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Fortes LDS, de Lima-Júnior D, Boullosa D, Roelands B, Ferreira MEC. High Cognitive Effort Prior to Velocity-Based Training Sessions Reduces Rate of Force Development but Not Maximum Strength Gains in Untrained Male Adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14717. [PMID: 39189630 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the chronic effect of high cognitive effort immediately before resistance exercise sessions on neuromuscular performance in untrained male adults. We used a mixed experimental design, with the group as between-participants factor and time as within-participants factor. Thirty-four participants were randomly assigned to two parallel groups: high cognitive effort (n = 17) and control (n = 17). Subjects in the control group were seated for 30 min before the resistance exercise sessions, while the high cognitive effort group completed incongruent trials of the Stroop task until subjective mental fatigue was present immediately before resistance exercise sessions. Participants attended 45 sessions over 15 weeks, consisting of three familiarizations, three baseline evaluations, 36 velocity-based training sessions, and three postexperiment evaluation sessions. Rate of force development (RFD) during the isometric mid-thigh pull, half back-squat 1-RM, and countermovement jump (CMJ) were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. A significant group × time interaction effect was found for the average RFD at 0-250 ms (p < 0.05), with greater improvements for the control group than for the high cognitive effort group. There was no group × time interaction for half back-squat 1-RM (p > 0.05). Also, there was no group × time interaction for CMJ (p > 0.05). In conclusion, repeated high cognitive effort immediately prior to resistance exercise sessions is a phenomenon that can induce greater early velocity loss and, consequently, impairs the improvements in RFD. However, this did not inhibit the increased performance for explosive strength and CMJ in male untrained adults. High cognitive effort before resistance exercise sessions should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
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Hansen SK, Hansen P, Nygaard H, Grønbæk HD, Berry TW, Olsen CM, Aagaard P, Hvid LG, Agergaard J, Dela F, Suetta C. Five days of bed rest in young and old adults: Retainment of skeletal muscle mass with neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16166. [PMID: 39155274 PMCID: PMC11330699 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The consequences of short-term disuse are well known, but effective countermeasures remain elusive. This study investigated the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) during 5 days of bed rest on retaining lower limb muscle mass and muscle function in healthy young and old participants. One leg received NMES of the quadriceps muscle (3 × 30min/day) (NMES), and the other served as a control (CON). Isometric quadriceps strength (MVC), rate of force development (RFD), lower limb lean mass, and muscle thickness were assessed pre-and post-intervention. Muscle thickness remained unaltered with NMES in young and increased in old following bed rest, while it decreased in CON legs. In old participants, mid-thigh lean mass (MTLM) was preserved with NMES while decreased in CON legs. In the young, only a tendency to change with bed rest was detected for MTLM. MVC and early-phase RFD decreased in young and old, irrespective of NMES. In contrast, late-phase RFD was retained in young participants with NMES, while it decreased in young CON legs, and in the old, irrespective of NMES. NMES during short-term bed rest preserved muscle thickness but not maximal muscle strength. While young and old adults demonstrated similar adaptive responses in preventing the loss of skeletal muscle thickness, RFD was retained in the young only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie K. Hansen
- Geriatric Research UnitCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- CopenAge, Copenhagen Center for Clinical age ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pernille Hansen
- Geriatric Research UnitCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- CopenAge, Copenhagen Center for Clinical age ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hanne Nygaard
- Geriatric Research UnitCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- CopenAge, Copenhagen Center for Clinical age ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Emergency MedicineCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hans D. Grønbæk
- Geriatric Research UnitCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Tania W. Berry
- Geriatric Research UnitCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Camilla M. Olsen
- Geriatric Research UnitCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sport and Clinical BiomechanicsUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Lars G. Hvid
- Exercise Biology, Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- The Danish MS Hospitals, Ry and HaslevHaslevDenmark
| | - Jakob Agergaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine CopenhagenCopenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy AgingUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- CopenAge, Copenhagen Center for Clinical age ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physiology and BiochemistryRiga Stradins UniversityRigaLatvia
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research UnitCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- CopenAge, Copenhagen Center for Clinical age ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Montalvo-Alonso JJ, Ferragut C, del Val-Manzano M, Valadés D, Roberts J, Pérez-López A. Sex Differences in the Ergogenic Response of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Strength, Power and Endurance Performance in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:1760. [PMID: 38892692 PMCID: PMC11174740 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the impact of acute caffeine intake on muscular strength, power, and endurance performance between resistance-trained male and female individuals according to load in upper- and lower-body exercises. METHODS Here, 76 resistance-trained individuals (38 females, 38 males) participated in a study comparing caffeine and a placebo. Each received either 3 mg/kg of caffeine or a placebo 60 min before tests measuring muscular strength and power through bench press and back squat exercises at different intensities (25%, 50%, 75%, 90% 1RM). Muscular endurance at 65% 1RM was also assessed by performing reps until reaching task failure. RESULTS Compared to placebo, caffeine increased mean, peak and time to reach peak velocity and power output (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.242-0.293) in the muscular strength/power test in males and females. This effect was particularly observed in the back squat exercise at 50%, 75% and 90% 1RM (2.5-8.5%, p < 0.05, g = 1.0-2.4). For muscular endurance, caffeine increased the number of repetitions, mean velocity and power output (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.177-0.255) in both sexes and exercises (3.0-8.9%, p < 0.05, g = 0.15-0.33). CONCLUSIONS Acute caffeine intake resulted in a similar ergogenic effect on muscular strength, power, and endurance performance in upper- and lower-body exercises for male and female resistance-trained participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jesús Montalvo-Alonso
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.M.-A.); (C.F.); (M.d.V.-M.); (D.V.)
| | - Carmen Ferragut
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.M.-A.); (C.F.); (M.d.V.-M.); (D.V.)
| | - Marta del Val-Manzano
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.M.-A.); (C.F.); (M.d.V.-M.); (D.V.)
| | - David Valadés
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.M.-A.); (C.F.); (M.d.V.-M.); (D.V.)
| | - Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK;
| | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.M.-A.); (C.F.); (M.d.V.-M.); (D.V.)
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Giuriato G, Romanelli MG, Bartolini D, Vernillo G, Pedrinolla A, Moro T, Franchi M, Locatelli E, Andani ME, Laginestra FG, Barbi C, Aloisi GF, Cavedon V, Milanese C, Orlandi E, De Simone T, Fochi S, Patuzzo C, Malerba G, Fabene P, Donadelli M, Stabile AM, Pistilli A, Rende M, Galli F, Schena F, Venturelli M. Sex differences in neuromuscular and biological determinants of isometric maximal force. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14118. [PMID: 38385696 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
AIM Force expression is characterized by an interplay of biological and molecular determinants that are expected to differentiate males and females in terms of maximal performance. These include muscle characteristics (muscle size, fiber type, contractility), neuromuscular regulation (central and peripheral factors of force expression), and individual genetic factors (miRNAs and gene/protein expression). This research aims to comprehensively assess these physiological variables and their role as determinants of maximal force difference between sexes. METHODS Experimental evaluations include neuromuscular components of isometric contraction, intrinsic muscle characteristics (proteins and fiber type), and some biomarkers associated with muscle function (circulating miRNAs and gut microbiome) in 12 young and healthy males and 12 females. RESULTS Male strength superiority appears to stem primarily from muscle size while muscle fiber-type distribution plays a crucial role in contractile properties. Moderate-to-strong pooled correlations between these muscle parameters were established with specific circulating miRNAs, as well as muscle and plasma proteins. CONCLUSION Muscle size is crucial in explaining the differences in maximal voluntary isometric force generation between males and females with similar fiber type distribution. Potential physiological mechanisms are seen from associations between maximal force, skeletal muscle contractile properties, and biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Giuriato
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Alberta - Augustana Campus, Camrose, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martino Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Locatelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mehran Emadi Andani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Giuseppe Laginestra
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Utah, USA
| | - Chiara Barbi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Fiorini Aloisi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Cavedon
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Orlandi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Tonia De Simone
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Fochi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Patuzzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Fabene
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Stabile
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, Clinical and Forensic, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, Clinical and Forensic, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, Clinical and Forensic, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Utah, USA
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5
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Boccia G, D'Emanuele S, Brustio PR, Rainoldi A, Schena F, Tarperi C. Decreased neural drive affects the early rate of force development after repeated burst-like isometric contractions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14528. [PMID: 37899668 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The neural drive to the muscle is the primary determinant of the rate of force development (RFD) in the first 50 ms of a rapid contraction. It is still unproven if repetitive rapid contractions specifically impair the net neural drive to the muscles. To isolate the fatiguing effect of contraction rapidity, 17 male adult volunteers performed 100 burst-like (i.e., brief force pulses) isometric contractions of the knee extensors. The response to electrically-evoked single and octet femoral nerve stimulation was measured with high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) from the vastus lateralis and medialis muscles. Root mean square (RMS) of each channel of HD-sEMG was normalized to the corresponding M-wave peak-to-peak amplitude, while muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) was normalized to M-wave conduction velocity to compensate for changes in sarcolemma properties. Voluntary RFD 0-50 ms decreased (d = -0.56, p < 0.001) while time to peak force (d = 0.90, p < 0.001) and time to RFDpeak increased (d = 0.56, p = 0.034). Relative RMS (d = -1.10, p = 0.006) and MFCV (d = -0.53, p = 0.007) also decreased in the first 50 ms of voluntary contractions. Evoked octet RFD 0-50 ms (d = 0.60, p = 0.020), M-wave amplitude (d = 0.77, p = 0.009) and conduction velocity (d = 1.75, p < 0.001) all increased. Neural efficacy, i.e., voluntary/octet force ratio, largely decreased (d = -1.50, p < 0.001). We isolated the fatiguing impact of contraction rapidity and found that the decrement in RFD, particularly when calculated in the first 50 ms of muscle contraction, can mainly be explained by a decrease in the net neural drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Boccia
