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Ryan MP, Neuman-Lee LA, Durham SL, Smith GD, French SS. A sex-dependent change in behavioral temperature regulation in African house snakes (Lamprophis fuliginosus) challenged with different pathogens. J Therm Biol 2018; 73:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Tronson NC, Collette KM. (Putative) sex differences in neuroimmune modulation of memory. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:472-486. [PMID: 27870428 PMCID: PMC5120654 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuroimmune system is significantly sexually dimorphic, with sex differences evident in the number and activation states of microglia, in the activation of astrocytes, and in cytokine release and function. Neuroimmune cells and signaling are now recognized as critical for many neural functions throughout the life span, including synaptic plasticity and memory function. Here we address the question of how cytokines, astrocytes, and microglia contribute to memory, and specifically how neuroimmune modulation of memory differentially affects males and females. Understanding sex differences in both normal memory processes and dysregulation of memory in psychiatric and neurological disorders is critical for developing treatment and preventive strategies for memory disorders that are effective for both men and women. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Tronson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Katie M Collette
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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3
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Stoppelkamp S, Würschum N, Stang K, Löder J, Avci-Adali M, Toliashvili L, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Fennrich S. Speeding up pyrogenicity testing: Identification of suitable cell components and readout parameters for an accelerated monocyte activation test (MAT). Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:260-273. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Stoppelkamp
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Noriana Würschum
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Katharina Stang
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Jasmin Löder
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Leila Toliashvili
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Hans Peter Wendel
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Stefan Fennrich
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
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4
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Stang K, Fennrich S, Krajewski S, Stoppelkamp S, Burgener IA, Wendel HP, Post M. Highly sensitive pyrogen detection on medical devices by the monocyte activation test. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1065-1075. [PMID: 24414113 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogens are components of microorganisms, like bacteria, viruses or fungi, which can induce a complex inflammatory response in the human body. Pyrogen contamination on medical devices prior operation is still critical and associated with severe complications for the patients. The aim of our study was to develop a reliable test, which allows detection of pyrogen contamination on the surface of medical devices. After in vitro pyrogen contamination of different medical devices and incubation in a rotation model, the human whole blood monocyte activation test (MAT), which is based on an IL-1β-specific ELISA, was employed. Our results show that when combining a modified MAT protocol and a dynamic incubation system, even smallest amounts of pyrogens can be directly detected on the surface of medical devices. Therefore, screening of medical devices prior clinical application using our novel assay, has the potential to significantly reduce complications associated with pyrogen-contaminated medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stang
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen University, Calwerstr. 7/1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Asarian L, Langhans W. A new look on brain mechanisms of acute illness anorexia. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:464-71. [PMID: 20394763 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other microbial substances trigger the organism's acute phase response and cause acute illness anorexia. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are major endogenous mediators of acute illness anorexia, but how LPS or cytokines stimulate the brain to inhibit eating is not fully resolved. One emerging mechanism involves the activation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells and the subsequent release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Serotonin neurons in the midbrain raphe are targets of PGE2, and serotonergic projections from the midbrain raphe to the hypothalamus appear to be crucial for LPS anorexia. That is, raphe projections activate (1) the corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus which then elicit the stress response and (2) the pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus which then release alphaMSH and elicit anorexia. Here we review available data to support a role for this brain mechanism in acute illness anorexia by center staging PGE2 signaling pathways that converge on central neural circuits that control normal eating. In addition, we review interactions between gonadal hormones and immune function that lead to sex differences in acute illness anorexia. The paper represents an invited review by a symposium, award winner or keynote speaker at the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior [SSIB] Annual Meeting in Portland, July 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Asarian
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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6
