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Wen Y, Fu Z, Li J, Liu M, Wang X, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang H, Wen S, Zhang K, Deng Y. Targeting m 6A mRNA demethylase FTO alleviates manganese-induced cognitive memory deficits in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134969. [PMID: 38908185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) induced learning and memory deficits through mechanisms that are not fully understood. In this study, we discovered that the demethylase FTO was significantly downregulated in hippocampal neurons in an experimental a mouse model of Mn exposure. This decreased expression of FTO was associated with Mn-induced learning and memory impairments, as well as the dysfunction in synaptic plasticity and damage to regional neurons. The overexpression of FTO, or its positive modulation with agonists, provides protection against neurological damage and cognitive impairments. Mechanistically, FTO interacts synergistically with the reader YTHDF3 to facilitate the degradation of GRIN1 and GRIN3B through the m6A modification pathway. Additionally, Mn decreases the phosphorylation of SOX2, which specifically impairs the transcriptional regulation of FTO activity. Additionally, we found that the natural compounds artemisinin and apigenin that can bind molecularly with SOX2 and reduce Mn-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Our findings suggest that the SOX2-FTO-Grins axis represents a viable target for addressing Mn-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Engineering research center of Liaoning Province on environmental health technology and equipment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhushan Fu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Engineering research center of Liaoning Province on environmental health technology and equipment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiashuo Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Engineering research center of Liaoning Province on environmental health technology and equipment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Engineering research center of Liaoning Province on environmental health technology and equipment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Engineering research center of Liaoning Province on environmental health technology and equipment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Engineering research center of Liaoning Province on environmental health technology and equipment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haocheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sihang Wen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Engineering research center of Liaoning Province on environmental health technology and equipment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Engineering research center of Liaoning Province on environmental health technology and equipment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Institute of Health Professions Education Assessment and Reform, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Daida A, Kurotani T, Yamaguchi K, Takahashi Y, Ichinohe N. Different Numbers of Conjunctive Stimuli Induce LTP or LTD in Mouse Cerebellar Purkinje Cell. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01726-6. [PMID: 39096432 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission at parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses plays an important role in cerebellum-related motor coordination and learning. LTD is induced by the conjunction of PF stimulation and climbing fiber (CF) stimulation or somatic PC depolarization, while long-term potentiation (LTP) is induced by PF stimulation alone. Therefore, it is considered that different types of stimulation induce different types of synaptic plasticity. However, we found that a small number of conjunctive stimulations (PF + somatic depolarization of PC) induced LTP, but did not induce LTD of a small size. This LTP was not associated with changes in paired-pulse ratio, suggesting postsynaptic origin. Additionally this LTP was dependent on nitric oxide. This LTP was also induced by a smaller number of physiological conjunctive PF and CF stimuli. These results suggested that a larger number or longer period of conjunctive stimulation is required to induce LTD by overcoming LTP. Ca2+ transients at the PC dendritic region was measured by calcium imaging during LTD-inducing conjunctive stimulation. Peak amplitude of Ca2+ transients increased gradually during repetitive conjunctive stimulation. Instantaneous peak amplitude was not different between the early phase and late phase, but the average amplitude was larger in the later phase than in the early phase. These results show that LTD overcomes LTP, and increased Ca2+ integration or a number of stimulations is required for LTD induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Daida
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-8777, Japan
| | - Tohru Kurotani
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Central Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