- Neuromuscular Function research group, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Samuel D'Emanuele
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- Neuromuscular Function research group, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- Neuromuscular Function research group, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Ravier G, Dury J, Grevillot J, Girard B, Bouzigon R, Michel F. Acute Neuromuscular Alterations of Ankle Evertors Induced by Short Trail Running: Sex-Related Considerations. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2008-2015. [PMID: 37015004 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ravier, G, Dury, J, Grevillot, J, Girard, B, Bouzigon, R, and Michel, F. Acute neuromuscular alterations of ankle evertors induced by short trail running: sex-related considerations. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2008–2015, 2023—This study investigated the exercise-induced effects on the neuromuscular function of ankle evertors, balance control associated with trail running, and sex-related interactions. Fourteen male and 14 female medium-level runners completed a 16-km (400 D+) course. At rest and immediately after running, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) for knee extension and ankle eversion, electromyographic (EMG) activity of peroneus muscles during MVC plateau (EMG) and the first 200 ms (EMG200), ankle angular velocity (
INV) during 20 weight-bearing inversion movements, and balance control during destabilizing single-leg task were evaluated. Repeated measures ANOVA-revealed changes in knee and ankle MVC (ankle: P = 0.0004, −12%) and RFD (ankle: P < 0.0001, −19%), EMG (P < 0.0001, −17%), EMG200 (P < 0.0001, −19%), and ankle
INV (P < 0.0001, +35%) in response to trail running. Single-leg balance was not impaired. Sex-related differences were observed in EMG and EMG200 with higher values in men than in women. MVC and RFD were greater in men when expressed in absolute values, but not different relative to body mass. Single-leg balance and ankle
INV did not differ between men and women. Finally, none of these variables showed any sex-related difference when considering pre-exercise to postexercise changes. This study demonstrated impairment in neuromuscular function of evertor muscles and ability in braking inversion in response to trail running. Sex-related differences were observed in neuromuscular activity but not in fatigability. These data suggest that coaches might implement strength exercises specifically designed for ankle lateral stability into their training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ravier
- University of Franche Comte, Laboratory of Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), Sport and Performance Department, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe
| | - Jeanne Dury
- University of Franche Comte, Laboratory of Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), Sport and Performance Department, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe
| | - Joris Grevillot
- University of Franche Comte, Laboratory of Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), Sport and Performance Department, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe
| | - Bruno Girard
- University of Franche Comte, Laboratory of Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), Sport and Performance Department, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe
| | - Romain Bouzigon
- Inside the Athletes 3.0 Association, 56 Chemin des Montarmots; and
| | - Fabrice Michel
- University of Franche Comte, Laboratory of Nanomedicine (EA 4662), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jean Minjoz Hospital, 25000 Besançon, France
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Yoshiko A, Hirono T, Takeda R, Chosa N, Beppu M, Watanabe K. Applicability of the seated step test for assessing thigh muscle sarcopenia in older individuals. Exp Gerontol 2023; 181:112283. [PMID: 37660763 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of lower limb muscle mass and related functions in older individuals is important because of their essential role in maintaining locomotion and activities of daily living. Therefore, a simple and reliable method for assessing these parameters should be established. The seated step test is easy and safe and can be used to assess lower limb agility; however, its relationship to skeletal muscle mass and function remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between the seated step test and lower limb muscle mass and function. For the analysis, we included 85 participants aged 73.1 ± 6.0 years. The participants performed an alternate up-down leg step test for 10 s while seated in a chair. Lower limb muscle mass was measured using bioimpedance analysis. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated using the following equation: lower limb muscle mass (kg) / height2 (m2). As the muscle functional parameters, we measured the isometric knee extension peak torque (KEPT), knee flexion peak torque (KFPT), and rate of torque development (RTD) for isometric knee extension in all participants. The seated step test score had a significant relationship with KEPT, KFPT, and SMI, but not with RTD. In the single regression analysis, the seated step test significantly predicted KEPT, KFPT, and SMI. These results suggest that up-down seated step test can be a reliable method to estimate lower limb muscle size and function in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yoshiko
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takeda
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Chosa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Kohei Watanabe
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
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8
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Olmos AA, Sterczala AJ, Parra ME, Dimmick HL, Miller JD, Deckert JA, Sontag SA, Gallagher PM, Fry AC, Herda TJ, Trevino MA. Sex-related differences in motor unit behavior are influenced by myosin heavy chain during high- but not moderate-intensity contractions. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14024. [PMID: 37551144 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Motor unit recruitment and firing rate patterns of the vastus lateralis (VL) have not been compared between sexes during moderate- and high-intensity contraction intensities. Additionally, the influence of fiber composition on potential sex-related differences remains unquantified. METHODS Eleven males and 11 females performed 40% and 70% maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals recorded from the VL were decomposed. Recruitment thresholds (RTs), MU action potential amplitudes (MUAPAMP ), initial firing rates (IFRs), mean firing rates (MFRs), and normalized EMG amplitude (N-EMGRMS ) at steady torque were analyzed. Y-intercepts and slopes were calculated for MUAPAMP , IFR, and MFR versus RT relationships. Type I myosin heavy chain isoform (MHC) was determined with muscle biopsies. RESULTS There were no sex-related differences in MU characteristics at 40% MVC. At 70% MVC, males exhibited greater slopes (p = 0.002) for the MUAPAMP , whereas females displayed greater slopes (p = 0.001-0.007) for the IFR and MFR versus RT relationships. N-EMGRMS at 70% MVC was greater for females (p < 0.001). Type I %MHC was greater for females (p = 0.006), and was correlated (p = 0.018-0.031) with the slopes for the MUAPAMP , IFR, and MFR versus RT relationships at 70% MVC (r = -0.599-0.585). CONCLUSION Both sexes exhibited an inverse relationship between MU firing rates and recruitment thresholds. However, the sex-related differences in MU recruitment and firing rate patterns and N-EMGRMS at 70% MVC were likely due to greater type I% MHC and smaller twitch forces of the higher threshold MUs for the females. Evidence is provided that muscle fiber composition may explain divergent MU behavior between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Olmos
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mandy E Parra
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah L Dimmick
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Miller
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jake A Deckert
- Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie A Sontag
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Philip M Gallagher
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Trent J Herda
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Michael A Trevino
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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9
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Crotty ED, Furlong LAM, Harrison AJ. Reliability of mechanical properties of the plantar flexor muscle tendon unit with consideration to joint angle and sex. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287431. [PMID: 37352329 PMCID: PMC10289375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of mechanical measures can be impacted by the protocol used, including factors such as joint angle and the sex of participants. This study aimed to determine the inter-day reliability of plantar flexor mechanical measures across ankle joint angles and contraction types and consider potential sex-specific effects. 14 physically-active individuals participated in two identical measurement sessions involving involuntary and voluntary plantar flexor contractions, at three ankle angles (10° plantarflexion (PF), 0° (anatomical zero (AZ)), and 10° dorsiflexion (DF)), while torque and surface EMG were recorded. The reliability of mechanical parameters of maximal voluntary torque (MVT), rate of torque development (RTD), electromechanical delay, and tendon stiffness were assessed using absolute and relative reliability measures. MVT measures were reliable across ankle angles. RTD measures showed good group level reliability and moderate reliability for an individual during the early phase of contraction across ankle angles. Explosive voluntary torque measures tended to be less reliable from 50 ms onward, with varied reliability across angles for late-phase RTD. Tendon stiffness demonstrated the best reliability at the DF angle. Sex-based differences in the reliability of tendon measures found that females had significantly different initial tendon length between testing sessions. Despite this, tendon excursion, force, and stiffness measures demonstrated similar reliability compared to males. Ankle angle changes influence the reliability of plantar flexor mechanical measurements across contraction types, particularly for voluntary contractions. These results highlight the importance of establishing potential protocol effects on measurement reliability prior to quantifying plantar flexor mechanical measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D. Crotty
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Laura-Anne M. Furlong
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andrew J. Harrison
