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Venckunas T, Satas A, Brazaitis M, Eimantas N, Sipaviciene S, Kamandulis S. Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy Provides a Reproducible Estimate of Muscle Aerobic Capacity, but Not Whole-Body Aerobic Power. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2277. [PMID: 38610488 PMCID: PMC11014184 DOI: 10.3390/s24072277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during repeated limb occlusions is a noninvasive tool for assessing muscle oxidative capacity. However, the method's reliability and validity remain under investigation. This study aimed to determine the reliability of the NIRS-derived mitochondrial power of the musculus vastus lateralis and its correlation with whole-body (cycling) aerobic power (V̇O2 peak). Eleven healthy active men (28 ± 10 y) twice (2 days apart) underwent repeated arterial occlusions to induce changes in muscle oxygen delivery after 15 s of electrical muscle stimulation. The muscle oxygen consumption (mV̇O2) recovery time and rate (k) constants were calculated from the NIRS O2Hb signal. We assessed the reliability (coefficient of variation and intraclass coefficient of correlation [ICC]) and equivalency (t-test) between visits. The results showed high reproducibility for the mV̇O2 recovery time constant (ICC = 0.859) and moderate reproducibility for the k value (ICC = 0.674), with no significant differences between visits (p > 0.05). NIRS-derived k did not correlate with the V̇O2 peak relative to body mass (r = 0.441, p = 0.17) or the absolute V̇O2 peak (r = 0.366, p = 0.26). In conclusion, NIRS provides a reproducible estimate of muscle mitochondrial power, which, however, was not correlated with whole-body aerobic capacity in the current study, suggesting that even if somewhat overlapping, not the same set of factors underpin these distinct indices of aerobic capacity at the different (peripheral and whole-body systemic) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Satas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saule Sipaviciene
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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2
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Guo N, Luo Q, Zheng Q, Yang S, Zhang S. Current status and progress of research on the ADP-dependent glucokinase gene. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1358904. [PMID: 38590647 PMCID: PMC10999526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1358904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADPGK) produces glucose-6-phosphate with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as the phosphate group donor, in contrast to ATP-dependent hexokinases (HKs). Originally found in archaea, ADPGK is involved in glycolysis. However, its biological function in most eukaryotic organisms is still unclear, and the molecular mechanism of action requires further investigation. This paper provides a concise overview of ADPGK's origin, biological function and clinical application. It aims to furnish scientific information for the diagnosis and treatment of human metabolic diseases, neurological disorders, and malignant tumours, and to suggest new strategies for the development of targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Guo
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qixian Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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3
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Sperlich B, Matzka M, Holmberg HC. The proportional distribution of training by elite endurance athletes at different intensities during different phases of the season. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1258585. [PMID: 37964776 PMCID: PMC10641476 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1258585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review examines retrospective analyses of training intensity distribution (TID), i.e., the proportion of training at moderate (Zone 1, Z1), heavy (Z2) and severe (Z3) intensity by elite-to-world-class endurance athletes during different phases of the season. In addition, we discuss potential implications of our findings for research in this field, as well as for training by these athletes. Altogether, we included 175 TIDs, of which 120 quantified exercise intensity on the basis of heart rate and measured time-in-zone or employed variations of the session goal approach, with demarcation of zones of exercise intensity based on physiological parameters. Notably, 49% of the TIDs were single-case studies, predominantly concerning cross-country skiing and/or the biathlon. Eighty-nine TIDs were pyramidal (Z1 > Z2 > Z3), 65 polarized (Z1 > Z3 > Z2) and 8 "threshold" (Z2 > Z1 = Z3). However, these relative numbers varied between sports and the particular phases of the season. In 91% (n = 160) of the TIDs >60% of the endurance exercise was of low intensity. Regardless of the approach to quantification or phase of the season, cyclists and swimmers were found to perform a lower proportion of exercise in Z1 (<72%) and higher proportion in Z2 (>16%) than athletes involved in the triathlon, speed skating, rowing, running, cross-country skiing or biathlon (>80% in Z1 and <12% in Z2 in all these cases). For most of the athletes their proportion of heavy-to-severe exercise was higher during the period of competition than during the preparatory phase, although with considerable variability between sports. In conclusion, the existing literature in this area does not allow general conclusions to be drawn. The methods utilized for quantification vary widely and, moreover, contextual information concerning the mode of exercise, environmental conditions, and biomechanical aspects of the exercise is often lacking. Therefore, we recommend a more comprehensive approach in connection with future investigations on the TIDs of athletes involved in different endurance sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Matzka
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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4