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Feng T, Zhang L, Wu Y, Tang L, Chen X, Li Y, Shan C. Exploring the Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Improving Walking Ability in Stroke Patients via Modulating Cerebellar Gamma Frequency Band-a Narrative Review. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1593-1603. [PMID: 37962773 PMCID: PMC11269344 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays an important role in maintaining balance, posture control, muscle tone, and lower limb coordination in healthy individuals and stroke patients. At the same time, the relationship between cerebellum and motor learning has been widely concerned in recent years. Due to the relatively intact structure preservation and high plasticity after supratentorial stroke, non-invasive neuromodulation targeting the cerebellum is increasingly used to treat abnormal gait in stroke patients. The gamma frequency of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is commonly used to improve motor learning. It is an essential endogenous EEG oscillation in the gamma range during the swing phase, and rhythmic movement changes in the gait cycle. However, the effect of cerebellar tACS in the gamma frequency band on balance and walking after stroke remains unknown and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyi Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanli Li
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Shan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Tan T, Jiang L, He Z, Ding X, Xiong X, Tang M, Chen Y, Tang Y. NR1 Splicing Variant NR1a in Cerebellar Granule Neurons Constitutes a Better Motor Learning in the Mouse. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1112-1120. [PMID: 37880519 PMCID: PMC11102416 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
As an excitatory neuron in the cerebellum, the granule cells play a crucial role in motor learning. The assembly of NMDAR in these neurons varies in developmental stages, while the significance of this variety is still not clear. In this study, we found that motor training could specially upregulate the expression level of NR1a, a splicing form of NR1 subunit. Interestingly, overexpression of this splicing variant in a cerebellar granule cell-specific manner dramatically elevated the NMDAR binding activity. Furthermore, the NR1a transgenic mice did not only show an enhanced motor learning, but also exhibit a higher efficacy for motor training in motor learning. Our results suggested that as a "junior" receptor, NR1a facilitates NMDAR activity as well as motor skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tan
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Linyan Jiang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Zhengxiao He
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xuejiao Ding
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Mingxi Tang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Yaping Tang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
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Robinson K, Delhaye M, Craig AM. Mapping proteomic composition of excitatory postsynaptic sites in the cerebellar cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1381534. [PMID: 38783902 PMCID: PMC11111907 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1381534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Functions of the cerebellar cortex, from motor learning to emotion and cognition, depend on the appropriate molecular composition at diverse synapse types. Glutamate receptor distributions have been partially mapped using immunogold electron microscopy. However, information is lacking on the distribution of many other components, such as Shank2, a postsynaptic scaffolding protein whose cerebellar dysfunction is associated with autism spectrum disorders. Here, we used an adapted Magnified Analysis of the Proteome, an expansion microscopy approach, to map multiple glutamate receptors, scaffolding and signaling proteins at single synapse resolution in the cerebellar cortex. Multiple distinct synapse-selective distribution patterns were observed. For example, AMPA receptors were most concentrated at synapses on molecular layer interneurons and at climbing fiber synapses, Shank1 was most concentrated at parallel fiber synapses on Purkinje cells, and Shank2 at both climbing fiber and parallel fiber synapses on Purkinje cells but little on molecular layer interneurons. Our results are consistent with gene expression data but also reveal input-selective targeting within Purkinje cells. In specialized glomerular structures of the granule cell layer, AMPA receptors as well as most other synaptic components preferentially targeted to synapses. However, NMDA receptors and the synaptic GTPase activating protein SynGAP preferentially targeted to extrasynaptic sites. Thus, glomeruli may be considered integrative signaling units through which mossy fibers differentially activate synaptic AMPA and extrasynaptic NMDA receptor complexes. Furthermore, we observed NMDA receptors and SynGAP at adherens junctions, suggesting a role in structural plasticity of glomeruli. Altogether, these data contribute to mapping the cerebellar 'synaptome'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ann Marie Craig
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Prati JM, Pontes-Silva A, Gianlorenço ACL. The cerebellum and its connections to other brain structures involved in motor and non-motor functions: A comprehensive review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114933. [PMID: 38458437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a large network of neurons that communicate with several brain structures and participate in different functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the cerebellum is not only associated with motor functions but also participates in several non-motor functions. It is suggested that the cerebellum can modulate behavior through many connections with different nervous system structures in motor, sensory, cognitive, autonomic, and emotional processes. Recently, a growing number of clinical and experimental studies support this theory and provide further evidence. In light of recent findings, a comprehensive review is needed to summarize the knowledge on the influence of the cerebellum on the processing of different functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the neuroanatomical aspects of the activation of the cerebellum and its connections with other structures of the central nervous system in different behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Mário Prati
