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Okamoto S, Yasuda M, Kawaguchi K, Yasuoka K, Kikukawa Y, Asano S, Tsujii T, Inoue S, Amagase K, Inui TA, Hirano S, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Ciliary Motility Decreased by a CO 2/HCO 3--Free Solution in Ciliated Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Having a pH Elevated by Carbonic Anhydrase IV. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9069. [PMID: 39201753 PMCID: PMC11354224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
An application of CO2/HCO3--free solution (Zero-CO2) did not increase intracellular pH (pHi) in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells (c-hNECs), leading to no increase in frequency (CBF) or amplitude (CBA) of the ciliary beating. This study demonstrated that the pHi of c-hNECs expressing carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) is high (7.64), while the pHi of ciliated human bronchial epithelial cells (c-hBECs) expressing no CAIV is low (7.10). An extremely high pHi of c-hNECs caused pHi, CBF and CBA to decrease upon Zero-CO2 application, while a low pHi of c-hBECs caused them to increase. An extremely high pHi was generated by a high rate of HCO3- influx via interactions between CAIV and Na+/HCO3- cotransport (NBC) in c-hNECs. An NBC inhibitor (S0859) decreased pHi, CBF and CBA and increased CBF and CBA in c-hNECs upon Zero-CO2 application. In conclusion, the interactions of CAIV and NBC maximize HCO3- influx to increase pHi in c-hNECs. This novel mechanism causes pHi to decrease, leading to no increase in CBF and CBA in c-hNECs upon Zero-CO2 application, and appears to play a crucial role in maintaining pHi, CBF and CBA in c-hNECs periodically exposed to air (0.04% CO2) with respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Okamoto
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (K.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (K.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kasane Yasuoka
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (K.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yumi Kikukawa
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (K.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (K.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Taisei Tsujii
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (K.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Sana Inoue
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Kikuko Amagase
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Taka-aki Inui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Toshio Inui
- Saisei Mirai Clinics, 3-34-8 Okubocho, Moriguchi 570-0012, Japan;
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (K.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.M.)
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University BKC, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (K.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.M.)
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
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Kobayashi A, Kawaguchi K, Asano S, Wu H, Nakano T, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. The Increase in the Frequency and Amplitude of the Beating of Isolated Mouse Tracheal Cilia Reactivated by ATP and cAMP with Elevation in pH. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8138. [PMID: 39125708 PMCID: PMC11312401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Single cilia, 100 nm in diameter and 10 µm in length, were isolated from mouse tracheae with Triton X-100 (0.02%) treatment, and the effects of pH on ciliary beating were examined by measuring the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and the ciliary bend distance (CBD-an index of amplitude) using a high-speed video microscope (250 fps). ATP (2.5 mM) plus 8Br-cAMP (10 µM) reactivated the CBF and CBD in the isolated cilia, similar to the cilia of in vivo tracheae. In the reactivated isolated cilia, an elevation in pH from 7.0 to 8.0 increased the CBF from 3 to 15 Hz and the CBD from 0.6 to 1.5 µm. The pH elevation also increased the velocity of the effective stroke; however, it did not increase the recovery stroke, and, moreover, it decreased the intervals between beats. This indicates that H+ (pHi) directly acts on the axonemal machinery to regulate CBF and CBD. In isolated cilia priorly treated with 1 µM PKI-amide (a PKA inhibitor), 8Br-cAMP did not increase the CBF or CBD in the ATP-stimulated isolated cilia. pH modulates the PKA signal, which enhances the axonemal beating generated by the ATP-activated inner and outer dyneins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Kobayashi
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (A.K.); (K.K.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (A.K.); (K.K.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (A.K.); (K.K.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan; (H.W.); (T.N.)
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan; (H.W.); (T.N.)
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (A.K.); (K.K.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi 570-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (A.K.); (K.K.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus (BKC), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (A.K.); (K.K.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
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Workman AD, Lee RJ, Cohen NA. Aerosolized Particulate Matter and Blunting of Ciliary Dynamic Responses: Implications for Veterans and Active Duty Military in Southwest Asia. Mil Med 2024; 189:e1537-e1543. [PMID: 38287786 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma are observed at increased rates in active duty and veteran military members, and they are especially prevalent in individuals who have been deployed in Southwest Asia during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Particulate matter, specifically the fine-grain desert sand found in the Middle East, may be a key source of this pathology because of deleterious effects on mucociliary clearance. MATERIALS AND METHODS With IRB approval, human sinonasal tissue was grown at an air-liquid interface and cultures were exposed to different types and sizes of particulate matter, including sand from Afghanistan and Kuwait. Ciliary dynamic responses to mechanical stimulation and ATP application were assessed following particulate exposure. RESULTS Particle size of the commercial sand was substantially larger than that of the sand of Afghan or Kuwaiti origin. Following exposure to particulate matter, normal dynamic ciliary responses to mechanical stimulation and ATP application were significantly decreased (P < .01), with corresponding decreases in ATP-induced calcium flux (P < .05). These changes were partially reversible with apical washing after a 16-h period of exposure. After 36 h of exposure to Middle Eastern sand, ciliary responses to purinergic stimulation were completely abolished. CONCLUSIONS There is a neutralization of the dynamic ciliary response following chronic particulate matter exposure, similar to ciliary pathologies observed in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Aerosolized particulate matter endured by military personnel in the Southwest Asia may cause dysfunctional mucociliary clearance; these data help to explain the increased prevalence of respiratory pathology in individuals who are or have been deployed in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Nakahari T, Suzuki C, Kawaguchi K, Hosogi S, Tanaka S, Asano S, Inui T, Marunaka Y. Ambroxol-Enhanced Frequency and Amplitude of Beating Cilia Controlled by a Voltage-Gated Ca 2+ Channel, Cav1.2, via pH i Increase and [Cl -] i Decrease in the Lung Airway Epithelial Cells of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16976. [PMID: 38069298 PMCID: PMC10707002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambroxol (ABX), a frequently prescribed secretolytic agent which enhances the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary bend angle (CBA, an index of amplitude) by 30%, activates a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (CaV1.2) and a small transient Ca2+ release in the ciliated lung airway epithelial cells (c-LAECs) of mice. The activation of CaV1.2 alone enhanced the CBF and CBA by 20%, mediated by a pHi increasei and a [Cl-]i decrease in the c-LAECs. The increase in pHi, which was induced by the activation of the Na+-HCO3- cotransporter (NBC), enhanced the CBF (by 30%) and CBA (by 15-20%), and a decrease in [Cl-]i, which was induced by the Cl- release via anoctamine 1 (ANO1), enhanced the CBA (by 10-15%). While a Ca2+-free solution or nifedipine (an inhibitor of CaV1.2) inhibited 70% of the CBF and CBA enhancement using ABX, CaV1.2 enhanced most of the CBF and CBA increases using ABX. The activation of the CaV1.2 existing in the cilia stimulates the NBC to increase pHi and ANO1 to decrease the [Cl-]i in the c-LAECs. In conclusion, the pHi increase and the [Cl-]i decrease enhanced the CBF and CBA in the ABX-stimulated c-LAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan; (C.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Shigekuni Hosogi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan;