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Bonafiglia JT, Preobrazenski N, Gurd BJ. A Systematic Review Examining the Approaches Used to Estimate Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Classify Individual Responses to Exercise Training. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665044. [PMID: 34819869 PMCID: PMC8606564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many reports describe statistical approaches for estimating interindividual differences in trainability and classifying individuals as "responders" or "non-responders." The extent to which studies in the exercise training literature have adopted these statistical approaches remains unclear. Objectives: This systematic review primarily sought to determine the extent to which studies in the exercise training literature have adopted sound statistical approaches for examining individual responses to exercise training. We also (1) investigated the existence of interindividual differences in trainability, and (2) tested the hypothesis that less conservative thresholds inflate response rates compared with thresholds that consider error and a smallest worthwhile change (SWC)/minimum clinically important difference (MCID). Methods: We searched six databases: AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, PubMed, and SportDiscus. Our search spanned the aerobic, resistance, and clinical or rehabilitation training literature. Studies were included if they used human participants, employed standardized and supervised exercise training, and either: (1) stated that their exercise training intervention resulted in heterogenous responses, (2) statistically estimated interindividual differences in trainability, and/or (3) classified individual responses. We calculated effect sizes (ESIR) to examine the presence of interindividual differences in trainability. We also compared response rates (n = 614) across classification approaches that considered neither, one of, or both errors and an SWC or MCID. We then sorted response rates from studies that also reported mean changes and response thresholds (n = 435 response rates) into four quartiles to confirm our ancillary hypothesis that larger mean changes produce larger response rates. Results: Our search revealed 3,404 studies, and 149 were included in our systematic review. Few studies (n = 9) statistically estimated interindividual differences in trainability. The results from these few studies present a mixture of evidence for the presence of interindividual differences in trainability because several ESIR values lay above, below, or crossed zero. Zero-based thresholds and larger mean changes significantly (both p < 0.01) inflated response rates. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence demonstrating why future studies should statistically estimate interindividual differences in trainability and consider error and an SWC or MCID when classifying individual responses to exercise training. Systematic Review Registration: [website], identifier [registration number].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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5
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Chung HC, Keiller DR, Roberts JD, Gordon DA. Do exercise-associated genes explain phenotypic variance in the three components of fitness? a systematic review & meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249501. [PMID: 34648504 PMCID: PMC8516263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify a list of common, candidate genes associated with the three components of fitness, specifically cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and anaerobic power, and how these genes are associated with exercise response phenotype variability, in previously untrained participants. A total of 3,969 potentially relevant papers were identified and processed for inclusion. After eligibility and study selection assessment, 24 studies were selected for meta-analysis, comprising a total of 3,012 participants (male n = 1,512; females n = 1,239; not stated n = 261; age 28 ± 9 years). Meta-Essentials spreadsheet 1.4 (Microsoft Excel) was used in creating the forest plots and meta-analysis. IBM SPSS statistics V24 was implemented for the statistical analyses and the alpha was set at p ≤ 0.05. 13 candidate genes and their associated alleles were identified, which were associated with the phenotypes of interest. Analysis of training group data showed significant differential phenotypic responses. Subgroup analysis showed; 44%, 72% and 10% of the response variance in aerobic, strength and power phenotypes, respectively, were explained by genetic influences. This analysis established that genetic variability explained a significant proportion of the adaptation differences across the three components of fitness in the participants post-training. The results also showed the importance of analysing and reporting specific gene alleles. Information obtained from these findings has the potential to inform and influence future exercise-related genes and training studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C. Chung
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Don R. Keiller
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Justin D. Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dan A. Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Hendrickse PW, Venckunas T, Platkevicius J, Kairaitis R, Kamandulis S, Snieckus A, Stasiulis A, Vitkiene J, Subocius A, Degens H. Endurance training-induced increase in muscle oxidative capacity without loss of muscle mass in younger and older resistance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3161-3172. [PMID: 34390401 PMCID: PMC8505308 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While concurrent training is regularly used in older populations, the inverse relationship between fibre size and oxidative capacity suggests that endurance training in resistance-trained individuals may result in some loss of resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass, which may be more pronounced in older people. We investigated the impact of superimposed endurance training in younger (28.5 ± 4.8 years; n = 8) and older (67.5 ± 5.5 years; n = 7) highly resistance-trained men. Participants underwent a 10-week endurance cycling training programme consisting of five 6-min intervals at 75% max heart rate (HRmax) separated by 4-min intervals at 90% HRmax. The anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the thigh muscles, as determined with MRI, was 24% smaller in older compared to younger participants (p < 0.001). Although maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was also lower in the older group (p < 0.001), VO2max per kg body mass did not differ significantly between younger and older participants. Histological analyses of biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis showed that endurance training induced an increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity in both younger and older participants (p ≤ 0.043), and an increase in the number of capillaries around type I fibres (p = 0.017). The superimposed endurance training did not induce a significant decrease in thigh ACSA, fibre cross-sectional area, or knee extensor maximum voluntary isometric force. These observations indicate that adding endurance training to resistance training can lead to positive endurance-related adaptations without negative consequences for muscle size and strength in older and younger resistance-trained people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul William Hendrickse