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Dalton BE, Mazara N, Debenham MIB, Zwambag DP, Noonan AM, Weersink E, Brown SHM, Power GA. The relationship between single muscle fibre and voluntary rate of force development in young and old males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:821-832. [PMID: 36484861 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is suggested that the early phase (< 50 ms) of force development during a muscle contraction is associated with intrinsic contractile properties, while the late phase (> 50 ms) is associated with maximal force. There are no direct investigations of single muscle fibre rate of force development (RFD) as related to joint-level RFD METHODS: Sixteen healthy, young (n = 8; 26.4 ± 1.5 yrs) and old (n = 8; 70.1 ± 2.8 yrs) males performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) and electrically evoked twitches of the knee extensors to assess RFD. Then, percutaneous muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis and chemically permeabilized, to assess single fibre function. RESULTS At the joint level, older males were ~ 30% weaker and had ~ 43% and ~ 40% lower voluntary RFD values at 0-100 and 0-200 ms, respectively, than the younger ones (p ≤ 0.05). MVC torque was related to every voluntary RFD epoch in the young (p ≤ 0.001), but only the 0-200 ms epoch in the old (p ≤ 0.005). Twitch RFD was ~ 32% lower in the old compared to young (p < 0.05). There was a strong positive relationship between twitch RFD and voluntary RFD during the earliest time epochs in the young (≤ 100 ms; p ≤ 0.01). While single fibre RFD was unrelated to joint-level RFD in the young, older adults trended (p = 0.052-0.055) towards significant relationships between joint-level RTD and Type I single fibre RFD at the 0-30 ms (r2 = 0.48) and 0-50 ms (r2 = 0.49) time epochs. CONCLUSION Electrically evoked twitches are good predictors of early voluntary RFD in young, but not older adults. Only the older adults showed a potential relationship between single fibre (Type I) and joint-level rate of force development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Dalton
- Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Mazara
- Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mathew I B Debenham
- Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Derek P Zwambag
- Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alex M Noonan
- Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Weersink
- Sports Medicine Clinic, Health and Performance Centre, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen H M Brown
- Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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11
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Nuzzo JL. Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Muscle Strength, Endurance, Activation, Size, Fiber Type, and Strength Training Participation Rates, Preferences, Motivations, Injuries, and Neuromuscular Adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:494-536. [PMID: 36696264 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuzzo, JL. Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries, and neuromuscular adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 494-536, 2023-Biological sex and its relation with exercise participation and sports performance continue to be discussed. Here, the purpose was to inform such discussions by summarizing the literature on sex differences in numerous strength training-related variables and outcomes-muscle strength and endurance, muscle mass and size, muscle fiber type, muscle twitch forces, and voluntary activation; strength training participation rates, motivations, preferences, and practices; and injuries and changes in muscle size and strength with strength training. Male subjects become notably stronger than female subjects around age 15 years. In adults, sex differences in strength are more pronounced in upper-body than lower-body muscles and in concentric than eccentric contractions. Greater male than female strength is not because of higher voluntary activation but to greater muscle mass and type II fiber areas. Men participate in strength training more frequently than women. Men are motivated more by challenge, competition, social recognition, and a desire to increase muscle size and strength. Men also have greater preference for competitive, high-intensity, and upper-body exercise. Women are motivated more by improved attractiveness, muscle "toning," and body mass management. Women have greater preference for supervised and lower-body exercise. Intrasexual competition, mate selection, and the drive for muscularity are likely fundamental causes of exercise behaviors in men and women. Men and women increase muscle size and strength after weeks of strength training, but women experience greater relative strength improvements depending on age and muscle group. Men exhibit higher strength training injury rates. No sex difference exists in strength loss and muscle soreness after muscle-damaging exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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D'Emanuele S, Tarperi C, Rainoldi A, Schena F, Boccia G. Neural and contractile determinants of burst-like explosive isometric contractions of the knee extensors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:127-135. [PMID: 36229231 PMCID: PMC10099358 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Walking and running are based on rapid burst-like muscle contractions. Burst-like contractions generate a Gaussian-shaped force profile, in which neuromuscular determinants have never been assessed. We investigated the neural and contractile determinants of the rate of force development (RFD) in burst-like isometric knee extensions. Together with maximal voluntary force (MVF), voluntary and electrically evoked (8 stimuli at 300 Hz, octets) forces were measured in the first 50, 100, and 150 ms of burst-like quadriceps contractions in 24 adults. High-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) was adopted to measure the root mean square (RMS) and muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) from the vastus lateralis and medialis. The determinants of voluntary force at 50, 100, and 150 ms were assessed by stepwise multiple regression analysis. Force at 50 ms was explained by RMS (R2 = 0.361); force at 100 ms was explained by octet (R2 = 0.646); force at 150 ms was explained by MVF (R2 = 0.711) and octet (R2 = 0.061). Peak RFD (which occurred at 60 ± 10 ms from contraction onset) was explained by MVF (R2 = 0.518) and by RMS50 (R2 = 0.074). MFCV did not emerge as a determinant of RFD. Muscle excitation was the sole determinant of early RFD (50 ms), while contractile characteristics were more relevant for late RFD (≥100 ms). As peak RFD is mostly determined by MVF, it may not be more informative than MVF itself. Therefore, a time-locked analysis of RFD provides more insights into the neuromuscular characteristics of explosive contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D'Emanuele
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Neuromuscular Function Research Group, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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13
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Alonso CCG, de Freitas PB, Pires RS, De Oliveira DL, Freitas SMSF. Exploring the ability of strength and dexterity tests to detect hand function impairment in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Physiother Theory Pract 2023; 39:395-404. [PMID: 34895020 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2021.2013371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) can affect hand function since the beginning of the motor symptoms. OBJECTIVE To compare the ability of different hand function tests to: 1) distinguish individuals with PD from healthy controls; 2) differentiate stages of the disease; and 3) indicate changes over time due to disease progression. METHODS Twenty-four individuals with PD (Hoehn and Yahr: I-III) and 24 age- and sex-matched controls performed the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and the maximum grip and the maximum pinch strength tests using their right and left hands. Eight individuals with PD (six females and two males) were reassessed after 18 months. The ROC analyses and Mann-Whitney U tests (for disease progression) using the average performance of the hands were done. RESULTS Individuals with PD presented worse test performances than controls, except for the writing subtest of the JTHFT and the grip strength test. The JTHFT without the writing subtest (JTHFTnoW) was the most accurate to discriminate PD from controls (AUC = 0.899; sensitivity 75% and specificity 95.8%). The 9HPT and the simulated feeding and moving large, light objects JTHFT subtests were sensitive to distinguish stages, while the 9HPT, the moving small, common objects JTHFT subtest, and the grip strength were sensitive to changes with disease progression. CONCLUSION The JTHFTnoW was highly discriminative of the hand function impairments in PD. TwoJTHFT subtests were the most sensitives to distinguish PD stages (i.e. simulated feeding JTHFT subtest) and disease progression (i.e. moving small, common objects JTHFT subtest).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia C G Alonso
- Graduate Program Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo B de Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Pires
- Graduate Program Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
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Guo Y, Jones EJ, Inns TB, Ely IA, Stashuk DW, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Piasecki J, Phillips BE, Atherton PJ, Piasecki M. Neuromuscular recruitment strategies of the vastus lateralis according to sex. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13803. [PMID: 35184382 PMCID: PMC9286427 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Despite males typically exhibiting greater muscle strength and fatigability than females, it remains unclear if there are sex-based differences in neuromuscular recruitment strategies e.g. recruitment and modulation of motor unit firing rate (MU FR) at normalized forces and during progressive increases in force. METHODS The study includes 29 healthy male and 31 healthy female participants (18-35 years). Intramuscular electromyography (iEMG) was used to record individual motor unit potentials (MUPs) and near-fibre MUPs from the vastus lateralis (VL) during 10% and 25% maximum isometric voluntary contractions (MVC), and spike-triggered averaging was used to obtain motor unit number estimates (MUNE) of the VL. RESULTS Males exhibited greater muscle strength (P < .001) and size (P < .001) than females, with no difference in force steadiness at 10% or 25% MVC. Females had 8.4% and 6.5% higher FR at 10% and 25% MVC, respectively (both P < .03), while the MUP area was 33% smaller in females at 10% MVC (P < .02) and 26% smaller at 25% MVC (P = .062). However, both sexes showed similar increases in MU size and FR when moving from low- to mid-level contractions. There were no sex differences in any near-fibre MUP parameters or in MUNE. CONCLUSION In the vastus lateralis, females produce muscle force via different neuromuscular recruitment strategies to males which is characterized by smaller MUs discharging at higher rates. However, similar strategies are employed to increase force production from low- to mid-level contractions. These findings of similar proportional increases between sexes support the use of mixed sex cohorts in studies of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Guo
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Eleanor J. Jones
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Thomas B. Inns
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Isabel A. Ely
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Daniel W. Stashuk
- Department of Systems Design Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism Ageing & Physiology (COMAP) MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine University of Nottingham Derby UK
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15
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Ong JH, Simic M, Eisenhuth J, Burns J, Baldwin JN, McKay MJ. Normative Reference Values for Knee Extensor Muscle Rate of Torque Development and Torque Steadiness in Adolescents and Adults. J Clin Rheumatol 2022; 28:155-161. [PMID: 35293889 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish reference values for rate of torque development (RTD) and muscle torque steadiness (MTS) of knee extensors across the lifespan, and evaluate if these measures are independently associated with Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI)-recommended performance-based measures (6-minute walk test, 30-second chair stand test, stair climb test) and other clinical variables. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, knee extensor strength of 764 participants (12-89 years) from the 1000 Norms Project was assessed via fixed dynamometry. Age- and sex-stratified normative RTD (Nms-1 kg-1) and MTS (Nm kg-1) values were presented as means and 95% confidence intervals. Correlations and multiple regression analyses were calculated to identify factors (age, sex, height, weight, OARSI-recommended performance-based measures, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, vertical jump, long jump, grip strength, basic gait-related knee biomechanics) independently associated with RTD or MTS. RESULTS Age- and sex-stratified normative RTD and MTS reference values were generated. Male subjects exhibited higher RTD but poorer MTS (less steady) than female subjects across all age groups. Better performance in OARSI-recommended performance-based measures, vertical jump, long jump, and grip strength were associated with greater RTD but poorer MTS. Thirty-second chair stand test, stair climb test, vertical jump, long jump, and grip strength were independent determinants of RTD and MTS. CONCLUSIONS The RTD and MTS demonstrated associations with clinical variables relevant to knee osteoarthritis. The normative reference values generated may help identify the presence and extent of impairments in RTD and MTS associated with knee osteoarthritis and assist in developing responsive outcome measures for therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hui Ong