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Fraifeld V, Kaplanski J. Brain eicosanoids and LPS fever: species and age differences. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 115:141-57. [PMID: 9632934 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The results of the present study, summarized in Table 2, demonstrate that different species and strains of rodents (rats and mice) and birds (chickens) exhibit rather specific fever response. Systemic administration of LPS caused monophasic elevation in Tb of chickens, biphasic changes in Tb of rats (initial drop followed by an increase in Tb), whereas mice failed to develop hyperthermia and responded by a decreased Tb. The LPS-induced alterations in hypothalamic prostanoid synthesis were also rather species-specific and differ markedly even between the two strains of mice. We failed to find a common direct correlation between LPS-induced changes in Tb and hypothalamic prostanoid production in rodents (rats and mice). This observation is supported by our recent study on age-related changes in fever response in rats, where we found that hypothalami of LPS-treated old and young adult rats produced similar amounts of PGE2 and PGI2, in spite of more pronounced and prolonged hypothermia, and a delayed elevation in Tb of old rats, as compared with young (Fraifeld et al., 1995b). Moreover, the hypothalamus of febrile chickens did not display any detectable activation of PGE2 production, suggesting that PGE2 is not a common central mediator of fever in homeotherms (Fraifeld et al., 1995a). Apparently, the actual body temperature not always reflects the functional state of central thermostat, and increased PGE2 production in hypothalamus would not directly, at least in rodents, lead to body temperature elevation. Furthermore, peripheral effects, including PG-mediated ones, of pyrogens can interfere and even overcome their centrally-mediated effects (Morimoto et al., 1991; Burysek et al., 1993). Previously, we have shown that no additional elevation in hypothalamic PGE2 production occurs in response to doses of LPS over 10 micrograms in rats and 25 micrograms in mice, while the increased doses led to further changes in Tb response (Kaplanski et al., 1993). Morimoto et al. (1991) have considered that PGE2 acts centrally to cause fever and peripherally to cause hypothermia, and, hence, these opposing actions, both being induced by LPS, may act together to determine the final thermoregulatory response. Other possibilities could be related to counterbalance of endogenous antipyretics (Kluger, 1991; Kozak et al., 1995), that may occur not only at the level of thermoregulatory center but also outside the CNS (Klir et al., 1995), and to the existence of PG-independent mechanisms of LPS fever. The latter have been shown for IL-8 (Rothwell et al., 1990; Zampronio et al., 1994) and MIP-1 (Davatelis et al., 1989; Minano et al., 1990; Hayashi et al., 1995; Lopez-Valpuesta and Myers, 1995), which are, apparently, mediated via CRF (Strijbos et al., 1992; Zampronio et al., 1994), and INF-alpha, mediated via the opioid receptor mechanisms (Hori et al., 1991, 1992). However, it has been shown recently that in different species the same pyrogenic cytokines (IL-8) may induced fever via different, PG-independent (in rats; Zampronio et al., 1994) or PG-dependent (in rabbits; Zampronio et al., 1995) mechanisms. It should be noted that fever response is not always accompanied by an elevation in Tb. The final effect of pyrogens on body temperature depends upon the balance between heat production and heat loss, which in turn is highly dependent upon body size and ambient temperature, especially in small animals. Perhaps, the hypothermic response observed in our mice and rats at 22 degrees C may be in part attributed to ambient temperature, which was below a thermoneutral zone. The reduced febrile response is considered, at least in part, to contribute to an increased mortality and prolonged recovery from infections (Kluger, 1986). From this point, it is difficult to suggest whether the hypothermia observed in our mice and rats could be of somewhat adaptive significance. It has been shown that at the ambient temperature of 30 degrees C, Swiss Webster mice can re
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fraifeld
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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7
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Abstract
Fever in elderly persons is only one clinical presentation that can be used to assist the clinician at suspecting a serious disease, such as an infection. Infections, like all other illnesses in the geriatric patient, may occur with a variety of nonspecific, atypical, nonclassic, and unusual manifestations. The clinician caring for elderly patients should be aware of these nonclassical presentations of infections in this age group. Unexplained change in functional capacity, worsening of mental status, weight loss or failure to thrive, weakness and fatigue, falls, and generalized pain are only some of the clues that may aid the clinician in considering infection in elderly persons. Key concepts of fever in older adults are: Fever generally indicates presence of serious infection, most often caused by bacteria. Fever may be absent in 20%-30% of elderly patients harboring a serious infection. Criteria for fever in elderly patients should also include an elevation of body temperature of at least 2 degrees F from baseline values. FUO in elderly persons is caused by infections (30%-35%), CTD (25%-30%), and malignancies (15%-20%) in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Norman
- West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California, USA
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8