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Pontes-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Rodriguez-Duboc A, Basille-Dugay M, Debonne A, Rivière MA, Vaudry D, Burel D. Apnea of prematurity induces short and long-term development-related transcriptional changes in the murine cerebellum. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100113. [PMID: 38020806 PMCID: PMC10663136 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apnea of prematurity (AOP) affects more than 50% of preterm infants and leads to perinatal intermittent hypoxia (IH) which is a major cause of morbimortality worldwide. At birth, the human cerebellar cortex is still immature, making it vulnerable to perinatal events. Additionally, studies have shown a correlation between cerebellar functions and the deficits observed in children who have experienced AOP. Yet, the cerebellar alterations underpinning this link remain poorly understood. To gain insight into the involvement of the cerebellum in perinatal hypoxia-related consequences, we developed a mouse model of AOP. Our previous research has revealed that IH induces oxidative stress in the developing cerebellum, as evidenced by the over-expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species production and the under-expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. These changes suggest a failure of the defense system against oxidative stress and could be responsible for neuronal death in the cerebellum. Building upon these findings, we conducted a transcriptomic study of the genes involved in the processes that occur during cerebellar development. Using real-time PCR, we analyzed the expression of these genes at different developmental stages and in various cell types. This enabled us to pinpoint a timeframe of vulnerability at P8, which represents the age with the highest number of downregulated genes in the cerebellum. Furthermore, we discovered that our IH protocol affects several molecular pathways, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This indicates that IH can impact the development of different cell types, potentially contributing to the histological and behavioral deficits observed in this model. Overall, our data strongly suggest that the cerebellum is highly sensitive to IH, and provide valuable insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AOP. In the long term, these findings may contribute to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for improving the clinical management of this prevalent pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rodriguez-Duboc
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1245, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - M. Basille-Dugay
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1239, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - A. Debonne
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1245, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - M.-A. Rivière
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UR 4108, LITIS Lab, INSA Rouen, NormaSTIC, CNRS 3638, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - D. Vaudry
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1245, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - D. Burel
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1245, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, Normandie Univ, F-76000, Rouen, France
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Xi C, Shi X, Wang Y, He J, Jiang S, Niu B, Chen Y, Zhao F, Cao Z. Influence of bifenthrin exposure at different gestational stages on the neural development. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115365. [PMID: 37597292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to bifenthrin (BF) alters neurodevelopment. However, the most susceptible time period to BF exposure and the possible mechanisms are not clear. In the current study, pregnant female mice were treated with BF (0.5 mg/kg/d) at three different stages [gestational day (GD) 0-5, 6-15 and 16-birth (B)] and neurologic deficits were evaluated in offspring mice. BF exposure at GD 16-B significantly altered the locomotor activity and caused learning and memory impairments in 6-week-old offspring. Gestational BF exposure also caused neuronal loss in the region of cornu ammonis of hippocampi of 6-week-old offspring. Interestingly, neurobehavioral impairments and neuronal loss were not observed in offspring at 10-week-old. BF exposure at GD 16-B also decreased protein levels of VGluT1, NR1 and NR2A while increased the protein levels of NR2B and VGAT1, as well as the gene levels of Il-1β, Il-6 and Tnf-α in hippocampi of 6-week-old offspring. Collectively, these data demonstrate that gestational exposure to a low dose BF causes neurodevelopmental deficits that remit with the age and the late-stage of pregnancy is the most susceptible time window to BF exposure. Imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory neuronal transmission, altered expression levels of NMDA receptors and increased neural inflammation may be associated with BF prenatal exposure-triggered neurobehavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Xi
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Shi
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Bo Niu
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China.
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China.