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jolanta Vitkiene
- Clinic of Radiology, Republican Hospital of Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrejus Subocius
- Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Surgery, Kaunas Clinical Hospital, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Clinic of Surgery, Republican Hospital of Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Hans Degens
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
- Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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7
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Bonafiglia JT, Islam H, Preobrazenski N, Ma A, Deschenes M, Erlich AT, Quadrilatero J, Hood DA, Gurd BJ. Examining interindividual differences in select muscle and whole-body adaptations to continuous endurance training. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2168-2176. [PMID: 33998072 DOI: 10.1113/ep089421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of the study? Do interindividual differences in trainability exist for morphological and molecular skeletal muscle responses to aerobic exercise training? What is the main finding and its importance? Interindividual differences in trainability were present for some, but not all, morphological and molecular outcomes included in our study. Our findings suggest that is inappropriate, and perhaps erroneous, to assume that variability in observed responses reflects interindividual differences in trainability in skeletal muscle responses to aerobic exercise training. ABSTRACT Studies have interpreted a wide range of morphological and molecular changes in human skeletal muscle as evidence of interindividual differences in trainability. However, these interpretations fail to account for the influence of random measurement error and within-subject variability. The purpose of the present study was to use the standard deviation of individual response (SDIR ) statistic to test the hypothesis that interindividual differences in trainability are present for some but not all skeletal muscle outcomes. Twenty-nine recreationally-active males (age: 21±2 years; BMI: 24±3; VO2 peak: 45±7 mL/kg/min) completed four weeks of continuous training (REL; n = 14) or control (CTRL; n = 15). Maximal enzyme activities (citrate synthase and β-HAD), capillary density, fibre type composition, fibre-specific SDH activity and substrate storage (IMTG and glycogen), and markers of mitophagy (BNIP3, NIX, PRKN, and PINK1) were measured in vastus lateralis samples collected before and after the intervention. We also calculated SDIR values for VO2 peak, peak work rate, and the onset of blood lactate accumulation for REL and a separate group that exercised at the negative talk test (TT) stage. Although positive SDIR values - indicating interindividual differences in trainability - were obtained for aerobic capacity outcomes, maximal enzyme activities, capillary density, all fibre-specific outcomes, and BNIP3 protein content, the remaining outcomes produced negative SDIR values indicating a large degree of random measurement error and/or within-subject variability. Our findings question the interpretation of heterogeneity in observed responses as evidence of interindividual differences in trainability and highlight the importance of including control groups when analyzing individual skeletal muscle response to exercise training. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Ma
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeleine Deschenes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Avigail T Erlich
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Islam H, Bonafiglia JT, Del Giudice M, Pathmarajan R, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. Repeatability of training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations in active young males. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:494-498. [PMID: 33160857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Measurements of protein content, enzymatic activity, and/or capillarization are frequently utilized as markers of skeletal muscle adaptation following exercise training. Whether changes in these markers of muscle adaptation are repeatable when individuals are repeatedly exposed to the same training stimulus is unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the repeatability of skeletal muscle adaptations to two identical training periods. METHODS Ten active young males (age: 22 ± 2 years; VO2max: 57 ± 7 ml/kg/min) were exposed to two identical four-week periods of supervised high-intensity interval running (4 × 4 min at 90-95% of HRmax interspersed with 3-min at 70-75% HRmax) separated by a 3-month wash-out period. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained before and after each training period for the measurement of protein content, enzyme activity, and capillary density. RESULTS Training-induced changes in citrate synthase (CS) maximal activity, protein content (PGC-1α, OXPHOS, and LDH-A), and capillary density were not repeatable within individuals (r = -0.52-0.15; ICCs: -0.42-0.04; CVs: 11-67%). Several OXPHOS complex subunits also demonstrated dissimilar group-level adaptations (period × time interaction effects, p < 0.05) with large differences (ηp2 > 0.4) between training periods. A large (ηp2 = 0.65) increase in capillary density was apparent irrespective of training period (main effect of time, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An individual (or a group of individuals) may exhibit dissimilar skeletal muscle adaptations when re-exposed to the same training stimulus. Our findings challenge the utility of classifying of individuals as high/low responders using measurements of mitochondrial protein content, CS activity and/or capillary density following a single training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Craig A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Canada
| | | | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Canada.