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Martin SM, Malkinson TJ, Veale WL, Pittman QJ. Prostaglandin fever in rats throughout the estrous cycle late pregnancy and post parturition. J Neuroendocrinol 1996; 8:145-51. [PMID: 8868262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1996.tb00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the influence of natural variations in endocrine status on the ability to generate a prostaglandin-induced fever in virgin female, pregnant and lactating rats and compared responses to those in male rats. Endocrine status of virgin female rats was assessed from examination of vaginal smears and time of parturition noted to enable accurate dating of pre- and postparturient fevers. Unanesthetized rats, previously prepared with intraventricular guide cannulas and intraperitoneal telemetry thermistors, were given intraventricular injections of prostaglandin E1 (2-100 ng/5 microliters) and temperatures monitored for 3 h after injection. Virgin females developed significantly larger fevers than did males at higher doses. There were no significant alterations in either fever height or duration as a function of the phase of the reproductive cycle in the females. Both pregnant and postparturient rats within the several days around birth displayed significantly lower fevers than did virgin females, but there was no further reduction in the immediate periparturient period. These data indicate that there are sex-, and possibly hormone-dependent differences in the central mechanisms involved in fever generation and antipyresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Martin
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Shemi D, Kaplanski J. Effect of different ambient temperature and lipopolysaccharide administration on the circadian rhythm of rectal temperature and hypothalamic PGE2 production in aged male rats. Mech Ageing Dev 1995; 85:65-72. [PMID: 8786665 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(95)01652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Old and young male rats (22 and 7 months respectively) were exposed to ambient temperatures of 4, 22, 27 and 35 degrees C. The rats' rectal temperatures (RTs) were measured periodically, after exposure to the varying temperatures at different hours during the day. The mean circadian value of RTs in the aged rats was different from that of the young rats. Whereas exposure to low temperatures caused a decrease of 2.0 degrees C in the RTs of the old rats, exposure to heat (35 degrees C) caused an increase of 1 degree C in their RTs. An injection of 200 micrograms (intraperitoneally) of E. coli lipopolysaccharide caused them to experience a long period of hypothermia. Elevation in the RTs after the hypothermic period ended was significantly lower in the old rats. However no significant differences in hypothalamic PGE2 production were to be found between the old and young groups 24 h after pyrogen administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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10
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Fraifeld V, Abramovich L, Kaplanski J. Delayed febrile response in old rats is not associated with an inability of hypothalamus to produce prostaglandin E2. Mech Ageing Dev 1995; 79:137-40. [PMID: 7616764 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(94)01554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
E. coli lipopolysaccharide (100 micrograms per rat, i.p.) induced a twofold increase in hypothalamic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production both in young adult (8 months) and old (28-30 months) male Wistar rats. It seems that the ability of the hypothalamus to produce PGE2 in response to bacterial endotoxin is not affected with aging, and hence delayed febrile response observed in old rats is not related to hypothalamic PGE2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fraifeld
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Corob Center for Medical Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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11
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Bruguerolle B, Roucoules X. Time-dependent changes in body temperature rhythm induced in rats by brewer's yeast injection. Chronobiol Int 1994; 11:180-6. [PMID: 8082227 DOI: 10.3109/07420529409057238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to document the possible influence of the time of administration of brewer's yeast on a model of fever previously reported. Forty male Wistar AF IOPS rats were recorded every hour for 24 h; 2 days later, five groups (four animals each) were injected subcutaneously (neck) at 09:00 or 20:00 h with four different doses of brewer's yeast (group A, 2.5 g/kg; group B, 2 g/kg; group C, 1.5 g/kg; group D, 1 g/kg) or with the equivalent volume of saline (group E, controls). Rectal temperature was recorded every hour for 24 h with an electronic thermometer with a thermistor probe inserted rectally. All data were quantified (means +/- SEM) and compared by analysis of variance (two ways). The circadian variations of temperature were assessed by cosinor analysis. Brewer's yeast-induced fever was statistically significant since increases of 01.04 to 0.77 degrees C and of 0.47 to 0.73 degrees C were observed compared with matched controls after the morning and the evening administration, respectively. A significant circadian rhythm of temperature was detected (p < 0.001) in controls before and during the experiments and in the differently treated groups. The effect of brewer's yeast was different according to the hour of its administration: after morning injection, the mesor of the circadian rhythm was significantly increased as compared with controls and the acrophase was significantly shifted in proportion to the dose. Concerning the evening dosing, the amplitude and the mesor of the circadian rhythm were increased and the acrophase was significantly shifted. During the 4 h following injection, brewer's yeast may induce hyper- or hypothermia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bruguerolle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, France
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pierpaoli
- Novera H. Spector Neuroimmunomodulation Laboratory, Biancalana-Masera Foundation for the Aged, Ancona, Italy
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13