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Tang Y, Zhang X, An L, Yu Z, Liu JK. Diverse role of NMDA receptors for dendritic integration of neural dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011019. [PMID: 37036844 PMCID: PMC10085026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons, represented as a tree structure of morphology, have various distinguished branches of dendrites. Different types of synaptic receptors distributed over dendrites are responsible for receiving inputs from other neurons. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are expressed as excitatory units, and play a key physiological role in synaptic function. Although NMDARs are widely expressed in most types of neurons, they play a different role in the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). Utilizing a computational PC model with detailed dendritic morphology, we explored the role of NMDARs at different parts of dendritic branches and regions. We found somatic responses can switch from silent, to simple spikes and complex spikes, depending on specific dendritic branches. Detailed examination of the dendrites regarding their diameters and distance to soma revealed diverse response patterns, yet explain two firing modes, simple and complex spike. Taken together, these results suggest that NMDARs play an important role in controlling excitability sensitivity while taking into account the factor of dendritic properties. Given the complexity of neural morphology varying in cell types, our work suggests that the functional role of NMDARs is not stereotyped but highly interwoven with local properties of neuronal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Tang
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling An
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhaofei Yu
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian K Liu
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Cyclin Y regulates spatial learning and memory flexibility through distinct control of the actin pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1351-1364. [PMID: 36434054 PMCID: PMC10005959 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spatial learning and memory flexibility are known to require long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), respectively, on a cellular basis. We previously showed that cyclin Y (CCNY), a synapse-remodeling cyclin, is a novel actin-binding protein and an inhibitory regulator of functional and structural LTP in vitro. In this study, we report that Ccny knockout (KO) mice exhibit enhanced LTP and weak LTD at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in the hippocampus. In accordance with enhanced LTP, Ccny KO mice showed improved spatial learning and memory. However, although previous studies reported that normal LTD is necessary for memory flexibility, Ccny KO mice intriguingly showed improved memory flexibility, suggesting that weak LTD could exert memory flexibility when combined with enhanced LTP. At the molecular level, CCNY modulated spatial learning and memory flexibility by distinctively affecting the cofilin-actin signaling pathway in the hippocampus. Specifically, CCNY inhibited cofilin activation by original learning, but reversed such inhibition by reversal learning. Furthermore, viral-mediated overexpression of a phosphomimetic cofilin-S3E in hippocampal CA1 regions enhanced LTP, weakened LTD, and improved spatial learning and memory flexibility, thus mirroring the phenotype of Ccny KO mice. In contrast, the overexpression of a non-phosphorylatable cofilin-S3A in hippocampal CA1 regions of Ccny KO mice reversed the synaptic plasticity, spatial learning, and memory flexibility phenotypes observed in Ccny KO mice. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that LTP and LTD cooperatively regulate memory flexibility. Moreover, CCNY suppresses LTP while facilitating LTD in the hippocampus and negatively regulates spatial learning and memory flexibility through the control of cofilin-actin signaling, proposing CCNY as a learning regulator modulating both memorizing and forgetting processes.
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Xiao N, Wu G, Zhou Z, Yao J, Wu B, Sui J, Tin C. Positive feedback of efferent copy via pontine nucleus facilitates cerebellum-mediated associative learning. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112072. [PMID: 36735531 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is critical for motor coordination and learning. However, the role of feedback circuitry in this brain region has not been fully explored. Here, we characterize a nucleo-ponto-cortical feedback pathway in classical delayed eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) of rats. We find that the efference copy is conveyed from the interposed cerebellar nucleus (Int) to cerebellar cortex through pontine nucleus (PN). Inhibiting or exciting the projection from the Int to the PN can decelerate or speed up acquisition of dEBC, respectively. Importantly, we identify two subpopulations of PN neurons (PN1 and PN2) that convey and integrate the feedback signals with feedforward sensory signals. We also show that the feedforward and feedback pathways via different types of PN neurons contribute to the plastic changes and cooperate synergistically to the learning of dEBC. Our results suggest that this excitatory nucleo-ponto-cortical feedback plays a significant role in modulating associative motor learning in cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Guangyan Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhanhong Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Juan Yao
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianfeng Sui
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Chung Tin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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12
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Antizyme Inhibitor 2-Deficient Mice Exhibit Altered Brain Polyamine Levels and Reduced Locomotor Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010014. [PMID: 36671399 PMCID: PMC9855896 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the neural polyamine system are known to be associated with different brain pathological conditions. In addition, the regulation of enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), antizymes (AZs), and antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) is critical during brain development. However, while most studies focus on ODC and AZs, less is known about AZIN expression and function in the brain. Thus, our aim was to analyze the expression pattern of AZIN2 during postnatal development, its brain distribution, and its possible implication in phenotypical alterations. METHODS The expression pattern of Azin2 and other genes related to polyamine metabolism was analyzed by RT-qPCR. β-D-galactosidase staining was used to determine the anatomical distribution of AZIN2 in a Azin2 knockout model containing the βGeo marker. Brain polyamine content was determined by HPLC. The Rota-Rod and Pole functional tests were used to evaluate motor skills in Azin2-lacking mice. RESULTS Our results showed that expression of genes codifying for AZs and AZINs showed a similar increasing pattern over time that coincided with a decrease in ODC activity and putrescine levels. The analysis of AZIN2 distribution demonstrated that it is strongly expressed in the cerebellum and distributed along the neuron body and dendrites. The ablation of Azin2 showed a decrease in putrescine levels and is related to reduced motor skills. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that AZIN2 expression in the brain is particularly limited to the cerebellum. In addition, the ablation of Azin2 leads to a reduction in putrescine that relates to alterations in motor function, suggesting the role of AZIN2 in the functioning of dopaminergic neurons.
