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Kozina N, Jukić I, Mihaljević Z, Matić A, Dobrivojević Radmilović M, Barić A, Drenjančević I. The Effect of High-Salt Diet on Oxidative Stress Production and Vascular Function in Tff3-/-/C57BL/6N Knockout and Wild Type (C57BL/6N) Mice. J Vasc Res 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39074455 DOI: 10.1159/000539614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well documented that high-salt (HS) diet increases systemic and vascular oxidative stress in various animal models and in humans, leading to impairment of vascular reactivity. The present study examined the interaction of genotype and HS diet intake and the potential effects of oxidative stress - antioxidative system balance on the flow-induced dilation (FID) in pressurized carotid arteries of normotensive Tff3-/-/C57BL/6N knockout mice and their wild-type (WT) controls. METHODS Male, ten-week-old transgenic Tff3-/-/C57BL/6N (Tff3-/-) knockout mice and WT/C57BL/6N (WT) (parental strain) healthy mice were divided in LS (0.4% NaCl in rodent chow) and HS (4% NaCl in rodent chow fed for 1 week) groups. Additionally, LS and HS groups were treated with 1 mmol/L 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPOL) dissolved in the drinking water. After anesthesia with ketamine chloride (100 mg/kg) and midazolam (5 mg/kg), blood pressure was measured, carotid arteries and aortas were isolated, and blood samples were collected. RESULTS FID was decreased in WT_HS mice and restored by superoxide scavenger TEMPOL in vivo. On the other hand, attenuated FID of Tff3-/- mice was not further affected by HS diet or TEMPOL in vivo treatment. Vascular superoxide/reactive oxygen species levels were increased with HS diet in both strains and restored by TEMPOL. HS upregulated glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) gene expression in WT_HS and Tff3-/-_HS mice, while GPx activity was significantly decreased only in WT_HS group. Systemic (serum) markers of oxidative stress (oxLDL and AOPP) and arterial blood pressure were similar among groups. CONCLUSION HS diet increases vascular oxidative stress and impairs vasodilation in WT mice. Tff3 gene deficiency attenuates vasodilation per se, without further effects of HS intake. This can be attributed to vascular upregulation of antioxidative enzyme GPx1 in Tff3-/-/C57BL/6N mice conferring protection from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Kozina
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia,
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia,
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Anja Barić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Hu Y, Li W, Cheng X, Yang H, She ZG, Cai J, Li H, Zhang XJ. Emerging Roles and Therapeutic Applications of Arachidonic Acid Pathways in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Circ Res 2024; 135:222-260. [PMID: 38900855 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.324383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease has become a major health burden worldwide, with sharply increasing prevalence but highly limited therapeutic interventions. Emerging evidence has revealed that arachidonic acid derivatives and pathway factors link metabolic disorders to cardiovascular risks and intimately participate in the progression and severity of cardiometabolic diseases. In this review, we systemically summarized and updated the biological functions of arachidonic acid pathways in cardiometabolic diseases, mainly focusing on heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, and diabetes. We further discussed the cellular and molecular mechanisms of arachidonic acid pathway-mediated regulation of cardiometabolic diseases and highlighted the emerging clinical advances to improve these pathological conditions by targeting arachidonic acid metabolites and pathway factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L., X.-J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (W.L., Z.-G.S., H.L.)
| | - Xu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L., X.-J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y.)
| | - Hailong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L., X.-J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L., X.-J.Z.)
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (W.L., Z.-G.S., H.L.)
| | - Jingjing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L., X.-J.Z.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.C.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L., X.-J.Z.)
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (W.L., Z.-G.S., H.L.)
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China (H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China (Y.H., X.C., H.Y., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L., X.-J.Z.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, China (X.-J.Z.)
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Li Q, Cao H, Xu X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Mi Y, Zhu X, Shi Y, Liu J, Wang B, Xu CB, Wang C. Resveratrol attenuates cyclosporin A-induced upregulation of the thromboxane A 2 receptor and hypertension via the AMPK/SIRT1 and MAPK/NF-κB pathways in the rat mesenteric artery. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176543. [PMID: 38582274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive agent, is extensively utilized for the prevention of transplant rejection and treat autoimmune disease in the clinic, despite its association with a high risk of hypertension development among patients. Resveratrol is a kind of non-flavonoid phenolic compound that widely exists in many plants. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which resveratrol ameliorates cyclosporin A-induced hypertension. The arterial rings of the mesentery were incubated with cyclosporin A and resveratrol in vitro. Rats were administered cyclosporin A and/or resveratrol for 3 weeks in vivo. Blood pressure was measured via the tail arteries. Vasoconstriction curves were recorded using a sensitive myograph. The protein expression was evaluated through Western blotting. This study demonstrated that resveratrol mitigated the cyclosporin A-induced increase in blood pressure in rats. Furthermore, resveratrol markedly inhibited the cyclosporin A-induced upregulation of thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in the rat mesenteric artery both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, resveratrol activated AMPK/SIRT1 and inhibited the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, resveratrol restored the cyclosporin A-induced upregulation of the thromboxane A2 receptor and hypertension via the AMPK/SIRT1 and MAPK/NF-κB pathways in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Hanjing Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Xinya Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Yanni Mi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Xingmei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Yongheng Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Jiping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang 712046, China.
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Masle AM, Kibel A, Jukić I, Čičak P, Selthofer-Relatić K, Stupin A, Mihaljević Z, Šušnjara P, Breškić Ćurić Ž, Bačun T, Drenjančević I. Enhancing Endothelial Function with Nutrient-Enriched Table Hen Eggs: A Randomized Study in Patients Recovering from Acute Coronary Syndrome. Clin Interv Aging 2024; 19:953-970. [PMID: 38807636 PMCID: PMC11131953 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s461821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the effect of consumption of table eggs enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), lutein, vitamin E and selenium on microvascular function, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients and Methods In a prospective, randomized, interventional, double-blind clinical trial, ACS patients were assigned to either the Nutri4 (N=15, mean age: 57.2 ± 9.2 years), or the Control group (N=13; mean age 56.8 ± 9.6 years). The Nutri4 group consumed three enriched hen eggs daily for three weeks, providing approximately 1.785 mg of vitamin E, 0.330 mg of lutein, 0.054 mg of selenium and 438 mg of n-3 PUFAs. Biochemical parameters, including serum lipids, liver enzymes, nutrient concentrations, serum antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD)), and markers of oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ferric reducing ability (FRAP)), were assessed before and after the dietary interventions. Additionally, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, body composition, fluid status, anthropometric measurements, and skin microvascular blood flow responses to various stimuli (postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH), acetylcholine- (Ach ID), and sodium nitroprusside- (SNP ID)) were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) throughout the study. Results The intake of Nutri4 eggs led to a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol levels, while the levels of total cholesterol remained within the established reference values. Consuming Nutri4 eggs resulted in a 12.7% increase in serum vitamin E levels, an 8.6% increase in selenium levels, and demonstrated a favorable impact on microvascular reactivity, as evidenced by markedly improved PORH and ACh ID. Nutri4 eggs exerted a significant influence on the activity of GPx and SOD, with no observed changes in TBARS or FRAP values. Conclusion The consumption of Nutri4 eggs positively influenced microvascular function in individuals with ACS, without eliciting adverse effects on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marija Masle
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Heart and Vascular Diseases, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petra Čičak
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Heart and Vascular Diseases, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Breškić Ćurić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Vinkovci, Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Bačun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Vulin M, Muller A, Drenjančević I, Šušnjara P, Mihaljević Z, Stupin A. High dietary salt intake attenuates nitric oxide mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation and increases oxidative stress in pregnancy. J Hypertens 2024; 42:672-684. [PMID: 38230612 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary salt intake during normal pregnancy on maternal microvascular and macrovascular endothelium-dependent reactivity and oxidative stress level. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, based on their 24-h urinary sodium excretion, pregnant women (37-40 weeks of gestation) were divided into three groups: normal salt (<5.75 g/day, N = 12), high salt (5.75-10.25 g/day, N = 36), and very high salt (VHS;>10.25 g/day, N = 17). Forearm skin microvascular reactivity in response to vascular occlusion, local heating (LTH) and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID), as well as brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD) were measured. Serum nitric oxide, endocan, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and ferric-reducing ability of plasma assay were measured as biomarkers of endothelial function/activation and oxidative stress. RESULTS Brachial artery FMD, microvascular AChID, and LTH were significantly decreased in VHS compared with NS group, while LTH was also decreased in normal salt compared with high salt group. Nitric oxide was significantly decreased in both high salt and VHS groups compared with normal salt. Endocan, 8-iso-PGF2α, and TBARS were significantly increased in VHS compared with the normal salt group. CONCLUSION High dietary salt intake is associated with decreased nitric oxide mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in peripheral microcirculation and macrocirculation of healthy pregnant women due to increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vulin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Centre Osijek
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine Osijek
| | - Andrijana Muller
