1
|
Cheung C, Tu S, Feng Y, Wan C, Ai H, Chen Z. Mitochondrial quality control dysfunction in osteoarthritis: Mechanisms, therapeutic strategies & future prospects. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 125:105522. [PMID: 38861889 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, pain, and disability. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial quality control dysfunction contributes to OA pathogenesis. Mitochondria are essential organelles to generate cellular energy via oxidative phosphorylation and regulate vital processes. Impaired mitochondria can negatively impact cellular metabolism and result in the generation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dysfunction in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms has been increasingly linked to OA onset and progression. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of mitochondrial quality control disruption in OA, highlighting disturbed mitochondrial dynamics, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defenses and mitophagy. The review also discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial Quality Control in OA, offering future perspectives on advancing OA therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiyuen Cheung
- Department of Stomatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoqin Tu
- Department of Stomatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuiming Wan
- Department of Stomatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Ai
- Department of Stomatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zaninello M, Baptista P, Duarte FV. Mitochondrial Dynamics and mRNA Translation: A Local Synaptic Tale. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:746. [PMID: 39336173 PMCID: PMC11428642 DOI: 10.3390/biology13090746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can adjust and respond to different stimuli within a cell. This plastic ability allows them to effectively coordinate several cellular functions in cells and becomes particularly relevant in highly complex cells such as neurons. An imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to abnormal cellular function and ultimately to a range of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Regulation of mRNA transport and local translation inside neurons is crucial for maintaining the proteome of distal mitochondria, which is vital for energy production and synaptic function. A significant portion of the axonal transcriptome is dedicated to mRNAs for mitochondrial proteins, emphasizing the importance of local translation in sustaining mitochondrial function in areas far from the cell body. In neurons, local translation and the regulation of mRNAs encoding mitochondrial-shaping proteins could be essential for synaptic plasticity and neuronal health. The dynamics of these mRNAs, including their transport and local translation, may influence the morphology and function of mitochondria, thereby affecting the overall energy status and responsiveness of synapses. Comprehending the mitochondria-related mRNA regulation and local translation, as well as its influence on mitochondrial morphology near the synapses will help to better understand neuronal physiology and neurological diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired synaptic plasticity play a central role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zaninello
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pedro Baptista
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe V Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu P, Swain S, Novorolsky RJ, Garcia E, Huang Z, Snutch TP, Wilson JJ, Robertson GS, Renden RB. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor Ru265 increases neuronal excitability and reduces neurotransmission via off-target effects. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3503-3526. [PMID: 38779706 PMCID: PMC11309911 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Excitotoxicity due to mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) overloading can trigger neuronal cell death in a variety of pathologies. Inhibiting the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) has been proposed as a therapeutic avenue to prevent calcium overloading. Ru265 (ClRu(NH3)4(μ-N)Ru(NH3)4Cl]Cl3) is a cell-permeable inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) with nanomolar affinity. Ru265 reduces sensorimotor deficits and neuronal death in models of ischemic stroke. However, the therapeutic use of Ru265 is limited by the induction of seizure-like behaviours. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the effect of Ru265 on synaptic and neuronal function in acute brain slices and hippocampal neuron cultures derived from mice, in control and where MCU expression was genetically abrogated. KEY RESULTS Ru265 decreased evoked responses from calyx terminals and induced spontaneous action potential firing of both the terminal and postsynaptic principal cell. Recordings of presynaptic Ca2+ currents suggested that Ru265 blocks the P/Q type channel, confirmed by the inhibition of currents in cells exogenously expressing the P/Q type channel. Measurements of presynaptic K+ currents further revealed that Ru265 blocked a KCNQ current, leading to increased membrane excitability, underlying spontaneous spiking. Ca2+ imaging of hippocampal neurons showed that Ru265 increased synchronized, high-amplitude events, recapitulating seizure-like activity seen in vivo. Importantly, MCU ablation did not suppress Ru265-induced increases in neuronal activity and seizures. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the pro-convulsant effects of Ru265 and suggest counter screening assays based on the measurement of P/Q and KCNQ channel currents to identify safe MCU inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Sarpras Swain
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Robyn J Novorolsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Esperanza Garcia