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13
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Nozawa K, Sogabe T, Hayashi A, Motohashi J, Miura E, Arai I, Yuzaki M. In vivo nanoscopic landscape of neurexin ligands underlying anterograde synapse specification. Neuron 2022; 110:3168-3185.e8. [PMID: 36007521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory synapses are formed and matured by the cooperative actions of synaptic organizers, such as neurexins (Nrxns), neuroligins (Nlgns), LRRTMs, and Cbln1. Recent super-resolution nanoscopy developments have revealed that many synaptic organizers, as well as glutamate receptors and glutamate release machinery, exist as nanoclusters within synapses. However, it is unclear how such nanodomains interact with each other to organize excitatory synapses in vivo. By applying X10 expansion microscopy to epitope tag knockin mice, we found that Cbln1, Nlgn1, and LRRTM1, which share Nrxn as a common presynaptic receptor, form overlapping or separate nanodomains depending on Nrxn with or without a sequence encoded by splice site 4. The size and position of glutamate receptor nanodomains of GluD1, NMDA, and AMPA receptors were regulated by Cbln1, Nlgn1, and LRRTM1 nanodomains, respectively. These findings indicate that Nrxns anterogradely regulate the postsynaptic nanoscopic architecture of glutamate receptors through competition and coordination of Nrxn ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nozawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taku Sogabe
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junko Motohashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eriko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Itaru Arai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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14
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Li GG, Piao CJ, Wan P, Li SY, Wei YX, Zhao GJ, Wu WY, Hong L, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Opposing actions of CRF-R1 and CB1 receptor on facial stimulation-induced MLI-PC plasticity in mouse cerebellar cortex. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:39. [PMID: 35754033 PMCID: PMC9235104 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major neuromodulator orchestrating the stress response, and is secreted by neurons in various regions of the brain. Cerebellar CRF is released by afferents from inferior olivary neurons and other brainstem nuclei in response to stressful challenges, and contributes to modulation of synaptic plasticity and motor learning behavior via its receptors. We recently found that CRF modulates facial stimulation-evoked molecular layer interneuron-Purkinje cell (MLI-PC) synaptic transmission via CRF type 1 receptor (CRF-R1) in vivo in mice, suggesting that CRF modulates sensory stimulation-evoked MLI-PC synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanism of how CRF modulates MLI-PC synaptic plasticity is unclear. We investigated the effect of CRF on facial stimulation-evoked MLI-PC long-term depression (LTD) in urethane-anesthetized mice by cell-attached recording technique and pharmacological methods. RESULTS Facial stimulation at 1 Hz induced LTD of MLI-PC synaptic transmission under control conditions, but not in the presence of CRF (100 nM). The CRF-abolished MLI-PC LTD was restored by application of a selective CRF-R1 antagonist, BMS-763,534 (200 nM), but it was not restored by application of a selective CRF-R2 antagonist, antisauvagine-30 (200 nM). Blocking cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor abolished the facial stimulation-induced MLI-PC LTD, and revealed a CRF-triggered MLI-PC long-term potentiation (LTP) via CRF-R1. Notably, either inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) with chelerythrine (5 µM) or depletion of intracellular Ca2+ with cyclopiazonic acid (100 µM), completely prevented CRF-triggered MLI-PC LTP in mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicated that CRF blocked sensory stimulation-induced opioid-dependent MLI-PC LTD by triggering MLI-PC LTP through CRF-R1/PKC and intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway in mouse cerebellar cortex. These results suggest that activation of CRF-R1 opposes opioid-mediated cerebellar MLI-PC plasticity in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Gao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.,Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Jian Piao
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Shu-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wei
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.,Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China. .,Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China.