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Centre Osijek
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine Osijek
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Tolj I, Stupin A, Drenjančević I, Šušnjara P, Perić L, Stupin M. The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Micro- and Macrovascular Response to a 7-Day High-Salt Diet in Healthy Individuals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087157. [PMID: 37108318 PMCID: PMC10138534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the specific role of nitric oxide (NO) in micro- and macrovascular response to a 7-day high-salt (HS) diet, specifically by measuring skin microvascular local thermal hyperemia and the flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, as well as serum NO and three NO synthase enzyme (NOS) isoform concentrations in healthy individuals. It also aimed to examine the concept of non-osmotic sodium storage in the skin following the HS diet by measuring body fluid status and systemic hemodynamic responses, as well as serum vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) concentration. Forty-six young, healthy individuals completed a 7-day low-salt diet, followed by a 7-day HS diet protocol. The 7-day HS diet resulted in impaired NO-mediated endothelial vasodilation in peripheral microcirculation and conduit arteries, in increased eNOS, decreased nNOS, and unchanged iNOS concentration and NO serum level. The HS diet did not change the volume of interstitial fluid, the systemic vascular resistance or the VEGF-C serum level. These results indicate that the 7-day HS-diet induces systemic impairment of NO-mediated endothelial vasodilation, while dissociation in the eNOS and nNOS response indicates complex adaptation of main NO-generating enzyme isoforms to HS intake in healthy individuals. Our results failed to support the concept of non-osmotic sodium storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Tolj
- Department of Internal Medicine and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Leon Perić
- Department of Emergency Medicine of Osijek-Baranja County, J. Huttlera 2, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Dumančić D, Stupin A, Kožul M, Šerić V, Kibel A, Goswami N, Brix B, Debeljak Ž, Scitovski R, Drenjančević I. Increased cerebral vascular resistance underlies preserved cerebral blood flow in response to orthostasis in humans on a high-salt diet. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:923-933. [PMID: 36598577 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow autoregulation protects brain tissue from blood pressure variations and maintains cerebral perfusion pressure by changes in vascular resistance. High salt (HS) diet impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in many vascular beds, including cerebral microcirculation, and may affect vascular resistance. The aim of present study was to determine if 7-day HS diet affected the reactivity of middle cerebral artery (MCA) to orthostatic challenge in healthy human individuals, and if autoregulatory mechanisms and sympathetic neural regulation were involved in this phenomenon.Twenty-seven persons participated in study (F:21, M:6, age range 19-24). Participants consumed 7-day low-salt (LS) diet (< 2.3 g kitchen salt/day) and afterwards 7-day HS diet (> 11.2 g kitchen salt/day). Blood and urine analysis and anthropometric measurements were performed after each diet. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate and heart rate variability, and cerebral and systemic hemodynamic parameters were recorded simultaneously with transcranial Doppler ultrasound and The Task Force® Monitor in response to orthostatic test.Participants remained normotensive during HS diet. Following both, the LS and HS dietary protocols, mean cerebral blood flow (CBF), as well as the velocity time integral and diastolic blood pressure decreased, and cerebral pulsatility index increased after rising up. Importantly, cerebrovascular resistance significantly increased in response to orthostasis only after HS diet. Urine concentration of noradrenaline and vanillylmandelic acid, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and sympathetic neural control was significantly decreased in HS diet.Results suggest that CBF in response to orthostatic test was preserved in HS condition due to altered vascular reactivity of MCA, with increased cerebrovascular resistance and blunted BRS and sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Dumančić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Kožul
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vatroslav Šerić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Heart and Vascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Physiology Division, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Brix
- Physiology Division, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Željko Debeljak
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Rudolf Scitovski
- Department of Mathematics, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia.
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8
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Šušnjara P, Mihaljević Z, Stupin A, Kolobarić N, Matić A, Jukić I, Kralik Z, Kralik G, Miloloža A, Pavošević T, Šerić V, Lončarić Z, Kerovec D, Galović O, Drenjančević I. Consumption of Nutritionally Enriched Hen Eggs Enhances Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation via Cyclooxygenase Metabolites in Healthy Young People-A Randomized Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:1599. [PMID: 37049437 PMCID: PMC10097130 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of enriched hen egg consumption on endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV) and the role of cyclooxygenases in EDV in the microcirculation of young healthy individuals. This study hypothesizes that Nutri4 eggs will improve endothelial function, which will be manifested by changes in microcirculatory flow measured by a laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) during reactive hyperemia in response to vascular occlusion, in which n-3 PUFA plays an important role as well as its degradation pathway by cyclooxygenases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants consumed three eggs per day for three weeks: The control group (CTRL, n = 14) consumed regular hen eggs (approximately 0.330 mg of lutein, 1.785 mg of vitamin E, 0.054 mg of selenium and 438 mg of n-3 PUFAs daily) and Nutri4 group (n = 20) consumed enriched eggs (approximately 1.85 mg of lutein, 0.06 mg of selenium, 3.29 mg of vitamin E, and 1026 mg of n-3 PUFAs daily). Skin microvascular blood flow in response to EDV (post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID)) and sodium nitroprusside (SNPID; endothelium-independent) was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry before and after dietary protocol and in a separate group of participants who were administered perorally 100 mg of indomethacin before microvascular response assessment. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, serum lipid, and liver enzymes, anthropometric measurements, protein expression of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) were measured before and after dietary protocol. RESULTS PORH and AChID were significantly enhanced, and SNPID remained unchanged in the Nutri4 group, while none was changed in the CTRL following a respective diet. PORH decreased after administration of indomethacin in Nutri4 after dietary protocol. Protein expression of COX-2 was significantly higher in the Nutri4 group compared to the CTRL after the dietary protocol. CONCLUSION Consumption of enriched eggs improves microvascular EDV in healthy young subjects. Results suggest an element of n-3 PUFAs metabolites via the cyclooxygenases pathway in enhanced reactive hyperemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Šušnjara
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.K.); (A.M.); (I.J.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.K.); (A.M.); (I.J.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
| | - Ana Stupin
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.K.); (A.M.); (I.J.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
| | - Nikolina Kolobarić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.K.); (A.M.); (I.J.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
| | - Anita Matić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.K.); (A.M.); (I.J.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.K.); (A.M.); (I.J.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
- Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Gordana Kralik
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
- Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anđelina Miloloža
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.M.); (T.P.); (V.Š.)
| | - Tihana Pavošević
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.M.); (T.P.); (V.Š.)
| | - Vatroslav Šerić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.M.); (T.P.); (V.Š.)
| | - Zdenko Lončarić
- Department for Agroecology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Darko Kerovec
- Department for Agroecology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Olivera Galović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Ul. Cara Hadrijana 8a, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.K.); (A.M.); (I.J.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Z.K.); (G.K.); (O.G.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a summary of current literature and propose potential mechanistic models to help us understand the role of HIV infection/antiretroviral therapy (ART), salt taste sensitivity (STS), and salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) in hypertension development. RECENT FINDINGS The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is the main protein/sodium channel for recognizing Na + in the tongue and mediates preference to low-medium salt concentrations in animals and humans. Considering the pressor response to oral salt in individuals with SSBP, poor STS may worsen blood pressure. Specific genetic variants in ENaC are linked to salt taste perception and hypertension. HIV infection, some ART, and specific antihypertensive drugs are associated with reduced STS and an increased liking for salty foods. Persons with HIV (PWH) on ART may have a decreased STS and are at a higher risk of developing salt-sensitive hypertension. Inflammation mediated by dietary salt is one of the drivers of poor STS and salt-sensitive hypertension among PWH.
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Vascular Low-Grade Inflammation Initiation Due to Acute Salt Loading in Young Healthy Individuals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030444. [PMID: 35326095 PMCID: PMC8944840 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of 7-day high-salt (HS) and the specific role of oxidative stress on vascular low-grade inflammation initiation in young salt-resistant healthy individuals. 30 young healthy individuals adhered to a 7-day low-salt (LS) diet (3.5 g salt/day), followed by a 7-day high-salt (HS) diet (~14.7 g salt/day) protocol. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, frequencies of peripheral blood Th17 and Treg cells, Th17/Treg ratio, enzymes SGK1, and p38/MAP kinase, as well as biomarkers of endothelial activation and oxidative stress, were measured before and after the 7-day HS diet protocol. Short-term HS diet significantly increased serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-9, and IL-17A levels, but also of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1. Relative amount of total SGK1 significantly increased, following the 7-day HS diet. Increased oxidative stress level, following HS diet, was negatively associated with the frequency of Treg cells. The increase in relative amount of total SGK1 in peripheral mononuclear cells following 7-day HS diet suggests lymphocyte (re)activation, in response to HS intake, resulting in enhanced production of pro-inflammatory (IL-17, INF-γ), but also anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β1). Increased oxidative stress, due to HS loading, alters immune regulatory mechanisms, presumably via effects on Treg cells.