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Flournoy DJ, Bernard MA. Problems in diagnosing infections in the elderly. J Natl Med Assoc 1993; 85:835-40. [PMID: 8107158 PMCID: PMC2571833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Elderly individuals often present with altered signs and symptoms to infectious diseases. Altered signs and symptoms may result from underlying illnesses, physiological changes of the elderly, or chemotherapy. Increased awareness of the occurrence of altered signs and symptoms can facilitate determining the medical diagnosis and treatment of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Flournoy
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
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Abstract
The present review distinguishes pathogenic, neurogenic, and psychogenic fever, but focuses largely on pathogenic fever, the hallmark of infectious disease. The data presented show that a complex cascade of events underlies pathogenic fever, which in broad outline - and with frank disregard of contradictory data - can be described as follows. An invading microorganism releases endotoxin that stimulates macrophages to synthesize a variety of pyrogenic compounds called cytokines. Carried in blood, these cytokines reach the perivascular spaces of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and other regions near the brain where they promote the synthesis and release of prostaglandin (PGE2). This prostaglandin then penetrates the blood-brain barrier to evoke the autonomic and behavioral responses characteristic of fever. But then once expressed, fever does not continue unchecked; endogenous antipyretics likely act on the septum to limit the rise in body temperature. The present review also examines fever-resistance in neonates, the blunting of fever in the aged, and the behaviorally induced rise in body temperature following infection in ectotherms. And finally it takes up the question of whether fever enhances immune responsiveness, and through such enhancement contributes to host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moltz
- University of Chicago, IL 60637
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Strijbos PJ, Horan MA, Carey F, Rothwell NJ. Impaired febrile responses of aging mice are mediated by endogenous lipocortin-1 (annexin-1). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 265:E289-97. [PMID: 8368299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.2.e289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying age-related impairments in febrile responses were investigated in female C57Bl/lcrf-a(t) mice. Injection of norepinephrine, to assess total thermogenic capacity, significantly increased oxygen consumption (VO2) in all age groups, although the responses of the aged mice were significantly reduced. Injection of lipopolysaccharide or murine interleukin-1 beta (mIL-1 beta) significantly increased body temperature and VO2 in the young and adult mice but not in the aged mice. The impaired responses to mIL-1 beta in the aged mice were normalized by either injection of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-38486 or by injection of an antiserum to lipocortin-1 or its purified immunoglobulin G fraction. Injection of prostaglandin E2 significantly increased VO2 and body temperature in all age groups. Resting plasma corticosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the aged and adult mice, whereas injection of mIL-1 beta significantly raised plasma corticosterone concentrations in all animals. These findings indicate that the impaired febrile response of aged female C57Bl/lcrf-a(t) mice may be caused by increased concentrations and/or sensitivity to endogenous glucocorticoids. The impaired febrile responses of aged mice appear to be mediated by endogenous lipocortin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Strijbos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Castle SC, Norman DC, Yeh M, Miller D, Yoshikawa TT. Fever response in elderly nursing home residents: are the older truly colder? J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39:853-7. [PMID: 1885858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb04450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that many nursing home residents with an apparently blunted fever response (maximum temperature less than 101 degrees F) may actually have a significant change in temperature (delta T greater than or equal to 2.4 degrees F) which is not recognized because of a low baseline temperature. DESIGN Retrospective chart review for cases of infection that met specific criteria and for chart-recorded baseline and infection temperatures. Chart-recorded baseline temperatures were prospectively compared with re-measurement of morning temperatures. SETTING Nursing Home Care Unit of the VAMC West Los Angeles. PATIENTS Random review of 40 residents' charts resulted in the detection of 69 infections among 26 residents over a 20-month period. Fifty randomly selected residents prospectively underwent comparison of chart-determined and actual re-measurement of baseline temperatures. RESULTS In 50 randomly selected residents, the mean oral baseline temperature of 97.4 +/- 0.2 (degrees F +/- SEM) closely approximated the mean nurse-recorded measures in the charts (97.6 +/- 0.1). Chart review detected 69 infections among 26 residents, with 53 episodes having a temperature recorded during the infection. The mean maximum temperature (Tmax) during an infection was 101.3 +/- 0.3 (degrees F +/- SEM) but 47% (25/53) of the episodes had a "blunted" fever response (Tmax less than 101 degrees F). Of the 25 "blunted" fevers (Tmax less than 101 degrees F), about one-fourth demonstrated an adequate change in temperature from baseline (delta T greater than or equal to 2.4 degrees F) but failed to reach 101 degrees F because of a low baseline. Most infections (89%) had a Tmax greater than 99 degrees F. CONCLUSION Establishing a nursing home patient's basal temperature and monitoring for changes in temperature (delta T greater than 2.4 degrees F) and/or lowering the threshold for recognition of fevers (to 99 degrees or 100 degrees F) in nursing home residents with a change in function should assist in early recognition of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Castle