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15
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NMDARs in granule cells contribute to parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic plasticity and motor learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102635118. [PMID: 34507990 PMCID: PMC8449340 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102635118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term synaptic plasticity is believed to be the cellular substrate of learning and memory. Synaptic plasticity rules are defined by the specific complement of receptors at the synapse and the associated downstream signaling mechanisms. In young rodents, at the cerebellar synapse between granule cells (GC) and Purkinje cells (PC), bidirectional plasticity is shaped by the balance between transcellular nitric oxide (NO) driven by presynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation and postsynaptic calcium dynamics. However, the role and the location of NMDAR activation in these pathways is still debated in mature animals. Here, we show in adult rodents that NMDARs are present and functional in presynaptic terminals where their activation triggers NO signaling. In addition, we find that selective genetic deletion of presynaptic, but not postsynaptic, NMDARs prevents synaptic plasticity at parallel fiber-PC (PF-PC) synapses. Consistent with this finding, the selective deletion of GC NMDARs affects adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Thus, NMDARs presynaptic to PCs are required for bidirectional synaptic plasticity and cerebellar motor learning.
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16
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Mitoma H, Honnorat J, Yamaguchi K, Manto M. Cerebellar long-term depression and auto-immune target of auto-antibodies: the concept of LTDpathies. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:2. [PMID: 35006439 PMCID: PMC8607360 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that auto-antibodies against ion channels and synaptic machinery proteins can induce limbic encephalitis. In immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias (IMCAs), various synaptic proteins, such as GAD65, voltage-gated Ca channel (VGCC), metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), and glutamate receptor delta (GluR delta) are auto-immune targets. Among them, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR1, and anti-GluR delta antibodies remain unclear. Despite divergent auto-immune and clinical profiles, these subtypes show common clinical features of good prognosis with no or mild cerebellar atrophy in non-paraneoplastic syndrome. The favorable prognosis reflects functional cerebellar disorders without neuronal death. Interestingly, these autoantigens are all involved in molecular cascades for induction of long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions between parallel fibers (PFs) and Purkinje cells (PCs), a crucial mechanism of synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum. We suggest that anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR1, and anti-GluR delta Abs-associated cerebellar ataxias share one common pathophysiological mechanism: a deregulation in PF-PC LTD, which results in impairment of restoration or maintenance of the internal model and triggers cerebellar ataxias. The novel concept of LTDpathies could lead to improvements in clinical management and treatment of cerebellar patients who show these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jerome Honnorat
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677, Bron, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Kazuhiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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17
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Ledo A, Lourenço CF, Cadenas E, Barbosa RM, Laranjinha J. The bioactivity of neuronal-derived nitric oxide in aging and neurodegeneration: Switching signaling to degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:500-513. [PMID: 33186742 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The small and diffusible free radical nitric oxide (•NO) has fascinated biological and medical scientists since it was promoted from atmospheric air pollutant to biological ubiquitous signaling molecule. Its unique physical chemical properties expand beyond its radical nature to include fast diffusion in aqueous and lipid environments and selective reactivity in a biological setting determined by bioavailability and reaction rate constants with biomolecules. In the brain, •NO is recognized as a key player in numerous physiological processes ranging from neurotransmission/neuromodulation to neurovascular coupling and immune response. Furthermore, changes in its bioactivity are central to the molecular pathways associated with brain aging and neurodegeneration. The understanding of •NO bioactivity in the brain, however, requires the knowledge of its concentration dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution upon stimulation of its synthesis. Here we revise our current understanding of the role of neuronal-derived •NO in brain physiology, aging and degeneration, focused on changes in the extracellular concentration dynamics of this free radical and the regulation of bioenergetic metabolism and neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - C F Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E Cadenas
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA, USA