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9
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Bonafiglia JT, Brennan AM, Ross R, Gurd BJ. An appraisal of the SD IR as an estimate of true individual differences in training responsiveness in parallel-arm exercise randomized controlled trials. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14163. [PMID: 31325240 PMCID: PMC6642277 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calculating the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) is recommended for estimating the magnitude of individual differences in training responsiveness in parallel‐arm exercise randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The purpose of this review article is to discuss potential limitations of parallel‐arm exercise RCTs that may confound/complicate the interpretation of the SDIR. To provide context for this discussion, we define the sources of variation that contribute to variability in the observed responses to exercise training and review the assumptions that underlie the interpretation of SDIR as a reflection of true individual differences in training responsiveness. This review also contains two novel analyses: (1) we demonstrate differences in variability in changes in diet and physical activity habits across an intervention period in both exercise and control groups, and (2) we examined participant dropout data from six RCTs and found that significantly (P < 0.001) more participants in control groups (12.8%) dropped out due to dissatisfaction with group assignment compared to exercise groups (3.4%). These novel analyses raise the possibility that the magnitude of within‐subject variability may not be equal between exercise and control groups. Overall, this review highlights that potential limitations of parallel‐arm exercise RCTs can violate the underlying assumptions of the SDIR and suggests that these limitations should be considered when interpreting the SDIR as an estimate of true individual differences in training responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Andrea M Brennan
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Robert Ross
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
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10
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Alvarez-Romero J, Voisin S, Eynon N, Hiam D. Mapping Robust Genetic Variants Associated with Exercise Responses. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:3-18. [PMID: 32693428 DOI: 10.1055/a-1198-5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarised robust and consistent genetic variants associated with aerobic-related and resistance-related phenotypes. In total we highlight 12 SNPs and 7 SNPs that are robustly associated with variance in aerobic-related and resistance-related phenotypes respectively. To date, there is very little literature ascribed to understanding the interplay between genes and environmental factors and the development of physiological traits. We discuss future directions, including large-scale exercise studies to elucidate the functional relevance of the discovered genomic markers. This approach will allow more rigour and reproducible research in the field of exercise genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,MCRI, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Hemodynamic Adaptations Induced by Short-Term Run Interval Training in College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134636. [PMID: 32605106 PMCID: PMC7369875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perceived lack of time is one of the most often cited barriers to exercise participation. High intensity interval training has become a popular training modality that incorporates intervals of maximal and low-intensity exercise with a time commitment usually shorter than 30 min. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term run interval training (RIT) on body composition (BC) and cardiorespiratory responses in undergraduate college students. Nineteen males (21.5 ± 1.6 years) were randomly assigned to a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) or RIT (n = 9). Baseline measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate (HRrest), double product (DP) and BC were obtained from both groups. VO2max and running speed associated with VO2peak (sVO2peak) were then measured. RIT consisted of three running treadmill sessions per week over 4 weeks (intervals at 100% sVO2peak, recovery periods at 40% sVO2peak). There were no differences in post-training BC or VO2max between groups (p > 0.05). HRrest (p = 0.006) and DP (p ≤ 0.001) were lower in the RIT group compared to CON at completion of the study. RIT lowered HRrest and DP in the absence of appreciable BC and VO2max changes. Thereby, RIT could be an alternative model of training to diminish health-related risk factors in undergraduate college students.