| | - Saori Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan; (C.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Toshio Inui
- Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi 570-0012, Japan;
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
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Di Sano C, Di Vincenzo S, Lo Piparo D, D'Anna C, Taverna S, Lazzara V, Pinto P, Sortino F, Pace E. Effects of condensates from volcanic fumaroles and cigarette smoke extracts on airway epithelial cells. Hum Cell 2023; 36:1689-1702. [PMID: 37308740 PMCID: PMC10390407 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of volcanic airborne products on airway epithelium homeostasis is largely unknown. This study assessed the effects of volcanic Fumarole Condensates (FC) alone or combined with Cigarette Smoke Extracts (CSE) on airway epithelial cells (16HBE and A549). Chemical composition of FC was analyzed by gas chromatography and HPLC. Cells were exposed to FC and IL-33 and IL-8 were assessed. The effects of FC and CSE on cell injury were evaluated assessing cell metabolism/cell viability, mitochondrial stress, cell apoptosis/cell necrosis, and cell proliferation. FC contained: water vapor (70-97%), CO2 (3-30%), acid gases (H2S, SO2, HCl, HF) around 1%. FC increased the intracellular IL-33 but differently modulated IL-33 and IL-8 gene expression and IL-8 release in the tested cell lines. FC without/with CSE: (a) increased cell metabolism/cell viability in 16HBE, while decreased it in A549; (b) increased mitochondrial stress in both cell types. FC with CSE increased cell necrosis in A549 in comparison to CSE alone. CSE reduced cell proliferation in 16HB,E while increased it in A549 and FC counteracted these effects in both cell types. Overall, FC induce a pro-inflammatory profile associated to a metabolic reprogramming without a relevant toxicity also in presence of CSE in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Di Sano
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Doriana Lo Piparo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia D'Anna
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Taverna
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Lazzara
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Pinto
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Sortino
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
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Schmidt G, Rienas G, Müller S, Edinger F, Sander M, Koch C, Henrich M. A 20:1 synergetic mixture of cafedrine/theodrenaline accelerates particle transport velocity in murine tracheal epithelium via IP 3 receptor-associated calcium release. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1155930. [PMID: 37654612 PMCID: PMC10466409 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1155930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mucociliary clearance is a pivotal physiological mechanism that protects the lung by ridding the lower airways of pollution and colonization by pathogens, thereby preventing infections. The fixed 20:1 combination of cafedrine and theodrenaline has been used to treat perioperative hypotension or hypotensive states due to emergency situations since the 1960s. Because mucociliary clearance is impaired during mechanical ventilation and critical illness, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of cafedrine/theodrenaline on mucociliary clearance. Material and Methods: The particle transport velocity (PTV) of murine trachea preparations was measured as a surrogate for mucociliary clearance under the influence of cafedrine/theodrenaline, cafedrine alone, and theodrenaline alone. Inhibitory substances were applied to elucidate relevant signal transduction cascades. Results: All three applications of the combination of cafedrine/theodrenaline, cafedrine alone, or theodrenaline alone induced a sharp increase in PTV in a concentration-dependent manner with median effective concentrations of 0.46 µM (consisting of 9.6 µM cafedrine and 0.46 µM theodrenaline), 408 and 4 μM, respectively. The signal transduction cascades were similar for the effects of both cafedrine and theodrenaline at the murine respiratory epithelium. While PTV remained at its baseline value after non-selective inhibition of β-adrenergic receptors and selective inhibition of β1 receptors, cafedrine/theodrenaline, cafedrine alone, or theodrenaline alone increased PTV despite the inhibition of the protein kinase A. However, IP3 receptor activation was found to be the pivotal mechanism leading to the increase in murine PTV, which was abolished when IP3 receptors were inhibited. Depleting intracellular calcium stores with caffeine confirmed calcium as another crucial messenger altering the PTV after the application of cafedrine/theodrenaline. Discussion: Cafedrine/theodrenaline, cafedrine alone, and theodrenaline alone exert their effects via IP3 receptor-associated calcium release that is ultimately triggered by β1-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Synergistic effects at the β1-adrenergic receptor are highly relevant to alter the PTV of the respiratory epithelium at clinically relevant concentrations. Further investigations are needed to assess the value of cafedrine/theodrenaline-mediated alterations in mucociliary function in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Götz Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Operative Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Rienas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Operative Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Müller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Operative Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Edinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Operative Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Sander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Operative Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Operative Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Henrich
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Vidia St. Vincentius-Clinic Karlsruhe gAG, Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Saito D, Suzuki C, Tanaka S, Hosogi S, Kawaguchi K, Asano S, Okamoto S, Yasuda M, Hirano S, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Ambroxol-enhanced ciliary beating via voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in mouse airway ciliated cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 941:175496. [PMID: 36642128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambroxol (ABX) facilitates the mucociliary clearance (MC) by enhancing ciliary beating in airways. In this study, we focused on airway ciliary beating enhanced by ABX. However, little is known about the ABX-stimulated Ca2+ signalling activating airway ciliary beating. Airway ciliated cells isolated from mice lungs were observed by a high-speed video microscope, and the activities of beating cilia were assessed by CBF (ciliary beat frequency) and CBD (ciliary bend distance, an index of amplitude). ABX (10 μM) enhanced the CBF and CBD by 30%, and the enhancement was inhibited by nifedipine (20 μM, a L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (CaV) inhibitor), or a Ca2+-free solution (approximately 50%). Pre-treatment with BAPTA-AM (10 μM, a chelator of intracellular Ca2+) abolished ABX-stimulated increases in CBF, CBD and [Ca2+]i. Thus, ABX increases [Ca2+]i (intracellular Ca2+ concentration) by stimulating Ca2+ release from the internal stores and nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ entry. A previous study demonstrated the expression of CaV1.2 in airway cilia. ABX enhanced CBF, CBD and [Ca2+]i even in a high extracellular K+ concentration (155.5 mM), suggesting that it activates CaV1.2 except by depolarization. These enhancements were inhibited by nifedipine. In conclusion, ABX, which increases [Ca2+]i by stimulating Ca2+ release from internal stores and Ca2+ entry through CaV1.2s, enhanced CBF and CBD in airway ciliated cells. ABX is a novel agonist that modulates CaV1.2 of airway beating cilia to enhance CBF and CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Saito
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan; Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan
| | - Saori Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shigekuni Hosogi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shohta Okamoto
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan; Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi, 570-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan; Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan; Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan.
