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Fuenzalida B, Yañez MJ, Mueller M, Mistry HD, Leiva A, Albrecht C. Evidence for hypoxia-induced dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis in preeclampsia: Insights into the mechanisms from human placental cells and tissues. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23431. [PMID: 38265294 PMCID: PMC10953329 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301708rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) poses a considerable risk to the long-term cardiovascular health of both mothers and their offspring due to a hypoxic environment in the placenta leading to reduced fetal oxygen supply. Cholesterol is vital for fetal development by influencing placental function. Recent findings suggest an association between hypoxia, disturbed cholesterol homeostasis, and PE. This study investigates the influence of hypoxia on placental cholesterol homeostasis. Using primary human trophoblast cells and placentae from women with PE, various aspects of cholesterol homeostasis were examined under hypoxic and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) conditions. Under hypoxia and H/R, intracellular total and non-esterified cholesterol levels were significantly increased. This coincided with an upregulation of HMG-CoA-reductase and HMG-CoA-synthase (key genes regulating cholesterol biosynthesis), and a decrease in acetyl-CoA-acetyltransferase-1 (ACAT1), which mediates cholesterol esterification. Hypoxia and H/R also increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and elevated the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α and sterol-regulatory-element-binding-protein (SREBP) transcription factors. Additionally, exposure of trophoblasts to hypoxia and H/R resulted in enhanced cholesterol efflux to maternal and fetal serum. This was accompanied by an increased expression of proteins involved in cholesterol transport such as the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and the ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1). Despite these metabolic alterations, mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) signaling, a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, was largely unaffected. Our findings indicate dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis at multiple metabolic points in both the trophoblast hypoxia model and placentae from women with PE. The increased cholesterol efflux and intracellular accumulation of non-esterified cholesterol may have critical implications for both the mother and the fetus during pregnancy, potentially contributing to an elevated cardiovascular risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fuenzalida
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Maria Jose Yañez
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and ScienceUniversidad San SebastiánSantiagoChile
| | - Martin Mueller
- Division of Gynecology and ObstetricsLindenhofgruppeBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Hiten D. Mistry
- Department of Women and Children's HealthSchool of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrea Leiva
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and ScienceUniversidad San SebastiánSantiagoChile
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCureUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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2
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Poasakate A, Ruvira-Hernando S, Gutierrez-Arzapalo PY, Böger R, Hannemann J, Lüneburg N, Arribas SM. Vascular nitrosative stress in hypertension induced by fetal undernutrition in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:555-568. [PMID: 36821073 PMCID: PMC10338582 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Fetal undernutrition predisposes to hypertension development. Since nitric oxide (NO) is a key factor in blood pressure control, we aimed to investigate the role of NO alterations in hypertension induced by fetal undernutrition in rats. Male and female offspring from dams exposed to undernutrition during the second half of gestation (MUN) were studied at 21 days (normotensive) and 6 months of age (hypertension developed only in males). In aorta, we analyzed total and phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS, p-eNOS), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), and Nrf2 (Western blot). In plasma we assessed L-arginine, asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, SDMA; LC-MS/MS), nitrates (NOx, Griess reaction), carbonyl groups, and lipid peroxidation (spectrophotometry). In iliac arteries, we studied superoxide anion production (DHE staining, confocal microscopy) and vasodilatation to acetylcholine (isometric tension). Twenty-one-day-old MUN offspring did not show alterations in vascular e-NOS or 3NT expression, plasma L-Arg/ADMA ratio, or NOx. Compared to control group, 6-month-old MUN rats showed increased aortic expression of p-eNOS/eNOS and 3-NT, being Nrf2 expression lower, elevated plasma L-arginine/ADMA, NOx and carbonyl levels, increased iliac artery DHE staining and reduced acetylcholine-mediated relaxations. These alterations in MUN rats were sex-dependent, affecting males. However, females showed some signs of endothelial dysfunction. We conclude that increased NO production in the context of a pro-oxidative environment, leads to vascular nitrosative damage and dysfunction, which can participate in hypertension development in MUN males. Females show a better adaptation, but signs of endothelial dysfunction, which can explain hypertension in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) multidisciplinary research group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anuson Poasakate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Santiago Ruvira-Hernando
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) multidisciplinary research group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- PhD student at Pharmacology and Physiology PhD Program, Doctorate School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Perla Y Gutierrez-Arzapalo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Present address: Centro de Investigación y Docencia en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDOCS), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Rainer Böger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Hannemann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Lüneburg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvia M Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) multidisciplinary research group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Costa TJ, De Oliveira JC, Giachini FR, Lima VV, Tostes RC, Bomfim GF. Programming of Vascular Dysfunction by Maternal Stress: Immune System Implications. Front Physiol 2022; 13:787617. [PMID: 35360231 PMCID: PMC8961444 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.787617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence highlights that several insults during pregnancy impact the vascular function and immune response of the male and female offspring. Overactivation of the immune system negatively influences cardiovascular function and contributes to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we propose that modulation of the immune system is a potential link between prenatal stress and offspring vascular dysfunction. Glucocorticoids are key mediators of stress and modulate the inflammatory response. The potential mechanisms whereby prenatal stress negatively impacts vascular function in the offspring, including poor hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulation of inflammatory response, activation of Th17 cells, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system hyperactivation, reactive oxygen species imbalance, generation of neoantigens and TLR4 activation, are discussed. Alterations in the immune system by maternal stress during pregnancy have broad relevance for vascular dysfunction and immune-mediated diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J. Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cezar De Oliveira
- Health Education Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Health Education Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Gisele Facholi Bomfim
- Health Education Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Gisele Facholi Bomfim,
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Prenatal Hypoxia Affects Foetal Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms in a Sex- and Circadian-Dependent Manner: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052885. [PMID: 35270026 PMCID: PMC8910900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxia during the prenatal period can interfere with the developmental trajectory and lead to developing hypertension in adulthood. Prenatal hypoxia is often associated with intrauterine growth restriction that interferes with metabolism and can lead to multilevel changes. Therefore, we analysed the effects of prenatal hypoxia predominantly not associated with intrauterine growth restriction using publications up to September 2021. We focused on: (1) The response of cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms, such as the chemoreflex, adenosine, nitric oxide, and angiotensin II on prenatal hypoxia. (2) The role of the placenta in causing and attenuating the effects of hypoxia. (3) Environmental conditions and the mother's health contribution to the development of prenatal hypoxia. (4) The sex-dependent effects of prenatal hypoxia on cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms and the connection between hypoxia-inducible factors and circadian variability. We identified that the possible relationship between the effects of prenatal hypoxia on the cardiovascular regulatory mechanism may vary depending on circadian variability and phase of the days. In summary, even short-term prenatal hypoxia significantly affects cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms and programs hypertension in adulthood, while prenatal programming effects are not only dependent on the critical period, and sensitivity can change within circadian oscillations.