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11
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Kolar L, Stupin M, Stupin A, Šušnjara P, Mihaljević Z, Matić A, Jukić I, Kolobarić N, Drenjančević I. Does the Endothelium of Competitive Athletes Benefit from Consumption of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Enriched Hen Eggs? Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26:388-399. [PMID: 35047435 PMCID: PMC8747964 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.4.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched hen eggs on microvascular vasodilation, microvascular responsiveness to a stress challenge and markers of oxidative stress in competitive athletes. Competitive athletes (n=23) were divided to a control group (n=9), who consumed three regular hens’ eggs daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/d), and n-3 PUFAs group (n=14), who consumed three n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs daily (1,053 g n-3 PUFAs/d) for 3 weeks. Endothelium-dependent responses [post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID)] and endothelium-independent responses [sodium nitroprusside-induced dilation (SNPID)] of skin microvascular blood flow were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in pre- and post-acute exhausting exercise (AEE) sessions. Blood pressure, serum lipid, free fatty acids profiles, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured before and after each dietary protocol. Consumption of serum n-3 PUFAs significantly decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio and enhanced PORH and AChID, but did not affect SNPID at rest. Furthermore, serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in the n-3 PUFAs group but remained unchanged in the control group. In both groups, PORH, AChID, and SNP were significantly reduced post-AEE compared with pre-AEE, both before and after consumption of each diet. Only AChID responsiveness to AEE (ΔAChID) significantly increased following consumption of n-3 PUFAs. Overall, n-3 PUFAs supplementation as n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs enhanced microvascular endothelial function at rest and may contribute to adaptation to AEE in competitive athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Kolar
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Memorial Hospital Vukovar, Vukovar 32000, Croatia.,Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Kolobarić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
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12
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Ćurić ŽB, Masle AM, Kibel A, Selthofer-Relatić K, Stupin A, Mihaljević Z, Jukić I, Stupin M, Matić A, Kozina N, Šušnjara P, Juranić B, Kolobarić N, Šerić V, Drenjančević I. Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Enriched Hen Egg Consumption on the Inflammatory Biomarkers and Microvascular Function in Patients with Acute and Chronic Coronary Syndrome—A Randomized Study. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080774. [PMID: 34440006 PMCID: PMC8389665 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary There is a strong potential of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) consumption to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent adverse outcomes in existing cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to test the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation in the form of enriched hen eggs on serum lipid and free fatty acid profiles, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, and microvascular reactivity in patients with acute and chronic coronary artery disease. Consumption of three n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs for three weeks had a favorable effect on serum free fatty acid profile (a lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio) and mild anti-inflammatory effects but did not significantly affect microvascular reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Because consumption of both regular and n-3 PUFA eggs had no negative effects on any of the measured biological and functional vascular parameters, the results of the present study indicate that eggs can be safely consumed in the daily diet of patients with coronary artery disease. Abstract This study aimed to test the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched hen egg consumption on serum lipid and free fatty acid profiles, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, and microvascular reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Forty CAD patients participated in this study. Of those, 20 patients had acute CAD (Ac-CAD), and 20 patients had chronic CAD (Ch-CAD). The control group (N = 20) consumed three regular hen eggs/daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/day), and the n-3 PUFAs group (N = 20) consumed three n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs/daily (1053 g n-3 PUFAs/day) for 3 weeks. Serum n-3 PUFA concentration significantly increased (in all CAD patients), while LDL cholesterol and IL-6 (in Ac-CAD patients), and hsCRP and IL-1a (in all CAD patients) significantly decreased in the n-3 PUFAs group. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity significantly decreased, and forearm skin microvascular reactivity in response to vascular occlusion (postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH)) remained unchanged in both the n-3 PUFAs and control groups in total CAD, Ac-CAD, and Ch-CAD patients. Potentially, n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs can change the free fatty acid profile to a more favorable lower n6/n3 ratio, and to exhibit mild anti-inflammatory effects but not to affect microvascular reactivity in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Breškić Ćurić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Vinkovci, HR-32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Ana Marija Masle
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Osijek University Hospital, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nataša Kozina
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Brankica Juranić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Nursing and Palliative Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Kolobarić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vatroslav Šerić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (A.M.M.); (A.K.); (K.S.-R.); (Z.M.); (I.J.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (P.Š.); (B.J.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (I.D.)
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Is There Association between Altered Adrenergic System Activity and Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by a 7-Day High Salt Intake in Young Healthy Individuals. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051731. [PMID: 34065261 PMCID: PMC8161165 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to test the effect of a 7-day high-salt (HS) diet on autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in young healthy individuals and modulation of ANS on microvascular endothelial function impairment. 47 young healthy individuals took 7-day low-salt (LS) diet (3.5 g salt/day) followed by 7-day high-salt (HS) diet (~14.7 g salt/day). ANS activity was assessed by 24-h urine catecholamine excretion and 5-min heart rate variability (HRV). Skin post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID) were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Separately, mental stress test (MST) at LS and HS condition was conducted, followed by immediate measurement of plasma metanephrines’ level, 5-min HRV and LDF microvascular reactivity. Noradrenaline, metanephrine and normetanephrine level, low-frequency (LF) HRV and PORH and AChID significantly decreased following HS compared to LS. MST at HS condition tended to increase HRV LF/HF ratio. Spectral analysis of PORH signal, and AChID measurement showed that MST did not significantly affect impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to HS loading. In this case, 7-day HS diet suppressed sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and attenuated microvascular reactivity in salt-resistant normotensive individuals. Suppression of SNS during HS loading represents a physiological response, rather than direct pathophysiological mechanism by which HS diet affects microvascular endothelial function in young healthy individuals.
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Lobov GI, Ivanova GT. Regulation of Arterial Tone in Rats
Fed a Long-Term High-Salt Diet. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Suo Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Xu C, Liu Y, Gao M, Dong J. Calcitriol inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 expressions of renal vasculature in hypertension: Reactive oxygen species involved? Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 43:91-100. [PMID: 32909857 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2020.1817473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D modulates about 3% human gene transcription besides the classical action on calcium/phosphorus homeostasis. The blood pressure-lowing and other protective action on cardiovascular disease have been reported. The present study aims to examine whether COX-1 and COX-2 were implicated in endothelial dysfunction in hypertension and calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D preserved endothelial function through regulating COX expression. Isometric study demonstrated the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in renal arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats were reversed by 12 h-calcitriol treatment and COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. Combined uses of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor induced more improved relaxations. Exaggerated expressions of COX-1 and COX-2 in renal artery from SHR were inhibited by 12 h-administration of calcitriol, NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI, or reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger tempol. Furthermore, in normotensive WKY rats, calcitriol prevents against the blunted EDR in renal arteries by 12 h-Ang II exposure, with similar improvements by COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. Accordingly, increased COX-1 and COX-2 expressions by Ang II exposure were corrected by losartan, DPI, or tempol. Studies on human renal artery also revealed the beneficial action of calcitriol is mediated by suppressing COX-1 and COX-2 expressions, dependent on vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation. Taken together, our findings showed that COX-1 and COX-2 are positively involved in the renovascular dysfunction in hypertension and via VDR, calcitriol benefits renovasular function by suppressing COX-1 and COX-2 expressions. Furthermore, ROS is involved in the COX-1 and COX-2 up-regulations of renal arteries, maybe serving as a mediator in the inhibitory action of calcitriol on COX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Suo
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanzhi Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yueyi Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cong Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinghui Dong
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
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16
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Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12:CD004022. [PMID: 33314019 PMCID: PMC8094404 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent cohort studies show that salt intake below 6 g is associated with increased mortality. These findings have not changed public recommendations to lower salt intake below 6 g, which are based on assumed blood pressure (BP) effects and no side-effects. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of sodium reduction on BP, and on potential side-effects (hormones and lipids) SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomized controlled trials up to April 2018 and a top-up search in March 2020: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (from 1946), Embase (from 1974), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. The searches had no language restrictions. The top-up search articles are recorded under "awaiting assessment." SELECTION CRITERIA Studies randomizing persons to low-sodium and high-sodium diets were included if they evaluated at least one of the outcome parameters (BP, renin, aldosterone, noradrenalin, adrenalin, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride,. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently collected data, which were analysed with Review Manager 5.3. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS Since the first review in 2003 the number of included references has increased from 96 to 195 (174 were in white participants). As a previous study found different BP outcomes in black and white study populations, we stratified the BP outcomes by race. The effect of sodium reduction (from 203 to 65 mmol/day) on BP in white participants was as follows: Normal blood pressure: SBP: mean difference (MD) -1.14 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI): -1.65 to -0.63), 5982 participants, 95 trials; DBP: MD + 0.01 mmHg (95% CI: -0.37 to 0.39), 6276 participants, 96 trials. Hypertension: SBP: MD -5.71 mmHg (95% CI: -6.67 to -4.74), 3998 participants,88 trials; DBP: MD -2.87 mmHg (95% CI: -3.41 to -2.32), 4032 participants, 89 trials (all high-quality evidence). The largest bias contrast across studies was recorded for the detection bias element. A comparison of detection bias low-risk studies versus high/unclear risk studies showed no differences. The effect of sodium reduction (from 195 to 66 mmol/day) on BP in black participants was as follows: Normal blood pressure: SBP: mean difference (MD) -4.02 mmHg (95% CI:-7.37 to -0.68); DBP: MD -2.01 mmHg (95% CI:-4.37, 0.35), 253 participants, 7 trials. Hypertension: SBP: MD -6.64 mmHg (95% CI:-9.00, -4.27); DBP: MD -2.91 mmHg (95% CI:-4.52, -1.30), 398 participants, 8 trials (low-quality evidence). The effect of sodium reduction (from 217 to 103 mmol/day) on BP in Asian participants was as follows: Normal blood pressure: SBP: mean difference (MD) -1.50 mmHg (95% CI: -3.09, 0.10); DBP: MD -1.06 mmHg (95% CI:-2.53 to 0.41), 950 participants, 5 trials. Hypertension: SBP: MD -7.75 mmHg (95% CI:-11.44, -4.07); DBP: MD -2.68 mmHg (95% CI: -4.21 to -1.15), 254 participants, 8 trials (moderate-low-quality evidence). During sodium reduction renin increased 1.56 ng/mL/hour (95%CI:1.39, 1.73) in 2904 participants (82 trials); aldosterone increased 104 pg/mL (95%CI:88.4,119.7) in 2506 participants (66 trials); noradrenalin increased 62.3 pg/mL: (95%CI: 41.9, 82.8) in 878 participants (35 trials); adrenalin increased 7.55 pg/mL (95%CI: 0.85, 14.26) in 331 participants (15 trials); cholesterol increased 5.19 mg/dL (95%CI:2.1, 8.3) in 917 participants (27 trials); triglyceride increased 7.10 mg/dL (95%CI: 3.1,11.1) in 712 participants (20 trials); LDL tended to increase 2.46 mg/dl (95%CI: -1, 5.9) in 696 participants (18 trials); HDL was unchanged -0.3 mg/dl (95%CI: -1.66,1.05) in 738 participants (20 trials) (All high-quality evidence except the evidence for adrenalin). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In white participants, sodium reduction in accordance with the public recommendations resulted in mean arterial pressure (MAP) decrease of about 0.4 mmHg in participants with normal blood pressure and a MAP decrease of about 4 mmHg in participants with hypertension. Weak evidence indicated that these effects may be a little greater in black and Asian participants. The effects of sodium reduction on potential side effects (hormones and lipids) were more consistent than the effect on BP, especially in people with normal BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Albert Graudal
- Department of Rheumatology VRR4242, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gesche Jurgens
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Roskilde Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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17
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Fujii N, Kenny GP, McGarr GW, Amano T, Honda Y, Kondo N, Nishiyasu T. TRPV4 channel blockade does not modulate skin vasodilation and sweating during hyperthermia or cutaneous postocclusive reactive and thermal hyperemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 320:R563-R573. [PMID: 33085914 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00123.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels exist on vascular endothelial cells and eccrine sweat gland secretory cells in human skin. Here, we assessed whether TRPV4 channels contribute to cutaneous vasodilation and sweating during whole body passive heat stress (protocol 1) and to cutaneous vasodilation during postocclusive reactive hyperemia and local thermal hyperemia (protocol 2). Intradermal microdialysis was employed to locally deliver pharmacological agents to forearm skin sites, where cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were assessed. In protocol 1 (12 young adults), CVC and sweat rate were increased by passive whole body heating, resulting in a body core temperature elevation of 1.2 ± 0.1°C. The elevated CVC and sweat rate assessed at sites treated with TRPV4 channel antagonist (either 200 µM HC-067047 or 125 µM GSK2193874) were not different from the vehicle control site (5% dimethyl sulfoxide). After whole body heating, the TRPV4 channel agonist (100 µM GSK1016790A) was administered to each skin site, eliciting elevations in CVC. Relative to control, this response was partly attenuated by both TRPV4 channel antagonists, confirming drug efficacy. In protocol 2 (10 young adults), CVC was increased following a 5-min arterial occlusion and during local heating from 33 to 42°C. These responses did not differ between the control and the TRPV4 channel antagonist sites (200 µM HC-067047). We show that TRPV4 channels are not required for regulating cutaneous vasodilation or sweating during a whole body passive heat stress. Furthermore, they are not required for regulating cutaneous vasodilation during postocclusive reactive hyperemia and local thermal hyperemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory W McGarr
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatsuro Amano
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Agócs R, Sugár D, Szabó AJ. Is too much salt harmful? Yes. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:1777-1785. [PMID: 31781959 PMCID: PMC7384997 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of high sodium intake to hypertension and to the severity of immune-mediated diseases is still being heatedly debated in medical literature and in the lay media. This review aims to demonstrate two conflicting views on the topic, with the first part citing the detrimental effects of excessive salt consumption. Sodium plays a central role in volume and blood pressure homeostasis, and the positive correlation between sodium intake and blood pressure has been extensively researched. Despite the fact that the average of global daily salt consumption exceeds recommendations of international associations, health damage from excessive salt intake is still controversial. Individual differences in salt sensitivity are in great part attributed to this contradiction. Patients suffering from certain diseases as well as other vulnerable groups-either minors or individuals of full age-exhibit more pronounced blood pressure reduction when consuming a low-sodium diet. Furthermore, findings from the last two decades give insight into the concept of extrarenal sodium storage; however, the long-term consequences of this phenomenon are lesser known. Evidence of the relationship between sodium and autoimmune diseases are cited in the review, too. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are needed to clarify their interplay. In conclusion, for salt-sensitive risk groups in the population, even stricter limits of sodium consumption should be set than for young, healthy individuals. Therefore, the question raised in the title should be rephrased as follows: "how much salt is harmful" and "for whom is elevated salt intake harmful?"
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Agócs
- 1st Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János u. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Dániel Sugár
- 1st Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János u. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Attila J Szabó
- 1st Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János u. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.
- MTA-SE Paediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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19
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The Effect of Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Macrovascular and Microvascular Endothelial Function is Not Affected by the Provision of Caloric Restriction in Women with Obesity: A Randomized Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061649. [PMID: 32498328 PMCID: PMC7352173 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity impairs both macro- and microvascular endothelial function due to decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide. Current evidence on the effect of low-carbohydrate (LC) diet on endothelial function is conflicting and confounded by the provision of caloric restriction (CR). We tested the hypothesis that LC without CR diet, but not LC with CR diet, would improve macro- and microvascular endothelial function in women with obesity. Twenty-one healthy women with obesity (age: 33 ± 2 years, body mass index: 33.0 ± 0.6 kg/m2; mean ± SEM) were randomly assigned to receive either a LC diet (~10% carbohydrate calories) with CR (n = 12; 500 calorie/day deficit) or a LC diet without CR (n = 9) and completed the 6-week diet intervention. After the intervention, macrovascular endothelial function, measured as brachial artery flow-mediated dilation did not change (7.3 ± 0.9% to 8.0 ± 1.1%, p = 0.7). On the other hand, following the LC diet intervention, regardless of CR, blocking nitric oxide production decreased microvascular endothelial function, measured by arteriolar flow-induced dilation (p ≤ 0.02 for both diets) and the magnitude was more than baseline (p ≤ 0.04). These data suggest improved NO contributions following the intervention. In conclusion, a 6-week LC diet, regardless of CR, may improve microvascular, but not macrovascular endothelial function, via increasing bioavailability of nitric oxide in women with obesity.
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20
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Shenouda N, Ramick MG, Lennon SL, Farquhar WB, Edwards DG. High dietary sodium augments vascular tone and attenuates low-flow mediated constriction in salt-resistant adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1383-1389. [PMID: 32306153 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low-flow mediated constriction (L-FMC) has emerged as a valuable and complementary measure of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) for assessing endothelial function non-invasively. High dietary sodium has been shown to impair FMD independent of changes in blood pressure (BP), but its effects on L-FMC are unknown. PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that high dietary sodium would attenuate brachial artery L-FMC in salt-resistant adults. METHODS Fifteen healthy, normotensive adults (29 ± 6 years) participated in a controlled feeding study. Following a run-in diet, participants completed a 7-day low sodium (LS; 20 mmol sodium/day) and 7-day high sodium (HS; 300 mmol sodium/day) diet in randomized order. On the last day of each diet, 24 h urine was collected and assessments of 24 h ambulatory BP and L-FMC were performed. Salt-resistance was defined as a change in 24 h ambulatory mean arterial pressure (MAP) between the LS and HS diets of ≤ 5 mmHg. Resting vascular tone and L-FMC were calculated from ultrasound-derived arterial diameters. RESULTS High dietary sodium increased serum sodium and urinary sodium excretion (p < 0.001 for both), but 24 h MAP was unchanged (p = 0.16) by design. High dietary sodium augmented vascular tone (LS: 91 ± 23%, HS: 125 ± 56%, p = 0.01) and attenuated L-FMC (LS: - 0.58 ± 0.99%, HS: 0.17 ± 1.23%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION These findings in salt-resistant adults provide additional evidence that dietary sodium has adverse vascular effects independent of changes in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninette Shenouda
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Meghan G Ramick
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Shannon L Lennon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Schütten MT, Kusters YH, Houben AJ, Niessen HE, Op 't Roodt J, Scheijen JL, van de Waardenburg MP, Schalkwijk CG, de Leeuw PW, Stehouwer CDA. Glucocorticoids affect metabolic but not muscle microvascular insulin sensitivity following high versus low salt intake. JCI Insight 2020; 5:127530. [PMID: 32107343 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDSalt-sensitive hypertension is often accompanied by insulin resistance in obese individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are obscure. Microvascular function is known to affect both salt sensitivity of blood pressure and metabolic insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that excessive salt intake increases blood pressure and decreases insulin-mediated glucose disposal, at least in part by impairing insulin-mediated muscle microvascular recruitment (IMMR).METHODSIn 20 lean and 20 abdominally obese individuals, we assessed mean arterial pressure (MAP; 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements), insulin-mediated whole-body glucose disposal (M/I value; hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique), IMMR (contrast-enhanced ultrasound), osmolyte and water balance, and excretion of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and amino and organic acids after a low- and high-salt diet during 7 days in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design.RESULTSOn a low-, as compared with a high-salt, intake, MAP was lower, M/I value was lower, and IMMR was greater in both lean and abdominally obese individuals. In addition, natural logarithm IMMR was inversely associated with MAP in lean participants on a low-salt diet only. On a high-salt diet, free water clearance decreased, and excretion of glucocorticoids and of amino acids involved in the urea cycle increased.CONCLUSIONOur findings imply that hemodynamic and metabolic changes resulting from alterations in salt intake are not necessarily associated. Moreover, they are consistent with the concept that a high-salt intake increases muscle glucose uptake as a response to high salt-induced, glucocorticoid-driven muscle catabolism to stimulate urea production and thereby renal water conservation.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02068781.