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8
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Saitoh D, Kawaguchi K, Asano S, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Enhancement of airway ciliary beating mediated via voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels/α7-nicotinic receptors in mice. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1091-1106. [PMID: 35819489 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), which activates muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) and nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), enhances airway ciliary beating by increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The mechanisms enhancing airway ciliary beating by nAChRs have remained largely unknown, although those by mAChRs are well understood. In this study, we focused on the effects of α7-nAChRs and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaVs) on the airway ciliary beating. The activities of ciliary beating were assessed by frequency (CBF, ciliary beat frequency) and amplitude (CBD, ciliary bend distance) measured by high-speed video microscopy. ACh enhanced CBF and CBD by 25% mediated by an [Ca2+]i increase stimulated by mAChRs and α7-nAChRs (a subunit of nAChR) in airway ciliary cells of mice. Experiments using PNU282987 (an agonist of α7-nAChR) and MLA (an inhibitor of α7-nAChR) revealed that CBF and CBD enhanced by α7-nAChR are approximately 50% of those enhanced by ACh. CBF, CBD, and [Ca2+]i enhanced by α7-nAChRs were inhibited by nifedipine, suggesting activation of CaVs by α7-nAChRs. Experiments using a high K+ solution with/without nifedipine (155.5 mM K+) showed that the activation of CaVs enhances CBF and CBD via an [Ca2+]i increase. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies demonstrated that Cav1.2 and α7-nAChR are expressed in airway cilia. Moreover, IL-13 stimulated MLA-sensitive increases in CBF and CBD in airway ciliary cells, suggesting an autocrine regulation of ciliary beating by CaV1.2/α7-nAChR/ACh. In conclusion, a novel Ca2+ signalling pathway in airway cilia, CaV1.2/α7-nAChR, enhances CBF and CBD and activates mucociliary clearance maintaining healthy airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Saitoh
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi, 570-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan.
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9
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Choi WJ, Yoon JK, Paulson B, Lee CH, Yim JJ, Kim JI, Kim JK. Image Correlation-Based Method to Assess Ciliary Beat Frequency in Human Airway Organoids. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2022; 41:374-382. [PMID: 34524956 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary movements within the human airway are essential for maintaining a clean lung environment. Motile cilia have a characteristic ciliary beat frequency (CBF). However, CBF measurement with current video microscopic techniques can be error-prone due to the use of the single-point Fourier transformation, which is often biased for ciliary measurements. Herein, we describe a new video microscopy technique that harnesses a metric of motion-contrast imaging and image correlation for CBF analysis. It can provide objective and selective CBF measurements for individual motile cilia and generate CBF maps for the imaged area. The measurement performance of our methodology was validated with in vitro human airway organoid models that simulated an actual human airway epithelium. The CBF determined for the region of interest (ROI) was equal to that obtained with manual counting. The signal redundancy problem of conventional methods was not observed. Moreover, the obtained CBF measurements were robust to optical focal shifts, and exhibited spatial heterogeneity and temperature dependence. This technique can be used to evaluate ciliary movement in respiratory tracts and determine whether it is non-synchronous or aperiodic in patients. Therefore, our observations suggest that the proposed method can be clinically adapted as a screening tool to diagnose ciliopathies.
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10
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Echinocandins Accelerate Particle Transport Velocity in the Murine Tracheal Epithelium: Dependency on Intracellular Ca 2+ Stores. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0066921. [PMID: 34491804 PMCID: PMC8522769 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00669-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucociliary clearance of lower airways is modulated by different physiologic stimuli and also by pathophysiologic agents like polluting substances or pharmaceutical molecules. In the present investigation, we measured the particle transport velocity (PTV) of mouse tracheae as a surrogate for mucociliary clearance. In mouse tracheal preparations, we detected a sustained increase in the PTV under the application of the echinocandins caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin. In further experiments, we observed the effects of echinocandins on the PTV were dependent on intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In Ca2+-free buffer solutions, the amplitude of the echinocandin-evoked rise in the PTV was significantly reduced relative to that in the experiments in Ca2+-containing solutions. Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by caffeine completely prevented an increase in the PTV with subsequent caspofungin applications. Mitochondrial Ca2+ stores seemed to be unaffected by echinocandin treatment. We also observed no altered generation of reactive oxygen species under the application of echinocandins as probable mediators of the PTV. Consequently, the observed echinocandin effects on the PTV depend upon the Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ contents of the ER. We assume that all three echinocandins act intracellularly on ER Ca2+ stores to activate Ca2+-dependent signal transduction cascades, enhancing the PTV.