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center West Los Angeles, CA
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17
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Refinetti R, Ma H, Satinoff E. Body temperature rhythms, cold tolerance, and fever in young and old rats of both genders. Exp Gerontol 1990; 25:533-43. [PMID: 2097169 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(90)90019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm of body temperature (CTR) of male and female rats living at 23 degrees C, as well as their body temperature response to a yeast injection or to a 2-h exposure to 0 degree C, was investigated by telemetry. Young rats had a clear CTR with a mean nocturnal peak of 38.0 +/- 0.1 degree C and diurnal trough of 36.2 +/- 0.1 degree C. Older rats, starting at about 18 months of age, tended to have poor (that is, lower amplitude) rhythms. Mean daily body temperature was 37.1 +/- 0.2 degree C at all ages. After exposure to the cold, the body temperature of young rats, old rats with a strong CTR, and old rats with a poor CTR changed in the ranges of -0.3 to +1.5 degree C, -3.1 to +0.7 degree C, and -5.2 to +0.4 degree C, respectively. This indicates that old animals, especially but not exclusively those with poor CTRs, are less resistant to cold stress. On the other hand, the capacity to develop a fever in response to a yeast injection was equivalent in the three groups of animals, although females had a smaller response than males. It is concluded that the process of aging does not have a generalized debilitating effect on temperature regulation in rats. Rather, aging seems to affect individual components of the thermoregulatory system differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Refinetti
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign 61820
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Ruwe WD, Naylor AM, Dinarello CA, Veale WL. Characteristics of pyrogen fevers are altered in the aged rabbit. Exp Gerontol 1988; 23:103-13. [PMID: 3402551 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(88)90075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The febrile response to both intravenous and intracerebral administration of pyrogens was investigated in young and old male New Zealand White rabbits. Intravenous bacterial pyrogen evoked biphasic fevers in both groups of animals. However, the fevers in the group of older rabbits were significantly less than in younger animals. In contrast, intravenous injection of endogenous pyrogen produced identical fevers in the two groups. Bacterial and endogenous pyrogens injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle evoked marked febrile responses of long duration in both young and old rabbits. The responses of the old rabbits were significantly less than those of the younger ones. Finally, direct microinjection of prostaglandin E1 into tissue sites within the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area elicited short latency hyperthermic responses which were significantly less in the older rabbits. Analysis of ear skin temperatures during fever demonstrated that some of the differences may, in part, be due to altered vasoconstrictor responses in the peripheral vasculature. Thus, these data indicate that the febrile response is altered with increasing age in the rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Ruwe
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Bell RE, Feng J, Lipton JM. Is the endogenous antipyretic neuropeptide alpha-MSH responsible for reduced fever in aged rabbits? Peptides 1987; 8:501-4. [PMID: 2821521 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(87)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reduced febrile response in aged man has been noted since the beginning of clinical thermometry. Our previous research on aged rabbits and squirrel monkeys disclosed a similar reduced fever, presumably due to a decrease in central receptors for endogenous pyrogen. However, because central alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) appears to have a potent role in physiological control of fever, it may be that increased release of the peptide is responsible for the reduced febrile response in aged animals. To test this idea, antiserum specific to MSH was administered intracerebroventricularly to rabbits of known age. The antiserum given according to three schedules of treatment augmented fever caused by IV injections of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in young (less than 2 years) male and female rabbits. Aged female rabbits (3-5+ years) and females aged 2-3 years showed significant augmentation of fever only after pretreatment plus acute injection of antiserum. A single ICV injection of MSH (200 ng) reduced fever in all groups with the greatest antipyretic effect in the aged females. The results indicate that while aged rabbits have an increased antipyretic response to central MSH, binding of the endogenous peptide does not result in marked increases in fever in these animals. Thus, whereas a change in central MSH sensitivity may contribute to reduced fever in aged homeotherms, a reduction in central pyrogen receptors appears to be the most parsimonious explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Bell
- Physiology Department, University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas 75235
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Bell RC, Lipton JM. Concentration of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) within specific brain regions in aged squirrel monkeys. Brain Res Bull 1987; 18:577-9. [PMID: 3607524 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(87)90123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of MSH per unit protein is reduced on average in several sites within the brains of aged squirrel monkeys. This decrease may account for alterations in CNS functions mediated via MSH but perhaps does not account for reduced fever in these aged subhuman primates.