- From the School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney
| | - Milena Simic
- From the School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney
| | - John Eisenhuth
- From the School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney
| | | | - Jennifer N Baldwin
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Marnee J McKay
- From the School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney
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Kozinc Ž, Smajla D, Šarabon N. The rate of force development scaling factor: a review of underlying factors, assessment methods and potential for practical applications. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:861-873. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Tavakkoli Oskouei S, Malliaras P, D Hill K, Garofolini A, Clark R, Perraton L. Assessment of ankle plantar flexor neuromuscular properties: A reliability study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 61:102603. [PMID: 34563759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine test-retest reliability of ankle plantar flexor neuromuscular properties in healthy people to improve understanding of additional measurement and analysis procedures that may be used in outcome assessment. Ten healthy participants (age 29.60 ± 5.36 years) volunteered. Isometric torquemax, rate of torque development (RTD), rate of electromyography rise (RER), impulse, electromechanical delay (EMD), torque steadiness, and torque sensing were obtained during two testing sessions 60 min apart. ICC values ranged from 0.81 to 0.99, indicating good to excellent test-retest reliability. Lower bands of the 95% CIs were all above 0.75 apart from the early phase measures (≤50 ms) derived from explosive torque-time and EMG-time curves, which were between 0.32 and 0.73, indicating poor to moderate reliability. Heteroscedasticity was observed for RTD, impulse, and EMD. LOA as a function of the mean (X̅) for these measures ranged from meandifference ± 0.25X̅ to ± 0.68X̅. EMD showed excellent reliability (ICC = 0.90; 95% CI [0.63, 0.98]). Torque sensing and torque steadiness showed good reliability (0.81 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.89). Thus, ankle plantar flexor neuromuscular properties showed good to excellent test-retest reliability. However, reliability of measures in the early phase of muscle contraction were consistently lower than the late phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Tavakkoli Oskouei
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter Malliaras
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith D Hill
- Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ross Clark
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke Perraton
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Contralateral strength training attenuates muscle performance loss following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction: a randomised-controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3551-3559. [PMID: 34542671 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of cross-education (CE) exercise on strength and performance at 10 and 24 weeks post anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery. METHODS Design: randomised controlled trial. N = 44 ACL-reconstruction patients, randomly-allocated into: CE: strength training of the non-operative limb, or CON: sham exercise of upper limb stretching. Each patient underwent standardised ACL rehabilitation, plus 8 weeks of thrice weekly CE or CON, commencing at 2 weeks post surgery. The primary outcome was quadriceps peak force (QPF) of the ACL-reconstructed limb at 10 weeks post surgery. Secondary measures were hamstrings peak force (HPF), rate of force development (RFD) and International Knee Documentation Committee score (IKDC) at 10 and 24 weeks; QPF and hop for distance (HOP) at 24 weeks post surgery. RESULTS CE significantly attenuated the decline in QPF of the ACL-reconstructed limb at 10 weeks compared to CON (16.6% decrease vs. 32.0%, respectively); that advantage was not retained at 24 weeks. A training effect was observed in the trained limb for HPF and QPF, which was retained at 24 weeks. No significant differences were observed for IKDC, HOP, RFD, or HPF of the reconstructed limb. Inter-limb symmetry (ILS) ranged from 0.78 to 0.89 and was not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION High-intensity CE strength training attenuated the post-operative decline in QPF and should be considered in early-phase ACL rehabilitation. ILS data showed good symmetry, but it masked significantly inferior performance between groups and should be used with caution. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02722876.
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Motabar H, Nimbarte AD. Sex Differences in Rotator Cuff Muscles' Response to Various Work-Related Factors. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2021; 9:1-12. [PMID: 34011247 DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2021.1931562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Occupational ApplicationsDespite the frequency and cost of rotator cuff injuries among male and female workers, very little is known about the strength, endurance, and perceived exertion and electromyographic response of rotator cuff muscles to different exertion levels. In this study, sex differences were studied using muscle-specific maximal and submaximal exertions of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles. Females showed lower strength and endurance, but higher muscle activity and perceived exertion compared to males. The baseline data presented in this paper can assist ergonomic practitioners in determining the worker capacity to ensure that physically-demanding shoulder exertions can be performed without incurring injurious stress. Such data is also essential to establish population norms for the better design of workplace tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Motabar
- Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ashish D Nimbarte
- Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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20
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Nagai T, Schilaty ND, Bates NA, Bies NJ, McPherson AL, Hewett TE. High school female basketball athletes exhibit decreased knee-specific choice visual-motor reaction time. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1699-1707. [PMID: 33908068 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Weaker hamstrings muscular forces and lower ratio of the hamstrings/quadriceps muscular forces in female athletes have been identified as modifiable risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, sex differences in athletes' ability to react to visual cues (Choice Visual-Motor Reaction Time: VMRT) and to generate knee muscular forces (rate of force development: RFD) immediately following the visual cues were largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine sex differences in Choice VMRT and RFD. A total of 50 high school basketball athletes (26F/24 M) participated in the study. Subjects sat in the knee dynamometer chair with their knee secured at 70° of knee flexion and performed knee extension or flexion maximum voluntary isometric contractions immediately after they saw the visual cue: "UP" or "DOWN" arrows, respectively. Choice VMRT was defined as the time between the visual cue and the initiation of muscular force development (>5Newtons). RFD was calculated by dividing the changes in forces over the changes in time at four time points (0-50/100/150/200 ms). Peak muscular forces and RFD were normalized to their body mass. Average of three trials in each direction (flexion and extension) in each leg was used for statistical analyses. Females had significantly slower Choice VMRT (p < 0.001-0.027) and lower knee extension RFD at 100 ms (p = 0.005). In addition, females had significantly higher knee flexion/extension ratio than males in late RFD (150 ms and 200 ms) (p < 0.004). The current study has provided additional sensorimotor characteristics of athletes and sexes in addition to their knee muscular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - April L McPherson
- United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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21
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Gomes M, Santos P, Correia P, Pezarat-Correia P, Mendonca GV. Sex differences in muscle fatigue following isokinetic muscle contractions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8141. [PMID: 33854136 PMCID: PMC8046769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a limiting factor of human performance. It is unclear whether sex-based differences in fatigability exist during dynamic exercise of varying velocities of contraction. We aimed at exploring sex differences in muscle fatigue elicited by maximal isokinetic muscle contractions performed at different angular velocities. Twenty-six healthy participants (13 men: 23.2 ± 1.5; 13 women: 21.9 ± 3.0 years) were tested for concentric knee-extension at slow, moderate and fast angular isokinetic velocity (60, 180 and 300º.s-1, respectively), on non-consecutive days. The impact of sex on fatigue resistance and consecutive recovery for each isokinetic condition was explored by calculating the percent change in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and in rate of torque development (RTD), from pre- to post-isokinetic exercise (30 repetitions). The isokinetic fatigue index was also determined. No sex differences were obtained in response to isokinetic contractions completed at 60º.s-1. After performing muscle contractions at 300º.s-1, women had a significantly greater loss in MVIC than men (- 18.4 ± 5.5 vs. - 12.9 ± 3.8%; p = 0.009) and larger decreases in work output during isokinetic exercise (- 34.2 ± 8.9 vs - 27.5 ± 10.6%; p = 0.017). Recovery of initial MVIC strength was greater for women post-exercise at 180º.s-1 (15.6 ± 4.1% vs. 6.7 ± 9.5; p = 0.003). No differences were found between sexes in any condition for RTD from pre- to post-fatigue. These results suggest the presence of a sexually dimorphic fatigability in response to dynamic (isokinetic) contractions favouring men at higher absolute velocities of contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gomes
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Santos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
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22
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Crotty ED, Furlong LAM, Hayes K, Harrison AJ. Onset detection in surface electromyographic signals across isometric explosive and ramped contractions: a comparison of computer-based methods. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 33725688 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/abef56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Accurate identification of surface electromyography (EMG) muscle onset is vital when examining short temporal parameters such as electromechanical delay. The visual method is considered the 'gold standard' in onset detection. Automatic detection methods are commonly employed to increase objectivity and reduce analysis time, but it is unclear if they are sensitive enough to accurately detect EMG onset when relating them to short-duration motor events.Approach. This study aimed to determine: (1) if automatic detection methods could be used interchangeably with visual methods in detecting EMG onsets (2) if the Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO) as a conditioning step would improve the accuracy of popular EMG onset detection methods. The accuracy of three automatic onset detection methods: approximated generalized likelihood ratio (AGLR), TKEO, and threshold-based method were examined against the visual method. EMG signals from fast, explosive, and slow, ramped isometric plantarflexor contractions were evaluated using each technique.Main results. For fast, explosive contractions, the TKEO was the best-performing automatic detection method, with a low bias level (4.7 ± 5.6 ms) and excellent intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.993, however with wide limits of agreement (LoA) (-6.2 to +15.7 ms). For slow, ramped contractions, the AGLR with TKEO conditioning was the best-performing automatic detection method with the smallest bias (11.3 ± 32.9 ms) and excellent ICC (0.983) but produced wide LoA (-53.2 to +75.8 ms). For visual detection, the inclusion of TKEO conditioning improved inter-rater and intra-rater reliability across contraction types compared with visual detection without TKEO conditioning.Significance. In conclusion, the examined automatic detection methods are not sensitive enough to be applied when relating EMG onset to a motor event of short duration. To attain the accuracy needed, visual detection is recommended. The inclusion of TKEO as a conditioning step before visual detection of EMG onsets is recommended to improve visual detection reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Crotty
