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Tando Y, Matsui Y. Inheritance of environment-induced phenotypic changes through epigenetic mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2023; 9:dvad008. [PMID: 38094661 PMCID: PMC10719065 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that epigenetic changes through various parental environmental factors alter the phenotypes of descendants in various organisms. Environmental factors, including exposure to chemicals, stress and abnormal nutrition, affect the epigenome in parental germ cells by different epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modification as well as small RNAs via metabolites. Some current remaining questions are the causal relationship between environment-induced epigenetic changes in germ cells and altered phenotypes of descendants, and the molecular basis of how the abnormal epigenetic changes escape reprogramming in germ cells. In this review, we introduce representative examples of intergenerational and transgenerational inheritance of phenotypic changes through parental environmental factors and the accompanied epigenetic and metabolic changes, with a focus on animal species. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of epigenomic inheritance and their possible biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Tando
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Matsui
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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2
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Zhang Y, Shan M, Ding X, Sun H, Qiu F, Shi L. Maternal exercise represses Nox4 via SIRT1 to prevent vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in SHR offspring. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1219194. [PMID: 37501791 PMCID: PMC10368947 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1219194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal exercise during pregnancy has emerged as a potentially promising approach to protect offspring from cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. Although endothelial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension, limited studies have characterized how maternal exercise influences endothelial function of hypertensive offspring. In this study, pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats were assigned either to a sedentary lifestyle or to swimming training daily, and fetal histone deacetylase-mediated epigenetic modification and offspring vascular function of mesenteric arteries were analyzed. Maternal exercise ameliorated the impairment of acetylcholine-induced vasodilation without affecting sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilation in mesenteric arteries from the hypertensive offspring. In accordance, maternal exercise reduced NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4) protein to prevent the loss of nitric oxide generation and increased reactive oxygen species production in mesenteric arteries of hypertensive offspring. We further found that maternal exercise during pregnancy upregulated vascular SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) expression, leading to a low level of H3K9ac (histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation), resulting in the transcriptional downregulation of Nox4 in mesenteric arteries of hypertensive fetuses. These findings show that maternal exercise alleviates oxidative stress and the impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation via SIRT1-regulated deacetylation of Nox4, which might contribute to improved vascular function in hypertensive offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Shan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Ding
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hualing Sun
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Mohammadkhani R, Komaki A, Karimi SA, Behzad M, Heidarisasan S, Salehi I. Maternal high-intensity interval training as a suitable approach for offspring's heart protection in rat: evidence from oxidative stress and mitochondrial genes. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1117666. [PMID: 37288431 PMCID: PMC10242028 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1117666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable scientific evidence suggests that the intrauterine environment plays a crucial role in determining the long-term health of offspring. The present study aims to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training in maternal rats before and during pregnancy on the antioxidant status, mitochondrial gene expression, and anxiety-like behavior of their offspring. A total of thirty-two female rats were assigned to four maternal groups based on the timing of exercise: before pregnancy, before and during pregnancy, during pregnancy, and sedentary. The female and male offspring were allocated to groups that matched their mothers' exercise regimen. Anxiety-like behavior in the offspring was evaluated using the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests. Our findings indicate that maternal HIIT does not have any detrimental effect on the anxiety-related behavior of offspring. Also, maternal exercise before and during pregnancy could improve the general activity of the offspring. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that female offspring exhibit more locomotion activity than males. Besides, maternal HIIT leads to a reduction in the levels of TOS and MDA, while TAC levels increase, and significantly upregulate the gene expression of PGC1-α, NFR1, and NRF2 in both sexes in the heart. Therefore, our study suggests that maternal HIIT is a beneficial maternal behavior and serves as a cardioprotective agent to enhance the health of the next generations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shirin Heidarisasan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Cechinel LR, Batabyal RA, Freishtat RJ, Zohn IE. Parental obesity-induced changes in developmental programming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:918080. [PMID: 36274855 PMCID: PMC9585252 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.918080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies support the link between parental obesity and the predisposition to develop adult-onset metabolic syndromes that include obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes in the offspring. As the prevalence of obesity increases in persons of childbearing age, so does metabolic syndrome in their descendants. Understanding how parental obesity alters metabolic programs in the progeny, predisposing them to adult-onset metabolic syndrome, is key to breaking this cycle. This review explores the basis for altered metabolism of offspring exposed to overnutrition by focusing on critical developmental processes influenced by parental obesity. We draw from human and animal model studies, highlighting the adaptations in metabolism that occur during normal pregnancy that become maladaptive with obesity. We describe essential phases of development impacted by parental obesity that contribute to long-term alterations in metabolism in the offspring. These encompass gamete formation, placentation, adipogenesis, pancreas development, and development of brain appetite control circuits. Parental obesity alters the developmental programming of these organs in part by inducing epigenetic changes with long-term consequences on metabolism. While exposure to parental obesity during any of these phases is sufficient to alter long-term metabolism, offspring often experience multiple exposures throughout their development. These insults accumulate to increase further the susceptibility of the offspring to the obesogenic environments of modern society.
