive strategy to the chronically hypoxic environment, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we assembled a chromosome-scale genome of the vent-endemic scale worm Branchipolynoe longqiensis (the first annotated genome in the subclass Errantia) and annotated two shallow-water polynoid genomes, aiming to elucidate the adaptive mechanisms. We present a genome-wide molecular phylogeny of Annelida which calls for extensive taxonomy revision by including more genomes from key lineages. The B. longqiensis genome with a genome size of 1.86 Gb and 18 pseudochromosomes is larger than the genomes of two shallow-water polynoids, possibly due to the expansion of various transposable elements (TEs) and transposons. We revealed two interchromosomal rearrangements in B. longqiensis when compared with the two shallow-water polynoid genomes. The intron elongation and interchromosomal rearrangement can influence a number of biological processes, such as vesicle transport, microtubules, and transcription factors. Furthermore, the expansion of cytoskeleton-related gene families may favor the cell structure maintenance of B. longqiensis in the deep ocean. The expansion of synaptic vesicle exocytosis genes has possibly contributed to the unique complex structure of the nerve system in B. longqiensis. Finally, we uncovered an expansion of single-domain hemoglobin and a unique formation of tetra-domain hemoglobin via tandem duplications, which may be related to the adaptation to a hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing He
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yanan Sun
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
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9
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Michellod D, Bien T, Birgel D, Violette M, Kleiner M, Fearn S, Zeidler C, Gruber-Vodicka HR, Dubilier N, Liebeke M. De novo phytosterol synthesis in animals. Science 2023; 380:520-526. [PMID: 37141360 PMCID: PMC11139496 DOI: 10.1126/science.add7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are vital for nearly all eukaryotes. Their distribution differs in plants and animals, with phytosterols commonly found in plants whereas most animals are dominated by cholesterol. We show that sitosterol, a common sterol of plants, is the most abundant sterol in gutless marine annelids. Using multiomics, metabolite imaging, heterologous gene expression, and enzyme assays, we show that these animals synthesize sitosterol de novo using a noncanonical C-24 sterol methyltransferase (C24-SMT). This enzyme is essential for sitosterol synthesis in plants, but not known from most bilaterian animals. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that C24-SMTs are present in representatives of at least five animal phyla, indicating that the synthesis of sterols common to plants is more widespread in animals than currently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolma Michellod
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tanja Bien
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Birgel
- Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Violette
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Zeidler
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Manuel Liebeke
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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10
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Mack JM, Klinth M, Martinsson S, Lu R, Stormer H, Hanington P, Proctor HC, Erséus C, Bely AE. Cryptic carnivores: Intercontinental sampling reveals extensive novel diversity in a genus of freshwater annelids. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107748. [PMID: 36858082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater annelids are globally widespread in aquatic ecosystems, but their diversity is severely underestimated. Obvious morphological features to define taxa are sparse, and molecular phylogenetic analyses regularly discover cryptic diversity within taxa. Despite considerable phylogenetic work on certain clades, many groups of freshwater annelids remain poorly understood. Included among these are water nymph worms of the genus Chaetogaster (Clitellata: Tubificida: Naididae: Naidinae). These worms have diverged from the detritivorous diet of most oligochaetes to become more predatory and exist as omnivores, generalist predators, parasites, or symbionts on other invertebrates. Despite their unusual trophic ecology, the true diversity of Chaetogaster and the phylogenetic relationships within the genus are uncertain. Only three species are commonly referenced in the literature (Chaetogaster diaphanus, Chaetogaster limnaei, and Chaetogaster diastrophus), but additional species have been described and prior molecular data suggests that there is cryptic diversity within named species. To clarify the phylogenetic diversity of Chaetogaster, we generated the first molecular phylogeny of the genus using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from 128 worms collected primarily across North America and Europe. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the three commonly referenced species are a complex of 24 mostly cryptic species. In our dataset, Chaetogaster "diaphanus" is represented by two species, C. "limnaei" is represented by three species, and C. "diastrophus" is represented by 19 species. North American and European sequences are largely interspersed across the phylogeny, with four pairs of clades involving distinct North American and European sister groupings. Overall, our study demonstrates that the species diversity of Chaetogaster has been underestimated and that carnivory has evolved at least twice in the genus. Chaetogaster is being used as a model for symbiotic evolution and the loss of regenerative ability, and our study indicates that researchers must be careful to identify which species of Chaetogaster they are working with in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Mack
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Mårten Klinth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Svante Martinsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Robert Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Hannah Stormer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Patrick Hanington
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Heather C Proctor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Christer Erséus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