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Grahn D, Norman DC, Yoshikawa TT. Fever and aging: central nervous system prostaglandin E2 in response to endotoxin. Exp Gerontol 1987; 22:249-55. [PMID: 3666069 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(87)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of the blunted febrile response often seen in elderly individuals with infection is not well understood. In this study, we attempted to determine the impact of aging on prostaglandin E2 release from the brain in response to endotoxin (LPS) stimulation. Eight young (4-6 month) and eight old (24-28 month) BALB/c mice were studied. Right and left half brains from old and young mice were either stimulated with LPS or control solution. Each mouse provided a stimulated and a control value. Results were reported for each mouse as the difference (stimulated minus control) in picograms of PGE2 released per milligram tissue and as the percent of baseline (control). Significant stimulation was demonstrated in the young mice, mean difference being +3.7 pg/mg, SD = 2.2 (Student's paired t, p less than 0.01) or +44% of control. In the old mice the mean difference was +2.9 pg/ml, SD = 6.7, or +22%, which was not statistically significant. Moreover, in three of eight old mice, there was a lack of PGE2 stimulation. The authors conclude that in a select group of old mice ("nonresponders"), the failure to mount a febrile response to an infection may be related to diminished release of PGE2 from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grahn
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Los Angeles 90073
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Abstract
The pathogenesis and clinical relevance of fever is reviewed. The interrelationship between fever and other biologic responses to infection is summarized. A blunted or absent fever response to infections observed in some elderly patients may be due to defects in thermoregulation. These abnormalities in thermoregulation may include impairment of both behavioral and physiologic responses.
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Ferguson AV, Turner SL, Cooper KE, Veale WL. Neurotransmitter effects on body temperature are modified with increasing age. Physiol Behav 1985; 34:977-81. [PMID: 2865762 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(85)90023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study reports effects on body temperature, in two different age groups of Sprague Dawley rats, of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of prostaglandin E2, noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, and carbachol. Young animals (3-5 months) developed fevers in response to administration of prostaglandin E2 (+ 1.02 +/- 0.26 degrees C), while no significant changes in colonic temperature were observed in the older (15-18 months) group of rats. Noradrenaline (10.0 micrograms), caused a decrease in colonic temperature in the younger group of animals (-2.02 +/- 0.70 degrees C), but had no significant effects on the body temperature of the older group. Similarly, differences between the temperature responses of the young as compared with the older group of animals were observed following ICV administration of carbachol, dopamine and serotonin. These data suggest that the roles of these substances in the hypothalamic control of body temperature may be modified with increasing age.