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Chae SA, Son JS, Zhao L, Gao Y, Liu X, Marie de Avila J, Zhu MJ, Du M. Exerkine apelin reverses obesity-associated placental dysfunction by accelerating mitochondrial biogenesis in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E467-E479. [PMID: 35403440 PMCID: PMC9126223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00023.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exercise (ME) protects against adverse effects of maternal obesity (MO) on fetal development. As a cytokine stimulated by exercise, apelin (APN) is elevated due to ME, but its roles in mediating the effects of ME on placental development remain to be defined. Two studies were conducted. In the first study, 18 female mice were assigned to control (CON), obesogenic diet (OB), or OB with exercise (OB/Ex) groups (n = 6); in the second study, the same number of female mice were assigned to three groups; CON with PBS injection (CD/PBS), OB/PBS, or OB with apelin injection (OB/APN). In the exercise study, daily treadmill exercise during pregnancy significantly elevated the expression of PR domain 16 (PRDM16; P < 0.001), which correlated with enhanced oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in the placenta (P < 0.05). More importantly, these changes were partially mirrored in the apelin study. Apelin administration upregulated PRDM16 protein level (P < 0.001), mitochondrial biogenesis (P < 0.05), placental nutrient transporter expression (P < 0.001), and placental vascularization (P < 0.01), which were impaired due to MO (P < 0.05). In summary, MO impairs oxidative phosphorylation in the placenta, which is improved by ME; apelin administration partially mimics the beneficial effects of exercise on improving placental function, which prevents placental dysfunction due to MO.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Maternal exercise prevents metabolic disorders of mothers and offspring induced by high-fat diet. Exercise intervention enhances PRDM16 activation, oxidative metabolism, and vascularization of placenta, which are inhibited due to maternal obesity. Similar to maternal exercise, apelin administration improves placental function of obese dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ah Chae
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jun Seok Son
- Laboratory of Perinatal Kinesioepigenetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liang Zhao
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Yao Gao
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jeanene Marie de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Intergenerational effects of prenatal hypoxia exposure on uterine artery adaptations to pregnancies in the female offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:794-799. [PMID: 35616050 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxia is a common complication of pregnancy and is associated with detrimental health outcomes, such as impaired cardiac and vascular function, in adult offspring. Exposure to prenatal hypoxia reportedly impacts the reproductive system of female offspring. Whether exposure to prenatal hypoxia influences pregnancy adaptations and outcomes in these female offspring is unknown. We hypothesised that prenatal hypoxia impairs uterine artery adaptations in pregnancies of the adult offspring. Pregnancy outcomes and uterine artery function were assessed in 14-16 weeks old non-pregnant and late pregnant (gestational day 20; term = 22 days) adult female offspring born to rats exposed to prenatal normoxia (21% oxygen) or hypoxia (11% oxygen, between days 15-21 of gestation). Compared with normoxia controls, prenatal hypoxia was associated with pregnant adult offspring having reduced placental weights in their litters, and uterine artery circumferential stress that increased with pregnancy. Overall, prenatal hypoxia adversely, albeit mildly, compromised pregnancies of adult offspring.