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Laura-Anne M Furlong
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Hayes
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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23
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Wang IL, Wang J, Chen YM, Hu R, Su Y, Yao S, Ho CS. Effect of Acupuncture on the Timeliness of Explosive Forces Generated by the Male Shoulder Joint. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5585605. [PMID: 33815552 PMCID: PMC7987443 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5585605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Athletes aim to improve muscle strength to optimize sports performance and gain a competitive edge. Although modern sports medicine includes rehabilitation treatment methods for improving the explosive force of athletes, including acupuncture, a common alternative therapy, research on the effectiveness of acupuncture in improving the timeliness of explosive forces is limited. There is uncertainty regarding how long the effects of acupuncture treatment persist after treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of acupuncture on the timeliness of explosive forces generated by the male shoulder joint. Eighteen healthy men underwent tests of shoulder adduction/abduction (Add/Abd) and flexion/extension (Flex/Ext) through an isokinetic measurement system. Acupuncture was used to stimulate LU1 (Zhongfu), LU3 (Tianfu), LU4 (Xiabai), LI14 (Binao), SJ13 (Naohui), SJ14 (Jianliao), and SJ12 (Xiaoluo), and the isokinetic parameters were recorded before and after acupuncture. After acupuncture, isokinetic muscle force parameters including the maximum (Max) torque, the average power, the average peak power, the average work, and the total work increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the average max torque Abd/Flex did not. Additionally, the preintervention values of the shoulder joints for Add/Abd and Flex/Ext were significantly greater than those at post 1 and post 2 (P < 0.05). The isokinetic results suggest that acupuncture can increase the explosive force of the male shoulder joint Add/Abd and Flex/Ext. Muscle cannot be fully activated when calcium saturation is below the maximal level. In this case, the postactivation potentiation (PAP) may enhance voluntary muscle force production. The effect of acupuncture is time-dependent, that is, the effects of acupuncture gradually weaken and disappear by approximately 10 minutes after acupuncture. Therefore, we suggest that acupuncture is used as an alternative therapy in sports competitions to increase the explosive forces of the shoulder joint, thereby improving sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Wang
- College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jilin Sports University, No. 2476, Freedom Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin Provice 130022, China
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Jilin Sports University, No. 2476, Freedom Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin Provice 130022, China
| | - Yu Su
- Jilin Sports University, No. 2476, Freedom Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin Provice 130022, China
| | - Shun Yao
- Jilin Sports University, No. 2476, Freedom Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin Provice 130022, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Ho
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Inc., Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 26546, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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24
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Strength and Speed Profiles Based on Age and Sex Differences in Young Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020643. [PMID: 33451144 PMCID: PMC7828584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Team sports are in continuous evolution, and physical performance is acquiring greater importance in the game. The assessment of physical fitness is the most reliable method for knowing if the athlete’s physical fitness is appropriate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to identify profiles of physical-physiological demands with different specific tests of physical fitness related to the maximum strength of the lower body and speed. Moreover, some differences based on the sex and age of the players were identified. One hundred and forty-nine basketball players were analyzed (men n = 103 vs. women n = 46, weight: 74.74 ± 11.65 kg vs. 56.89 ± 3.71 kg, height: 184.66 ± 11.67 vs. 164 ± 4 and BMI: 21.7 ± 0.83 vs. 21.6 ± 0.90). The players performed an Abalakov test, a multi-jump test, and a repeat sprint ability test. Each player was equipped with a WIMU PRO device, and photoelectric cells were used. A MANOVA was performed to discover the differences between ages, and a t-test was used regarding sex. The results showed significant differences based on age and sex in variables related to time and Player Load/min (p < 0.001). The variables related to steps (contact, step, flight) also showed significant differences as a function of age (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.05). The multi-jump test showed differences based on age (p < 0.05 except in between jumps), but not on sex. These results confirm the importance of working together on lower body strength and speed skills. In addition, the planning of the work on these abilities must be individualized and according to the characteristics of the athlete.
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25
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Monte A. In vivo
manipulation of muscle shape and tendinous stiffness affects the human ability to generate torque rapidly. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:486-495. [DOI: 10.1113/ep089012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy
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26
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Inglis JG, Gabriel DA. Sex differences in motor unit discharge rates at maximal and submaximal levels of force output. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1197-1207. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated potential sex differences in motor unit (MU) behaviour at maximal and submaximal force outputs. Forty-eight participants, 24 females and 24 males, performed isometric dorsiflexion contractions at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Tibialis anterior electromyography was recorded both by surface and intramuscular electrodes. Compared with males, females had a greater MU discharge rate (MUDR) averaged across all submaximal intensities (Δ 0.45 pps, 2.56%). Males exhibited greater increases in MUDR above 40% MVC, surpassing females at 100% MVC (p’s < 0.01). Averaged across all force outputs, females had a greater incidence of doublet and rapid discharges and a greater percentage of MU trains with doublet and rapid (5–10 ms) discharges (Δ 75.55% and 61.48%, respectively; p’s < 0.01). A subset of males (n = 8) and females (n = 8), matched for maximum force output, revealed that females had even greater MUDR (Δ 1.38 pps, 7.47%) and percentage of MU trains with doublet and rapid discharges (Δ 51.62%, 56.68%, respectively; p’s < 0.01) compared with males at each force output, including 100% MVC. Analysis of the subset of strength-matched males and females suggest that sex differences in MU behaviour may be a result of females needing to generate greater neural drive to achieve fused tetanus. Novelty Females had higher MUDRs and greater percentage of MU trains with doublets across submaximal force outputs (20%–80% MVC). Differences were even greater for a strength matched subset. Differences in motor unit behaviour may arise from musculoskeletal differences, requiring greater neural drive in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Greig Inglis
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David A. Gabriel
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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27
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Comfort P, Dos'Santos T, Jones PA, McMahon JJ, Suchomel TJ, Bazyler C, Stone MH. Normalization of Early Isometric Force Production as a Percentage of Peak Force During Multijoint Isometric Assessment. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:478-482. [PMID: 31600134 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the reliability of early force production (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ms) relative to peak force (PF) during an isometric mid-thigh pull and to assess the relationships between these variables. METHODS Male collegiate athletes (N = 29; age 21.1 [2.9] y, height 1.71 [0.07] m, body mass 71.3 [13.6] kg) performed isometric mid-thigh pulls during 2 separate testing sessions. Net PF and net force produced at each epoch were calculated. Within- and between-session reliabilities were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficient of variation percentages. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficient of determination were calculated to examine the relationships between PF and time-specific force production. RESULTS Net PF and time-specific force demonstrated very high to almost perfect reliability both within and between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients .82-.97; coefficient of variation percentages 0.35%-1.23%). Similarly, time-specific force expressed as a percentage of PF demonstrated very high to almost perfect reliability both within and between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients .76-.86; coefficient of variation percentages 0.32%-2.51%). Strong to nearly perfect relationships (r = .615-.881) exist between net PF and time-specific net force, with relationships improving over longer epochs. CONCLUSION Based on the smallest detectable difference, a change in force at 50 milliseconds expressed relative to PF > 10% and early force production (100, 150, 200, and 250 ms) expressed relative to PF of >2% should be considered meaningful. Expressing early force production as a percentage of PF is reliable and may provide greater insight into the adaptations to the previous training phase than PF alone.
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28
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Age- and Sex-Related Differences in the Maximum Muscle Performance and Rate of Force Development Scaling Factor of Precision Grip Muscles. Motor Control 2020; 24:274-290. [PMID: 31972538 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of age and sex on the rate of force development scaling factor (RFD-SF) and maximum performance (i.e., maximum grip force [GFMax] and maximum rate of grip force development [RGFDMax]) of precision handgrip muscles. Sixty-four subjects, allocated in four groups according to their age and sex, were asked to hold an instrumented handle with the tip of the digits and perform two tests: maximum voluntary contraction and RFD-SF tests. In the maximum voluntary contraction test, GFMax and RGFDMax were assessed. In the RFD-SF test, the subjects generated quick isometric force pulses to target amplitudes varying between 20% and 100% of their GFMax. The RFD-SF and R2 values were obtained from the linear relationship between the peak values of the force pulses and the corresponding peak values of the rate of force development. Younger adults and males produced higher GFMax and RGFDMax and presented higher R2 and RFD-SF than older adults and females, respectively. No correlations between GFMax and RFD-SF and between RGFDMax and RFD-SF were observed.