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Rudloff S, Bileck A, Janker L, Wanner N, Liaukouskaya N, Lundby C, Huber TB, Gerner C, Huynh-Do U. Dichotomous responses to chronic fetal hypoxia lead to a predetermined aging phenotype. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 21:100190. [PMID: 34958949 PMCID: PMC8808178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced intrauterine growth restriction increases the risk for cardiovascular, renal and other chronic diseases in adults, representing thus a major public health problem. Still, not much is known about the fetal mechanisms that predispose these individuals to disease. Using a previously validated mouse model of fetal hypoxia and bottom-up proteomics we characterize the response of the fetal kidney to chronic hypoxic stress. Fetal kidneys exhibit a dichotomous response to chronic hypoxia, comprising on the one hand cellular adaptations that promote survival (glycolysis, autophagy, and reduced DNA and protein synthesis), but on the other processes that induce a senescence-like phenotype (infiltration of inflammatory cells, DNA damage, and reduced proliferation). Importantly, chronic hypoxia also reduces the expression of the anti-aging proteins klotho and Sirt6, a mechanism that is evolutionary conserved between mice and humans. Taken together, we uncover that predetermined aging during fetal development is a key event in chronic hypoxia, establishing a solid foundation for Barker's hypothesis of fetal programming of adult diseases. This phenotype is associated with a characteristic biomarker profile in tissue and serum samples, exploitable for detecting and targeting accelerated aging in chronic hypoxic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rudloff
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern and University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Janker
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Wanner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, III. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nastassia Liaukouskaya
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, III. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet Section 7641, Ole Maaloesvej 24, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, NO-2624 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Tobias B Huber
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, III. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Uyen Huynh-Do
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern and University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Heart disease remains one of the greatest killers. In addition to genetics and traditional lifestyle risk factors, we now understand that adverse conditions during pregnancy can also increase susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in the offspring. Therefore, the mechanisms by which this occurs and possible preventative therapies are of significant contemporary interest to the cardiovascular community. A common suboptimal pregnancy condition is a sustained reduction in fetal oxygenation. Chronic fetal hypoxia results from any pregnancy with increased placental vascular resistance, such as in preeclampsia, placental infection, or maternal obesity. Chronic fetal hypoxia may also arise during pregnancy at high altitude or because of maternal respiratory disease. This article reviews the short- and long-term effects of hypoxia on the fetal cardiovascular system, and the importance of chronic fetal hypoxia in triggering a developmental origin of future heart disease in the adult progeny. The work summarizes evidence derived from human studies as well as from rodent, avian, and ovine models. There is a focus on the discovery of the molecular link between prenatal hypoxia, oxidative stress, and increased cardiovascular risk in adult offspring. Discussion of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant therapy offers potential targets for clinical intervention in human pregnancy complicated by chronic fetal hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience; The Barcroft Centre; Cambridge Cardiovascular British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence; and Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, University of Cambridge, UK
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7
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Rudloff S, Janot M, Rodriguez S, Dessalle K, Jahnen-Dechent W, Huynh-Do U. Fetuin-A is a HIF target that safeguards tissue integrity during hypoxic stress. Nat Commun 2021; 12:549. [PMID: 33483479 PMCID: PMC7822914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with reduced kidney size at birth, accelerated renal function decline, and increased risk for chronic kidney and cardiovascular diseases in adults. Precise mechanisms underlying fetal programming of adult diseases remain largely elusive and warrant extensive investigation. Setting up a mouse model of hypoxia-induced IUGR, fetal adaptations at mRNA, protein and cellular levels, and their long-term functional consequences are characterized, using the kidney as a readout. Here, we identify fetuin-A as an evolutionary conserved HIF target gene, and further investigate its role using fetuin-A KO animals and an adult model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Beyond its role as systemic calcification inhibitor, fetuin-A emerges as a multifaceted protective factor that locally counteracts calcification, modulates macrophage polarization, and attenuates inflammation and fibrosis, thus preserving kidney function. Our study paves the way to therapeutic approaches mitigating mineral stress-induced inflammation and damage, principally applicable to all soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rudloff
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Janot
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Rodriguez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Onco-haematology, Geneva Medical University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Dessalle
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uyen Huynh-Do
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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8
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PIEŠOVÁ M, KOPRDOVÁ R, UJHÁZY E, KRŠKOVÁ L, OLEXOVÁ L, MOROVÁ M, SENKO T, MACH M. Impact of Prenatal Hypoxia on the Development and Behavior of the Rat Offspring. Physiol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy development of the fetus depends on the exact course of pregnancy and delivery. Therefore, prenatal hypoxia remains between the greatest threats to the developing fetus. Our study aimed to assess the impact of prenatal hypoxia on postnatal development and behavior of the rats, whose mothers were exposed to hypoxia (10.5 % O2) during a critical period of brain development on GD20 for 12 h. This prenatal insult resulted in a delay of sensorimotor development of hypoxic pups compared to the control group. Hypoxic pups also had lowered postnatal weight which in males persisted up to adulthood. In adulthood, hypoxic males showed anxiety-like behavior in the OF, higher sucrose preference, and lower levels of grimace scale (reflecting the degree of negative emotions) in the immobilization chamber compared to the control group. Moreover, hypoxic animals showed hyperactivity in EPM and LD tests, and hypoxic females had reduced sociability compared to the control group. In conclusion, our results indicate a possible relationship between prenatal hypoxia and changes in sociability, activity, and impaired emotion regulation in ADHD, ASD, or anxiety disorders. The fact that changes in observed parameters are manifested mostly in males confirms that male sex is more sensitive to prenatal insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M PIEŠOVÁ