| | - R M Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Hwang H, Hur YN, Sohn H, Seo J, Hong JH, Cho E, Choi Y, Lee S, Song S, Lee AR, Kim S, Jo DG, Rhim H, Park M. Cyclin Y, a novel actin-binding protein, regulates spine plasticity through the cofilin-actin pathway. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 198:101915. [PMID: 32966834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While positive regulators of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) have extensively been investigated, relatively little is known about the inhibitory regulators of LTP. We previously reported that Cyclin Y (CCNY), a member of cyclin family generally known to function in proliferating cells, is a novel postsynaptic protein that serves as a negative regulator of functional LTP. However, whether CCNY plays a role in structural LTP, which is mechanistically linked to functional LTP, and which mechanisms are involved in the CCNY-mediated suppression of LTP at the molecular level remain elusive. Here, we report that CCNY negatively regulates the plasticity-induced changes in spine morphology through the control of actin dynamics. We observed that CCNY directly binds to filamentous actin and interferes with LTP-induced actin polymerization as well as depolymerization by blocking the activation of cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor, thus resulting in less plastic spines and the impairment of structural LTP. These data suggest that CCNY acts as an inhibitory regulator for both structural and functional LTP by modulating actin dynamics through the cofilin-actin pathway. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic insight into the inhibitory modulation of hippocampal LTP by CCNY, highlighting a novel function of a cyclin family protein in non-proliferating neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongik Hwang
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Young-Na Hur
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Heesung Sohn
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Seo
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Hong
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Eunsil Cho
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Saebom Lee
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Seongeun Song
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - A-Ram Lee
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Mikyoung Park
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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19
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Nagao S. Ocular Reflex Adaptation as an Experimental Model of Cerebellar Learning -- In Memory of Masao Ito -. Neuroscience 2020; 462:191-204. [PMID: 32710914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Masao Ito proposed a cerebellar learning hypothesis with Marr and Albus in the early 1970s. He suggested that cerebellar flocculus (FL) Purkinje cells (PCs), which directly inhibit the vestibular nuclear neurons driving extraocular muscle motor neurons, adaptively control the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) through the modification of mossy and parallel fiber-mediated vestibular responsiveness by visual climbing fiber (CF) inputs. Later, it was suggested that the same FL PCs adaptively control the horizontal optokinetic response (HOKR) in the same manner through the modification of optokinetic responsiveness in rodents and rabbits. In 1982, Ito and his colleagues discovered the plasticity of long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF)-PC synapses after conjunctive stimulation of mossy or parallel fibers with CFs. Long-term potentiation (LTP) at PF-PC synapses by weak PF stimulation alone was found later. Many lines of experimental evidence have supported their hypothesis using various experimental methods and materials for the past 50 years by many research groups. Although several controversial findings were presented regarding their hypothesis, the reasons underlying many of them were clarified. Today, their hypothesis is considered as a fundamental mechanism of cerebellar learning. Furthermore, it was found that the memory of adaptation is transferred from the FL to vestibular nuclei for consolidation by repetition of adaptation through the plasticity of vestibular nuclear neurons. In this article, after overviewing their cerebellar learning hypothesis, I discuss possible roles of LTD and LTP in gain-up and gain-down HVOR/HOKR adaptations and refer to the expansion of their hypothesis to cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Nagao
- Laboratory for Integrative Brain Function, Nozomi Hospital, Komuro 3170, Ina, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan; Laboratory for Memory Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolotan Institute for Gerontology, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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20
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Fundamental Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Impairments on Ion Channels and Synapses in Immune-Mediated Cerebellar Ataxias. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144936. [PMID: 32668612 PMCID: PMC7404345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, different kinds of limbic encephalitis associated with autoantibodies against ion channels and synaptic receptors have been described. Many studies have demonstrated that such autoantibodies induce channel or receptor dysfunction. The same mechanism is discussed in immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias (IMCAs), but the pathogenesis has been less investigated. The aim of the present review is to evaluate what kind of cerebellar ion channels, their related proteins, and the synaptic machinery proteins that are preferably impaired by autoantibodies so as to develop cerebellar ataxias (CAs). The cerebellum predictively coordinates motor and cognitive functions through a continuous update of an internal model. These controls are relayed by cerebellum-specific functions such as precise neuronal discharges with potassium channels, synaptic plasticity through calcium signaling pathways coupled with voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) and metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 (mGluR1), a synaptic organization with glutamate receptor delta (GluRδ), and output signal formation through chained GABAergic neurons. Consistently, the association of CAs with anti-potassium channel-related proteins, anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR1, and GluRδ, and anti-glutamate decarboxylase 65 antibodies is observed in IMCAs. Despite ample distributions of AMPA and GABA receptors, however, CAs are rare in conditions with autoantibodies against these receptors. Notably, when the autoantibodies impair synaptic transmission, the autoimmune targets are commonly classified into three categories: release machinery proteins, synaptic adhesion molecules, and receptors. This physiopathological categorization impacts on both our understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical prognosis.