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Gastiazoro MP, Rossetti MF, Schumacher R, Stoker C, Durando M, Zierau O, Ramos JG, Varayoud J. Epigenetic disruption of placental genes by chronic maternal cafeteria diet in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 106:109015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Briffa JF, Bevens W, Gravina S, Said JM, Wlodek ME. Pregnant biglycan knockout mice have altered cardiorenal adaptations and a shorter gestational length, but do not develop a pre-eclamptic phenotype. Placenta 2022; 119:52-62. [PMID: 35150975 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-eclampsia complicates 4.6% of pregnancies and is linked to impaired placentation; likely due to dysregulated vasculogenesis/angiogenesis. Proteoglycans, such as biglycan, are located on the endothelial surface of fetal capillaries. Biglycan is reduced in the placenta of pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. Importantly, biglycan stimulates angiogenesis in numerous tissues. Therefore, this study investigated whether biglycan knockdown in mice results in a pre-eclamptic phenotype. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Bgn-/- mice underwent cardiorenal measurements prior to and during pregnancy. One cohort of mice underwent post-mortem on gestational day 18 (E18) and another cohort underwent post-mortem on postnatal day 1 (PN1), with maternal and offspring tissues of relevance collected. RESULTS Bgn-/- dams had increased heart rate (+9%, p < 0.037) and reduced systolic (-11%, p < 0.001), diastolic (-15%, p < 0.001), and mean arterial (-12%, p < 0.001) pressures at all ages investigated compared to WT. Additionally, Bgn-/- dams had reduced urine flow rate (-64%, p < 0.001) as well as reduced urinary excretions (-49%, p < 0.004) during late gestation compared to WT. Bgn-/- pups had higher body weight (+8%, p = 0.004; E18 only) and a higher liver-to-brain weight ratio (+43%, p < 0.001). Placental weight was unaltered with only minor changes in vasculogenic and angiogenic gene abundances detected, which did not correlate to changes in protein expression. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated that total knockdown of biglycan is not associated with features of pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Briffa
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - W Bevens
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - S Gravina
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - J M Said
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; Maternal Fetal Medicine, Sunshine Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - M E Wlodek
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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9
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Maternal exercise and high-fat diet affect hypothalamic neural projections in rat offspring in a sex-specific manner. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 103:108958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Chae SA, Son JS, Du M. Prenatal exercise in fetal development: a placental perspective. FEBS J 2021; 289:3058-3071. [PMID: 34449982 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity (MO) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are common in Western societies, which impair fetal development and predispose offspring to metabolic dysfunction. Placenta is the organ linking the mother to her fetus, and MO suppresses the development of vascular system and expression of nutrient transporters in placenta, thereby affecting fetal development. For maintaining its proper physiological function, placenta is energy demanding, which is met through extensive oxidative phosphorylation. However, the oxidative capacity of placenta is suppressed due to MO and GDM. Recently, several studies showed that physical activity during pregnancy enhances oxidative metabolism and improves placental function, which might be partially mediated by exerkines, referring to cytokines elicited by exercise. In addition, as an endocrine organ, placenta secretes cytokines, termed placentokines, including apelin, superoxide dismutase 3, irisin, and adiponectin, which mediate fetal development and maternal metabolism. Possible molecular mechanisms linking maternal exercise and placentokines to placental and fetal development are further discussed. As an emerging field, up to now, available studies are limited, mostly conducted in rodents. Given the epidemics of obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as the prevalence of maternal sedentary lifestyle, the effects of exercise of pregnant women on placental function and placentokine secretion, as well as their impacts on fetal development, need to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ah Chae
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jun Seok Son