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11
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McKelvey MC, Brown R, Ryan S, Mall MA, Weldon S, Taggart CC. Proteases, Mucus, and Mucosal Immunity in Chronic Lung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5018. [PMID: 34065111 PMCID: PMC8125985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated protease activity has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases and especially in conditions that display mucus obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. However, our appreciation of the roles of proteases in various aspects of such diseases continues to grow. Patients with muco-obstructive lung disease experience progressive spirals of inflammation, mucostasis, airway infection and lung function decline. Some therapies exist for the treatment of these symptoms, but they are unable to halt disease progression and patients may benefit from novel adjunct therapies. In this review, we highlight how proteases act as multifunctional enzymes that are vital for normal airway homeostasis but, when their activity becomes immoderate, also directly contribute to airway dysfunction, and impair the processes that could resolve disease. We focus on how proteases regulate the state of mucus at the airway surface, impair mucociliary clearance and ultimately, promote mucostasis. We discuss how, in parallel, proteases are able to promote an inflammatory environment in the airways by mediating proinflammatory signalling, compromising host defence mechanisms and perpetuating their own proteolytic activity causing structural lung damage. Finally, we discuss some possible reasons for the clinical inefficacy of protease inhibitors to date and propose that, especially in a combination therapy approach, proteases represent attractive therapeutic targets for muco-obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Sinéad Ryan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
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12
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Ma Y, Tian P, Zhong H, Wu F, Zhang Q, Liu X, Dang H, Chen Q, Zou H, Zheng Y. WDPCP Modulates Cilia Beating Through the MAPK/ERK Pathway in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:630340. [PMID: 33598458 PMCID: PMC7882705 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.630340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia loss and dysfunction is one of the typical pathological features of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) repeat containing planar cell polarity effector (WDPCP) has been proven to be an essential element for ciliogenesis in human nasal epithelium, but its role in the beating of cilia remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of WDPCP and its underlying mechanism behind the dysfunction in the beating of cilia in nasal polyp tissue. We demonstrated WDPCP expression in the epithelium of nasal polyps. We also investigated the MAPK/ERK pathway in primary human sinonasal epithelial cells to explore the function of WDPCP. The air–liquid interface culture system was used as a model to verify the role of WDPCP and the MAPK/ERK pathway in the beating of cilia. With the dysfunction of cilia beating, we observed a low expression of WDPCP in the epithelium of nasal polyp tissues. Within the in vitro study, we found that WDPCP was critical for mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function in human sinonasal epithelial cells, possibly due to the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway. The mitochondrial dysfunction caused by U0126 or lacking WDPCP could be partially recovered by dexamethasone. The low expression of WDPCP in nasal epithelium could affect mitochondria via the MAPK/ERK pathway, which may contribute to the dysfunction in the beating of cilia in CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qining Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Dang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiujian Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Yasuda M, Inui TA, Hirano S, Asano S, Okazaki T, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Intracellular Cl - Regulation of Ciliary Beating in Ciliated Human Nasal Epithelial Cells: Frequency and Distance of Ciliary Beating Observed by High-Speed Video Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114052. [PMID: 32517062 PMCID: PMC7312665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small inhaled particles, which are entrapped by the mucous layer that is maintained by mucous secretion via mucin exocytosis and fluid secretion, are removed from the nasal cavity by beating cilia. The functional activities of beating cilia are assessed by their frequency and the amplitude. Nasal ciliary beating is controlled by intracellular ions (Ca2+, H+ and Cl-), and is enhanced by a decreased concentration of intracellular Cl- ([Cl-]i) in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells (cHNECs) in primary culture, which increases the ciliary beat amplitude. A novel method to measure both ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat distance (CBD, an index of ciliary beat amplitude) in cHNECs has been developed using high-speed video microscopy, which revealed that a decrease in [Cl-]i increased CBD, but not CBF, and an increase in [Cl-]i decreased both CBD and CBF. Thus, [Cl-]i inhibits ciliary beating in cHNECs, suggesting that axonemal structures controlling CBD and CBF may have Cl- sensors and be regulated by [Cl-]i. These observations indicate that the activation of Cl- secretion stimulates ciliary beating (increased CBD) mediated via a decrease in [Cl-]i in cHNECs. Thus, [Cl-]i is critical for controlling ciliary beating in cHNECs. This review introduces the concept of Cl- regulation of ciliary beating in cHNECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5603 (M.Y.); +81-77-561-3488 (ext. 7554) (T.N.)
| | - Taka-aki Inui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Shinji Asano
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Tomonori Okazaki
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi 570-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5603 (M.Y.); +81-77-561-3488 (ext. 7554) (T.N.)