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Pinadero SJ, Marchán DF, Navarro AM, Tilikj N, Novo M, Domínguez J, Díaz Cosín DJ, Trigo D. Comparative phylogeography and integrative systematic revision of Iberian endemic earthworms (Crassiclitellata, Lumbricidae). ZOOL SCR 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jiménez Pinadero
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández Marchán
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez Navarro
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Natasha Tilikj
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Novo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA) Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain
| | - Darío J. Díaz Cosín
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Dolores Trigo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
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Genetic Variation and Phylogeography of Lumbriculus variegatus (Annelida: Clitellata: Lumbriculidae) Based on Mitochondrial Genes. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lumbriculus variegatus is a typical cold-water worm and is mainly distributed in the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast in China. The current study aimed to explore the genetic diversity and phylogeography of L. variegatus sampled from different geographical regions based on concatenated (COI + 16S rRNA, 879 bp) genes. Among 63 L. variegatus specimens, 29 haplotypes were identified with high haplotype diversity (h = 0.923) and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.062). The Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and Median-joining haplotype network revealed two lineages, or species, of L. variegatus. Taxa belonging to lineage I was mainly distributed in the Tibetan Plateau of China, North America, and Sweden, while lineage II composed taxa from Northeast China, southern China, and Sweden. The analysis of molecular variance indicated that the genetic difference was mainly due to differences between lineages. Neutrality tests showed that the overall L. variegatus have a stable population since the time of origin. Divergence time analysis suggested that L. variegatus originated from the Triassic period of Mesozoic in 235 MYA (95%HPD: 199–252 MYA), and the divergence between different lineages of L. variegatus began from the next 170 million years.
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Sato Y, Wippler J, Wentrup C, Ansorge R, Sadowski M, Gruber-Vodicka H, Dubilier N, Kleiner M. Fidelity varies in the symbiosis between a gutless marine worm and its microbial consortium. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:178. [PMID: 36273146 PMCID: PMC9587655 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many animals live in intimate associations with a species-rich microbiome. A key factor in maintaining these beneficial associations is fidelity, defined as the stability of associations between hosts and their microbiota over multiple host generations. Fidelity has been well studied in terrestrial hosts, particularly insects, over longer macroevolutionary time. In contrast, little is known about fidelity in marine animals with species-rich microbiomes at short microevolutionary time scales, that is at the level of a single host population. Given that natural selection acts most directly on local populations, studies of microevolutionary partner fidelity are important for revealing the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive intimate beneficial associations within animal species. RESULTS In this study on the obligate symbiosis between the gutless marine annelid Olavius algarvensis and its consortium of seven co-occurring bacterial symbionts, we show that partner fidelity varies across symbiont species from strict to absent over short microevolutionary time. Using a low-coverage sequencing approach that has not yet been applied to microbial community analyses, we analysed the metagenomes of 80 O. algarvensis individuals from the Mediterranean and compared host mitochondrial and symbiont phylogenies based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms across genomes. Fidelity was highest for the two chemoautotrophic, sulphur-oxidizing symbionts that dominated the microbial consortium of all O. algarvensis individuals. In contrast, fidelity was only intermediate to absent in the sulphate-reducing and spirochaetal symbionts with lower abundance. These differences in fidelity are likely driven by both selective and stochastic forces acting on the consistency with which symbionts are vertically transmitted. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that variable degrees of fidelity are advantageous for O. algarvensis by allowing the faithful transmission of their nutritionally most important symbionts and flexibility in the acquisition of other symbionts that promote ecological plasticity in the acquisition of environmental resources. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Sato
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Juliane Wippler
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Cecilia Wentrup
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Ansorge
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Miriam Sadowski
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Harald Gruber-Vodicka
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Glossiphoniid leeches as a touchstone for studies of development in clitellate annelids. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:433-468. [PMID: 35337458 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
My goals in this chapter are to share my enthusiasm for studying the biology of leeches, to place this work in context by presenting my rationale for studying non-traditional biological models in general, and to sample just three of the questions that intrigue me in leech biology, namely segmentation, genome evolution and neuronal fate specification. I first became excited about the idea of using leeches as a subject of investigation as an undergraduate in 1970 and have been engaged in this work since I arrived at Berkeley as a postdoc in 1976, intending to study leech neurobiology. Both my research interests and the rationale for the work have expanded greatly since then. What follows is a fragmentary personal and historical account-the interested reader may find more comprehensive treatments elsewhere (Kuo et al., 2020; Shankland & Savage, 1997; Shain, 2009; Weisblat & Huang, 2001; Weisblat & Kuo, 2009, 2014; Weisblat & Winchell, 2020).