- Laboratory of Perinatal Kinesioepigenetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Song L, Yan J, Wang N, Wei X, Luo X, Meng K, Sun B. Prenatal exercise reverses high-fat-diet-induced placental alterations and alters male fetal hypothalamus during late gestation in rats†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:705-716. [PMID: 31742332 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal high-fat (HF) diet negatively affects maternal metabolism and placental function. This study aimed to determine whether gestational exercise prevents the effect of HF diet on placental amino acid transporter expression and nutrient-sensing signaling and the fetal response. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were either fed with a CHOW (13.5% fat) or HF (60% fat) diet during gestation and further divided into two subgroups: voluntary exercised and sedentary. Placentae were collected on gestational day (GD) 14 and GD20, and male placentae were used in this study. We found that gestational exercise ameliorated the detrimental effects of HF diet on dams' adiposity, plasma leptin, and insulin concentrations. Maternal exercise did not influence fetoplacental growth but affected male fetal hypothalamic Leprb, Stat3, Insr, Agrp, and Pomc expressions on GD20. Maternal HF diet decreased placental labyrinth thickness and increased system A amino acid transporter SNAT2 expression, while these changes were normalized by exercise. The activation of placental mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1/4E-BP1 and LepRb/STAT3 signaling might contribute to the increased placental SNAT2 expression in HF-fed dams, which were reversed by exercise on GD20. These data highlight that gestational exercise reverses HF-diet-induced placental alterations during late gestation without influencing fetal growth. However, maternal exercise altered fetal hypothalamic gene expression, which may affect long-term offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojing Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Kusuyama J, Alves-Wagner AB, Conlin RH, Makarewicz NS, Albertson BG, Prince NB, Kobayashi S, Kozuka C, Møller M, Bjerre M, Fuglsang J, Miele E, Middelbeek RJW, Xiudong Y, Xia Y, Garneau L, Bhattacharjee J, Aguer C, Patti ME, Hirshman MF, Jessen N, Hatta T, Ovesen PG, Adamo KB, Nozik-Grayck E, Goodyear LJ. Placental superoxide dismutase 3 mediates benefits of maternal exercise on offspring health. Cell Metab 2021; 33:939-956.e8. [PMID: 33770509 PMCID: PMC8103776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poor maternal diet increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in offspring, adding to the ever-increasing prevalence of these diseases. In contrast, we find that maternal exercise improves the metabolic health of offspring, and here, we demonstrate that this occurs through a vitamin D receptor-mediated increase in placental superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) expression and secretion. SOD3 activates an AMPK/TET signaling axis in fetal offspring liver, resulting in DNA demethylation at the promoters of glucose metabolic genes, enhancing liver function, and improving glucose tolerance. In humans, SOD3 is upregulated in serum and placenta from physically active pregnant women. The discovery of maternal exercise-induced cross talk between placenta-derived SOD3 and offspring liver provides a central mechanism for improved offspring metabolic health. These findings may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to limit the transmission of metabolic disease to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Kusuyama
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Ana Barbara Alves-Wagner
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Royce H Conlin
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan S Makarewicz
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent G Albertson
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noah B Prince
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shio Kobayashi
- Section of Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chisayo Kozuka
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; YCI Laboratory for Metabolic Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Magnus Møller
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Fuglsang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emily Miele
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Xiudong
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Léa Garneau
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, recherche, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jayonta Bhattacharjee
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Science University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Céline Aguer
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, recherche, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Science University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mary Elizabeth Patti
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Per Glud Ovesen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristi B Adamo