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Tocco-Bradley R, Kluger MJ, Kauffman CA. Effect of age on fever and acute-phase response of rats to endotoxin and Salmonella typhimurium. Infect Immun 1985; 47:106-11. [PMID: 3880718 PMCID: PMC261483 DOI: 10.1128/iai.47.1.106-111.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related effects on endogenous pyrogen-mediated febrile and acute-phase responses to endotoxin and Salmonella typhimurium challenge were investigated in young adult and aged Fisher 344 rats. After injection of endotoxin, the febrile response over 6 h and the fall in plasma iron and zinc after 6 h were determined in 14 young adult and 14 aged rats in their thermoneutral zone (26 degrees C) and in 14 young adult and 14 aged rats maintained in a cold environment (15 degrees C). Although at 26 degrees C aged rats showed only a slightly diminished febrile response compared with that of young adult rats, at 15 degrees C they had a markedly diminished febrile response compared with that of young adult rats. At both 26 and 15 degrees C, the injection of endotoxin led to a fall in iron and zinc concentrations in the plasma of both young adult and aged rats. The intact trace metal response diminished but febrile response suggest that aged rats are able to produce endogenous pyrogen but have a reduced capacity to respond to this substance. In 22 aged and 22 young adult rats maintained at 26 degrees C and challenged with S. typhimurium, the febrile response was significantly less in the aged rats but the survival rate was virtually identical. When 10 young adult and 10 aged rats were placed at a temperature of 15 degrees C after injection with S. typhimurium, the febrile response in the aged rats was significantly lower than that in the young adult rats at only one time point, and the survival rate did not differ between the two age groups. Survival after challenge with S. typhimurium was not influenced adversely by the diminished febrile response.
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Lipton J, Glyn-Ballinger J, Murphy M, Zimmer J, Bernardini G, Samson W. The central neuropeptides ACTH and α-MSH in fever control. J Therm Biol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(84)90053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
In previous experiments small doses of the opiate morphine produced greater hyperthermia in aged than in younger sub-human primates. To test whether this augmented response is due to enhanced sensitivity of CNS opioid receptors with age, beta-endorphin (0.625-5 micrograms), an endogenous opioid peptide, was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle (ICV) of young (less than 9 years) and aged (greater than 9 years) squirrel monkeys. Significantly greater hyperthermias developed in the older primates after each dose. In the aged monkeys, all but the smallest dose increased core temperature about 1.5 degrees C within 1 hr after injection. Mean rectal temperature in the younger animals rose 0.5-0.7 degrees after all but the largest dose (1-1.5 degrees C rise). Both groups maintained an elevated body temperature after central beta-endorphin throughout the 5 hr recording period. 1.25 micrograms beta-endorphin given ICV in a hot environment (30 degrees C) caused greater hyperthermia in older animals. This dose given in the cold (18 degrees C) caused large changes in temperature of the aged monkeys, either hyperthermia or marked decreases, whereas the young primates developed only moderate rises in body temperature. The same dose of morphine sulfate (1.25 micrograms) ICV produced similar changes in core temperature in the two age groups in each ambient temperature. These results indicate that: (1) stimulation of CNS opioid receptors influences thermoregulation and (2) aging increases responsiveness to such stimulation.
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Clark SM, Murphy MT, Lipton JM, Clark WG. Effects of morphine on body temperature of squirrel monkeys of various ages. Brain Res Bull 1983; 10:305-8. [PMID: 6850359 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(83)90095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased sensitivity to certain drugs is believed to contribute to dysthermia in the elderly. To learn whether the temperature-altering effects of an opiate are increased in aged primates, injections of morphine sulfate (0.5-4 mg/kg) were given SC in randomly assigned order to squirrel monkeys ranging in age from 3.5 to over 17 years. Hyperthermia was the predominant response with no clear relationship to age, although hypothermic and biphasic responses also occurred, most commonly after the highest dose. Lateral cerebral ventricular injections of 0.625 and 1.25 micrograms morphine sulfate evoked hyperthermia in monkeys over 8 years of age but did not affect the temperature of animals less than 5 years old. Doses of 2.5 and 5 micrograms usually elicited hyperthermia regardless of age, but 10 micrograms induced hypothermia in a majority of monkeys. Naloxone was given intraventricularly to several monkeys to limit the degree of hypothermia after high doses of morphine given peripherally or centrally. Thus in these primates, as in other species such as the rat, lower doses of morphine usually evoked hyperthermia, but sufficiently high doses caused body temperature to fall. Unlike the case in the squirrel monkey with diazepam and with endogenous substances such as leukocytic pyrogen and taurine, there was not a strong or consistent relationship between age and morphine-induced temperature changes.