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22
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Barić L, Drenjančević I, Mihalj M, Matić A, Stupin M, Kolar L, Mihaljević Z, Mrakovčić-Šutić I, Šerić V, Stupin A. Enhanced Antioxidative Defense by Vitamins C and E Consumption Prevents 7-Day High-Salt Diet-Induced Microvascular Endothelial Function Impairment in Young Healthy Individuals. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030843. [PMID: 32244956 PMCID: PMC7141509 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether the oral supplementation of vitamins C and E during a seven-day high salt diet (HS; ~14 g salt/day) prevents microvascular endothelial function impairment and changes oxidative status caused by HS diet in 51 (26 women and 25 men) young healthy individuals. Laser Doppler flowmetry measurements demonstrated that skin post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH), and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID) were significantly impaired in the HS group, but not in HS+C+E group, while sodium nitroprusside-induced dilation remained unaffected by treatments. Serum oxidative stress markers: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-iso prostaglandin-F2α, and leukocytes’ intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production were significantly increased, while ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and catalase concentrations were decreased in the HS group. All these parameters remained unaffected by vitamins supplementation. Matrix metalloproteinase 9, antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn SOD and glutathione peroxidase 1, and leukocytes’ intracellular superoxide production remained unchanged after the protocols in both HS and HS+C+E groups. Importantly, multiple regression analysis revealed that FRAP was the most powerful predictor of AChID, while PORH was strongly predicted by both FRAP and renin-angiotensin system activity. Hereby, we demonstrated that oxidative dis-balance has the pivotal role in HS diet-induced impairment of endothelial and microvascular function in healthy individuals which could be prevented by antioxidative vitamins consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Barić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Mrakovčić-Šutić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Ul. Braće Branchetta 20/1, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Vatroslav Šerić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-31-512-800
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Huang L, Trieu K, Yoshimura S, Neal B, Woodward M, Campbell NRC, Li Q, Lackland DT, Leung AA, Anderson CAM, MacGregor GA, He FJ. Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2020; 368:m315. [PMID: 32094151 PMCID: PMC7190039 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the dose-response relation between reduction in dietary sodium and blood pressure change and to explore the impact of intervention duration. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. DATA SOURCES Ovid MEDLINE(R), EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley) and reference lists of relevant articles up to 21 January 2019. INCLUSION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing different levels of sodium intake undertaken among adult populations with estimates of intake made using 24 hour urinary sodium excretion. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Two of three reviewers screened the records independently for eligibility. One reviewer extracted all data and the other two reviewed the data for accuracy. Reviewers performed random effects meta-analyses, subgroup analyses, and meta-regression. RESULTS 133 studies with 12 197 participants were included. The mean reductions (reduced sodium v usual sodium) of 24 hour urinary sodium, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 130 mmol (95% confidence interval 115 to 145, P<0.001), 4.26 mm Hg (3.62 to 4.89, P<0.001), and 2.07 mm Hg (1.67 to 2.48, P<0.001), respectively. Each 50 mmol reduction in 24 hour sodium excretion was associated with a 1.10 mm Hg (0.66 to 1.54; P<0.001) reduction in SBP and a 0.33 mm Hg (0.04 to 0.63; P=0.03) reduction in DBP. Reductions in blood pressure were observed in diverse population subsets examined, including hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals. For the same reduction in 24 hour urinary sodium there was greater SBP reduction in older people, non-white populations, and those with higher baseline SBP levels. In trials of less than 15 days' duration, each 50 mmol reduction in 24 hour urinary sodium excretion was associated with a 1.05 mm Hg (0.40 to 1.70; P=0.002) SBP fall, less than half the effect observed in studies of longer duration (2.13 mm Hg; 0.85 to 3.40; P=0.002). Otherwise, there was no association between trial duration and SBP reduction. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of blood pressure lowering achieved with sodium reduction showed a dose-response relation and was greater for older populations, non-white populations, and those with higher blood pressure. Short term studies underestimate the effect of sodium reduction on blood pressure. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42019140812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Norm R C Campbell
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Qiang Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alexander A Leung
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Graham A MacGregor
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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24
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Stupin A, Stupin M, Baric L, Matic A, Kolar L, Drenjancevic I. Sex-related differences in forearm skin microvascular reactivity of young healthy subjects. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 72:339-351. [PMID: 31006670 DOI: 10.3233/ch-180483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess sex-related differences in forearm skin microvascular reactivity to vascular occlusion and cardiovascular health in young healthy women and men. METHODS 203 young healthy individuals (67 men/136 women) participated in this study. Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) in skin microcirculation following 1', 2' and 3' vascular occlusion period was assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry. Anthropometric parameters, body composition, blood pressure, heart rate and biochemical parameters were measured in all participants. Correlations between PORH and measured parameters were determined by using corresponding tests. RESULTS Women had significantly higher forearm PORH following 1', 2' and 3' vascular occlusion than men. Women had lower body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio, but higher fat mass than men. Men had significantly higher blood pressure and lower heart rate than women. Also, women had lower hemoglobin, urea, creatinine and serum uric acid, but higher HDL cholesterol level than men. PORH was negatively associated with waist-to-hip ratio and systolic blood pressure only in women. CONCLUSIONS Young healthy women exhibit higher skin microvascular reactivity to vascular occlusion compared to age-matched men. Increased systolic blood pressure or central obesity (waist-to-hip ratio) may pose greater risk to young healthy women than men by adversely affecting peripheral microvascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Baric
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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25
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Caldwell JT, Sutterfield SL, Post HK, Lovoy GM, Banister HR, Turpin VRG, Colburn TD, Hammond SS, Copp SW, Ade CJ. Impact of high sodium intake on blood pressure and functional sympatholysis during rhythmic handgrip exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:613-620. [PMID: 31725319 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High dietary sodium intake is a risk factor for arterial hypertension; given that the ability to overcome sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction (functional sympatholysis) is attenuated in individuals with hypertension, we investigated the cardiovascular responses to high salt (HS) intake in healthy humans. We hypothesized that a HS intake of 15 g/day for 7 days would attenuate functional sympatholysis and augment the blood pressure response to handgrip exercise (HGE). Thirteen participants (6 males, 7 females) underwent 2 individual days of testing. Beat-by-beat blood pressure and heart rate were recorded throughout the trial on the non-exercising limb. Forearm blood flow was derived from ultrasonography on the brachial artery of the exercising limb. Participants then underwent a flow-mediated dilation (FMD) test. Next, a submaximal HGE was performed for 7 min with lower body negative pressure initiated during minutes 5-7. A single spot urine sample revealed a significant increase in sodium excretion during the HS conditions (p < 0.01). FMD was reduced during the HS condition. Mean arterial pressure was significantly higher during HS intake. No alteration to functional sympatholysis was found between conditions (p > 0.05). In summary, HS intake increases blood pressure without impacting functional sympatholysis or blood pressure responsiveness during HGE. These findings indicate that brachial artery dysfunction precedes an inefficient functional sympatholysis. Novelty Functional sympatholysis was not impacted by 1 week of high sodium intake. High sodium intake augmented the rate pressure product during handgrip exercise in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Shelbi L Sutterfield
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hunter K Post
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Garrett M Lovoy
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Heather R Banister
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Vanessa-Rose G Turpin
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Trenton D Colburn
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Stephen S Hammond
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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26
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Short-Term High-NaCl Dietary Intake Changes Leukocyte Expression of VLA-4, LFA-1, and Mac-1 Integrins in Both Healthy Humans and Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Comparative Study. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6715275. [PMID: 31636506 PMCID: PMC6766117 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6715275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at assessing the effects of a short-term high-salt (HS) diet on the peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) activation status in healthy rats and young human individuals. Distribution of PBL subpopulations and surface expression of integrins were determined using flow cytometry in 36 men and women on a 7-day low-salt diet (<3.2 g salt/day) immediately followed by a 7-day HS diet (~14 g salt/day) or in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 24) on a 0.4% NaCl diet (aLS group) or a 4% NaCl diet (aHS group) for 7 days. The aHS group presented with an increased frequency of granulocytes, while the frequency of lymphocytes was reduced. Although in humans HS diet reduced the expression of CD11b(act) integrin on lymphocytes, the frequency of CD11b(act)-bearing cells among all PBL subsets was increased. The aHS group of rats exhibited increased expression of total CD11b/c in granulocytes and CD3 lymphocytes. The expression of CD11a was significantly reduced in all PBL subsets from human subjects and increased in the aHS group. CD49d expression on all PBL subsets was significantly decreased in both humans and rats. In human subjects, we found reduced frequencies of intermediate monocytes accompanied by a reciprocal increase in classical monocytes. Present results suggest that a short-term HS diet can alter leukocytes' activation status and promote vascular low-grade inflammation.