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21
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Kawato M, Ohmae S, Hoang H, Sanger T. 50 Years Since the Marr, Ito, and Albus Models of the Cerebellum. Neuroscience 2020; 462:151-174. [PMID: 32599123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years have passed since David Marr, Masao Ito, and James Albus proposed seminal models of cerebellar functions. These models share the essential concept that parallel-fiber-Purkinje-cell synapses undergo plastic changes, guided by climbing-fiber activities during sensorimotor learning. However, they differ in several important respects, including holistic versus complementary roles of the cerebellum, pattern recognition versus control as computational objectives, potentiation versus depression of synaptic plasticity, teaching signals versus error signals transmitted by climbing-fibers, sparse expansion coding by granule cells, and cerebellar internal models. In this review, we evaluate different features of the three models based on recent computational and experimental studies. While acknowledging that the three models have greatly advanced our understanding of cerebellar control mechanisms in eye movements and classical conditioning, we propose a new direction for computational frameworks of the cerebellum, that is, hierarchical reinforcement learning with multiple internal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Kawato
- Brain Information Communication Research Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institutes International (ATR), Hikaridai 2-2-2, "Keihanna Science City", Kyoto 619-0288, Japan; Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), RIKEN, Nihonbashi Mitsui Building, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan.
| | - Shogo Ohmae
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Huu Hoang
- Brain Information Communication Research Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institutes International (ATR), Hikaridai 2-2-2, "Keihanna Science City", Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Terry Sanger
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 4207 Engineering Hall, Irvine CA 92697-2625, USA; Children's Hospital of Orange County, 1201 W La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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22
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Wang B, Wang C, Ren H, Guan H, Guo S. Cerebellar ataxia as the initial symptom with lesions involving the cerebellum in patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A rare case report and literature review. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577293. [PMID: 32590126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is an atypical presentation of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. In patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia often develops simultaneously or sequentially with clinical features of demyelinating disorders, paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes, despite unremarkable brain magnetic resonance imagerying (MRI) findings. Herein, we report a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who developed dizziness and gait ataxia as the initial symptoms, simultaneously showing MRI hyperintensities involving the cerebellum, even before manifesting behavioral and cognitive symptoms. We excluded the co-occurrence of other autoantibodies using cell- and tissue-based assays to establish a confirmed diagnosis of definite anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Wang
- Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunjuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhi Guan
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shougang Guo
- Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Moreno-Rius J. Opioid addiction and the cerebellum. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:238-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Saegusa S, Fukaya M, Kakegawa W, Tanaka M, Katsumata O, Sugawara T, Hara Y, Itakura M, Okubo T, Sato T, Yuzaki M, Sakagami H. Mice lacking EFA6C/Psd2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Arf6, exhibit lower Purkinje cell synaptic density but normal cerebellar motor functions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216960. [PMID: 31095630 PMCID: PMC6522047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that regulates various neuronal events including formation of the axon, dendrites and dendritic spines, and synaptic plasticity through actin cytoskeleton remodeling and endosomal trafficking. EFA6C, also known as Psd2, is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Arf6 that is preferentially expressed in the cerebellar cortex of adult mice, particularly in Purkinje cells. However, the roles of EFA6C in cerebellar development and functions remain unknown. In this study, we generated global EFA6C knockout (KO) mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and investigated their cerebellar phenotypes by histological and behavioral analyses. Histological analyses revealed that EFA6C KO mice exhibited normal gross anatomy of the cerebellar cortex, in terms of the thickness and cellularity of each layer, morphology of Purkinje cells, and distribution patterns of parallel fibers, climbing fibers, and inhibitory synapses. Electron microscopic observation of the cerebellar molecular layer revealed that the density of asymmetric synapses of Purkinje cells was significantly lower in EFA6C KO mice compared with wild-type control mice. However, behavioral analyses using accelerating rotarod and horizontal optokinetic response tests failed to detect any differences in motor coordination, learning or adaptation between the control and EFA6C KO mice. These results suggest that EFA6C plays ancillary roles in cerebellar development and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Saegusa
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Tanaka
- Bio-imaging Center, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Katsumata
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Sugawara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okubo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sato
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Fekete A, Wang LY. Interneuron NMDA receptors change the gear of motor learning in the cerebellar machine. J Physiol 2018; 597:663-664. [PMID: 30552761 DOI: 10.1113/jp277376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fekete
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lu-Yang Wang
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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