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14
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Liao YSJ, Kuan SP, Guevara MV, Collins EN, Atanasova KR, Dadural JS, Vogt K, Schurmann V, Bravo L, Eken E, Sponchiado M, Reznikov LR. Acid exposure disrupts mucus secretion and impairs mucociliary transport in neonatal piglet airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L873-L887. [PMID: 32160007 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00025.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacious mucus produced by tracheal and bronchial submucosal glands is a defining feature of several airway diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF). Airway acidification as a driving force of CF airway pathology has been controversial. Here we tested the hypothesis that transient airway acidification produces pathologic mucus and impairs mucociliary transport. We studied pigs challenged with intra-airway acid. Acid had a minimal effect on mucus properties under basal conditions. However, cholinergic stimulation in acid-challenged pigs revealed retention of mucin 5B (MUC5B) in the submucosal glands, decreased concentrations of MUC5B in the lung lavage fluid, and airway obstruction. To more closely mimic a CF-like environment, we also examined mucus secretion and transport following cholinergic stimulation under diminished bicarbonate and chloride transport conditions ex vivo. Under these conditions, airways from acid-challenged pigs displayed extensive mucus films and decreased mucociliary transport. Pretreatment with diminazene aceturate, a small molecule with ability to inhibit acid detection through blockade of the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) at the doses provided, did not prevent acid-induced pathologic mucus or transport defects but did mitigate airway obstruction. These findings suggest that transient airway acidification early in life has significant impacts on mucus secretion and transport properties. Furthermore, they highlight diminazene aceturate as an agent that might be beneficial in alleviating airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shin J Liao
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Shin Ping Kuan
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maria V Guevara
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emily N Collins
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joshua S Dadural
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kevin Vogt
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Veronica Schurmann
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Laura Bravo
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eda Eken
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mariana Sponchiado
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Leah R Reznikov
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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15
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Kempeneers C, Seaton C, Garcia Espinosa B, Chilvers MA. Ciliary functional analysis: Beating a path towards standardization. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54:1627-1638. [PMID: 31313529 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an inherited disorder in which respiratory cilia are stationary, or beat in a slow or dyskinetic manner, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance and significant sinopulmonary disease. One diagnostic test is ciliary functional analysis using digital high-speed video microscopy (DHSV), which allows real-time analysis of complete ciliary function, comprising ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat pattern (CBP). However, DHSV lacks standardization. In this paper, the current knowledge of DHSV ciliary functional analysis is presented, and recommendations given for a standardized protocol for ciliary sample collection and processing. A proposal is presented for a quantitative and qualitative CBP evaluation system, to be used to develop international consensus agreement, and future DHSV research areas are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Kempeneers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Claire Seaton
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernardo Garcia Espinosa
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Chilvers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Wu YS, Jiang J, Ahmadi S, Lew A, Laselva O, Xia S, Bartlett C, Ip W, Wellhauser L, Ouyang H, Gonska T, Moraes TJ, Bear CE. ORKAMBI-Mediated Rescue of Mucociliary Clearance in Cystic Fibrosis Primary Respiratory Cultures Is Enhanced by Arginine Uptake, Arginase Inhibition, and Promotion of Nitric Oxide Signaling to the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Channel. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:515-525. [PMID: 31427400 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ORKAMBI, a combination of the corrector, lumacaftor, and the potentiator, ivacaftor, partially rescues the defective processing and anion channel activity conferred by the major cystic fibrosis-causing mutation, F508del, in in vitro studies. Clinically, the improvement in lung function after ORKAMBI treatment is modest and variable, prompting the search for complementary interventions. As our previous work identified a positive effect of arginine-dependent nitric oxide signaling on residual F508del-Cftr function in murine intestinal epithelium, we were prompted to determine whether strategies aimed at increasing arginine would enhance F508del-cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel activity in patient-derived airway epithelia. Now, we show that the addition of arginine together with inhibition of intracellular arginase activity increased cytosolic nitric oxide and enhanced the rescue effect of ORKAMBI on F508del-CFTR-mediated chloride conductance at the cell surface of patient-derived bronchial and nasal epithelial cultures. Interestingly, arginine addition plus arginase inhibition also enhanced ORKAMBI-mediated increases in ciliary beat frequency and mucociliary movement, two in vitro CF phenotypes that are downstream of the channel defect. This work suggests that strategies to manipulate the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in combination with CFTR modulators may lead to improved clinical outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: These proof-of-concept studies highlight the potential to boost the response to cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators, lumacaftor and ivacaftor, in patient-derived airway tissues expressing the major CF-causing mutant, F508del-CFTR, by enhancing other regulatory pathways. In this case, we observed enhancement of pharmacologically rescued F508del-CFTR by arginine-dependent, nitric oxide signaling through inhibition of endogenous arginase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Wu
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Jiang
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saumel Ahmadi
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandria Lew
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunny Xia
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Bartlett
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wan Ip
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigh Wellhauser
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Ouyang
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanja Gonska
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Programmes in Translational Medicine (Y.-S.W., C.B., W.I., H.O., T.G., T.J.M.) and Molecular Medicine (Y.-S.W., J.J., S.A., A.L., O.L., S.X., L.W., C.E.B.), Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (T.J.M.), Biochemistry (C.E.B.), Physiology (Y.-S.W., S.A., O.L., S.X., C.E.B.), and Paediatrics (T.G., T.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Inui TA, Yasuda M, Hirano S, Ikeuchi Y, Kogiso H, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Enhancement of ciliary beat amplitude by carbocisteine in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:E289-E297. [PMID: 31294840 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carbocisteine (CCis), a mucoactive agent, is used to improve the symptoms of sinonasal diseases. However, the effect of CCis on nasal ciliary beating remains uncertain. We examined the effects of CCis on ciliary beat distance (CBD, an index of amplitude), and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells (cHNECs) in primary culture. METHODS The cHNECs were prepared from the nasal tissue resected from patients required surgery for chronic sinusitis (CS) or allergic rhinitis (AR). CBD and CBF were measured using videomicroscopy equipped with a high-speed camera. RESULTS CCis increased CBD by 30%, but not CBF, and decreased intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl- ]i ) in cHNECs. The CCis' actions were mimicked by the Cl- -free NO3 - solution. In contrast, prior treatment of NPPB (20 μM) or CFTR(inh)-172 (1 μM), which increased [Cl- ]i by 20%, decreased CBF by 10% and CBD by 25% and inhibited the CCis' actions. However, prior treatment of T16Ainh-A01 (10 μM) did not inhibit the CCis' actions, although it decreased [Cl- ]i by 10% and CBD by 15%. Thus, CCis stimulates Cl- channels including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Moreover, CCis enhanced the transport of microbeads driven by the beating cilia in cHNECs. The CCis actions were similar in cHNECs from both types of pateints. CONCLUSION CCis increased CBD by 30% in cHNECs via an [Cl- ]i decrease stimulated by activation of Cl- channels, including CFTR. CCis may stimulate nasal mucociliary clearance by increasing CBD in patients contracting CS or AR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 130:E289-E297, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-Aki Inui
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Kogiso
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Laboratory for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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18
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Ciliary beating amplitude controlled by intracellular Cl - and a high rate of CO 2 production in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1127-1142. [PMID: 31104127 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ciliary transport is controlled by two parameters of the ciliary beating, frequency (CBF) and amplitude. In this study, we developed a novel method to measure both CBF and ciliary bend distance (CBD, an index of ciliary beating amplitude) in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells (cHNECs) in primary culture, which are prepared from patients contracting allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis. An application of Cl--free NO3- solution or bumetanide (an inhibitor of Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport), which decreases intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i), increased CBD, not CBF, at 37 °C; however, it increased both CBD and CBF at 25 °C. Conversely, addition of Cl- channel blockers (5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) and 4-[[4-Oxo-2-thioxo-3-[3-trifluoromethyl]phenyl]-5-thiazolidinylidene]methyl] benzoic acid (CFTR(inh)-172)), which increase [Cl-]i, decreased both CBD and CBF, suggesting that CFTR plays a crucial role for maintaining [Cl-]i in these cells. We speculate that Cl- modulates activities of the molecular motors regulating both CBD and CBF in cHNECs. Moreover, application of the CO2/HCO3--free solution did not change intracellular pH (pHi), and addition of an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (acetazolamide) sustained pHi increase induced by the NH4+ pulse, which transiently increased pHi in the absence of acetazolamide. These results indicate that the cHNEC produces a large amount of CO2, which maintains a constant pHi even under the CO2/HCO3--free condition.