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29
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Jeras NMJ, Bovend'Eerdt TJH, McCrum C. Biomechanical mechanisms of jumping performance in youth elite female soccer players. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1335-1341. [PMID: 31575323 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1674526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine key biomechanical parameters explaining age-related jumping performance differences in youth elite female soccer players. Multiple biomechanical parameters from countermovement (CMJ) squat (SJ) and drop (DJ) jump testing of elite female soccer players (n = 60) within the same national training centre were analysed across ages 9-11y, 12-14y and 15-19y. Effects of age group and jump type on jump height were found, with the older jumping higher than the younger groups in all jumps (P < 0.05). For DJ, higher reactive strength index was found for older, compared to each younger group (P < 0.001). For CMJ and SJ, peak power was the most decisive characteristic, with significant differences between each group for absolute peak power (P < 0.0001) and body-weight-normalised peak power in CMJ (57 ± 7W/kg, 50 ± 7W/kg, 44.7 ± 5.5W/kg; P < 0.05) and between the older and each younger group in SJ (56.7 ± 7.1W/kg, 48.9 ± 7.1W/kg, 44.6 ± 6W/kg; P < 0.01). Age-related differences in jumping performance in youth elite female soccer players appear to be due to power production during standing jumps and by the ability to jump with shorter ground contact times during reactive jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M J Jeras
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ , Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Strength and Conditioning TeamNL, NOC*NSF , Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Thamar J H Bovend'Eerdt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher McCrum
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ , Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany
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30
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Lanza MB, Balshaw TG, Folland JP. Is the joint-angle specificity of isometric resistance training real? And if so, does it have a neural basis? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2465-2476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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El-Ashker S, Chaabene H, Prieske O, Abdelkafy A, Ahmed MA, Muaidi QI, Granacher U. Effects of Neuromuscular Fatigue on Eccentric Strength and Electromechanical Delay of the Knee Flexors: The Role of Training Status. Front Physiol 2019; 10:782. [PMID: 31293448 PMCID: PMC6606703 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects of fatiguing isometric contractions on maximal eccentric strength and electromechanical delay (EMD) of the knee flexors in healthy young adults of different training status. Methods: Seventy-five male participants (27.7 ± 5.0 years) were enrolled in this study and allocated to three experimental groups according to their training status: athletes (ATH, n = 25), physically active adults (ACT, n = 25), and sedentary participants (SED, n = 25). The fatigue protocol comprised intermittent isometric knee flexions (6-s contraction, 4-s rest) at 60% of the maximum voluntary contraction until failure. Pre- and post-fatigue, maximal eccentric knee flexor strength and EMDs of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles were assessed during maximal eccentric knee flexor actions at 60, 180, and 300°/s angular velocity. An analysis of covariance was computed with baseline (unfatigued) data included as a covariate. Results: Significant and large-sized main effects of group (p ≤ 0.017, 0.87 ≤ d ≤ 3.69) and/or angular velocity (p < 0.001, d = 1.81) were observed. Post hoc tests indicated that regardless of angular velocity, maximal eccentric knee flexor strength was lower and EMD was longer in SED compared with ATH and ACT (p ≤ 0.025, 0.76 ≤ d ≤ 1.82) and in ACT compared with ATH (p = ≤0.025, 0.76 ≤ d ≤ 1.82). Additionally, EMD at post-test was significantly longer at 300°/s compared with 60 and 180°/s (p < 0.001, 2.95 ≤ d ≤ 4.64) and at 180°/s compared with 60°/s (p < 0.001, d = 2.56), irrespective of training status. Conclusion: The main outcomes revealed significantly higher maximal eccentric strength and shorter eccentric EMDs of knee flexors in individuals with higher training status (i.e., athletes) following fatiguing exercises. Therefore, higher training status is associated with better neuromuscular functioning (i.e., strength, EMD) of the hamstring muscles in fatigued condition. Future longitudinal studies are needed to substantiate the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El-Ashker
- Self-Development Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ashraf Abdelkafy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ahmed
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Qassim I Muaidi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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32
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Debenham MIB, Power GA. The influence of preceding activity and muscle length on voluntary and electrically evoked contractions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:301-308. [PMID: 30189152 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Muscle length and preceding activity independently influence rate of torque development (RTD) and electromechanical delay (EMD), but it is unclear whether these parameters interact to optimize RTD and EMD. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of muscle length and preceding activity on RTD and EMD during voluntary and electrically stimulated (e-stim) contractions. Participants (n = 17, males, 24 ± 3 years) performed isometric knee extensions on a dynamometer. Explosive maximal contractions were performed at 2 knee angles (35° and 100° referenced to a 0° straight leg) without preceding activity (unloaded, UNL) and with preceding activities of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque. Absolute and normalized voluntary RTD were slowed with preceding activities ≥40% MVC for long muscle lengths and all preceding activities for short muscle lengths compared with UNL (p < 0.001). Absolute and normalized e-stim RTD were slower with preceding activities ≥40% MVC compared with UNL (p < 0.001) for both muscle lengths. Normalized RTD was faster at short muscle lengths than at long muscle lengths (p < 0.001) for e-stim (∼50%) and voluntary (∼32%) UNL contractions, but this effect was not present for absolute RTD. Muscle length did not affect EMD (p > 0.05). EMD was shorter at 80% MVC compared with UNL (∼35%; p < 0.001) for both muscle lengths during voluntary but not e-stim contractions. While RTD is limited by preceding activity at both muscle lengths, long muscle lengths require greater preceding activity to limit RTD than short muscle lengths, which indicates long muscle lengths may offer a "protective effect" for RTD against preceding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew I B Debenham
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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33
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Parsonage J, Secomb J, Dowse R, Ferrier B, Sheppard J, Nimphius S. The Assessment of Isometric, Dynamic, and Sports-Specific Upper-Body Strength in Male and Female Competitive Surfers. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020053. [PMID: 29910357 PMCID: PMC6026841 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in the dynamic strength index (DSI): an assessment of upper-body dynamic strength relative to maximal isometric strength. The secondary purpose was to investigate gender differences in the dynamic skill deficit (DSD): an assessment of sports-specific dynamic strength relative to maximal isometric strength, and its association with a sports-specific performance measure in surfers. Nine male (age = 30.3 ± 7.3 yrs) and eight female (age = 25.5 ± 5.2 yrs) surfers undertook three upper-body assessments: isometric push-up, dynamic push-up, and a force plate pop-up to determine the DSI and DSD. The performance measure of time taken to pop-up (TTP) was recorded. No gender differences for the DSI (d = 0.48, p = 0.33) or DSD (d = 0.69, p = 0.32) were observed. Normalized peak force (PF) of the isometric push-up, dynamic push-up, and force plate pop-up were significantly greater in males (p ≤ 0.05), with males recording significantly quicker TTP (d = 1.35, p < 0.05). The results suggest that male and female surfers apply a similar proportion of their maximal strength in sports-specific movements. However, greater normalized isometric and dynamic strength in males resulted in greater sports-specific PF application and a faster TTP. It would appear favorable that female surfers improve their maximal strength to facilitate sports-specific pop-up performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Parsonage
- Surfing Australia High Performance Centre, Casuarina Beach 2487, Australia.
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
| | - Josh Secomb
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan 4111, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Dowse
- Surfing Australia High Performance Centre, Casuarina Beach 2487, Australia.
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
| | - Brendon Ferrier
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jeremy Sheppard
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- Canadian Sports Institute-Pacific, Whistler VON 1BO, Canada.