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27
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Barić L, Drenjančević I, Matić A, Stupin M, Kolar L, Mihaljević Z, Lenasi H, Šerić V, Stupin A. Seven-Day Salt Loading Impairs Microvascular Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation without Changes in Blood Pressure, Body Composition and Fluid Status in Healthy Young Humans. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:835-847. [PMID: 31430746 DOI: 10.1159/000501747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess whether a 7-day high-salt (HS) diet affects endothelium-dependent and/or endothelium-independent microvascular function in the absence of changes in arterial blood pressure (BP), and to determine whether such microvascular changes are associated with changes in body composition and fluid status in healthy young humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-three young healthy individuals (28 women and 25 men) were assigned to a 7-day low-salt diet (<3.5 g salt/day) followed by a 7-day HS diet (∼14 g salt/day). Skin microvascular blood flow in response to iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, and BP, heart rate (HR), plasma renin activity (PRA), serum aldosterone, serum and 24 h-urine sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine levels, together with body composition and fluid status measurement with a 4-terminal portable impedance analyzer were measured before and after diet protocols. RESULTS BP, HR, body composition and fluid status were unchanged, and PRA and serum aldosterone level were significantly suppressed after HS diet. ACh-induced dilation (AChID) was significantly impaired, while SNP-induced dilation was not affected by HS diet. Impaired AChID and increased salt intake, as well as impaired AChID and suppressed renin-angiotensin system were significantly positively correlated. Changes in body composition and fluid status parameters were not associated with impaired AChID. CONCLUSION 7-day HS diet impairs microvascular reactivity by affecting its endothelium-dependent vasodilation in young healthy individuals. Changes are independent of BP, body composition changes or fluid retention, but are the consequences of the unique effect of HS on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Barić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Helena Lenasi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vatroslav Šerić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia, .,Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia,
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Low-Fat Diet Designed for Weight Loss But Not Weight Maintenance Improves Nitric Oxide-Dependent Arteriolar Vasodilation in Obese Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061339. [PMID: 31207908 PMCID: PMC6627594 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with microvascular dysfunction. While low-fat diet improves cardiovascular risk, its contributions on microvascular function, independent of weight loss, is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in microvessels is improved by low-fat diets designed for weight loss (LFWL) compared to low-fat weight maintenance (LFWM) diet. Obese adults were randomly assigned to either a LFWL diet (n = 11) or LFWM diet (n = 10) for six weeks. Microvessels were obtained from gluteal subcutaneous fat biopsies before and after the intervention for vascular reactivity measurements to acetylcholine (Ach) and flow, with and without L-NAME or indomethacin. Vascular and serum NO and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also measured. LFWL diet increased flow-induced (FID) and ACh-induced dilation (AChID); an effect that was inhibited by L-NAME. Conversely, LFWM diet did not affect FID or AChID. Indomethacin improved FID and AChID in the baseline and this effect was minimized in response to both diets. Serum NO or CRP did not change in response to either diet. In conclusion, LFWL diet improves microvascular reactivity compared to LFWM diet and increased vascular NO contribution to the improved microvascular dilation. These data suggest that weight reduction on low fat diet is critical for microvascular health.
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29
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Marketou ME, Maragkoudakis S, Anastasiou I, Nakou H, Plataki M, Vardas PE, Parthenakis FI. Salt-induced effects on microvascular function: A critical factor in hypertension mediated organ damage. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:749-757. [PMID: 31002481 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Salt has been linked very closely to the occurrence and complications of arterial hypertension. A large percentage of patients with essential hypertension are salt-sensitive; that is, their blood pressure increases with increased salt intake and decreases with its reduction. For this reason, emphasis is placed on reducing salt intake to better regulate blood pressure. In day-to-day clinical practice this is viewed as mandatory for hypertensive patients who are judged to be salt-sensitive. Previous studies have highlighted the negative effect of high-salt diets on macrovascular function, which also affects blood pressure levels by increasing peripheral resistances. More recent studies provide a better overview of the pathophysiology of microvascular disorders and show that they are largely due to the overconsumption of salt. Microvascular lesions, which have a major impact on the functioning of vital organs, are often not well recognized in clinical practice and are not paid sufficient attention. In general, the damage caused by hypertension to the microvascular network is likely to be overlooked, while reversion of the damage is only rarely considered as a therapeutic target by the treating physician. The purpose of this review is to summarize the impact and the harmful consequences of increased salt consumption in the microvascular network, their significance and pathophysiology, and at the same time to place some emphasis on their treatment and reversion, mainly through diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Marketou
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Anastasiou
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Helen Nakou
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marina Plataki
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panos E Vardas
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
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30
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Allen LA, Schmidt JR, Thompson CT, Carlson BE, Beard DA, Lombard JH. High salt diet impairs cerebral blood flow regulation via salt-induced angiotensin II suppression. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12518. [PMID: 30481399 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether salt-induced ANG II suppression contributes to impaired CBF autoregulation. METHODS Cerebral autoregulation was evaluated with LDF during graded reductions of blood pressure. Autoregulatory responses in rats fed HS (4% NaCl) diet vs LS (0.4% NaCl) diet were analyzed using linear regression analysis, model-free analysis, and a mechanistic theoretical model of blood flow through cerebral arterioles. RESULTS Autoregulation was intact in LS-fed animals as MAP was reduced via graded hemorrhage to approximately 50 mm Hg. Short-term (3 days) and chronic (4 weeks) HS diet impaired CBF autoregulation, as evidenced by progressive reductions of laser Doppler flux with arterial pressure reduction. Chronic low dose ANG II infusion (5 mg/kg/min, i.v.) restored CBF autoregulation between the pre-hemorrhage MAP and 50 mm Hg in rats fed short-term HS diet. Mechanistic-based model analysis showed a reduced myogenic response and reduced baseline VSM tone with short-term HS diet, which was restored by ANG II infusion. CONCLUSIONS Short-term and chronic HS diet lead to impaired autoregulation in the cerebral circulation, with salt-induced ANG II suppression as a major factor in the initiation of impaired CBF regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Allen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James R Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Christopher T Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian E Carlson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel A Beard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Julian H Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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31
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Stupin A, Rasic L, Matic A, Stupin M, Kralik Z, Kralik G, Grcevic M, Drenjancevic I. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched hen eggs consumption enhances microvascular reactivity in young healthy individuals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:988-995. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on the cardiovascular (CV) system is well supported in CV patients; however, the effect of the consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched functional food in healthy individuals is still not fully elucidated. This study aimed to determine the effect of the consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs on the microvascular reactivity (primary outcome), blood pressure (BP), and serum lipid profile in young healthy individuals. The control group (N = 16) ate 3 ordinary hen eggs (277 mg of omega-3 PUFAs/day), and the OMEGA-3 group (N = 20) ate 3 omega-3 PUFA-enriched eggs containing 259 mg of omega-3 PUFAs/egg daily (α-linolenic acid (ALA), 167 mg/egg; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 7 mg/egg; docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 84 mg/egg) for 3 weeks (777 mg of omega-3 PUFA/day). Postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) in skin microcirculation assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, serum lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and arterial BP were measured in all subjects before and after the protocol. PORH was significantly enhanced, and triglycerides, hsCRP, and BP were significantly decreased in the OMEGA-3 group compared with baseline measurements, whereas there was no significant difference in the control group after the protocol when compared with baseline. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that consumption of a mixture of omega-3 PUFA (ALA + EPA + DHA), provided via enriched hen eggs, elicits changes in the microvascular reactivity, BP, and triglyceride level in healthy subjects that are associated with CV benefits, thus suggesting that daily consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched eggs in healthy individuals may potentially contribute to CV risk factor attenuation and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Lidija Rasic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Anita Matic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Department for Special Zootechnics, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Gordana Kralik
- Department for Special Zootechnics, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Manuela Grcevic
- Department for Special Zootechnics, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
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32