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15
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Kobayashi G, Itoh H, Kojima S. Mitogenome of a stink worm (Annelida: Travisiidae) includes degenerate group II intron that is also found in five congeneric species. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4449. [PMID: 35292662 PMCID: PMC8924214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogenomes are useful for inferring phylogenetic relationships between organisms. Although the mitogenomes of Annelida, one of the most morphologically and ecologically diverse metazoan groups have been well sequenced, those of several families remain unexamined. This study determined the first mitogenome from the family Travisiidae (Travisia sanrikuensis), analyzed its mitogenomic features, and reconstructed a phylogeny of Sedentaria. The monophyly of the Terebellida + Arenicolida + Travisiidae clade is supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis. The placement of Travisiidae is unclear because of the lack of mitogenomes from closely related lineages. An unexpected intron appeared within the cox1 gene of T. sanrikuensis and in the same positions of five undescribed Travisia spp. Although the introns are shorter (790–1386 bp) than other group II introns, they can be considered degenerate group II introns due to type II intron maturase open reading frames, found in two of the examined species, and motifs characteristic of group II introns. This is likely the first known case in metazoans where mitochondrial group II introns obtained by a common ancestor are conserved in several descendants. Insufficient evolutionary time for intron loss in Travisiidae, or undetermined mechanisms may have helped maintain the degenerate introns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Kobayashi
- Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, 459 Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama, 649-2211, Japan.
| | - Hajime Itoh
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Kojima
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
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Świątek P, Rodriguez P, Małota K, Urbisz AZ. Ovary micromorphology and oogenesis in a rhyacodriline oligochaete (Clitellata: Naididae, Rhyacodrilinae). J Morphol 2022; 283:605-617. [PMID: 35150164 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of the paper is to describe the ovary organization and oogenesis in Peristodrilus montanus, an aquatic oligochaete of the subfamily Rhyacodrilinae. The presented analysis will not only enrich the knowledge about how eggs are formed but, because of the suggested conservatism of ovary organization in clitellate annelids, can contribute to disentangling the complex phylogenetic relationships of the rhyacodrilines within Naididae. The paired, conically shaped ovaries are located in segment XI. They are composed of a dozen or so syncytial germ-line cysts, which are associated with somatic cells. Each germ cell in a cyst has one intercellular bridge that joins it to a central and anuclear cytoplasmic mass, the cytophore. This pattern of cyst organization is typical for all clitellates that have been studied to date. Initially, the germ cells in a cyst undergo a synchronous development, however, there is no synchrony between cysts, and therefore there is a developmental gradient (oogonia, pre-diplotene germ cells, germ cells in diplotene) of oogenesis along the long ovary axis. The cysts are composed of a maximum of 32 cells. Cysts with cells in diplotene detach from the ovaries and the extraovarian phase of oogenesis begins. The developmental synchrony is lost, one cell (an oocyte) per cyst starts to gather cell components and yolk and grows considerably. The remaining cells grow to some extent and function as nurse cells. Like in other microdriles, P. montanus oocytes are rich in yolk; other features of oogenesis are also similar to those that are known from other microdrile taxa. The system of ovary organization found in the studied species is broadly similar to the corresponding features known from Naidinae and Phreodrilidae and, to some extent, in Enchytraeidae. However, this system is different from the one that is known in Tubificinae, Limnodriloidinae and Branchiurinae. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pilar Rodriguez
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Box 644, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Karol Małota
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Z Urbisz
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, Poland