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Science University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Son JS, Chae SA, Wang H, Chen Y, Bravo Iniguez A, de Avila JM, Jiang Z, Zhu MJ, Du M. Maternal Inactivity Programs Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Offspring Mice by Attenuating Apelin Signaling and Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108461. [PMID: 33264618 PMCID: PMC8137280 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although maternal exercise (ME) becomes increasingly uncommon, the effects of ME on offspring muscle metabolic health remain largely undefined. Maternal mice are subject to daily exercise during pregnancy, which enhances mitochondrial biogenesis during fetal muscle development; this is correlated with higher mitochondrial content and oxidative muscle fibers in offspring muscle and improved endurance capacity. Apelin, an exerkine, is elevated due to ME, and maternal apelin administration mirrors the effect of ME on mitochondrial biogenesis in fetal muscle. Importantly, both ME and apelin induce DNA demethylation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (Ppargc1a) promoter and enhance its expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in fetal muscle. Such changes in DNA methylation were maintained in offspring, with ME offspring muscle expressing higher levels of PGC-1α1/4 isoforms, explaining improved muscle function. In summary, ME enhances DNA demethylation of the Ppargc1a promoter in fetal muscle, which has positive programming effects on the exercise endurance capacity and protects offspring muscle against metabolic dysfunction. Son et al. demonstrate that maternal exercise facilitates fetal muscle development, which improves muscle function and exercise endurance in offspring. Maternal administration of apelin, an exerkine, mirrors the beneficial effects of maternal exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and fetal muscle development. These findings suggest apelin and its receptor as potential drug targets for improving fetal muscle development of sedentary mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Son
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Jeanene M de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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14
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Mangwiro YT, Cuffe JS, Vickers MH, Reynolds CM, Mahizir D, Anevska K, Gravina S, Romano T, Moritz KM, Briffa JF, Wlodek ME. Maternal exercise alters rat fetoplacental stress response: Minimal effects of maternal growth restriction and high-fat feeding. Placenta 2020; 104:57-70. [PMID: 33276236 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetal growth restriction complicates 10% of pregnancies and increases offspring (F1) risk of metabolic disorders, including obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This disease predisposition can be passed onto the next generation (F2). Importantly, the risk of pregnancy complications in obese women can be exacerbated by a stressful pregnancy. Exercise can reduce adiposity and improve health outcomes in obese women and those with GDM. This study investigated the impacts of maternal growth restriction, obesity, exercise, and stress on fetal and placental endocrine function. METHODS Uteroplacental insufficiency (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery was induced on embryonic day (E) 18 in F0 Wistar-Kyoto rats. F1 offspring were fed a Chow or High-fat (HFD) diet from weaning and, at 16 weeks, were randomly allocated an exercise protocol; Sedentary, Exercised prior to and during pregnancy (Exercise), or Exercised only during pregnancy (PregEx). Females were mated and further randomly allocated to either undergo (Stress), or not undergo (Unstressed), physiological measurements during pregnancy. On E20, F2 fetal plasma (steroid hormones), tissues (brain, liver), and placentae (morphology, stress genes) were collected. RESULTS Maternal growth restriction and high-fat feeding had minimal impact on fetoplacental endocrine function. PregEx and Exercise increased cross-sectional labyrinth and junctional zone areas. PregEx, but not Exercise, increased fetal deoxycorticosterone concentrations and reduced placental Hsd11b2 and Nr3c2 gene abundance. Maternal stress increased fetal corticosterone concentrations in Sedentary HFD dams and increased placental cross-sectional areas in PregEx mothers. DISCUSSION PregEx and Stress independently dysregulates the endocrine status of the developing fetus, which may program future disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeukai Tm Mangwiro
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James Sm Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Dayana Mahizir
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sogand Gravina
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tania Romano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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15
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Kusuyama J, Alves-Wagner AB, Makarewicz NS, Goodyear LJ. Effects of maternal and paternal exercise on offspring metabolism. Nat Metab 2020; 2:858-872. [PMID: 32929233 PMCID: PMC7643050 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal and paternal obesity and type 2 diabetes are recognized risk factors for the development of metabolic dysfunction in offspring, even when the offspring follow a healthful lifestyle. Multiple studies have demonstrated that regular physical activity in mothers and fathers has striking beneficial effects on offspring health, including preventing the development of metabolic disease in rodent offspring as they age. Here, we review the benefits of maternal and paternal exercise in combating the development of metabolic dysfunction in adult offspring, focusing on offspring glucose homeostasis and adaptations to metabolic tissues. We discuss recent findings regarding the roles of the placenta and sperm in mediating the effects of parental exercise on offspring metabolic health, as well as the mechanisms hypothesized to underlie these beneficial changes. Given the worldwide epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes, if these findings translate to humans, regular exercise during the reproductive years might limit the vicious cycles in which increased metabolic risk propagates across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Kusuyama