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zhouyang Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Terrance P Snutch
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert B Renden
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Langley CA, Dietzen PA, Emerman M, Tenthorey JL, Malik HS. Antiviral Mx proteins have an ancient origin and widespread distribution among eukaryotes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.06.606855. [PMID: 39149278 PMCID: PMC11326297 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.06.606855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
First identified in mammals, Mx proteins are potent antivirals against a broad swathe of viruses. Mx proteins arose within the Dynamin superfamily of proteins (DSP), mediating critical cellular processes, such as endocytosis and mitochondrial, plastid, and peroxisomal dynamics. And yet, the evolutionary origins of Mx proteins are poorly understood. Using a series of phylogenomic analyses with stepwise increments in taxonomic coverage, we show that Mx proteins predate the interferon signaling system in vertebrates. Our analyses find an ancient monophyletic DSP lineage in eukaryotes that groups vertebrate and invertebrate Mx proteins with previously undescribed fungal MxF proteins, the relatively uncharacterized plant and algal Dynamin 4A/4C proteins, and representatives from several early-branching eukaryotic lineages. Thus, Mx-like proteins date back close to the origin of Eukarya. Our phylogenetic analyses also reveal that host-encoded and NCLDV (nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses)-encoded DSPs are interspersed in four distinct DSP lineages, indicating recurrent viral theft of host DSPs. Our analyses thus reveal an ancient history of viral and antiviral functions encoded by the Dynamin superfamily in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Langley
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter A. Dietzen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Emerman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeannette L. Tenthorey
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Cellular Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Harmit S. Malik
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai P, Li W, Xu Y, Wang H. Drp1 and neuroinflammation: Deciphering the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 198:106561. [PMID: 38857809 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are closely intertwined with the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Recent studies have elucidated profound alterations in mitochondrial dynamics across a spectrum of neurological disorders. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) emerges as a pivotal regulator of mitochondrial fission, with its dysregulation disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis and fueling neuroinflammation, thereby exacerbating disease severity. In addition to its role in mitochondrial dynamics, DRP1 plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation-related pathways. This review synthesizes important functions of DRP1 in the central nervous system (CNS) and the impact of epigenetic modification on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The intricate interplay between neuroinflammation and DRP1 in microglia and astrocytes, central contributors to neuroinflammation, is expounded upon. Furthermore, the use of DRP1 inhibitors to influence the activation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as their involvement in processes such as mitophagy, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and calcium ion transport in CNS-mediated neuroinflammation, is scrutinized. The modulation of microglia to astrocyte crosstalk by DRP1 and its role in inflammatory neurodegeneration is also highlighted. Overall, targeting DRP1 presents a promising avenue for ameliorating neuroinflammation and enhancing the therapeutic management of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wuhao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China..
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao Z, Kong F, Ding J, Chen C, He F, Deng W. Promoting Alzheimer's disease research and therapy with stem cell technology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:136. [PMID: 38715083 PMCID: PMC11077895 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia leading to memory loss, reduced cognitive and linguistic abilities, and decreased self-care. Current AD treatments aim to relieve symptoms and slow disease progression, but a cure is elusive due to limited understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. MAIN CONTENT Stem cell technology has the potential to revolutionize AD research. With the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, stem cells are valuable tools for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell therapy. Recent advances have broadened our understanding beyond the deposition of amyloidβ (Aβ) or tau proteins in AD to encompass risk genes, immune system disorders, and neuron-glia mis-communication, relying heavily on stem cell-derived disease models. These stem cell-based models (e.g., organoids and microfluidic chips) simulate in vivo pathological processes with extraordinary spatial and temporal resolution. Stem cell technologies have the potential to alleviate AD pathology through various pathways, including immunomodulation, replacement of damaged neurons, and neurotrophic support. In recent years, transplantation of glial cells like oligodendrocytes and the infusion of exosomes have become hot research topics. CONCLUSION Although stem cell-based models and therapies for AD face several challenges, such as extended culture time and low differentiation efficiency, they still show considerable potential for AD treatment and are likely to become preferred tools for