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - R KOPRDOVÁ
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - E UJHÁZY
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L KRŠKOVÁ
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L OLEXOVÁ
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - M MOROVÁ
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - T SENKO
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - M MACH
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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9
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Gonçalves GD, Walton SL, Gazzard SE, van der Wolde J, Mathias PCF, Moritz KM, Cullen-McEwen LA, Bertram JF. Maternal hypoxia developmentally programs low podocyte endowment in male, but not female offspring. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2668-2678. [PMID: 31984678 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fetal hypoxia is a common complication of pregnancy. We have previously reported that maternal hypoxia in late gestation in mice gives rise to male offspring with reduced nephron number, while females have normal nephron number. Male offspring later develop proteinuria and renal pathology, including glomerular pathology, whereas female offspring are unaffected. Given the central role of podocyte depletion in glomerular and renal pathology, we examined whether maternal hypoxia resulted in low podocyte endowment in offspring. Pregnant CD1 mice were allocated at embryonic day 14.5 to normoxic (21% oxygen) or hypoxic (12% oxygen) conditions. At postnatal day 21, kidneys from mice were immersion fixed, and one mid-hilar slice per kidney was immunostained with antibodies directed against p57 and synaptopodin for podocyte identification. Slices were cleared and imaged with a multiphoton microscope for podometric analysis. Male hypoxic offspring had significantly lower birth weight, nephron number, and podocyte endowment than normoxic male offspring (podocyte number; normoxic 62.86 ± 2.26 podocytes per glomerulus, hypoxic 53.38 ± 2.25; p < .01, mean ± SEM). In contrast, hypoxic female offspring had low birth weight but their nephron and podocyte endowment was the same as normoxic female offspring (podocyte number; normoxic 62.38 ± 1.86 podocytes per glomerulus, hypoxic 61.81 ± 1.80; p = .88). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of developmentally programmed low podocyte endowment. Given the well-known association between podocyte depletion in adulthood and glomerular pathology, we postulate that podocyte endowment may place offspring at risk of renal disease in adulthood, and explain the greater vulnerability of male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica D Gonçalves
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biological Science Program, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Sarah L Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, and Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah E Gazzard
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James van der Wolde
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paulo C F Mathias
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luise A Cullen-McEwen
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Zhang W, Feng X, Zhang Y, Sun M, Li L, Gao Q, Tang J, Zhang P, Lv J, Zhou X, Xu Z. Prenatal hypoxia inhibited propionate-evoked BK channels of mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells in offspring. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3192-3202. [PMID: 31975557 PMCID: PMC7077603 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common complication of pregnancy, gestational hypoxia has been shown to predispose offspring to vascular dysfunction. Propionate, one of short‐chain fatty acids, exerts cardioprotective effects via reducing blood pressure. This study examined whether prenatal hypoxia impaired propionate‐stimulated large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channel activities in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed to hypoxia (10.5% oxygen) and normoxia (21% oxygen) from gestational day 7‐21. At 6 weeks of age, VSMCs in mesenteric arteries of offspring were analysed for BK channel functions and gene expressions. It was shown firstly that propionate could open significantly BK single channel in VSMCs in a concentration‐dependent manner. Antagonists of G protein βγ subunits and inositol trisphosphate receptor could completely suppress the activation of BK by propionate, respectively. Gαi/o and ryanodine receptor were found to participate in the stimulation on BK. Compared to the control, vasodilation and increments of BK NPo (the open probability) evoked by propionate were weakened in the offspring by prenatal hypoxia with down‐regulated Gβγ and PLCβ. It was indicated that prenatal hypoxia inhibited propionate‐stimulated BK activities in mesenteric VSMCs of offspring via reducing expressions of Gβγ and PLCβ, in which endoplasmic reticulum calcium release might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Feng
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pengjie Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juanxiu Lv
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Badran M, Yassin BA, Lin DTS, Kobor MS, Ayas N, Laher I. Gestational intermittent hypoxia induces endothelial dysfunction, reduces perivascular adiponectin and causes epigenetic changes in adult male offspring. J Physiol 2019; 597:5349-5364. [PMID: 31441069 DOI: 10.1113/jp277936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterized by intermittent hypoxia, which causes oxidative stress and inflammation and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. OSA during pregnancy causes adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The effects of pre-existing OSA in pregnant women on cardiometabolic outcomes in the offspring are unknown. We evaluated basic metabolic parameters, as well as aortic vascular and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) function in response to adiponectin, and examined DNA methylation of adiponectin gene promoter in PVAT in 16-week-old adult offspring exposed to gestational intermittent hypoxia (GIH). GIH decreased body weights at week 1 in both male and female offspring, and caused subsequent increases in body weight and food consumption in male offspring only. Adult female offspring had normal levels of lipids, glucose and insulin, with no endothelial dysfunction. Adult male offspring exhibited dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and hyperleptinaemia. Decreased endothelial-dependent vasodilatation, loss of anti-contractile activity of PVAT and low circulating PVAT adiponectin levels, as well as increased pro-inflammatory gene expression and DNA methylation of adiponectin gene promoter, occurred in adult male offspring. Our results suggest that male offspring of women with OSA could be at risk of developing cardiometabolic disease during adulthood. ABSTRACT Perturbations during pregnancy can program the offspring to develop cardiometabolic diseases later in life. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a chronic condition that frequently affects pregnancies and leads to adverse fetal outcomes. We assessed the offspring of female mice experiencing gestational intermittent hypoxia (GIH), a hallmark of OSA, for changes in metabolic profiles, aortic nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxations, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) anti-contractile activities and the responses to adiponectin, and DNA methylation of the adiponectin gene promoter in PVAT tissue. Pregnant mouse dams were exposed to intermittent hypoxic cycles ( F I O 2 21-12%) for 18 days. GIH resulted in lower body weights of pups at week 1, followed by significant weight gain by week 16 of age in male but not female offspring. Plasma lipids, leptin and insulin resistance were higher in GIH male adult offspring. Endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ACh and the anti-contractile activity of PVAT in the abdominal aorta was reduced in GIH adult male offspring. Incubation of arteries from GIH adult male offspring with adiponectin restored the anti-contractile activity of PVAT. Both circulating and PVAT tissue homogenate levels of adiponectin, as well as gene expression of adiponectin in PVAT, were lower in GIH male offspring, along with an increased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. Pyrosequencing of adiponectin gene promoter in PVAT showed increased DNA methylation in GIH male offspring. Our results indicate that GIH leads to vascular disease in adult male offspring through PVAT dysfunction, which was associated with low adiponectin levels and epigenetic modifications on the adiponectin gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bisher Abu Yassin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Tse Shen Lin
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Najib Ayas
- Divisions of Critical Care and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Sleep Disorders Program, UBC Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Providence Healthcare, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Woodman AG, Noble RMN, Panahi S, Gragasin FS, Bourque SL. Perinatal iron deficiency combined with a high salt diet in adulthood causes sex-dependent vascular dysfunction in rats. J Physiol 2019; 597:4715-4728. [PMID: 31368136 DOI: 10.1113/jp278223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Perinatal iron deficiency causes changes in offspring mesenteric artery function in adulthood, particularly in males, which can be exacerbated by chronic intake of a high salt diet. Perinatal iron deficient male offspring exhibit enhanced conversion of big endothelin-1 to active endothelin-1, coinciding with decreased nitric oxide levels. Perinatal iron deficient male offspring have reduced nitric oxide-mediated endothelial-dependent vasodilatation coincident with increased vascular superoxide levels following consumption of a high salt diet. Perinatal iron deficiency has no apparent effects on vascular function in female offspring, even when fed a high salt diet. These results help us better understand underlying vascular mechanisms contributing to increased cardiovascular risk from perinatal stressors such as iron deficiency. ABSTRACT Pre- and immediate postnatal stressors, such as iron deficiency, can alter developmental trajectories and predispose offspring to long-term cardiovascular dysfunction. Here, we investigated the impact of perinatal iron deficiency on vascular function in the adult offspring, and whether these long-term effects were exacerbated by prolonged consumption of a high salt diet in adulthood. Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed either an iron-restricted or -replete diet prior to and throughout pregnancy. Six weeks prior to experimentation at 6 months of age, adult offspring were fed either a normal or high salt diet. Mesenteric artery responses to vasodilators and vasoconstrictors were assessed ex vivo by wire myography. Male perinatal iron deficient offspring exhibited decreased reliance on nitric oxide with methacholine-induced vasodilatation (interaction P = 0.03), coincident with increased superoxide levels when fed the high salt diet (P = 0.01). Male perinatal iron deficient offspring exhibit enhanced big endothelin-1 conversion to active endothelin-1 (P = 0.02) concomitant with decreased nitric oxide levels (P = 0.005). Female offspring vascular function was unaffected by perinatal iron deficiency, albeit the high salt diet was associated with impaired vasodilation and decreased nitric oxide production (P = 0.02), particularly in the perinatal iron deficient offspring. These findings implicate vascular dysfunction in the sex-specific programming of cardiovascular dysfunction in the offspring by perinatal iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Woodman
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ronan M N Noble
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sareh Panahi
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ferrante S Gragasin
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Stephane L Bourque
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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13
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Zhong Y, Feng X, Xu T, Yang C, Zhang W, Chen X, Fan X, Lu L, Zhang M, Li L, Xu Z. Inherited risk plus prenatal insult caused malignant dysfunction in mesenteric arteries in adolescent SHR offspring. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215994. [PMID: 31017969 PMCID: PMC6481862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxia can induce cardiovascular diseases in the offspring. This study determined whether and how prenatal hypoxia may cause malignant hypertension and impaired vascular functions in spontaneous hypertension rat (SHR) offspring at adolescent stage. Pregnant SHR were placed in a hypoxic chamber (11% O2) or normal environment (21% O2) from gestational day 6 until birth. Body weight and blood pressure (BP) of SHR offspring were measured every week from 5 weeks old. Mesenteric arteries were tested. Gestational hypoxia resulted in growth restriction during 6-12 weeks and a significant elevation in systolic pressure in adolescent offspring at 12 weeks old. Notably, endothelial vasodilatation of mesenteric arteries was impaired in SHR adolescent offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia, vascular responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were reduced, as well as plasma nitric oxide levels and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in vessels were decreased. Moreover, mesenteric arteries in SHR offspring following prenatal hypoxia showed enhanced constriction responses to phenylephrine (PE), associated with up-regulated activities of L-type calcium channel (Ca2+-dependent), RhoA/Rock pathway signaling (Ca2+-sensitization), and intracellular Ca2+ flow. Pressurized myograph demonstrated altered mechanical properties with aggravated stiffness in vessels, while histological analysis revealed vascular structural disorganization in prenatal hypoxia offspring. The results demonstrated that blood pressure and vascular function in young SHR offspring were affected by prenatal hypoxia, providing new information on development of hypertension in adolescent offspring with inherited hypertensive backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhong
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueqin Feng