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Barbara Alves-Wagner
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan S Makarewicz
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Mahizir D, Briffa JF, Wood JL, Anevska K, Hill-Yardin EL, Jefferies AJ, Gravina S, Mazzarino G, Franks AE, Moritz KM, Wadley GD, Wlodek ME. Exercise improves metabolic function and alters the microbiome in rats with gestational diabetes. FASEB J 2019; 34:1728-1744. [PMID: 31914625 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901424r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication, particularly prevalent in obese women. Importantly, exercise has beneficial impacts on maternal glucose control and may prevent GDM in "at-risk" women. We aimed to determine whether a high-fat diet (HFD) exacerbates metabolic dysfunction and alters gut microbiome in GDM and whether endurance exercise prevents these changes. Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery on E18 in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Female offspring were fed a Chow or HFD (23% fat) from weaning (5 weeks) and at 16 weeks randomly allocated to remain Sedentary or to an exercise protocol of either Exercise prior to and during pregnancy (Exercise); or Exercise during pregnancy only (PregEx). Females were mated (20 weeks) and underwent indirect calorimetry (embryonic day 16; E16), glucose tolerance testing (E18), followed by 24-hr feces collection at E19 (n = 8-10/group). HFD consumption in female rats with GDM exacerbated the adverse metabolic adaptations to pregnancy and altered gut microbial populations. Specifically, the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio was increased, due to an underlying change in abundance of the orders Clostridiales and Bacteroidales. Maternal Exercise, but not PregEx, prevented the development of metabolic dysfunction, increased pancreatic β-cell mass, and prevented the alteration of the gut microbiome in GDM females. Our findings suggest that maternal exercise and diet influence metabolic and microbiome dysfunction in females with GDM, which may impact long-term maternal and offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Mahizir
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Jefferies
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sogand Gravina
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gisella Mazzarino
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashley E Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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17
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Bennet L, Ikeda T, Llanos AJ, Nijhuis J, Gunn AJ. Challenges and controversies in perinatal physiology. J Physiol 2019; 596:5485-5489. [PMID: 30499159 DOI: 10.1113/jp276299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Bennet
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mie University, Mie Prefecture, Japan
| | - A J Llanos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Nijhuis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A J Gunn
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Maternal physical activity prevents the overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and cardiorespiratory dysfunction in protein malnourished rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14406. [PMID: 31594995 PMCID: PMC6783408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal physical activity attenuates cardiorespiratory dysfunctions and transcriptional alterations presented by the carotid body (CB) of rats. Rats performed physical activity and were classified as inactive/active. During gestation and lactation, mothers received either normoprotein (NP-17% protein) or low-protein diet (LP-8% protein). In offspring, biochemical serum levels, respiratory parameters, cardiovascular parameters and the mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and purinergic receptors were evaluate. LP-inactive pups presented lower RF from 1st to 14th days old, and higher RF at 30 days than did NP-inactive and NP-active pups. LP-inactive pups presented with reduced serum protein, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides levels and an increased fasting glucose level compared to those of NP-inactive and NP-active groups. LP and LP-inactive animals showed an increase in the cardiac variability at the Low-Frequency bands, suggesting a major influence of sympathetic nervous activity. In mRNA analyses, LP-inactive animals showed increased HIF-1α expression and similar expression of TH and purinergic receptors in the CB compared to those of NP groups. All these changes observed in LP-inactive pups were reversed in the pups of active mothers (LP-active). Maternal physical activity is able to attenuate the metabolic, cardiorespiratory and HIF-1α transcription changes induced by protein malnutrition.