AD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Fanshu Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Fumei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Andalibi MS, Fields JA, Iudicello JE, Diaz MM, Tang B, Letendre SL, Ellis RJ. Elevated Biomarkers of Inflammation and Vascular Dysfunction Are Associated with Distal Sensory Polyneuropathy in People with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4245. [PMID: 38673830 PMCID: PMC11049997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) is a disabling, chronic condition in people with HIV (PWH), even those with viral suppression of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and with a wide range of complications, such as reduced quality of life. Previous studies demonstrated that DSP is associated with inflammatory cytokines in PWH. Adhesion molecules, essential for normal vascular function, are perturbed in HIV and other conditions linked to DSP, but the link between adhesion molecules and DSP in PWH is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether DSP signs and symptoms were associated with a panel of plasma biomarkers of inflammation (d-dimer, sTNFRII, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, sCD14) and vascular I integrity (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, uPAR, MMP-2, VEGF, uPAR, TIMP-1, TIMP-2) and differed between PWH and people without HIV (PWoH). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 143 participants (69 PWH and 74 PWoH) assessed by studies at the UC San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program. DSP signs and symptoms were clinically assessed for all participants. DSP was defined as two or more DSP signs: bilateral symmetrically reduced distal vibration, sharp sensation, and ankle reflexes. Participant-reported symptoms were neuropathic pain, paresthesias, and loss of sensation. Factor analyses reduced the dimensionality of the 15 biomarkers among all participants, yielding six factors. Logistic regression was used to assess the associations between biomarkers and DSP signs and symptoms, controlling for relevant demographic and clinical covariates. The 143 participants were 48.3% PWH, 47 (32.9%) women, and 47 (33.6%) Hispanics, with a mean age of 44.3 ± 12.9 years. Among PWH, the median (IQR) nadir and current CD4+ T-cells were 300 (178-448) and 643 (502-839), respectively. Participants with DSP were older but had similar distributions of gender and ethnicity to those without DSP. Multiple logistic regression showed that Factor 2 (sTNFRII and VCAM-1) and Factor 4 (MMP-2) were independently associated with DSP signs in both PWH and PWoH (OR [95% CI]: 5.45 [1.42-21.00], and 15.16 [1.07-215.22]), respectively. These findings suggest that inflammation and vascular integrity alterations may contribute to DSP pathogenesis in PWH, but not PWoH, possibly through endothelial dysfunction and axonal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadsobhan Sheikh Andalibi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.E.I.)
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.E.I.)
| | - Jennifer E. Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.E.I.)
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Monica M. Diaz
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis/Neuroimmunology Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 170 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7025, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.E.I.)
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott L. Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.E.I.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.E.I.)
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu R, Guo X, Pan Z, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang L, Li J. Molecular mechanisms of AMPK/YAP/NLRP3 signaling pathway affecting the occurrence and development of ankylosing spondylitis. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:831. [PMID: 37925428 PMCID: PMC10625209 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigate the AMPK (protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1)/YAP (Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator)/NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) signaling pathway's role in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) development using public database analysis, in vitro and in vivo experiments. METHODS Retrieve AS dataset, analyze differential gene expression in R, conduct functional enrichment analysis, collect 30 AS patient and 30 normal control samples, and construct a mouse model. ELISA, IP, and knockdown experiments were performed to detect expression changes. RESULTS NLRP3 was identified as a significant AS-related gene. Caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-23, YAP, and NLRP3 were upregulated in AS patients. Overexpressing AMPK inhibited YAP's blockade on NLRP3 ubiquitination, reducing ossification in fibroblasts. Inhibiting AMPK exacerbated AS symptoms in AS mice. CONCLUSION AMPK may suppress YAP expression, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition and AS alleviation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Fu
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiang Pan
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxia Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kabra UD, Jastroch M. Mitochondrial Dynamics and Insulin Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13782. [PMID: 37762083 PMCID: PMC10530730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. For mitochondrial quality control, dynamic processes, such as mitochondrial fission and fusion, are necessary to maintain shape and function. Disturbances of mitochondrial dynamics lead to dysfunctional mitochondria, which contribute to the development and progression of numerous diseases, including Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Compelling evidence has been put forward that mitochondrial dynamics play a significant role in the metabolism-secretion coupling of pancreatic β cells. The disruption of mitochondrial dynamics is linked to defects in energy production and increased apoptosis, ultimately impairing insulin secretion and β cell death. This review provides an overview of molecular mechanisms controlling mitochondrial dynamics, their dysfunction in pancreatic β cells, and pharmaceutical agents targeting mitochondrial dynamic proteins, such as mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 (mdivi-1), dynasore, P110, and 15-oxospiramilactone (S3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uma D. Kabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India;