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12
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Edgett BA, Bonafiglia JT, Raleigh JP, Rotundo MP, Giles MD, Whittall JP, Gurd BJ. Reproducibility of peak oxygen consumption and the impact of test variability on classification of individual training responses in young recreationally active adults. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:630-638. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - James P. Raleigh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - Mario P. Rotundo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - Matthew D. Giles
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Whittall
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
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13
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Metabolic effects of resistance or high-intensity interval training among glycemic control-nonresponsive children with insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:79-87. [PMID: 28757639 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little evidence exists on which variables of body composition or muscular strength mediates more glucose control improvements taking into account inter-individual metabolic variability to different modes of exercise training. OBJECTIVE We examined 'mediators' to the effects of 6-weeks of resistance training (RT) or high-intensity interval training (HIT) on glucose control parameters in physically inactive schoolchildren with insulin resistance (IR). Second, we also determined both training-induce changes and the prevalence of responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to decrease the IR level. METHODS Fifty-six physically inactive children diagnosed with IR followed a RT or supervised HIT program for 6 weeks. Participants were classified based on ΔHOMA-IR into glycemic control R (decrease in homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) <3.0 after intervention) and NRs (no changes or values HOMA-IR⩾3.0 after intervention). The primary outcome was HOMA-IR associated with their mediators; second, the training-induced changes to glucose control parameters; and third the report of R and NR to improve body composition, cardiovascular, metabolic and performance variables. RESULTS Mediation analysis revealed that improvements (decreases) in abdominal fat by the waist circumference can explain more the effects (decreases) of HOMA-IR in physically inactive schoolchildren under RT or HIT regimes. The same analysis showed that increased one-maximum repetition leg-extension was correlated with the change in HOMA-IR (β=-0.058; P=0.049). Furthermore, a change in the waist circumference fully mediated the dose-response relationship between changes in the leg-extension strength and HOMA-IR (β'=-0.004; P=0.178). RT or HIT were associated with significant improvements in body composition, muscular strength, blood pressure and cardiometabolic parameters irrespective of improvement in glycemic control response. Both glucose control RT-R and HIT-R (respectively), had significant improvements in mean HOMA-IR, mean muscular strength leg-extension and mean measures of adiposity. CONCLUSIONS The improvements in the lower body strength and the decreases in waist circumference can explain more the effects of the improvements in glucose control of IR schoolchildren in R group after 6 weeks of RT or HIT, showing both regimes similar effects on body composition or muscular strength independent of interindividual metabolic response variability.
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Bonafiglia JT, Edgett BA, Baechler BL, Nelms MW, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. Acute upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA correlates with training-induced increases in SDH activity in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:656-666. [PMID: 28177701 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine if acute responses in PGC-1α, VEGFA, SDHA, and GPD1-2 mRNA expression predict their associated chronic skeletal muscle molecular (SDH-GPD activity and substrate storage) and morphological (fibre-type composition and capillary density) adaptations following training. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from 14 recreationally active men (age: 22.0 ± 2.4 years) before (PRE) and 3 h after (3HR) the completion of an acute bout of sprint interval training (SIT) (eight 20-s intervals at ∼170% peak oxygen uptake work rate separated by 10 s of recovery). Participants then completed 6 weeks of SIT 4 times per week with additional biopsies after 2 (MID) and 6 (POST) weeks of training. Acute increases in PGC-1α mRNA strongly predicted increases in SDH activity (a marker of oxidative capacity) from PRE and MID to POST (PRE-POST: r = 0.81, r2 = 0.65, p < 0.01; MID-POST: r = 0.79, r2 = 0.62, p < 0.01) and glycogen content from MID to POST (r = 0.60, r2 = 0.36, p < 0.05). No other significant relationships were found between acute responses in PGC-1α, VEGFA, SDHA, and GPD1-2 mRNA expression and chronic adaptations to training. These results suggest that acute upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA relates to the magnitude of subsequent training-induced increases in oxidative capacity, but not other molecular and morphological chronic skeletal muscle adaptations. Additionally, acute mRNA responses in PGC-1α correlated with VEGFA, but not SDHA, suggesting a coordinated upregulation between PGC-1α and only some of its proposed targets in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Brittany L Baechler
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Matthew W Nelms
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Craig A Simpson