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19
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Yepiskoposyan H, Talikka M, Vavassori S, Martin F, Sewer A, Gubian S, Luettich K, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Construction of a Suite of Computable Biological Network Models Focused on Mucociliary Clearance in the Respiratory Tract. Front Genet 2019; 10:87. [PMID: 30828347 PMCID: PMC6384416 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MCC), considered as a collaboration of mucus secreted from goblet cells, the airway surface liquid layer, and the beating of cilia of ciliated cells, is the airways’ defense system against airborne contaminants. Because the process is well described at the molecular level, we gathered the available information into a suite of comprehensive causal biological network (CBN) models. The suite consists of three independent models that represent (1) cilium assembly, (2) ciliary beating, and (3) goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia and that were built in the Biological Expression Language, which is both human-readable and computable. The network analysis of highly connected nodes and pathways demonstrated that the relevant biology was captured in the MCC models. We also show the scoring of transcriptomic data onto these network models and demonstrate that the models capture the perturbation in each dataset accurately. This work is a continuation of our approach to use computational biological network models and mathematical algorithms that allow for the interpretation of high-throughput molecular datasets in the context of known biology. The MCC network model suite can be a valuable tool in personalized medicine to further understand heterogeneity and individual drug responses in complex respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Gubian
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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20
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Ikeuchi Y, Kogiso H, Hosogi S, Tanaka S, Shimamoto C, Matsumura H, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Carbocisteine stimulated an increase in ciliary bend angle via a decrease in [Cl -] i in mouse airway cilia. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:365-380. [PMID: 30291431 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbocisteine (CCis), a mucoactive agent, is widely used to improve respiratory diseases. This study demonstrated that CCis increases ciliary bend angle (CBA) by 30% and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) by 10% in mouse airway ciliary cells. These increases were induced by an elevation in intracellular pH (pHi; the pHi pathway) and a decrease in the intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i; the Cl- pathway) stimulated by CCis. The Cl- pathway, which is independent of CO2/HCO3-, increased CBA by 20%. This pathway activated Cl- release via activation of Cl- channels, leading to a decrease in [Cl-]i, and was inhibited by Cl- channel blockers (5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid and CFTR(inh)-172). Under the CO2/HCO3--free condition, the CBA increase stimulated by CCis was mimicked by the Cl--free NO3- solution. The pHi pathway, which depends on CO2/HCO3-, increased CBF and CBA by 10%. This pathway activated HCO3- entry via Na+/HCO3- cotransport (NBC), leading to a pHi elevation, and was inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid. The effects of CCis were not affected by a protein kinase A inhibitor (1 μM PKI-A) or Ca2+-free solution. Thus, CCis decreased [Cl-]i via activation of Cl- channels including CFTR, increasing CBA by 20%, and elevated pHi via NBC activation, increasing CBF and CBA by 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Kogiso
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shigekuni Hosogi
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Saori Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Chikao Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumura
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi, 570-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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21
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Kim MD, Salathe M. Catch the Wave: Quantitatively Assessing Airway Ciliary Function as a Diagnostic Tool. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 59:415-416. [PMID: 30040472 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0208ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine University of Kansas Medical School Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Matthias Salathe
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine University of Kansas Medical School Kansas City, Kansas
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22
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Schmid A, Sailland J, Novak L, Baumlin N, Fregien N, Salathe M. Modulation of Wnt signaling is essential for the differentiation of ciliated epithelial cells in human airways. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3493-3506. [PMID: 28921507 PMCID: PMC5683904 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is essential for the differentiation of airway epithelial cells during development. Here, we examined the role of Wnt signaling during redifferentiation of ciliated airway epithelial cells in vitro at the air liquid interface as a model of airway epithelial repair. Phases of proliferation and differentiation were defined. Markers of squamous metaplasia and epithelial ciliation were followed while enhancing β‐catenin signaling by blocking glycogen synthase kinase 3β with SB216763 and shRNA as well as inhibiting canonical WNT signaling with apical application of Dickkopf 1 (Dkk1). Our findings indicate that enhanced β‐catenin signaling decreases the number of ciliated cells and causes squamous changes in the epithelium, whereas treatment with DDk1 leads to an increased number of ciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Juliette Sailland
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Lisa Novak
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Nevis Fregien
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
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23
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Role of Smad3 and p38 Signalling in Cigarette Smoke-induced CFTR and BK dysfunction in Primary Human Bronchial Airway Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10506. [PMID: 28874823 PMCID: PMC5585359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a major airway host defence system that is impaired in patients with smoking-associated chronic bronchitis. This dysfunction is partially related to a decrease of airway surface liquid (ASL) volume that is in part regulated by apically expressed cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and large-conductance, Ca2+-activated, and voltage dependent K+ (BK) channels. Here, data from human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) confirm that cigarette smoke not only downregulates CFTR activity but also inhibits BK channel function, thereby causing ASL depletion. Inhibition of signalling pathways involved in cigarette smoke-induced channel dysfunction reveals that CFTR activity is downregulated via Smad3 signalling whereas BK activity is decreased via the p38 cascade. In addition, pre-treatment with pirfenidone, a drug presently used to inhibit TGF-β signalling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, ameliorated BK dysfunction and ASL volume loss. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of not only CFTR but also BK channel function in maintaining ASL homeostasis and emphasize the possibility that pirfenidone could be employed as a novel therapeutic regimen to help improve MCC in smoking-related chronic bronchitis.