| | - Martin Jastroch
- The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Underwood EL, Redell JB, Hood KN, Maynard ME, Hylin M, Waxham MN, Zhao J, Moore AN, Dash PK. Enhanced presynaptic mitochondrial energy production is required for memory formation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14431. [PMID: 37660191 PMCID: PMC10475119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the prominent features of long-term memory formation include protein synthesis, gene expression, enhanced neurotransmitter release, increased excitability, and formation of new synapses. As these processes are critically dependent on mitochondrial function, we hypothesized that increased mitochondrial respiration and dynamics would play a prominent role in memory formation. To address this possibility, we measured mitochondrial oxygen consumption (OCR) in hippocampal tissue punches from trained and untrained animals. Our results show that context fear training significantly increased basal, ATP synthesis-linked, and maximal OCR in the Shaffer collateral-CA1 synaptic region, but not in the CA1 cell body layer. These changes were recapitulated in synaptosomes isolated from the hippocampi of fear-trained animals. As dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) plays an important role in mitochondrial fission, we examined its role in the increased mitochondrial respiration observed after fear training. Drp1 inhibitors decreased the training-associated enhancement of OCR and impaired contextual fear memory, but did not alter the number of synaptosomes containing mitochondria. Taken together, our results show context fear training increases presynaptic mitochondria respiration, and that Drp-1 mediated enhanced energy production in CA1 pre-synaptic terminals is necessary for context fear memory that does not result from an increase in the number of synaptosomes containing mitochondria or an increase in mitochondrial mass within the synaptic layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Underwood
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| | - John B Redell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA.
| | - Kimberly N Hood
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| | - Mark E Maynard
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Hylin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - M Neal Waxham
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| | - Anthony N Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Patrick MB, Omar N, Werner CT, Mitra S, Jarome TJ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and learning-dependent synaptic plasticity - A 10 year update. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105280. [PMID: 37315660 PMCID: PMC11323321 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over 25 years ago, a seminal paper demonstrated that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was involved in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Interest in this topic began to expand around 2008 following another seminal paper showing that UPS-mediated protein degradation controlled the "destabilization" of memories following retrieval, though we remained with only a basic understanding of how the UPS regulated activity- and learning-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, over the last 10 years there has been an explosion of papers on this topic that has significantly changed our understanding of how ubiquitin-proteasome signaling regulates synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Importantly, we now know that the UPS controls much more than protein degradation, is involved in plasticity underlying drugs of abuse and that there are significant sex differences in how ubiquitin-proteasome signaling is used for memory storage processes. Here, we aim to provide a critical 10-year update on the role of ubiquitin-proteasome signaling in synaptic plasticity and memory formation, including updated cellular models of how ubiquitin-proteasome activity could be regulating learning-dependent synaptic plasticity in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B Patrick
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nour Omar
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA; National Center for Wellness and Recovery, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
| | - Timothy J Jarome
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
陈 权, 武 立, 达 瓦, 沈 彬. [Research progress on the role of chondrocyte mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2023; 37:748-757. [PMID: 37331955 PMCID: PMC10277244 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202303006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective To summarize the role of chondrocyte mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and analyze its application prospects. Methods The recent literature at home and abroad was reviewed to summarize the mechanism of mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance, the relationship between mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance and the pathogenesis of OA, and the application prospect in the treatment of OA. Results Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance, which is caused by abnormal mitochondrial biogenesis, the imbalance of mitochondrial redox, the imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, and damaged mitochondrial autophagy of chondrocytes, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OA. Abnormal mitochondrial biogenesis can accelerate the catabolic reaction of OA chondrocytes and aggravate cartilage damage. The imbalance of mitochondrial redox can lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit the synthesis of extracellular matrix, induce ferroptosis and eventually leads to cartilage degradation. The imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics can lead to mitochondrial DNA mutation, decreased adenosine triphosphate production, ROS accumulation, and accelerated apoptosis of chondrocytes. When mitochondrial autophagy is damaged, dysfunctional mitochondria cannot be cleared in time, leading to ROS accumulation, which leads to chondrocyte apoptosis. It has been found that substances such as puerarin, safflower yellow, and astaxanthin can inhibit the development of OA by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis, which proves the potential to be used in the treatment of OA. Conclusion The mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance in chondrocytes is one of the most important pathogeneses of OA, and further exploration of the mechanisms of mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 权 陈
- 四川大学华西医院骨科 骨科研究所(成都 610041)Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - 立民 武
- 四川大学华西医院骨科 骨科研究所(成都 610041)Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - 瓦次里 达
- 四川大学华西医院骨科 骨科研究所(成都 610041)Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - 彬 沈
- 四川大学华西医院骨科 骨科研究所(成都 610041)Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duarte FV, Ciampi D, Duarte CB. Mitochondria as central hubs in synaptic modulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:173. [PMID: 37266732 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are present in the pre- and post-synaptic regions, providing the energy required for the activity of these very specialized neuronal compartments. Biogenesis of synaptic mitochondria takes place in the cell body, and these organelles are then transported to the synapse by motor proteins that carry their cargo along microtubule tracks. The transport of mitochondria along neurites is a highly regulated process, being modulated by the pattern of neuronal activity and by extracellular cues that interact with surface receptors. These signals act by controlling the distribution of mitochondria and by regulating their activity. Therefore, mitochondria activity at the synapse allows the integration of different signals and the organelles are important players in the response to synaptic stimulation. Herein we review the available evidence regarding the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by neuronal activity and by neuromodulators, and how these changes in the activity of mitochondria affect synaptic communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe V Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- III - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniele Ciampi
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang W, Zhao F, Lu Y, Siedlak SL, Fujioka H, Feng H, Perry G, Zhu X. Damaged mitochondria coincide with presynaptic vesicle loss and abnormalities in alzheimer's disease brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:54. [PMID: 37004141 PMCID: PMC10067183 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of synapses is the most robust pathological correlate of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated cognitive deficits, although the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Synaptic terminals have abundant mitochondria which play an indispensable role in synaptic function through ATP provision and calcium buffering. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early and prominent feature in AD which could contribute to synaptic deficits. Here, using electron microscopy, we examined synapses with a focus on mitochondrial deficits in presynaptic axonal terminals and dendritic spines in cortical biopsy samples from clinically diagnosed AD and age-matched non-AD control patients. Synaptic vesicle density within the presynaptic axon terminals was significantly decreased in AD cases which appeared largely due to significantly decreased reserve pool, but there were significantly more presynaptic axons containing enlarged synaptic vesicles or dense core vesicles in AD. Importantly, there was reduced number of mitochondria along with significantly increased damaged mitochondria in the presynapse of AD which correlated with changes in SV density. Mitochondria in the post-synaptic dendritic spines were also enlarged and damaged in the AD biopsy samples. This study provided evidence of presynaptic vesicle loss as synaptic deficits in AD and suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction in both pre- and post-synaptic compartments contribute to synaptic deficits in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Fanpeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yubing Lu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Cryo-EM Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gundu C, Arruri VK, Yadav P, Navik U, Kumar A, Amalkar VS, Vikram A, Gaddam RR. Dynamin-Independent Mechanisms of Endocytosis and Receptor Trafficking. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162557. [PMID: 36010634 PMCID: PMC9406725 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental mechanism by which cells perform housekeeping functions. It occurs via a variety of mechanisms and involves many regulatory proteins. The GTPase dynamin acts as a “molecular scissor” to form endocytic vesicles and is a critical regulator among the proteins involved in endocytosis. Some GTPases (e.g., Cdc42, arf6, RhoA), membrane proteins (e.g., flotillins, tetraspanins), and secondary messengers (e.g., calcium) mediate dynamin-independent endocytosis. These pathways may be convergent, as multiple pathways exist in a single cell. However, what determines the specific path of endocytosis is complex and challenging to comprehend. This review summarizes the mechanisms of dynamin-independent endocytosis, the involvement of microRNAs, and factors that contribute to the cellular decision about the specific route of endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Gundu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Poonam Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Veda Sudhir Amalkar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ajit Vikram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ravinder Reddy Gaddam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