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19
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Anevska K, Mahizir D, Briffa JF, Jefferies AJ, Wark JD, Grills BL, Brady RD, McDonald SJ, Wlodek ME, Romano T. Treadmill Exercise before and during Pregnancy Improves Bone Deficits in Pregnant Growth Restricted Rats without the Exacerbated Effects of High Fat Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061236. [PMID: 31151257 PMCID: PMC6627539 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth restriction programs adult bone deficits and increases the risk of obesity, which may be exacerbated during pregnancy. We aimed to determine if high-fat feeding could exacerbate the bone deficits in pregnant growth restricted dams, and whether treadmill exercise would attenuate these deficits. Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced on embryonic day 18 (E18) in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using bilateral uterine vessel ligation (restricted) or sham (control) surgery. The F1 females consumed a standard or high-fat (HFD) diet from 5 weeks, commenced treadmill exercise at 16 weeks, and they were mated at 20 weeks. Femora and plasma from the pregnant dams were collected at post-mortem (E20) for peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), mechanical testing, histomorphometry, and plasma analysis. Sedentary restricted females had bone deficits compared to the controls, irrespective of diet, where such deficits were prevented with exercise. Osteocalcin increased in the sedentary restricted females compared to the control females. In the sedentary HFD females, osteocalcin was reduced and CTX-1 was increased, with increased peak force and bending stress compared to the chow females. Exercise that was initiated before and continued during pregnancy prevented bone deficits in the dams born growth restricted, whereas a HFD consumption had minimal bone effects. These findings further highlight the beneficial effects of exercise for individuals at risk of bone deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Dayana Mahizir
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Jefferies
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - John D Wark
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Bone and Mineral Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Brian L Grills
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Tania Romano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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20
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Son JS, Liu X, Tian Q, Zhao L, Chen Y, Hu Y, Chae SA, de Avila JM, Zhu MJ, Du M. Exercise prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental vascularization and fetal growth. J Physiol 2019; 597:3333-3347. [PMID: 31115053 DOI: 10.1113/jp277698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Maternal exercise improves the metabolic health of maternal mice challenged with a high-fat diet. Exercise intervention of obese mothers prevents fetal overgrowth. Exercise intervention reverses impaired placental vascularization in obese mice. Maternal exercise activates placental AMP-activated protein kinase, which was inhibited as a result of maternal obesity. ABSTRACT More than one-third of pregnant women in the USA are obese and maternal obesity (MO) negatively affects fetal development, which predisposes offspring to metabolic diseases. The placenta mediates nutrient delivery to fetuses and its function is impaired as a result of MO. Exercise ameliorates metabolic dysfunction resulting from obesity, although its effect on placental function of obese mothers has not been explored. In the present study, C57BL/6J female mice were randomly assigned into two groups fed either a control or a high-fat diet (HFD) and then the mice on each diet were further divided into two subgroups with/without exercise. In HFD-induced obese mice, daily treadmill exercise during pregnancy reduced body weight gain, lowered serum glucose and lipid concentration, and improved insulin sensitivity of maternal mice. Importantly, maternal exercise prevented fetal overgrowth (macrosomia) induced by MO. To further examine the preventive effects of exercise on fetal overgrowth, placental vascularization and nutrient transporters were analysed. Vascular density and the expression of vasculogenic factors were reduced as a result of MO but were recovered by maternal exercise. On the other hand, the contents of nutrient transporters were not substantially altered by MO or exercise, suggesting that the protective effects of exercise in MO-induced fetal overgrowth were primarily a result of the alteration of placental vascularization and improved maternal metabolism. Furthermore, exercise enhanced downstream insulin signalling and activated AMP-activated protein kinase in HFD placenta. In sum, maternal exercise prevented fetal overgrowth induced by MO, which was associated with improved maternal metabolism and placental vascularization in obese mothers with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Son
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Qiyu Tian
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yanting Chen
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jeanene M de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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21