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Matic A, Jukic I, Stupin A, Baric L, Mihaljevic Z, Unfirer S, Tartaro Bujak I, Mihaljevic B, Lombard JH, Drenjancevic I. High salt intake shifts the mechanisms of flow-induced dilation in the middle cerebral arteries of Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H718-H730. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00097.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to examine the effect of 1 wk of high salt (HS) intake and the role of oxidative stress in changing the mechanisms of flow-induced dilation (FID) in isolated pressurized middle cerebral arteries of male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 15–16 rats/group). Reduced FID in the HS group was restored by intake of the superoxide scavenger tempol (HS + tempol in vivo group). The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, and selective inhibitor of microsomal cytochrome P-450 epoxidase activity N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-(2-propynyloxy)-benzenehexanamide significantly reduced FID in the low salt diet-fed group, whereas FID in the HS group was mediated by NO only. Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA (but not protein) expression was decreased in the HS and HS + tempol in vivo groups. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and VEGF protein levels were increased in the HS group but decreased in the HS + tempol in vivo group. Assessment by direct fluorescence of middle cerebral arteries under flow revealed significantly reduced vascular NO levels and increased superoxide/reactive oxygen species levels in the HS group. These results suggest that HS intake impairs FID and changes FID mechanisms to entirely NO dependent, in contrast to the low-salt diet-fed group, where FID is NO, prostanoid, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid dependent. These changes were accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation products in the plasma of HS diet-fed rats, increased vascular superoxide/reactive oxygen species levels, and decreased NO levels, together with increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and VEGF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-salt (HS) diet changes the mechanisms of flow-induced dilation in rat middle cerebral arteries from a combination of nitric oxide-, prostanoid-, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-dependent mechanisms to, albeit reduced, a solely nitric oxide-dependent dilation. In vivo reactive oxygen species scavenging restores flow-induced dilation in HS diet-fed rats and ameliorates HS-induced increases in the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and expression of its downstream target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Matic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Baric
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanela Unfirer
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Tartaro Bujak
- Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Mihaljevic
- Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julian H. Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Fujii N, McNeely BD, Zhang SY, Abdellaoui YC, Danquah MO, Kenny GP. Activation of protease-activated receptor 2 mediates cutaneous vasodilatation but not sweating: roles of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase. Exp Physiol 2018; 102:265-272. [PMID: 27981668 DOI: 10.1113/ep086092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is located in the endothelial cells of skin vessels and eccrine sweat glands. However, a functional role of PAR2 in the control of cutaneous blood flow and sweating remains to be assessed in humans in vivo. What is the main finding and its importance? Our results demonstrate that in normothermic resting humans in vivo, activation of PAR2 elicits cutaneous vasodilatation partly through nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanisms, but does not mediate sweating. These results provide important new insights into the physiological significance of PAR2 in human skin. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is present in human skin, including keratinocytes, endothelial cells of skin microvessels and eccrine sweat glands. However, whether PAR2 contributes functionally to the regulation of cutaneous blood flow and sweating remains entirely unclear in humans in vivo. We hypothesized that activation of PAR2 directly stimulates cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating via actions of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX). In 12 physically active young men (29 ± 5 years old), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were measured at four intradermal microdialysis forearm skin sites that were treated with the following: (i) lactated Ringer's solution (control); (ii) 10 mm NG -nitro-l-arginine (NOS inhibitor); (iii) 10 mm ketorolac (COX inhibitor); or (iv) a combination of both inhibitors. At all sites, a PAR2 agonist (SLIGKV-NH2 ) was co-administered in a dose-dependent fashion (0.06, 0.18, 0.55, 1.66 and 5 mm, each for 25 min). The highest dose of SLIGKV-NH2 (5 mm) increased CVC from baseline at the control site (P ≤ 0.05). This increase in CVC associated with PAR2 activation was attenuated by NOS inhibition regardless of the presence or absence of simultaneous COX inhibition (both P ≤ 0.05). However, COX inhibition alone did not affect the PAR2-mediated increase in CVC (P > 0.05). No increase in sweat rate was measured at any administered dose of SLIGKV-NH2 (all P > 0.05). We show that in normothermic resting humans in vivo, PAR2 activation does not increase sweat rate, whereas it does modulate cutaneous vasodilatation through NOS-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan D McNeely
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Y Zhang
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasmine C Abdellaoui
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mercy O Danquah
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Stupin M, Stupin A, Rasic L, Cosic A, Kolar L, Seric V, Lenasi H, Izakovic K, Drenjancevic I. Acute exhaustive rowing exercise reduces skin microvascular dilator function in young adult rowing athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:461-474. [PMID: 29270903 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of acute exhaustive exercise session on skin microvascular reactivity was assessed in professional rowers and sedentary subjects. A potential involvement of altered hemodynamic parameters and/or oxidative stress level in the regulation of skin microvascular blood flow by acute exercise were determined. METHODS Anthropometric, biochemical, and hemodynamic parameters were measured in 18 young healthy sedentary men and 20 professional rowers who underwent a single acute exercise session. Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH), endothelium-dependent acetylcholine (ACh), and endothelium-independent sodium nitroprusside (SNP) microvascular responses were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in skin microcirculation before and after acute exercise. Serum lipid peroxidation products and plasma antioxidant capacity were measured using spectrophotometry. RESULTS At baseline, rowers had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR), and higher stroke volume (SV), PORH, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation than sedentary. Acute exercise caused a significant increase in systolic blood pressure, DBP, HR, and SV and a decrease in total peripheral resistance in both groups. Acute exercise induced a significant impairment in PORH and ACh-induced response in rowers, but not in sedentary, whereas the SNP-induced vasodilation was not affected by acute exercise in any group. Antioxidant capacity significantly increased only in sedentary after acute exercise. CONCLUSION Single acute exercise session impaired microvascular reactivity and endothelial function in rowers but not in sedentary, possibly due to (1) more rowing grades and higher exercise intensity achieved by rowers; (2) a higher increase in arterial pressure in rowers than in sedentary men; and (3) a lower antioxidant capacity in rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Stupin
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Rasic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Cosic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vatroslav Seric
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Helena Lenasi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kresimir Izakovic
- Module of Physical Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia.
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Chen H. Role of thromboxane A 2 signaling in endothelium-dependent contractions of arteries. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 134:32-37. [PMID: 29180071 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) plays a very important role in various cardiovascular diseases through its action on platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and proliferation. The present article focuses on the role of TxA2 signaling in endothelium-dependent contractions of arteries. Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) to form the unstable prostaglandin H2 which is further converted into TxA2. After being produced by thromboxane synthase (TxAS), TxA2 ultimately stimulates TxA2/prostanoid (TP) receptor to induce vasoconstriction. The calcium ionophore A23187, the prostanoid precursor AA, or the muscarinic receptor agonist acetylcholine (ACh) can evoke endothelium-dependent contractions associated with TxA2. The endothelium-dependent contractions shown in hypertension, diabetes, atherogenesis, and other cardiovascular diseases have been significantly reduced by antagonism of COX, TxAS, or TP receptor. So inhibition of the bioavailability and/or effect of TxA2 may be promising therapeutic targets to prevent these diseases. Especially some bioactive compounds isolated from medicinal plants will provide new pharmacological approaches to promote vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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Tucker MA, Six A, Moyen NE, Satterfield AZ, Ganio MS. Effect of hypohydration on postsynaptic cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R637-R642. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00525.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypohydration decreases cutaneous vasodilation and sweating during heat stress, but it is unknown if these decrements are from postsynaptic (i.e., sweat gland/blood vessel) alterations. The purpose of this study was to determine if hypohydration affects postsynaptic cutaneous vasodilation and sweating responses. Twelve healthy men participated in euhydrated (EU) and hypohydrated (HY) trials, with hypohydration induced via fluid restriction and passive heat stress. Changes in cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; %max) in response to incremental intradermal infusion of the endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the endothelium-dependent vasodilator methacholine chloride (MCh) were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Local sweat rate (LSR) was simultaneously assessed at the MCh site via ventilated capsule. At the end of the last dose, maximal CVC was elicited by delivering a maximal dose of SNP (5 × 10−2 M) for 30 min to both sites with simultaneous local heating (~44°C) at the SNP site. The concentration of drug needed to elicit 50% of the maximal response (log EC50) was compared between hydration conditions. The percent body mass loss was greater with HY vs. EU (−2.2 ± 0.7 vs. −0.1 ± 0.7%, P < 0.001). Log EC50 of endothelium-dependent CVC was lower with EU (−3.62 ± 0.22) vs. HY (−2.93 ± 0.08; P = 0.044). Hypohydration did not significantly alter endothelium-independent CVC or LSR (both P > 0.05). In conclusion, hypohydration attenuated endothelium-dependent CVC but did not affect endothelium-independent CVC or LSR responses. These data suggest that reductions in skin blood flow accompanying hypohydration can be partially attributed to altered postsynaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Tucker
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Ashley Six
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Nicole E. Moyen
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
- Fitbit, San Francisco, California
| | - Alf Z. Satterfield
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Matthew S. Ganio
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