5-HT2A receptor dysregulation in a schizophrenia relevant mouse model of NMDA receptor hypofunction. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:168. [PMID: 35459266 PMCID: PMC9033804 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) is known to augment cortical serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs), which is implicated in psychosis. However, the pathways from NMDAR hypofunction to 5-HT2AR up-regulation are unclear. Here we addressed in mice whether genetic deletion of the indispensable NMDAR-subunit Grin1 principally in corticolimbic parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons, could up-regulate 5-HT2ARs leading to cortical hyper-excitability. First, in vivo local-field potential recording revealed that auditory cortex in Grin1 mutant mice became hyper-excitable upon exposure to acoustic click-train stimuli that release 5-HT in the cortex. This excitability increase was reproduced ex vivo where it consisted of an increased frequency of action potential (AP) firing in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of mutant auditory cortex. Application of the 5-HT2AR agonist TCB-2 produced similar results. The effect of click-trains was reversed by the 5-HT2AR antagonist M100907 both in vivo and ex vivo. Increase in AP frequency of pyramidal neurons was also reversed by application of Gαq protein inhibitor BIM-46187 and G protein-gated inwardly-rectifying K+ (GIRK) channel activator ML297. In fast-spiking interneurons, 5-HT2AR activation normally promotes GABA release, contributing to decreased excitability of postsynaptic pyramidal neurons, which was missing in the mutants. Moreover, unlike the controls, the GABAA receptor antagonist (+)-bicuculline had little effect on AP frequency of mutant pyramidal neurons, indicating a disinhibition state. These results suggest that the auditory-induced hyper-excitable state is conferred via GABA release deficits from Grin1-lacking interneurons leading to 5-HT2AR dysregulation and GIRK channel suppression in cortical pyramidal neurons, which could be involved in auditory psychosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu D, Cai ZJ, Yang YT, Lu WH, Pan LY, Xiao WF, Li YS. Mitochondrial quality control in cartilage damage and osteoarthritis: new insights and potential therapeutic targets. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:395-405. [PMID: 34715366 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial arthritic disease of weight-bearing joints concomitant with chronic and intolerable pain, loss of locomotion and impaired quality of life in the elderly population. Although the prevalence of OA increases with age, its specific mechanisms have not been elucidated and effective therapeutic disease-modifying drugs have not been developed. As essential organelles in chondrocytes, mitochondria supply energy and play vital roles in cellular metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is the key mechanism to coordinate various mitochondrial biofunctions, primarily through mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, autophagy and the newly discovered mitocytosis. An increasing number of studies have revealed that a loss of MQC homeostasis contributes to the cartilage damage during the occurrence and development of OA. Several master MQC-associated signaling pathways and regulators exert chondroprotective roles in OA, while cartilage damage-related molecular mechanisms have been partially identified. In this review, we summarized known mechanisms mediated by dysregulated MQC in the pathogenesis of OA and latent bioactive ingredients and drugs for the prevention and treatment of OA through the maintenance of MQC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Z-J Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Y-T Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - W-H Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - L-Y Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - W-F Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Y-S Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Energy matters: presynaptic metabolism and the maintenance of synaptic transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 23:4-22. [PMID: 34782781 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic activity imposes large energy demands that are met by local adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ATP drives action potentials, supports synapse assembly and remodelling, and fuels synaptic vesicle filling and recycling, thus sustaining synaptic transmission. Given their polarized morphological features - including long axons and extensive branching in their terminal regions - neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining presynaptic energy homeostasis, particularly during intensive synaptic activity. Recent studies have started to uncover the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in activity-dependent and energy-sensitive regulation of presynaptic energetics, or 'synaptoenergetics'. These conceptual advances have established the energetic regulation of synaptic efficacy and plasticity as an exciting research field that is relevant to a range of neurological disorders associated with bioenergetic failure and synaptic dysfunction.