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Purschke G, Vodopyanov S, Baller A, von Palubitzki T, Bartolomaeus T, Beckers P. Ultrastructure of cerebral eyes in Oweniidae and Chaetopteridae (Annelida) - implications for the evolution of eyes in Annelida. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2022; 8:3. [PMID: 35078543 PMCID: PMC8787891 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-022-00188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent phylogenomic studies have revealed a robust, new hypothesis of annelid phylogeny. Most surprisingly, a few early branching lineages formed a basal grade, whereas the majority of taxa were categorized as monophyletic Pleistoannelida. Members of these basal groups show a comparatively simple organization lacking certain characters regarded to be annelid specific. Thus, the evolution of organ systems and the characteristics probably present in the last common annelid ancestor require reevaluation. With respect to light-sensitive organs, a pair of simple larval eyes is regarded as being present in their last common ancestor. However, the evolutionary origin and structure of adult eyes remain obscure. Typically, adult eyes are multicellular pigment cups or pinhole eyes with or without a lens comprising rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells (PRCs) and pigmented supportive cells (PSCs) in converse design. However, in the most basal lineages, eyes are only present in a few taxa, and thus far, their ultrastructure is unknown. RESULTS Ultrastructural investigations of members of Oweniidae and Chaetopteridae reveal a corresponding design of adult cerebral eyes and PRCs. The eyes in species of these groups are simple pigment spot eyes, either forming a flat patch or embedded in a tube-like invagination. They are part of the epidermis and comprise two cell types, PSCs and rhabdomeric PRCs. Both cell types bear microvilli and one more or less reduced cilium. However, the PRCs showed only a moderate increase in the apical membrane surface in the form of irregularly arranged microvilli intermingling with those of the PSCs; a densely arranged brush border of rhabdomeric microvilli was absent. Additionally, both cell types show certain characteristics elsewhere observable in typical epidermal supportive cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings shed new light on the evolutionary history of adult eyes in Annelida. Most likely, the adult eye of the annelid stem species was a pair of simple pigment spot eyes with only slightly specialized PSCs and PRCs being an integrative part of the epidermis. As is the case for the nuchal organs, typical pigment cup adult eyes presumably evolved later in the annelid phylogeny, namely, in the stem lineages of Amphinomida and Pleistoannelida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Purschke
- Zoology and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Stepan Vodopyanov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anjilie Baller
- Zoology and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Present address: Department of Biology, Faculty II, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Tim von Palubitzki
- Zoology and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Thomas Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Beckers
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Zhou T, Jiang W, Wang H, Cui Y. DNA barcoding of Naididae (Annelida, Oligochaeta), based on cytochrome C oxidase gene and ITS2 region in China. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e73556. [PMID: 34949956 PMCID: PMC8692306 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e73556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in species identification is a prerequisite for biodiversity conservation and environmental monitoring. Aquatic oligochaetes could serve as excellent indicators in aquatic monitoring programmes. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in these specific organisms. The mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (COI) gene of 83 specimens belonging to 40 species of 18 genera were sequenced in this study. The results showed that there was a barcode gap between species of Naididae and the intraspecific genetic distances of each species were smaller than interspecific genetic distances. The classification results of ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) were consistent with those of morphological identification, except for Tubifextubifex and Lumbriculusvariegatus. All species were successfully distinguished in the phylogenetic tree, based on the ITS2 region, which was coincident with the morphological result. Our results provided evidence that DNA barcoding can be used as an effective and convenient tool for species identification of the family Naididae and even for other aquatic oligochaetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hongzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Yongde Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
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Marchán DF, Csuzdi C, Decaëns T, Szederjesi T, Pizl V, Domínguez J. The disjunct distribution of relict earthworm genera clarifies the early historical biogeography of the Lumbricidae (Crassiclitellata, Annelida). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Marchán
- CEFE Univ Montpellier CNRS EPHE, IRD Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Csaba Csuzdi
- Department of Zoology Eszterházy Károly University Eger Hungary
| | - Thibaud Decaëns
- CEFE Univ Montpellier CNRS EPHE, IRD Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Timea Szederjesi
- Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest Hungary
| | - Vaclav Pizl
- Institute of Soil Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czechia