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunli Yang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueyi Chen
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Likui Lu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (ZX); (LL)
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center for Prenatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZX); (LL)
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14
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Chu A, Casero D, Thamotharan S, Wadehra M, Cosi A, Devaskar SU. The Placental Transcriptome in Late Gestational Hypoxia Resulting in Murine Intrauterine Growth Restriction Parallels Increased Risk of Adult Cardiometabolic Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1243. [PMID: 30718791 PMCID: PMC6361888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) enhances risk for adult onset cardiovascular disease (CVD). The mechanisms underlying IUGR are poorly understood, though inadequate blood flow and oxygen/nutrient provision are considered common endpoints. Based on evidence in humans linking IUGR to adult CVD, we hypothesized that in murine pregnancy, maternal late gestational hypoxia (LG-H) exposure resulting in IUGR would result in (1) placental transcriptome changes linked to risk for later CVD, and 2) adult phenotypes of CVD in the IUGR offspring. After subjecting pregnant mice to hypoxia (10.5% oxygen) from gestational day (GD) 14.5 to 18.5, we undertook RNA sequencing from GD19 placentas. Functional analysis suggested multiple changes in structural and functional genes important for placental health and function, with maximal dysregulation involving vascular and nutrient transport pathways. Concordantly, a ~10% decrease in birthweights and ~30% decrease in litter size was observed, supportive of placental insufficiency. We also found that the LG-H IUGR offspring exhibit increased risk for CVD at 4 months of age, manifesting as hypertension, increased abdominal fat, elevated leptin and total cholesterol concentrations. In summary, this animal model of IUGR links the placental transcriptional response to the stressor of gestational hypoxia to increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Chu
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center of the UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, MDCC B2-375, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - David Casero
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3000 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Shanthie Thamotharan
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center of the UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, MDCC B2-375, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 4525 MacDonald Research Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amy Cosi
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center of the UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, MDCC B2-375, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sherin U Devaskar
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center of the UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, MDCC B2-375, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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15
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Gallo LA, Walton SL, Mazzuca MQ, Tare M, Parkington HC, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM. Uteroplacental insufficiency temporally exacerbates salt-induced hypertension associated with a reduced natriuretic response in male rat offspring. J Physiol 2018; 596:5859-5872. [PMID: 29604087 PMCID: PMC6265551 DOI: 10.1113/jp275655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Low weight at birth increases the risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood A diet that is high in salt is known to elevate blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney diseases The present study demonstrates that growth restricted male rats have a heightened sensitivity to high dietary salt, in the context of raised systolic blood pressure, reduced urinary sodium excretion and stiffer mesenteric resistance vessels Other salt-induced effects, such as kidney hyperfiltration, albuminuria and glomerular damage, were not exacerbated by being born small The present study demonstrates that male offspring born small have an increased cardiovascular susceptibility to high dietary salt, such that that minimizing salt intake is probably of particular benefit to this at-risk population ABSTRACT: Intrauterine growth restriction increases the risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood. Lifestyle factors, such as poor dietary choices, may elevate this risk. We determined whether being born small increases the sensitivity to a dietary salt challenge, in the context of hypertension, kidney disease and arterial stiffness. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation or sham surgery (offspring termed Restricted and Control, respectively) was performed on 18-day pregnant Wistar Kyoto rats. Male offspring were allocated to receive a diet high in salt (8% sodium chloride) or remain on standard rat chow (0.52% sodium chloride) from 20 to 26 weeks of age for 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (tail-cuff), renal function (24 h urine excretions) and vascular stiffness (pressure myography) were assessed. Restricted males were born 15% lighter than Controls and remained smaller throughout the study. Salt-induced hypertension was exacerbated in Restricted offspring, reaching a peak systolic pressure of ∼175 mmHg earlier than normal weight counterparts. The natriuretic response to high dietary salt in Restricted animals was less than in Controls and may explain the early rise in arterial pressure. Growth restricted males allocated to a high salt diet also had increased passive arterial stiffness of mesenteric resistance arteries. Other aspects of renal function, including salt-induced hyperfiltration, albuminuria and glomerular damage, were not exacerbated by uteroplacental insufficiency. The present study demonstrates that male offspring exposed to uteroplacental insufficiency and born small have an increased sensitivity to salt-induced hypertension and arterial remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Gallo
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneVICAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
- Mater Research Institute‐The University of QueenslandTranslational Research InstituteQLDAustralia
| | - Sarah L. Walton
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
- Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
| | - Marc Q. Mazzuca
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Marianne Tare
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityVICAustralia
- Monash Rural HealthMonash UniversityVICAustralia
| | | | - Mary E. Wlodek
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Karen M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
- Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
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16