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Graudal NA, Hubeck‐Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 4:CD004022. [PMID: 28391629 PMCID: PMC6478144 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of more than 100 years of investigations the question of whether a reduced sodium intake improves health is still unsolved. OBJECTIVES To estimate the effects of low sodium intake versus high sodium intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), plasma or serum levels of renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomized controlled trials up to March 2016: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2016, Issue 3), MEDLINE (from 1946), Embase (from 1974), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies randomising persons to low-sodium and high-sodium diets were included if they evaluated at least one of the above outcome parameters. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently collected data, which were analysed with Review Manager 5.3. MAIN RESULTS A total of 185 studies were included. The average sodium intake was reduced from 201 mmol/day (corresponding to high usual level) to 66 mmol/day (corresponding to the recommended level).The effect of sodium reduction on blood pressure (BP) was as follows: white people with normotension: SBP: mean difference (MD) -1.09 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI): -1.63 to -0.56; P = 0.0001); 89 studies, 8569 participants; DBP: + 0.03 mmHg (MD 95% CI: -0.37 to 0.43; P = 0.89); 90 studies, 8833 participants. High-quality evidence. Black people with normotension: SBP: MD -4.02 mmHg (95% CI:-7.37 to -0.68; P = 0.002); seven studies, 506 participants; DBP: MD -2.01 mmHg (95% CI:-4.37 to 0.35; P = 0.09); seven studies, 506 participants. Moderate-quality evidence. Asian people with normotension: SBP: MD -0.72 mmHg (95% CI: -3.86 to 2.41; P = 0.65); DBP: MD -1.63 mmHg (95% CI:-3.35 to 0.08; P =0.06); three studies, 393 participants. Moderate-quality evidence.White people with hypertension: SBP: MD -5.51 mmHg (95% CI: -6.45 to -4.57; P < 0.00001); 84 studies, 5925 participants; DBP: MD -2.88 mmHg (95% CI: -3.44 to -2.32; P < 0.00001); 85 studies, 6001 participants. High-quality evidence. Black people with hypertension: SBP MD -6.64 mmHg (95% CI:-9.00 to -4.27; P = 0.00001); eight studies, 619 participants; DBP -2.91 mmHg (95% CI:-4.52, -1.30; P = 0.0004); eight studies, 619 participants. Moderate-quality evidence. Asian people with hypertension: SBP: MD -7.75 mmHg (95% CI:-11,44 to -4.07; P < 0.0001) nine studies, 501 participants; DBP: MD -2.68 mmHg (95% CI: -4.21 to -1.15; P = 0.0006). Moderate-quality evidence.In plasma or serum, there was a significant increase in renin (P < 0.00001), aldosterone (P < 0.00001), noradrenaline (P < 0.00001), adrenaline (P < 0.03), cholesterol (P < 0.0005) and triglyceride (P < 0.0006) with low sodium intake as compared with high sodium intake. All effects were stable in 125 study populations with a sodium intake below 250 mmol/day and a sodium reduction intervention of at least one week. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Sodium reduction from an average high usual sodium intake level (201 mmol/day) to an average level of 66 mmol/day, which is below the recommended upper level of 100 mmol/day (5.8 g salt), resulted in a decrease in SBP/DBP of 1/0 mmHg in white participants with normotension and a decrease in SBP/DBP of 5.5/2.9 mmHg in white participants with hypertension. A few studies showed that these effects in black and Asian populations were greater. The effects on hormones and lipids were similar in people with normotension and hypertension. Renin increased 1.60 ng/mL/hour (55%); aldosterone increased 97.81 pg/mL (127%); adrenalin increased 7.55 pg/mL (14%); noradrenalin increased 63.56 pg/mL: (27%); cholesterol increased 5.59 mg/dL (2.9%); triglyceride increased 7.04 mg/dL (6.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Albert Graudal
- Copenhagen University Hospital RigshospitaletDepartment of Rheumatology VRR4242Blegdamsvej 9CopenhagenDenmarkDK‐2100 Ø
| | | | - Gesche Jurgens
- Roskilde HospitalClinical Pharmacology UnitRoskildeDenmark
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Fujii N, McNeely BD, Kenny GP. Nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase modulate β-adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in young men. J Physiol 2017; 595:1173-1184. [PMID: 27779753 DOI: 10.1113/jp273502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS β-Adrenergic receptor agonists such as isoproterenol induce cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in humans, but the mechanisms underpinning this response remain unresolved. Using intradermal microdialysis, we evaluated the roles of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) in β-adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating elicited by administration of isoproterenol. We show that while NOS contributes to β-adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, COX restricts cutaneous vasodilatation. We also show that combined inhibition of NOS and COX augments β-adrenergic sweating These new findings advance our basic knowledge regarding the physiological control of cutaneous blood flow and sweating, and provide important and new information to better understand the physiological significance of β-adrenergic receptors in the skin. ABSTRACT β-Adrenergic receptor agonists such as isoproterenol can induce cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in humans, but the mechanisms underpinning this response remain unresolved. We evaluated the hypotheses that (1) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contributes to β-adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, whereas cyclooxygenase (COX) limits the vasodilatation, and (2) COX contributes to β-adrenergic sweating. In 10 young males (25 ± 5 years), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were evaluated at four intradermal forearm skin sites infused with (1) lactated Ringer solution (control), (2) 10 mm Nω -nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA), a non-specific NOS inhibitor, (3) 10 mm ketorolac, a non-specific COX inhibitor, or (4) a combination of l-NNA and ketorolac. All sites were co-administered with a high dose of isoproterenol (100 μm) for 3 min to maximally induce β-adrenergic sweating (β-adrenergic sweating is significantly blunted by subsequent activations). Approximately 60 min after the washout period, three incremental doses of isoproterenol were co-administered (1, 10 and 100 μm each for 25 min). Increases in CVC induced by the first and second 100 μm isoproterenol were attenuated by l-NNA alone, and those in response to all doses of isoproterenol were reduced by l-NNA with co-infusion of ketorolac (all P ≤ 0.05). Ketorolac alone augmented increases in CVC induced by 10 μm and by the second 100 μm isoproterenol (both P ≤ 0.05). While isoproterenol-induced sweating was not affected by the separate administration of l-NNA or ketorolac (all P > 0.05), their combined administration augmented sweating elicited by the first 3 min of 100 μm isoproterenol (P = 0.05). We show that while NOS contributes to β-adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, COX restrains the vasodilatation. Finally, combined inhibition of NOS and COX augments β-adrenergic sweating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Brendan D McNeely
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Raffai G, Lombard JH. Angiotensin-(1-7) Selectively Induces Relaxation and Modulates Endothelium-Dependent Dilation in Mesenteric Arteries of Salt-Fed Rats. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:105-118. [PMID: 27676088 DOI: 10.1159/000448714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 on active tone and vasodilator responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine in isolated mesenteric arteries from Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-salt (HS; 4% NaCl) versus a normal salt (NS; 0.4% NaCl) diet. Angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 elicited relaxation, and angiotensin-(1-7) unmasked vasodilator responses to bradykinin in arteries from HS-fed rats. These effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 were inhibited by endothelium removal, A779, PD123319, HOE140 and L-NAME. Angiotensin-(1-7) also restored the acetylcholine-induced relaxation that was suppressed by the HS diet. Vasodilator responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine in the presence of angiotensin-(1-7) were mimicked by captopril and the AT2 receptor agonist CGP42112 in arteries from HS-fed rats. Thus, in contrast to salt-induced impairment of vascular relaxation in response to vasodilator stimuli, angiotensin-(1-7) induces endothelium-dependent and NO-mediated relaxation, unmasks bradykinin responses via activation of mas and AT2 receptors, and restores acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in HS-fed rats. AT2 receptor activation and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition shared the ability of angiotensin-(1-7) to enhance bradykinin and acetylcholine responses in HS-fed rats. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for mas and/or AT2 receptor activation and ACE inhibition in restoring endothelial function impaired by elevated dietary salt intake or other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Raffai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis., USA
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Cosic A, Jukic I, Stupin A, Mihalj M, Mihaljevic Z, Novak S, Vukovic R, Drenjancevic I. Attenuated flow-induced dilatation of middle cerebral arteries is related to increased vascular oxidative stress in rats on a short-term high salt diet. J Physiol 2016; 594:4917-31. [PMID: 27061200 DOI: 10.1113/jp272297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Recent studies have shown that high salt (HS) intake leads to endothelial dysfunction and impaired vascular reactivity in different vascular beds in both animal and human models, due to increased oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to assess vascular response to flow-induced dilatation (FID) and to elucidate the role of vascular oxidative stress/antioxidative capacity in middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of HS-fed rats in vitro. The novelty of this study is in demonstrating impaired flow-induced dilatation of MCAs and down-regulation of vascular antioxidant genes with HS intake, leading to increased levels of oxidative stress in blood vessels and peripheral lymph organs, which together contribute to impaired FID. In addition, results show increased oxidative stress in leukocytes of peripheral lymph organs, suggesting the occurrence of inflammatory processes due to HS intake. Recirculation of leukocytes might additionally increase vascular oxidative stress in vivo. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine flow-induced dilatation (FID) and the role of oxidative stress/antioxidative capacity in isolated, pressurized middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of high salt (HS)-fed rats. Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (11 weeks old) were fed low salt (0.4% NaCl; LS group) or high salt (4% NaCl; HS group) diets for 1 week. Reactivity of MCAs in response to stepwise increases in pressure gradient (Δ10-Δ100 mmHg) was determined in the absence or presence of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic TEMPOL and/or the nitric oxide synthases (NOS) inhibitor N(ω) -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). mRNA levels of antioxidative enzymes, NAPDH-oxidase components, inducible (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Blood pressure (BP), antioxidant enzymes activity, oxidative stress in peripheral leukocytes, lipid peroxidation products and the antioxidant capacity of plasma were measured for both groups. FID was reduced in the HS group compared to the LS group. The presence of TEMPOL restored dilatation in the HS group, with no effect in the LS group. Expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) and iNOS in the HS group was significantly decreased; oxidative stress was significantly higher in the HS group compared to the LS group. HS intake significantly induced basal reactive oxygen species production in the leukocytes of mesenteric lymph nodes and splenocytes, and intracellular production after stimulation in peripheral lymph nodes. Antioxidant enzyme activity and BP were not affected by HS diet. Low GPx4 expression, increased superoxide production in leukocytes, and decreased iNOS expression are likely to underlie increased oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, leading to impairment of FID in the HS group without changes in BP values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cosic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanja Novak
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Rosemary Vukovic
- Department of Biology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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