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24
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Bustamante-Marin XM, Ostrowski LE. Cilia and Mucociliary Clearance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028241. [PMID: 27864314 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is the primary innate defense mechanism of the lung. The functional components are the protective mucous layer, the airway surface liquid layer, and the cilia on the surface of ciliated cells. The cilia are specialized organelles that beat in metachronal waves to propel pathogens and inhaled particles trapped in the mucous layer out of the airways. In health this clearance mechanism is effective, but in patients with primary cilia dyskinesia (PCD) the cilia are abnormal, resulting in deficient MCC and chronic lung disease. This demonstrates the critical importance of the cilia for human health. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the components of the MCC apparatus, focusing on the role of cilia in MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena M Bustamante-Marin
- Marsico Lung Institute, Cystic Fibrosis and Pulmonary Diseases Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute, Cystic Fibrosis and Pulmonary Diseases Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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25
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Yaghi A, Dolovich MB. Airway Epithelial Cell Cilia and Obstructive Lung Disease. Cells 2016; 5:cells5040040. [PMID: 27845721 PMCID: PMC5187524 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelium is the first line of defense against exposure of the airway and lung to various inflammatory stimuli. Ciliary beating of airway epithelial cells constitutes an important part of the mucociliary transport apparatus. To be effective in transporting secretions out of the lung, the mucociliary transport apparatus must exhibit a cohesive beating of all ciliated epithelial cells that line the upper and lower respiratory tract. Cilia function can be modulated by exposures to endogenous and exogenous factors and by the viscosity of the mucus lining the epithelium. Cilia function is impaired in lung diseases such as COPD and asthma, and pharmacologic agents can modulate cilia function and mucus viscosity. Cilia beating is reduced in COPD, however, more research is needed to determine the structural-functional regulation of ciliary beating via all signaling pathways and how this might relate to the initiation or progression of obstructive lung diseases. Additionally, genotypes and how these can influence phenotypes and epithelial cell cilia function and structure should be taken into consideration in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Yaghi
- Firestone Research Aerosol Laboratory, Fontbonne Bldg. Room F132, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, 50 Charlton Ave East, FIRH Room T2135, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
| | - Myrna B Dolovich
- Firestone Research Aerosol Laboratory, Fontbonne Bldg. Room F132, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, 50 Charlton Ave East, FIRH Room T2135, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
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26
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Kempeneers C, Seaton C, Chilvers MA. Variation of Ciliary Beat Pattern in Three Different Beating Planes in Healthy Subjects. Chest 2016; 151:993-1001. [PMID: 27693596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital high-speed video microscopy (DHSV) allows analysis of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat pattern (CBP) of respiratory cilia in three planes. Normal reference data use a sideways edge to evaluate ciliary dyskinesia and calculate CBF using the time needed for a cilium to complete 10 beat cycles. Variability in CBF within the respiratory epithelium has been described, but data concerning variation of CBP is limited in healthy epithelium. This study aimed to document variability of CBP in normal samples, to compare ciliary function in three profiles, and to compare CBF calculated over five or 10 beat cycles. METHODS Nasal brushing samples from 13 healthy subjects were recorded using DHSV in three profiles. CBP and CBF over a 10-beat cycle were evaluated in all profiles, and CBF was reevaluated over five-beat cycles in the sideways edges. RESULTS A uniform CBP was seen in 82.1% of edges. In the sideways profile, uniformity within the edge was lower (uniform normal CBP, 69.1% [sideways profile]; 97.1% [toward the observer], 92.0% [from above]), and dyskinesia was higher. Interobserver agreement for dyskinesia was poor. CBF was not different between profiles (P = .8097) or between 10 and five beat cycles (P = .1126). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a lack of uniformity and consistency in manual CBP analysis of samples from healthy subjects, emphasizing the risk of automated CBP analysis in limited regions of interest and of single and limited manual CBP analysis. The toward the observer and from above profiles may be used to calculate CBF but may be less sensitive for evaluation of ciliary dyskinesia and CBP. CBF can be measured reliably by evaluation of only five-beat cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Kempeneers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Claire Seaton
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark A Chilvers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Krick S, Wang J, St-Pierre M, Gonzalez C, Dahl G, Salathe M. Dual Oxidase 2 (Duox2) Regulates Pannexin 1-mediated ATP Release in Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells via Changes in Intracellular pH and Not H2O2 Production. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6423-32. [PMID: 26823467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.664854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human airway epithelial cells express pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels to release ATP, which regulates mucociliary clearance. Airway inflammation causes mucociliary dysfunction. Exposure of primary human airway epithelial cell cultures to IFN-γ for 48 h did not alter Panx1 protein expression but significantly decreased ATP release in response to hypotonic stress. The IFN-γ-induced functional down-regulation of Panx1 was due to the up-regulation of dual oxidase 2 (Duox2). Duox2 suppression by siRNA led to an increase in ATP release in control cells and restoration of ATP release in cells treated with IFN-γ. Both effects were reduced by the pannexin inhibitor probenecid. Duox2 up-regulation stoichiometrically increases H2O2 and proton production. H2O2 inhibited Panx1 function temporarily by formation of disulfide bonds at the thiol group of its terminal cysteine. Long-term exposure to H2O2, however, had no inhibitory effect. To assess the role of cellular acidification upon IFN-γ treatment, fully differentiated airway epithelial cells were exposed to ammonium chloride to alkalinize the cytosol. This led to a 2-fold increase in ATP release in cells treated with IFN-γ that was also inhibited by probenecid. Duox2 knockdown also partially corrected IFN-γ-mediated acidification. The direct correlation between intracellular pH and Panx1 open probability was shown in oocytes. Therefore, airway epithelial cells release less ATP in response to hypotonic stress in an inflammatory environment (IFN-γ exposure). Decreased Panx1 function is a response to cell acidification mediated by IFN-γ-induced up-regulation of Duox2, representing a novel mechanism for mucociliary dysfunction in inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Krick
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136 and
| | - Melissa St-Pierre
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and
| | - Carlos Gonzalez
- the Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience of Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2362735, Chile
| | - Gerhard Dahl
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136 and
| | - Matthias Salathe
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and