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Mangwiro YTM, Cuffe JSM, Mahizir D, Anevska K, Gravina S, Romano T, Moritz KM, Briffa JF, Wlodek ME. Exercise initiated during pregnancy in rats born growth restricted alters placental mTOR and nutrient transporter expression. J Physiol 2019; 597:1905-1918. [PMID: 30734290 DOI: 10.1113/jp277227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Fetal growth is dependent on effective placental nutrient transportation, which is regulated by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 modulation of nutrient transporter expression. These transporters are dysregulated in pregnancies affected by uteroplacental insufficiency and maternal obesity. Nutrient transporters and mTOR were altered in placentae of mothers born growth restricted compared to normal birth weight dams, with maternal diet- and fetal sex-specific responses. Exercise initiated during pregnancy downregulated mTOR protein expression, despite an increase in mTOR activation in male associated placentae, and reduced nutrient transporter gene abundance, which was also dependent on maternal diet and fetal sex. Limited changes were characterized with exercise initiated before and continued throughout pregnancy in nutrient transporter and mTOR expression. Maternal exercise during pregnancy differentially regulated mTOR and nutrient transporters in a diet- and sex-specific manner, which likely aimed to improve late gestational placental growth and neonatal survival. ABSTRACT Adequate transplacental nutrient delivery is essential for fetoplacental development. Intrauterine growth restriction and maternal obesity independently alter placental nutrient transporter expression. Although exercise is beneficial for maternal health, limited studies have characterized how the timing of exercise initiation influences placental nutrient transport. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of maternal exercise on placental mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and nutrient transporter expression in growth restricted mothers and whether these outcomes were dependent on maternal diet or fetal sex. Uteroplacental insufficiency or sham surgery was induced on embryonic day (E) 18 in Wistar-Kyoto rats. F1 offspring were fed a chow or high-fat diet from weaning and at 16 weeks were randomly allocated to an exercise protocol: sedentary, exercised prior to and during pregnancy, or exercised during pregnancy only. Females were mated with normal males (20 weeks) and F2 placentae collected at E20. Exercise during pregnancy only, reduced mTOR protein expression in all groups and increased mTOR activation in male associated placentae. Exercise during pregnancy only, decreased the expression of amino acid transporters in a diet- and sex-specific manner. Maternal growth restriction altered mTOR and system A amino acid transporter expression in a sex- and diet-specific manner. These data highlight that maternal exercise initiated during pregnancy alters placental mTOR expression, which may directly regulate amino acid transporter expression, to a greater extent than exercise initiated prior to and continued during pregnancy, in a diet- and fetal sex-dependent manner. These findings highlight that the timing of exercise initiation is important for optimal placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeukai T M Mangwiro
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.,Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Dayana Mahizir
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.,Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sogand Gravina
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tania Romano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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22
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Mangwiro YT, Briffa JF, Gravina S, Mahizir D, Anevska K, Romano T, Moritz KM, Cuffe JS, Wlodek ME. Maternal exercise and growth restriction in rats alters placental angiogenic factors and blood space area in a sex-specific manner. Placenta 2018; 74:47-54. [PMID: 30638632 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth and development are dependent on adequate placental nutrient transfer. The surface area of the placental villous network is a key determinant of nutrient exchange, which is regulated by vasculogenic and angiogenic factors. These factors are altered by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and maternal obesity in both the first (F1) and second (F2) generations. We investigated the impact of endurance exercise in IUGR dams fed a High-fat diet on placental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Uteroplacental insufficiency (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery was induced on embryonic day (E) 18 in Wistar-Kyoto rats. F1 offspring were fed a Chow or High-fat diet from weaning, and at 16 weeks were further allocated an exercise protocol; Sedentary, Exercised prior to and during pregnancy (Exercise), or Exercised during pregnancy only (PregEx). Females were mated (20 weeks) and F2 placentae collected at E20. Maternal Restriction, High-fat feeding and Exercise had a minimal impact on placental regulators of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. However, Restriction increased placental labyrinth tissue area in Chow-fed dams. PregEx induced overt adaptations, including increased VEGFA and decreased PLGF protein expression, and reduced blood space area. These alterations were sex-dependent and associated with alterations in miRNA27a, a known regulator of VEGF translation. These data highlight that maternal exercise initiated during pregnancy (PregEx) causes alterations in placental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in a sex-dependent manner, with minimal Restriction and maternal diet effects. However, further investigation is required to determine if these adaptations are beneficial or harmful for maternal and fetoplacental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeukai Tm Mangwiro
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sogand Gravina
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dayana Mahizir
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Tania Romano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - James Sm Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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23
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Gatford KL. Placentas on treadmills? Exercise may be more beneficial when started before pregnancy. J Physiol 2018; 596:5499-5500. [PMID: 29968375 DOI: 10.1113/jp276679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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