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA) Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain
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22
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Annelids in Extreme Aquatic Environments: Diversity, Adaptations and Evolution. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We review the variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral modifications that annelids have acquired to cope with environments either unsuitable for, or on the limits of, survival for most animals. We focus on polychaetes (excluding sipunculans and echiurans) and clitellates (oligochaetes and leeches) and source information mostly from the primary literature. We identified many modifications common to both polychaetes and clitellates, and others that are specific to one or the other group. For example, certain land-adapted polychaetes show reduction in nuchal organs, epidermal ciliation and receptor cells, and other coastal polychaetes use adhesive glands and glue-reinforced tubes to maintain position in surf zones, while oligochaetes, with their simple body plans, appear to be ‘pre-adapted’ to life underground. Modifications common to both groups include the ability to construct protective cocoons, make cryoprotective substances such as antifreeze and heat shock proteins, develop gills, transform their bodies into a home for symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria, metabolize contaminants, and display avoidance behaviors. Convergent evolution in both directions has enabled annelids to transition from salt water to freshwater, sea to land via beaches, freshwater to soil, and surface water to subterranean water. A superficially simple worm-like body and a mostly benthic/burrowing lifestyle has facilitated radiation into every conceivable environment, making annelids among the most common and diverse animal groups on the planet.
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Cryptic Clitellata: Molecular Species Delimitation of Clitellate Worms (Annelida): An Overview. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methods for species delimitation using molecular data have developed greatly and have become a staple in systematic studies of clitellate worms. Here we give a historical overview of the data and methods used to delimit clitellates from the mid-1970s to today. We also discuss the taxonomical treatment of the cryptic species, including the recommendation that cryptic species, as far as possible, should be described and named. Finally, we discuss the prospects and further development of the field.
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Urbisz AZ, Martin P, Lagnika M, Chajec Ł, Świątek P. Microorganization of ovaries and oogenesis of Haplotaxis sp. (Clitellata: Haplotaxidae). J Morphol 2020; 282:98-114. [PMID: 33074563 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ovaries of Haplotaxis sp. were studied in active and nonactive states, that is, in a sexually mature specimen and in specimens outside of the reproductive period. Two pairs of ovaries were found in segments XI and XII. Especially in the nonactive state, they were in close contact with copulatory glands. Each ovary was composed of germ cells interconnected with syncytial cysts, which were enveloped by a layer of somatic cells. Within cysts each germ cell had one ring canal connecting it to the common anuclear cytoplasmic mass called a cytophore. During oogenesis clustering germ cells differentiated into nurse cells and oocytes; thus, the oogenesis was recognized as meroistic. Vitellogenic oocytes were detached from the ovaries and continued yolk absorption within the body cavity. Because recent studies have shown the variety of ovaries and germ line cyst organization in clitellates and suggest their evolutionary conservatism at the family or subfamily level, the data presented here can be valid in understanding the phylogenetic relationships among Clitellata. In this context, ovaries found in Haplotaxis sp. resembled those of the "Tubifex" type. "Tubifex" ovaries are characteristic for numerous microdrile taxa (tubificines, limnodriloidines, propappids, lumbriculids, and leech-like branchiobdellids) and can be regarded as the primary character for these Clitellata in which germ-line cysts are formed during early oogenesis. As the family Haplotaxidae is currently considered to be paraphyletic and the species studied here belongs to Haplotaxidae sensu stricto, our results support the close relationship of Haplotaxidae sensu stricto to the clade consisting of Lumbriculidae, Branchiobdellida, and Hirudinida, in which lumbriculids are sister to the latter two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Urbisz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrick Martin
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Moïssou Lagnika
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Zoologie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et d'Écologie Parasitaire, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Łukasz Chajec
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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