Collapse
|
19
|
Arriagada-Diaz J, Prado-Vega L, Cárdenas Díaz AM, Ardiles AO, Gonzalez-Jamett AM. Dynamin Superfamily at Pre- and Postsynapses: Master Regulators of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in Health and Disease. Neuroscientist 2020; 28:41-58. [PMID: 33300419 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420974313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dynamin superfamily proteins (DSPs) comprise a large group of GTP-ases that orchestrate membrane fusion and fission, and cytoskeleton remodeling in different cell-types. At the central nervous system, they regulate synaptic vesicle recycling and signaling-receptor turnover, allowing the maintenance of synaptic transmission. In the presynapses, these GTP-ases control the recycling of synaptic vesicles influencing the size of the ready-releasable pool and the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals, whereas in the postsynapses, they are involved in AMPA-receptor trafficking to and from postsynaptic densities, supporting excitatory synaptic plasticity, and consequently learning and memory formation. In agreement with these relevant roles, an important number of neurological disorders are associated with mutations and/or dysfunction of these GTP-ases. Along the present review we discuss the importance of DSPs at synapses and their implication in different neuropathological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arriagada-Diaz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Magister en Ciencias, mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Prado-Vega
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Magister en Ciencias, mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ana M Cárdenas Díaz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Arlek M Gonzalez-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiao Z, Wu Y, Qu S. Fenpropathrin induces degeneration of dopaminergic neurons via disruption of the mitochondrial quality control system. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:78. [PMID: 32884840 PMCID: PMC7447795 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic pyrethroid derivative, fenpropathrin, is a widely used insecticide. However, a variety of toxic effects in mammals have been reported. In particular, fenpropathrin induces degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and parkinsonism. However, the mechanism of fenpropathrin-induced parkinsonism has remained unknown. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of fenpropathrin on perturbing the dopaminergic system both in vivo and in vitro. We found that fenpropathrin induced cellular death of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Furthermore, fenpropathrin increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, disrupted both mitochondrial function and dynamic networks, impaired synaptic communication, and promoted mitophagy in vitro. In mice, fenpropathrin was administered into the striatum via stereotaxic (ST) injections. ST-injected mice exhibited poor locomotor function at 24 weeks after the first ST injection and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells and level of TH protein in the substantia nigra pars compacta were significantly decreased, as compared to these parameters in vehicle-treated mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that exposure to fenpropathrin induces a loss of dopaminergic neurons and partially mimics the pathologic features of Parkinson's disease. These findings suggest that fenpropathrin may induce neuronal degeneration via dysregulation of mitochondrial function and the mitochondrial quality control system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300 Guangdong China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Yixuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300 Guangdong China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300 Guangdong China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yin J, Reiman EM, Beach TG, Serrano GE, Sabbagh MN, Nielsen M, Caselli RJ, Shi J. Effect of ApoE isoforms on mitochondria in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2020; 94:e2404-e2411. [PMID: 32457210 PMCID: PMC7455369 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that ApoE isoforms affect mitochondrial structure and function that are related to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD), we systematically investigated the effects of ApoE isoforms on mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, oxidative stress, synapses, and cognitive performance in AD. METHODS We obtained postmortem human brain tissues and measured proteins that are responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α [PGC-1α] and sirtuin 3 [SIRT3]), for mitochondrial dynamics (mitofusin 1 [MFN1], mitofusin 2 [MFN2], and dynamin-like protein 1 [DLP1]), for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase 2 [SOD2] and forkhead-box protein O3a [Foxo3a]), and for synapses (postsynaptic density protein 95 [PSD95] and synapsin1 [Syn1]). A total of 46 cases were enrolled, including ApoE-ɛ4 carriers (n = 21) and noncarriers (n = 25). RESULTS Levels of these proteins were compared between ApoE-ɛ4 carriers and noncarriers. ApoE-ɛ4 was associated with impaired mitochondrial structure and function, oxidative stress, and synaptic integrity in the human brain. Correlation analysis revealed that mitochondrial proteins and the synaptic protein were strongly associated with cognitive performance. CONCLUSION ApoE isoforms influence mitochondrial structure and function, which likely leads to alteration in oxidative stress, synapses, and cognitive function. These mitochondria-related proteins may be a harbinger of cognitive decline in ApoE-ɛ4 carriers and provide novel therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yin