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Walton SL, Singh RR, Little MH, Bowles J, Li J, Moritz KM. Prolonged prenatal hypoxia selectively disrupts collecting duct patterning and postnatal function in male mouse offspring. J Physiol 2018; 596:5873-5889. [PMID: 29676801 DOI: 10.1113/jp275918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In the present study, we investigated whether hypoxia during late pregnancy impairs kidney development in mouse offspring, and also whether this has long-lasting consequences affecting kidney function in adulthood. Hypoxia disrupted growth of the kidney, particularly the collecting duct network, in juvenile male offspring. By mid-late adulthood, these mice developed early signs of kidney disease, notably a compromised response to water deprivation. Female offspring showed no obvious signs of impaired kidney development and did not develop kidney disease, suggesting an underlying protection mechanism from the hypoxia insult. These results help us better understand the long-lasting impact of gestational hypoxia on kidney development and the increased risk of chronic kidney disease. ABSTRACT Prenatal hypoxia is a common perturbation to arise during pregnancy, and can lead to adverse health outcomes in later life. The long-lasting impact of prenatal hypoxia on postnatal kidney development and maturation of the renal tubules, particularly the collecting duct system, is relatively unknown. In the present study, we used a model of moderate chronic maternal hypoxia throughout late gestation (12% O2 exposure from embryonic day 14.5 until birth). Histological analyses revealed marked changes in the tubular architecture of male hypoxia-exposed neonates as early as postnatal day 7, with disrupted medullary development and altered expression of Ctnnb1 and Crabp2 (encoding a retinoic acid binding protein). Kidneys of the RARElacZ line offspring exposed to hypoxia showed reduced β-galactosidase activity, indicating reduced retinoic acid-directed transcriptional activation. Wild-type male mice exposed to hypoxia had an early decline in urine concentrating capacity, evident at 4 months of age. At 12 months of age, hypoxia-exposed male mice displayed a compromised response to a water deprivation challenge, which was was correlated with an altered cellular composition of the collecting duct and diminished expression of aquaporin 2. There were no differences in the tubular structures or urine concentrating capacity between the control and hypoxia-exposed female offspring at any age. The findings of the present study suggest that prenatal hypoxia selectively disrupts collecting duct patterning through altered Wnt/β-catenin and retinoic acid signalling and this results in impaired function in male mouse offspring in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reetu R Singh
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Josephine Bowles
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joan Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Ducsay CA, Goyal R, Pearce WJ, Wilson S, Hu XQ, Zhang L. Gestational Hypoxia and Developmental Plasticity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1241-1334. [PMID: 29717932 PMCID: PMC6088145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is multidimensional involving complicated intracellular networks concerned with the transduction of hypoxia-induced responses. Of all the stresses to which the fetus and newborn infant are subjected, perhaps the most important and clinically relevant is that of hypoxia. Hypoxia during gestation impacts both the mother and fetal development through interactions with an individual's genetic traits acquired over multiple generations by natural selection and changes in gene expression patterns by altering the epigenetic code. Changes in the epigenome determine "genomic plasticity," i.e., the ability of genes to be differentially expressed according to environmental cues. The genomic plasticity defined by epigenomic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs during development is the mechanistic substrate for phenotypic programming that determines physiological response and risk for healthy or deleterious outcomes. This review explores the impact of gestational hypoxia on maternal health and fetal development, and epigenetic mechanisms of developmental plasticity with emphasis on the uteroplacental circulation, heart development, cerebral circulation, pulmonary development, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adipose tissue. The complex molecular and epigenetic interactions that may impact an individual's physiology and developmental programming of health and disease later in life are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ducsay
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ravi Goyal
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J. Pearce
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Sean Wilson
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xiang-Qun Hu
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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18
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Walton SL, Mazzuca MQ, Tare M, Parkington HC, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM, Gallo LA. Angiotensin receptor blockade in juvenile male rat offspring: Implications for long-term cardio-renal health. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:320-331. [PMID: 29870806 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in early postnatal life is a potential therapeutic approach to prevent long-term cardiovascular and kidney diseases in individuals born small. We determined the long-term effects of juvenile losartan treatment on cardiovascular and kidney function in control male rat offspring and those exposed to uteroplacental insufficiency and born small. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery was performed in late gestation in Wistar Kyoto rats. At weaning, male offspring were randomly assigned to receive losartan in their drinking water or drinking water alone from 5 to 8 weeks of age, and followed to 26 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure and kidney function were assessed throughout the study. Pressure myography was used to assess passive mechanical wall properties in mesenteric and femoral arteries from 26-week-old offspring. Losartan treatment for three weeks lowered systolic blood pressure in both Control and Restricted groups but this difference was not sustained after the cessation of treatment. Losartan, irrespective of birth weight, mildly increased renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis when assessed at 26 weeks of age. Mesenteric artery stiffness was increased by the early losartan treatment, and was associated with increased collagen and decreased elastin content. Losartan also exerted long-term increases in fat mass and decreases in skeletal muscle mass. In this study, untreated Restricted offspring did not develop hypertension, vascular dysfunction or kidney changes as anticipated. Regardless, we demonstrate that short-term losartan treatment in the juvenile period negatively affects postnatal growth, and kidney and vascular parameters in adulthood, irrespective of birth weight. The long-term effects of early-life losartan treatment warrant further consideration in settings where the potential benefits may outweigh the risks; i.e. when programmed adulthood diseases are apparent and in childhood cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marc Q Mazzuca
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marianne Tare
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Monash Rural Health, Churchill, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Linda A Gallo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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19