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Abstract
In these experiments IV, ICV and intra-gastric administration of alpha-MSH reduced fever caused by injections of leukocytic pyrogen (LP). 2.5 micrograms alpha-MSH injected IV reduced fever caused by IV LP, more so in rabbits over 3 yrs old than in those under 2 yrs of age; 5 mg of acetaminophen given IV had no antipyretic effect in either age group. ICV administration of 25 ng alpha-MSH reduced fever caused by IV LP injection in the older but not in the younger rabbits, alpha-MSH given IV (2.5 micrograms) also lowered fever induced by ICV injection of LP in older but not in younger animals. Both older and younger rabbits showed reductions in fever evoked by IV LP after 2.5 mg alpha-MSH was given by gastric tube. The results indicate that this peptide which occurs naturally within the brain has potent antipyretic properties when given systemically, presumably as a result of a central antipyretic action. Greater sensitivity to central alpha-MSH in the older rabbits may account for the reduced febrile response seen in the aged. The findings support previous data which suggest that central alpha-MSH has a physiological role in the limitation of fever.
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El-Khalik AF, Benoliel DM. Effects of weight and sex of rabbits on the results of the testing of chorionic gonadotrophin injection according to the European Pharmacopoeia. J Pharm Pharmacol 1982; 34:209. [PMID: 6121907 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1982.tb04228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Hypothermia was produced by IM administration of diazepam (0.125-0.5 mg/kg) to squirrel monkeys of various ages (2-16 years) in a thermoneutral (23 +/- 0.5 degrees C) environment with animals over eight years of age having slightly greater responses. Hypothermia caused by an intermediate dose (0.25 mg/kg) was augmented in a cold environment (15 degrees C), especially in the older animals. There was no marked alteration in the temperature change/age regression after 0.25 mg/kg diazepam in a hot environment (30 degrees C) compared with the control response. Injections of diazepam (1.25-5.0 microgram) into the lateral cerebral ventricle in a thermoneutral environment produced hyperthermia rather than hypothermia in all animals, and the magnitude of the induced hyperthermia was smaller in older monkeys. The results support previous case reports in man and suggest that this commonly used drug can induce hypothermia, especially in older primates exposed to cold. The drug action responsible for this temperature change appears to take place peripherally rather than within the brain.
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Clark SM, Lipton JM. Hypothermia produced in aged squirrel monkeys by central administration of taurine. Exp Aging Res 1981; 7:17-24. [PMID: 7238547 DOI: 10.1080/03610738108259782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Accidental hypothermia and heatstroke are more common in aged populations. While peripheral factors are undoubtedly important to the high incidence of dysthermia in the aged, alterations in central temperature controls associated with aging may be primarily responsible. It has been shown that the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to neurotransmitters is changed in aged animals, and it may be that similar alterations in central temperature controls underlie the increased susceptibility to dysthermia. As a first step in testing this hypothesis the responsiveness of central temperature controls of aged squirrel monkeys to taurine, a putative inhibitory neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, was tested. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of this sulfonated amino acid (0.5-4.0 mg) produced dose-related hypothermia in squirrel monkeys over nine years of age in a thermoneutral environment (23 degrees C). Younger animals had significantly smaller hypothermias. In a hot environment (30 degree C) there were no significant differences between the temperature decreases of the two age groups after any dose. However, in a cold environment (17 degrees C), in which young animals developed slightly larger hypothermias than in the thermoneutral environment, core temperature of the aged squirrel monkeys dropped so rapidly in response to even the lowest dose that they had to be removed and warmed to prevent death by hypothermia. The temperature controls of the aged squirrel monkey appear to be extremely sensitive to taurine. The findings indicate that a rise in central taurine concentration in old primates can, in a cold environment, produce an effect very much like accidental hypothermia in aged man.
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Clark S, Gean J, Lipton J. Reduced Febrile Responses to Peripheral and Central Administration of Pyrogen in Aged Squirrel Monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 1980; 1:175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(80)90013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1980] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Clark WG, Clark YL. Changes in body temperature after administration of acetylcholine, histamine, morphine, prostaglandins and related agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1980; 4:175-240. [PMID: 6106915 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(80)90015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This survey, the second in a series, presents extensive tabulations of literature, primarily since 1965, on thermoregulatory effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists, histamine and H1- and H2-receptor antagonists, narcotic analgesics and antagonists in both non-tolerant and tolerant subjects and of prostaglandins and related agents. The information listed includes the species used, route of administration and dose of drug, the environmental temperature at which the experiments were performed, the number of tests, the direction and magnitude of body temperature change and remarks on the presence of special conditions, such as age or lesions, or on the influence of other drugs, such as antagonists, on the response to the primary drug.
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