- b Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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Bonafiglia JT, Rotundo MP, Whittall JP, Scribbans TD, Graham RB, Gurd BJ. Inter-Individual Variability in the Adaptive Responses to Endurance and Sprint Interval Training: A Randomized Crossover Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167790. [PMID: 27936084 PMCID: PMC5147982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study examined the adaptive response to both endurance (END) and sprint interval training (SIT) in a group of twenty-one recreationally active adults. All participants completed three weeks (four days/ week) of both END (30 minutes at ~65% VO2peak work rate (WR) and SIT (eight, 20-second intervals at ~170% VO2peak WR separated by 10 seconds of active rest) following a randomized crossover study design with a three-month washout period between training interventions. While a main effect of training was observed for VO2peak, lactate threshold, and submaximal heart rate (HR), considerable variability was observed in the individual responses to both END and SIT. No significant positive relationships were observed between END and SIT for individual changes in any variable. Non-responses were determined using two times the typical error (TE) of measurement for VO2peak (0.107 L/min), lactate threshold (15.7 W), and submaximal HR (10.7bpm). Non-responders in VO2peak, lactate threshold, and submaximal HR were observed following both END and SIT, however, the individual patterns of response differed following END and SIT. Interestingly, all individuals responded in at least one variable when exposed to both END and SIT. These results suggest that the individual response to exercise training is highly variable following different training protocols and that the incidence of non-response to exercise training may be reduced by changing the training stimulus for non-responders to three weeks of END or SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario P. Rotundo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Whittall
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trisha D. Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan B. Graham
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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High responders and low responders: factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training. Sports Med 2015; 44:1113-24. [PMID: 24807838 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The response to an exercise intervention is often described in general terms, with the assumption that the group average represents a typical response for most individuals. In reality, however, it is more common for individuals to show a wide range of responses to an intervention rather than a similar response. This phenomenon of 'high responders' and 'low responders' following a standardized training intervention may provide helpful insights into mechanisms of training adaptation and methods of training prescription. Therefore, the aim of this review was to discuss factors associated with inter-individual variation in response to standardized, endurance-type training. It is well-known that genetic influences make an important contribution to individual variation in certain training responses. The association between genotype and training response has often been supported using heritability estimates; however, recent studies have been able to link variation in some training responses to specific single nucleotide polymorphisms. It would appear that hereditary influences are often expressed through hereditary influences on the pre-training phenotype, with some parameters showing a hereditary influence in the pre-training phenotype but not in the subsequent training response. In most cases, the pre-training phenotype appears to predict only a small amount of variation in the subsequent training response of that phenotype. However, the relationship between pre-training autonomic activity and subsequent maximal oxygen uptake response appears to show relatively stronger predictive potential. Individual variation in response to standardized training that cannot be explained by genetic influences may be related to the characteristics of the training program or lifestyle factors. Although standardized programs usually involve training prescribed by relative intensity and duration, some methods of relative exercise intensity prescription may be more successful in creating an equivalent homeostatic stress between individuals than other methods. Individual variation in the homeostatic stress associated with each training session would result in individuals experiencing a different exercise 'stimulus' and contribute to individual variation in the adaptive responses incurred over the course of the training program. Furthermore, recovery between the sessions of a standardized training program may vary amongst individuals due to factors such as training status, sleep, psychological stress, and habitual physical activity. If there is an imbalance between overall stress and recovery, some individuals may develop fatigue and even maladaptation, contributing to variation in pre-post training responses. There is some evidence that training response can be modulated by the timing and composition of dietary intake, and hence nutritional factors could also potentially contribute to individual variation in training responses. Finally, a certain amount of individual variation in responses may also be attributed to measurement error, a factor that should be accounted for wherever possible in future studies. In conclusion, there are several factors that could contribute to individual variation in response to standardized training. However, more studies are required to help clarify and quantify the role of these factors. Future studies addressing such topics may aid in the early prediction of high or low training responses and provide further insight into the mechanisms of training adaptation.
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Methods of Prescribing Relative Exercise Intensity: Physiological and Practical Considerations. Sports Med 2013; 43:613-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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