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Liu B, Shi R, Li X, Liu Y, Feng X, Chen X, Fan X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Tang J, Zhou X, Li N, Lu X, Xu Z. Downregulation of L-Type Voltage-Gated Ca 2+, Voltage-Gated K +, and Large-Conductance Ca 2+-Activated K + Channels in Vascular Myocytes From Salt-Loading Offspring Rats Exposed to Prenatal Hypoxia. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008148. [PMID: 29545262 PMCID: PMC5907567 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Prenatal hypoxia is suggested to be associated with increased risks of hypertension in offspring. This study tested whether prenatal hypoxia resulted in salt‐sensitive offspring and its related mechanisms of vascular ion channel remodeling. Methods and Results Pregnant rats were housed in a normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (10.5% O2) chamber from gestation days 5 to 21. A subset of male offspring received a high‐salt diet (8% NaCl) from 4 to 12 weeks after birth. Blood pressure was significantly increased only in the salt‐loading offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia, not in the offspring that received regular diets and in control offspring provided with high‐salt diets. In mesenteric artery myocytes from the salt‐loading offspring with prenatal hypoxia, depolarized resting membrane potential was associated with decreased density of L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ (Cav1.2) and voltage‐gated K+ channel currents and decreased calcium sensitive to the large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels. Protein expression of the L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ α1C subunit, large‐conductance calcium‐activated K+ channel (β1, not α subunits), and voltage‐gated K+ channel (KV2.1, not KV1.5 subunits) was also decreased in the arteries of salt‐loading offspring with prenatal hypoxia. Conclusions The results demonstrated that chronic prenatal hypoxia may program salt‐sensitive hypertension in male offspring, providing new information of ion channel remodeling in hypertensive myocytes. This information paves the way for early prevention and treatments of salt‐induced hypertension related to developmental problems in fetal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruixiu Shi
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Feng
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueyi Chen
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China .,Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
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20
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Tang J, Li N, Chen X, Gao Q, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Liu B, Sun M, Xu Z. Prenatal Hypoxia Induced Dysfunction in Cerebral Arteries of Offspring Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006630. [PMID: 28974495 PMCID: PMC5721865 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypoxia during pregnancy could cause abnormal development and lead to increased risks of vascular diseases in adults. This study determined angiotensin II (AII)‐mediated vascular dysfunction in offspring middle cerebral arteries (MCA). Methods and Results Pregnant rats were subjected to hypoxia. Vascular tension in offspring MCA by AII with or without inhibitors, calcium channel activities, and endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores were tested. Whole‐cell patch clamping was used to investigate voltage‐dependent calcium channel currents. mRNA expression was tested using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. AII‐mediated MCA constriction was greater in male offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia. AT1 and AT2 receptors were involved in the altered AII‐mediated vasoconstriction. Prenatal hypoxia increased baseline activities of L‐type calcium channel currents in MCA smooth muscle cells. However, calcium currents stimulated by AII were not significantly changed, whereas nifedipine inhibited AII‐mediated vasoconstrictions in the MCA. Activities of IP3/ryanodine receptor–operated calcium channels, endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores, and sarcoendoplasmic reticulum membrane Ca2+‐ATPase were increased. Prenatal hypoxia also caused dysfunction of vasodilatation via the endothelium NO synthase. The mRNA expressions of AT1A, AT1B, AT2R, Cav1.2α1C, Cav3.2α1H, and ryanodine receptor RyR2 were increased in the prenatal‐hypoxia group. Conclusions Hypoxia in pregnancy could induce dysfunction in both contraction and dilation in the offspring MCA. AII‐increased constriction in the prenatal‐hypoxia group was not mainly dependent on the L‐type and T‐type calcium channels; it might predominantly rely on the AII receptors, IP3/ryanodine receptors, and the endoplasmic reticulum calcium store as well as calcium ATPase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/etiology
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/metabolism
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Fetal Hypoxia/complications
- Fetal Hypoxia/metabolism
- Fetal Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Gestational Age
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/genetics
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Membrane Potentials
- Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology
- Middle Cerebral Artery/drug effects
- Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/genetics
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/genetics
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tang
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueyi Chen
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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21
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Prenatal hypoxia leads to hypertension, renal renin-angiotensin system activation and exacerbates salt-induced pathology in a sex-specific manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8241. [PMID: 28811528 PMCID: PMC5557956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxia is associated with growth restriction and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Here, we describe renal and cardiovascular outcomes in ageing mouse offspring prenatally exposed to hypoxia (12% O2) from embryonic day 14.5 until birth. At 12 months of age, both male and female offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia had elevated mean arterial pressure. Glomerular number was reduced by 25% in hypoxia-exposed male, but not female, offspring and this was associated with increased urinary albumin excretion, glomerular hypertrophy and renal fibrosis. Hypoxia-exposed offspring of both sexes were more susceptible to salt-induced cardiac fibrosis, however, renal fibrosis was exacerbated by high salt in males only. In male but not female hypoxia-exposed offspring, renal renin mRNA was increased at weaning. By 12 months, renal renin mRNA expression and concentrations were elevated in both sexes. mRNA expression of At1aR was also elevated in male hypoxia-exposed offspring at 12 months. These results demonstrate that prenatal hypoxia programs elevated blood pressure and exacerbates salt-induced cardiovascular and renal pathology in a sex specific manner. Given sex differences observed in RAS expression and nephron number, future studies may consider RAS blockade as a therapeutic target in this model.