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
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Osawa Y, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L. Knee extension rate of torque development and peak torque: associations with lower extremity function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:530-539. [PMID: 29569834 PMCID: PMC5989739 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With aging, the ability to generate muscle force decreases, contributing to declines in physical functions such as walking. While most studies assess muscle force by peak torque, the rate of torque development (RTD) reflects a dynamic component of muscle performance that is important for physical function. Using data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we assessed whether RTD adds significantly to peak torque in associations with lower extremity performance. If so, RTD may help identify weak older adults for screening and intervention. METHODS We assessed associations of RTD and peak torque with physical performance independent of demographics, BMI, body composition, and each other in 1089 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants (49.7% women; aged 26 to 96 years; women, 64.0 ± 13.8 years; men, 68.4 ± 14.4 years). Peak torque was assessed by isometric and 30 deg/s isokinetic knee extension tests. Peak RTD was operationalized as the maximum torque-time slope among successive 50 ms epochs over the first 3 s of a test of knee extension isometric strength, with the knee joint positioned at 120 deg of flexion. A battery of lower extremity performance tests included gait speed during a 6 m walk at usual and fast pace (6 m usual and fast), time to complete a 400 m walk at fast pace (400 m), distance covered in a 2.5 min walk at normal pace (2.5 min), time to complete 5 and 10 chair stands, and two summary tests of lower extremity performance. Sex-stratified generalized linear regression models were adjusted for age, race, BMI, appendicular lean mass, and whole body fat mass. RESULTS In men, independent of either measure of peak torque and cofactors, RTD was a significant (P < 0.05) predictor of all lower extremity performance tests except the 400 m and 2.5 min walks. In women, independent of peak torque, RTD was only a significant independent correlate of the 6 m fast walk (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS RTD independently contributes to physical functions in men but less in women. The mechanisms underlying the sex difference are unclear and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Osawa
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tillin NA, Pain MTG, Folland JP. Contraction speed and type influences rapid utilisation of available muscle force: neural and contractile mechanisms. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.193367. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.193367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of contraction speed and type on the human ability to rapidly increase torque and utilise the available maximum voluntary torque (MVT) as well as the neuromuscular mechanisms underpinning any effects. Fifteen young, healthy males completed explosive-voluntary knee-extensions in five conditions: isometric (ISO), and both concentric and eccentric at two constant accelerations of 500°.s−2 (CONSLOW and ECCSLOW) and 2000°.s−2 (CONFAST and ECCFAST). Explosive torque and quadriceps EMG were recorded every 25 ms up to 150 ms from their respective onsets and normalised to the available MVT and EMG at MVT, respectively, specific to that joint angle and velocity. Neural efficacy (explosive Voluntary:Evoked octet torque) was also measured, and torque data were entered into a Hill-type muscle model to estimate muscle performance. Explosive torques normalised to MVT (and normalised muscle forces) were greatest in the concentric, followed by isometric, and eccentric conditions; and in the fast compared with slow speeds within the same contraction type (CONFAST>CONSLOW>ISO, and ECCFAST>ECCSLOW). Normalised explosive-phase EMG and neural efficacy were greatest in concentric, followed by isometric and eccentric conditions, but were similar for fast and slow contractions of the same type. Thus, distinct neuromuscular activation appeared to explain the effect of contraction type but not speed on normalised explosive torque, suggesting the speed effect is an intrinsic contractile property. These results provide novel evidence that the ability to rapidly increase torque/force and utilise the available MVT is influenced by both contraction type and speed, due to neural and contractile mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale A. Tillin
- Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, London, UK
| | - Matthew T. G. Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Djordjevic D, Uygur M. Methodological considerations in the calculation of the rate of force development scaling factor. Physiol Meas 2017; 39:015001. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa9f51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rodríguez-Rosell D, Pareja-Blanco F, Aagaard P, González-Badillo JJ. Physiological and methodological aspects of rate of force development assessment in human skeletal muscle. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:743-762. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Stearns-Reider KM, Powers CM. Rate of Torque Development and Feedforward Control of the Hip and Knee Extensors: Gender Differences. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:321-329. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1363692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher M. Powers
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Chen W, Wang W, Li Z, Qian Y, Song J, Liu J, Cheng Y, Fan CY. Effect on muscle strength of the upper extremities after open elbow arthrolysis. JSES OPEN ACCESS 2017; 1:63-71. [PMID: 30675542 PMCID: PMC6340865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jses.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Open elbow arthrolysis manipulates tendons and soft tissues surrounding the elbow and may lead to strength decline after the operation. We hypothesized that strength of elbow and wrist motions and handgrip could be compromised after the procedure and that the strength recovery pattern may differ between men and women and between the dominant and nondominant side. Methods This was a prospective cohort study. We monitored 32 patients with post-traumatic elbow stiffness who underwent open arthrolysis between June 2014 and December 2014. All patients underwent standardized postoperative physical therapy. Preoperative and postoperative isometric strength were measured by a handheld dynamometer. Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) and arc of motion (AOM) were also analyzed. Results Mean follow-up was 26.13 months. Significant improvement was noticed in mean AOM (from 46° to 127°) and MEPS (from 67.97 to 96.86). No significant decline was noted in isometric strength at the last follow-up day. The strength ratios between men and women showed no significant difference from postoperative day 7 to the last follow-up day. At all follow-up assessments, isometric strength showed no significant difference between the dominant and nondominant side. Conclusions AOM and MEPS achieved significant enhancement after open elbow arthrolysis. The procedure did not lead to isometric strength decline. Postoperative gain of strength was proportional to the baseline strength level of each muscle group, and men had a more prominent gain of strength than women during the entire follow-up. Dominance had no effect on postoperative strength recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Branch, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazhi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-yi Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Branch, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author: Cun-yi Fan, MD, PhD, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China. (C.-y. Fan).
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Van Hooren B, Bosch F, Meijer K. Can Resistance Training Enhance the Rapid Force Development in Unloaded Dynamic Isoinertial Multi-Joint Movements? A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2324-2337. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jones RL, Barnett CT, Davidson J, Maritza B, Fraser WD, Harris R, Sale C. β-alanine supplementation improves in-vivo fresh and fatigued skeletal muscle relaxation speed. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:867-879. [PMID: 28349262 PMCID: PMC5388709 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In fresh muscle, supplementation with the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine, β-alanine (BA), results in a decline in muscle half-relaxation time (HRT) potentially via alterations to calcium (Ca2+) handling. Accumulation of hydrogen cation (H+) has been shown to impact Ca2+ signalling during muscular contraction, carnosine has the potential to serve as a cytoplasmic regulator of Ca2+ and H+ coupling, since it binds to both ions. The present study examined the effect of BA supplementation on intrinsic in-vivo isometric knee extensor force production and muscle contractility in both fresh and fatigued human skeletal muscle assessed during voluntary and electrically evoked (nerve and superficial muscle stimulation) contractions. Methods Twenty-three males completed two experimental sessions, pre- and post- 28 day supplementation with 6.4 g.day−1 of BA (n = 12) or placebo (PLA; n = 11). Isometric force was recorded during a series of voluntary and electrically evoked knee extensor contractions. Results BA supplementation had no effect on voluntary or electrically evoked isometric force production, or twitch electromechanical delay and time-to-peak tension. There was a significant decline in muscle HRT in fresh and fatigued muscle conditions during both resting (3 ± 13%; 19 ± 26%) and potentiated (1 ± 15%; 2 ± 20%) twitch contractions. Conclusions The mechanism for reduced HRT in fresh and fatigued skeletal muscle following BA supplementation is unclear. Due to the importance of muscle relaxation on total energy consumption, especially during short, repeated contractions, BA supplementation may prove to be beneficial in minimising contractile slowing induced by fatigue. Trial registration The trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, ID number NCT02819505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Louise Jones
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Erasmus Darwin Building, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Cleveland Thomas Barnett
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Erasmus Darwin Building, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Joel Davidson
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Erasmus Darwin Building, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Billy Maritza
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Erasmus Darwin Building, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - William D Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | | | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Erasmus Darwin Building, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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Laird RH, Elmer DJ, Barberio MD, Salom LP, Lee KA, Pascoe DD. Evaluation of Performance Improvements After Either Resistance Training or Sprint Interval-Based Concurrent Training. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3057-3065. [PMID: 26950345 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Laird IV, RH, Elmer, DJ, Barberio, MD, Salom, LP, Lee, KA, and Pascoe, DD. Evaluation of performance improvements after either resistance training or sprint interval-based concurrent training. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3057-3065, 2016-The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of concurrent sprint interval and resistance training (CST) vs. resistance training (RT) on measures of strength, power, and aerobic fitness in recreationally active women. Twenty-eight women (20.3 ± 1.7 years; 63.0 ± 9.1; 51.1 ± 7.1 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat (kg); V[Combining Dot Above]O2max: 35.4 ± 4.1 ml·kg·min) were recruited to complete an 11-week training program. Participants were matched-pair assigned to CST or RT cohorts after preliminary testing, which consisted of 1-RM back squats, maximal isometric squats, anaerobic power evaluations, and maximal oxygen consumption. All subjects trained 3 days per week with sprint-interval training occurring at least 4 hours after RT in the CST cohort. Both CST and RT resulted in significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in the 1-RM back squat (37.5 ± 7.8; 40.0 ± 9.6 kg), maximal isometric force (55.7 ± 51.3; 53.7 ± 36.7 kg), average peak anaerobic power testing (7.4 ± 6.2; 7.6 ± 6.4%), and zero-incline treadmill velocity, resulting in maximal oxygen consumption (1.8 ± 0.6; 0.8 ± 0.6 km·h). Only zero-incline treadmill velocity demonstrated a group-by-time interaction with a greater improvement after CST (p < 0.01). Rate of force development was not altered in either group. Results provide no evidence of interference to the adaptive process by CST. Coaches desiring improvements in strength, power, and endurance may want to evaluate how spring and high-intensity interval training might supplement programs already in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Laird
- 1Department of Exercise Science & Physical Education, McDaniel College, Westminster, Maryland; 2Department of Kinesiology, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia; 3Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; and 4School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Ema R, Saito M, Ohki S, Takayama H, Yamada Y, Akagi R. Association between rapid force production by the plantar flexors and balance performance in elderly men and women. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:475-483. [PMID: 27581165 PMCID: PMC5266226 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plantar flexion strength and balance ability are considered to be crucial for avoiding falls. However, no clear relationship has been established between these two factors in elderly population. This study aimed to examine the association between plantar flexion strength and balance performance in elderly men and women. Forty-three men and 35 women aged over 65 years performed isometric plantar flexion as fast and hard as possible. From the time-torque curve, the rate of torque development in time intervals of 30, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms from the onset of contraction was determined and normalized to peak torque. In addition, the center of pressure displacement during single-leg standing was calculated and normalized to height. When the data were collapsed over sexes, the normalized rate of torque development was negatively correlated with the normalized center of pressure displacement, except for the time interval of 200 ms. By sex, regardless of the time interval, there was a negative correlation between the normalized rate of torque development and the normalized center of pressure displacement in the elderly men but not in the elderly women. No correlation was seen between the peak torque and normalized center of pressure displacement in either pooled or separated data. The findings suggest that the capability of rapid force production rather than maximal force production of the plantar flexion is important for balance ability in elderly men, but this capability may not be relevant in elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Megumi Saito
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohki
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takayama
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan.