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Eric M Reiman
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Thomas G Beach
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Megan Nielsen
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Richard J Caselli
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Jiong Shi
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Neuronal Glutamatergic Synaptic Clefts Alkalinize Rather Than Acidify during Neurotransmission. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1611-1624. [PMID: 31964719 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1774-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dogma that the synaptic cleft acidifies during neurotransmission is based on the corelease of neurotransmitters and protons from synaptic vesicles, and is supported by direct data from sensory ribbon-type synapses. However, it is unclear whether acidification occurs at non-ribbon-type synapses. Here we used genetically encoded fluorescent pH indicators to examine cleft pH at conventional neuronal synapses. At the neuromuscular junction of female Drosophila larvae, we observed alkaline spikes of over 1 log unit during fictive locomotion in vivo. Ex vivo, single action potentials evoked alkalinizing pH transients of only ∼0.01 log unit, but these transients summated rapidly during burst firing. A chemical pH indicator targeted to the cleft corroborated these findings. Cleft pH transients were dependent on Ca2+ movement across the postsynaptic membrane, rather than neurotransmitter release per se, a result consistent with cleft alkalinization being driven by the Ca2+/H+ antiporting activity of the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase at the postsynaptic membrane. Targeting the pH indicators to the microenvironment of the presynaptic voltage gated Ca2+ channels revealed that alkalinization also occurred within the cleft proper at the active zone and not just within extrasynaptic regions. Application of the pH indicators at the mouse calyx of Held, a mammalian central synapse, similarly revealed cleft alkalinization during burst firing in both males and females. These findings, made at two quite different non-ribbon type synapses, suggest that cleft alkalinization during neurotransmission, rather than acidification, is a generalizable phenomenon across conventional neuronal synapses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurotransmission is highly sensitive to the pH of the extracellular milieu. This is readily evident in the neurological symptoms that accompany systemic acid/base imbalances. Imaging data from sensory ribbon-type synapses show that neurotransmission itself can acidify the synaptic cleft, likely due to the corelease of protons and glutamate. It is not clear whether the same phenomenon occurs at conventional neuronal synapses due to the difficulties in collecting such data. If it does occur, it would provide for an additional layer of activity-dependent modulation of neurotransmission. Our findings of alkalinization, rather than acidification, within the cleft of two different neuronal synapses encourages a reassessment of the scope of activity-dependent pH influences on neurotransmission and short-term synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zheng Z, Xiang S, Wang Y, Dong Y, Li Z, Xiang Y, Bian Y, Feng B, Yang B, Weng X. NR4A1 promotes TNF‑α‑induced chondrocyte death and migration injury via activating the AMPK/Drp1/mitochondrial fission pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:151-161. [PMID: 31746366 PMCID: PMC6889925 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1)-induced chondrocyte death plays a critical role in the development of osteoarthritis through poorly defined mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate the role of NR4A1 in regulating chondrocyte death in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cycloheximide (CHX) treatment, with a focus on mitochondrial fission and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. The results demonstrated that NR4A1 was significantly upregulated in TNF-α and CHX exposed chondrocytes. Increased NR4A1 triggered mitochondrial fission via the AMPK/dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) pathway, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening-related cell death. Furthermore, excessive mitochondrial fission impaired chondrocyte migration through imbalance of F-actin homeo-stasis. Inhibiting NR4A1 attenuated TNF-α and CHX-induced mitochondrial fission and, thus, reduced mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes, mPTP opening-related cell death and migration injury. Altogether, the present data confirmed that mitochondrial fission was involved in NR4A1-mediated chondrocyte injury via regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, mPTP opening-induced cell death and F-actin-related migratory inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yulei Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yongbo Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|