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22
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Li X, Zhang M, Pan X, Xu Z, Sun M. “Three Hits” Hypothesis for Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases in View of Cardiovascular Abnormalities. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:744-757. [PMID: 28509412 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Mengshu Zhang
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology in Guangdong province; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Genetics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
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23
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Paauw ND, van Rijn BB, Lely AT, Joles JA. Pregnancy as a critical window for blood pressure regulation in mother and child: programming and reprogramming. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:241-259. [PMID: 27124608 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a critical time for long-term blood pressure regulation in both mother and child. Pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency, resulting in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, are associated with a threefold increased risk of the mother to develop hypertension later in life. In addition, these complications create an adverse intrauterine environment, which programmes the foetus and the second generation to develop hypertension in adult life. Female offspring born to a pregnancy complicated by placental insufficiency are at risk for pregnancy complications during their own pregnancies as well, resulting in a vicious circle with programmed risk for hypertension passing from generation to generation. Here, we review the epidemiology and mechanisms leading to the altered programming of blood pressure trajectories after pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency. Although the underlying mechanisms leading to hypertension remain the subject of investigation, several abnormalities in angiotensin sensitivity, sodium handling, sympathetic activity, endothelial function and metabolic pathways are found in the mother after exposure to placental insufficiency. In the child, epigenetic modifications and disrupted organ development play a crucial role in programming of hypertension. We emphasize that pregnancy can be viewed as a window of opportunity to improve long-term cardiovascular health of both mother and child, and outline potential gains expected of improved preconceptional, perinatal and post-natal care to reduce the development of hypertension and the burden of cardiovascular disease later in life. Perinatal therapies aimed at reprogramming hypertension are a promising strategy to break the vicious circle of intergenerational programming of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. D. Paauw
- Department of Obstetrics; Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - B. B. van Rijn
- Department of Obstetrics; Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - A. T. Lely
- Department of Obstetrics; Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - J. A. Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
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24
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Giussani DA, Bennet L, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Vaughan OR, Fowden AL. Hypoxia, fetal and neonatal physiology: 100 years on from Sir Joseph Barcroft. J Physiol 2016; 594:1105-11. [PMID: 26926314 DOI: 10.1113/jp272000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - L Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - O R Vaughan
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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25
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Walton SL, Moritz KM, Bertram JF, Singh RR. Lengths of nephron tubule segments and collecting ducts in the CD-1 mouse kidney: an ontogeny study. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F976-F983. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00435.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney continues to mature postnatally, with significant elongation of nephron tubules and collecting ducts to maintain fluid/electrolyte homeostasis. The aim of this project was to develop methodology to estimate lengths of specific segments of nephron tubules and collecting ducts in the CD-1 mouse kidney using a combination of immunohistochemistry and design-based stereology (vertical uniform random sections with cycloid arc test system). Lengths of tubules were determined at postnatal day 21 (P21) and 2 and 12 mo of age and also in mice fed a high-salt diet throughout adulthood. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify individual tubule segments [aquaporin-1, proximal tubules (PT) and thin descending limbs of Henle (TDLH); uromodulin, distal tubules (DT); aquaporin-2, collecting ducts (CD)]. All tubular segments increased significantly in length between P21 and 2 mo of age (PT, 602% increase; DT, 200% increase; TDLH, 35% increase; CD, 53% increase). However, between 2 and 12 mo, a significant increase in length was only observed for PT (76% increase in length). At 12 mo of age, kidneys of mice on a high-salt diet demonstrated a 27% greater length of the TDLH, but no significant change in length was detected for PT, DT, and CD compared with the normal-salt group. Our study demonstrates an efficient method of estimating lengths of specific segments of the renal tubular system. This technique can be applied to examine structure of the renal tubules in combination with the number of glomeruli in the kidney in models of altered renal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John F. Bertram
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reetu R. Singh
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
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26
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Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Camm EJ. The Programming Power of the Placenta. Front Physiol 2016; 7:33. [PMID: 27014074 PMCID: PMC4789467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Size at birth is a critical determinant of life expectancy, and is dependent primarily on the placental supply of nutrients. However, the placenta is not just a passive organ for the materno-fetal transfer of nutrients and oxygen. Studies show that the placenta can adapt morphologically and functionally to optimize substrate supply, and thus fetal growth, under adverse intrauterine conditions. These adaptations help meet the fetal drive for growth, and their effectiveness will determine the amount and relative proportions of specific metabolic substrates supplied to the fetus at different stages of development. This flow of nutrients will ultimately program physiological systems at the gene, cell, tissue, organ, and system levels, and inadequacies can cause permanent structural and functional changes that lead to overt disease, particularly with increasing age. This review examines the environmental regulation of the placental phenotype with particular emphasis on the impact of maternal nutritional challenges and oxygen scarcity in mice, rats and guinea pigs. It also focuses on the effects of such conditions on fetal growth and the developmental programming of disease postnatally. A challenge for future research is to link placental structure and function with clinical phenotypes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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