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Inglis JG, McIntosh K, Gabriel DA. Neural, biomechanical, and physiological factors involved in sex-related differences in the maximal rate of isometric torque development. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 117:17-26. [PMID: 27815705 PMCID: PMC5306324 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Recent research has reported that lower maximal rate of torque development (dτ/dtmax) exhibited by females, relative to males, during knee extension can be accounted for by normalization to a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC); however, this was not seen in the upper limb. Purpose The aim of the current work was to examine the contribution of maximum strength (τmax), twitch contraction time (CT), muscle fiber condition velocity (MFCV), and rate of muscle activation (Q30) to sex-differences in the dτ/dtmax during maximal isometric dorsiflexion. Methods Thirty-eight participants (20 males; 18 females) performed both maximal voluntary and evoked isometric contractions of the tibialis anterior across 3 days. Ten maximal compound muscle action potentials were elicited and subsequently followed by three, 5-s contractions. From the recordings, MFCV, dτ/dtmax, τmax, CT, electromechanical delay (EMD), root-mean squared (RMS) amplitude, peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp), and Q30 were calculated. Results An ANCOVA showed that τmax accounted for all the sex-differences in dτ/dtmax (p = 0.96). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to MFCV, RMS amplitude, Vpp amplitude, or CT. However, there was a significant sex-difference in dτ/dtmax, τmax, and Q30. Females had longer evoked EMD times compared with males (15.69 ± 10.57 ms versus 9.95 ± 3.46 ms; p = 0.01), but the voluntary EMD times were not different. Conclusion The current research supports the work by Hannah et al. Exp Physiol 97:618–629, (2012) that normalization to MVC in the quadriceps is able to account for all sex-differences in rate of toque development in the lower limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Greig Inglis
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Kyle McIntosh
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David A Gabriel
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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Rice PE, Goodman CL, Capps CR, Triplett NT, Erickson TM, McBride JM. Force- and power-time curve comparison during jumping between strength-matched male and female basketball players. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:286-293. [PMID: 27691454 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1236840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare force- and power-time curve variables during jumping between Division I strength-matched male and female basketball athletes. Males (n = 8) and females (n = 8) were strength matched by testing a one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat. 1RM back squat values were normalised to body mass in order to demonstrate that strength differences were a function of body mass alone. Subjects performed three countermovement jumps (CMJ) at maximal effort. Absolute and relative force- and power-time curve variables from the CMJs were analysed between males and females. Average force- and power-time curves were generated for all subjects. Jump height was significantly greater (p ≤ .05) in males than females. Absolute force was higher in males during the concentric phase, but not significantly different (p ≥ .05) when normalised to body mass. Significance was found in absolute concentric impulse between sexes, but not when analysed relative to body mass. Rate of force development, rate of power development, relative peak force, and work were not significantly different between sexes. Males had significantly greater impulse during the eccentric phase as well as peak power (PP) during the concentric phase of the CMJ than did females in both absolute and relative terms. It is concluded that sex differences are not a determining factor in measured force during a CMJ when normalised to body mass between strength-matched subjects. However, eccentric phase impulse and concentric phase PP appear to be influenced by sex differences independent of matching strength levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Rice
- a Neuromuscular & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Leisure & Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC 28607 , USA
| | - Courtney L Goodman
- a Neuromuscular & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Leisure & Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC 28607 , USA
| | - Christopher R Capps
- a Neuromuscular & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Leisure & Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC 28607 , USA
| | - N Travis Triplett
- a Neuromuscular & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Leisure & Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC 28607 , USA
| | - Travis M Erickson
- a Neuromuscular & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Leisure & Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC 28607 , USA
| | - Jeffrey M McBride
- a Neuromuscular & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Leisure & Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC 28607 , USA
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Wang D, De Vito G, Ditroilo M, Delahunt E. Effect of sex and fatigue on muscle stiffness and musculoarticular stiffness of the knee joint in a young active population. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1582-1591. [PMID: 27590889 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1225973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dirnberger J, Wiesinger HP, Wiemer N, Kösters A, Müller E. Explosive Strength of the Knee Extensors: The Influence of Criterion Trial Detection Methodology on Measurement Reproducibility. J Hum Kinet 2016; 50:15-25. [PMID: 28149337 PMCID: PMC5260635 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess test-retest reproducibility of explosive strength measurements during single-joint isometric knee extension using the IsoMed 2000 dynamometer. Thirty-one physically active male subjects (mean age: 23.7 years) were measured on two occasions separated by 48–72 h. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2,1) and the coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for (i) maximum torque (MVC), (ii) the peak rate of torque development (RTDpeak) as well as for (iii) the average rate of torque development (RTD) and the impulse taken at several predefined time intervals (0–30 to 0–300 ms); thereby explosive strength variables were derived in two conceptually different versions: on the one hand from the MVC-trial (version I), on the other hand from the trial showing the RTDpeak (version II). High ICC-values (0.80–0.99) and acceptable CV-values (1.9–8.7%) could be found for MVC as well as for the RTD and the impulse taken at time intervals of ≥100 ms, regardless of whether version I or II was used. In contrast, measurements of the RTDpeak as well as the RTD and the impulse taken during the very early contraction phase (i.e. RTD/impulse0–30ms and RTD/impulse0–50ms) showed clearly weaker reproducibility results (ICC: 0.53–0.84; CV: 7.3–16.4%) and gave rise to considerable doubts as to clinical usefulness, especially when derived using version I. However, if there is a need to measure explosive strength for earlier time intervals in practice, it is, in view of stronger reproducibility results, recommended to concentrate on measures derived from version II, which is based on the RTDpeak-trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dirnberger
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Nicolas Wiemer
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Kösters
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Austria
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Maffiuletti NA, Aagaard P, Blazevich AJ, Folland J, Tillin N, Duchateau J. Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1091-116. [PMID: 26941023 PMCID: PMC4875063 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of rate of force development during rapid contractions has recently become quite popular for characterising explosive strength of athletes, elderly individuals and patients. The main aims of this narrative review are to describe the neuromuscular determinants of rate of force development and to discuss various methodological considerations inherent to its evaluation for research and clinical purposes. Rate of force development (1) seems to be mainly determined by the capacity to produce maximal voluntary activation in the early phase of an explosive contraction (first 50–75 ms), particularly as a result of increased motor unit discharge rate; (2) can be improved by both explosive-type and heavy-resistance strength training in different subject populations, mainly through an improvement in rapid muscle activation; (3) is quite difficult to evaluate in a valid and reliable way. Therefore, we provide evidence-based practical recommendations for rational quantification of rate of force development in both laboratory and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Maffiuletti
- Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Lengghalde 6, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jonathan Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Neale Tillin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Jacques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Gentil P, Steele J, Pereira MC, Castanheira RPM, Paoli A, Bottaro M. Comparison of upper body strength gains between men and women after 10 weeks of resistance training. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1627. [PMID: 26893958 PMCID: PMC4756754 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) offers benefits to both men and women. However, the studies about the differences between men and women in response to an RT program are not conclusive and few data are available about upper body strength response. The aim of this study was to compare elbow flexor strength gains in men and women after 10 weeks of RT. Forty-four college-aged men (22.63 ± 2.34 years) and forty-seven college-aged women (21.62 ± 2.96 years) participated in the study. The RT program was performed two days a week for 10 weeks. Before and after the training period, peak torque (PT) of the elbow flexors was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. PT values were higher in men in comparison to women in pre- and post-tests (p < 0.01). Both males and females significantly increased elbow flexor strength (p < 0.05); however, strength changes did not differ between genders after 10 weeks of RT program (11.61 and 11.76% for men and women, respectively; p > 0.05). Effect sizes were 0.57 and 0.56 for men and women, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests that men and women have a similar upper body strength response to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, University of Goias , Goiania , Brazil
| | - James Steele
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University , Southampton , United Kingdom
| | - Maria C Pereira
- College of Physical Education and Dance, University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil; College of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
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Jordan MJ, Aagaard P, Herzog W. Rapid hamstrings/quadriceps strength in ACL-reconstructed elite Alpine ski racers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:109-19. [PMID: 24824771 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because of the importance of hamstrings (HAM) and quadriceps (QUAD) strength for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention and the high incidence of ACL injury in ski racing, HAM and QUAD maximal and explosive strength were assessed in ski racers with and without ACL reconstruction (ACL-R). METHODS Uninjured (n = 13 males, n = 8 females) and ACL-R (n = 3 males, n = 5 females, 25.0 ± 11.3 months after operation) elite ski racers performed maximal voluntary isometric HAM and QUAD contractions to obtain maximal torque (MVC) and rate of torque development (RTD) at 0-50, 0-100, 0-150, and 0-200 ms. MVC and RTD (per kilogram body mass) were calculated for the uninjured group to compare between sexes and to compare the control group with the ACL-R limb and unaffected limb of the ACL-R skiers. HAM/QUAD MVC and RTD strength ratios (H/Q ratios) were also compared. RESULTS The ACL-R limb demonstrated significant HAM and QUAD deficits compared with the contralateral limb for MVC and late-phase RTD (P < 0.05). Uninjured male skiers also displayed a limb difference for HAM MVC and RTD at 150 ms (P < 0.05). QUAD MVC and RTD deficits were observed in the affected limb of ACL-R skiers, which led to an inflated H/Q ratio (50 ms) compared with that in uninjured controls (P < 0.05). Compared with male skiers, females displayed greater relative HAM RTD (50 ms) and an elevated H/Q RTD ratio (50 ms), suggesting enhanced ACL protection (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Because of the strength demands of ski racing, our results suggest the importance of including HAM and QUAD strength assessments in the physical evaluation of uninjured skiers. Furthermore, HAM and QUAD strength should be assessed over a long-term period after surgery to identify chronic strength deficits in ACL-R ski racers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Jordan
- 1Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA; and 2Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK
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