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28
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Masuda M, Sato T, Sakamaki K, Kudo M, Kaneko T, Ishigatsubo Y. The effectiveness of sputum pH analysis in the prediction of response to therapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1448. [PMID: 26644982 PMCID: PMC4671190 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The predictive factor of response to antituberculous therapy has not been fully elucidated. Airway acidity has been thought to be a potential indicator of the bactericidal activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that monitoring airway acidity by measuring sputum pH could predict response to therapy. Methods. A total of 47 patients having newly diagnosed, smear-positive, active pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled between October 2011 and March 2014. Sputum samples were serially analyzed before and after treatment. Eligible patients who initiated a standard 6-month treatment were monitored for the length of time to sputum smear and culture conversion. Results. There were 39 patients who completed a 2-month intensive phase of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol therapy followed by a 4-month continuation phase of isoniazid and rifampicin. Although factors including age, cavitation, sputum grade, and use of an acid-suppressant were associated with initial low sputum pH in univariate analysis, multivariate analysis revealed that only age ≥61 years was a statistically important factor predicting low pH value (p = 0.005). Further outcome analysis showed that initial low sputum pH before treatment was the only factor significantly associated with shorter length of time to both sputum smear and culture conversion (p = 0.034 and 0.019, respectively) independent of the effects of age, sputum bacterial load, extent of lung lesion, and cavitation. Thus, initial low sputum pH indicated favorable response to anti-tuberculosis therapy. Conclusions. Measuring sputum pH is an easy and inexpensive way of predicting response to standard combination therapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Masuda
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan ; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujisawa City Hospital , Fujisawa , Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan ; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Kentaro Sakamaki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Makoto Kudo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan ; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ishigatsubo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
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29
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Sears PR, Yin WN, Ostrowski LE. Continuous mucociliary transport by primary human airway epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L99-108. [PMID: 25979076 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00024.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is an important innate defense mechanism that continuously removes inhaled pathogens and particulates from the airways. Normal MCC is essential for maintaining a healthy respiratory system, and impaired MCC is a feature of many airway diseases, including both genetic (cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia) and acquired (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis) disorders. Research into the fundamental processes controlling MCC, therefore, has direct clinical application, but has been limited in part due to the difficulty of studying this complex multicomponent system in vitro. In this study, we have characterized a novel method that allows human airway epithelial cells to differentiate into a mucociliary epithelium that transports mucus in a continuous circular track. The mucociliary transport device allows the measurement and manipulation of all features of mucociliary transport in a controlled in vitro system. In this initial study, the effect of ciliary beat frequency and mucus concentration on the speed of mucociliary transport was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Sears
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, Marsico Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wei-Ning Yin
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, Marsico Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, Marsico Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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30
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Kuehn D, Majeed S, Guedj E, Dulize R, Baumer K, Iskandar A, Boue S, Martin F, Kostadinova R, Mathis C, Ivanov NV, Frentzel S, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Impact assessment of repeated exposure of organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue culture models to whole cigarette smoke. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25741927 PMCID: PMC4354636 DOI: 10.3791/52325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer. To understand the underlying mechanisms of disease development, it would be important to examine the impact of CS exposure directly on lung tissues. However, this approach is difficult to implement in epidemiological studies because lung tissue sampling is complex and invasive. Alternatively, tissue culture models can facilitate the assessment of exposure impacts on the lung tissue. Submerged 2D cell cultures, such as normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures, have traditionally been used for this purpose. However, they cannot be exposed directly to smoke in a similar manner to the in vivo exposure situation. Recently developed 3D tissue culture models better reflect the in vivo situation because they can be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Their basal sides are immersed in the culture medium; whereas, their apical sides are exposed to air. Moreover, organotypic tissue cultures that contain different type of cells, better represent the physiology of the tissue in vivo. In this work, the utilization of an in vitro exposure system to expose human organotypic bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS is demonstrated. Ciliary beating frequency and the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYP) 1A1/1B1 were measured to assess functional impacts of CS on the tissues. Furthermore, to examine CS-induced alterations at the molecular level, gene expression profiles were generated from the tissues following exposure. A slight increase in CYP1A1/1B1 activity was observed in CS-exposed tissues compared with air-exposed tissues. A network-and transcriptomics-based systems biology approach was sufficiently robust to demonstrate CS-induced alterations of xenobiotic metabolism that were similar to those observed in the bronchial and nasal epithelial cells obtained from smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kuehn
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Remi Dulize
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Karine Baumer
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Anita Iskandar
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Stephanie Boue
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.;
| | - Florian Martin
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Carole Mathis
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
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31
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Xiong G, Elkind JA, Kundu S, Smith CJ, Antunes MB, Tamashiro E, Kofonow JM, Mitala CM, Stein SC, Grady MS, Einhorn E, Cohen NA, Cohen AS. Traumatic brain injury-induced ependymal ciliary loss decreases cerebral spinal fluid flow. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1396-404. [PMID: 24749541 PMCID: PMC4132584 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts up to 2 million people annually in the United States and is the primary cause of death and disability in young adults and children. Previous TBI studies have focused predominantly on the morphological, biochemical, and functional alterations of gray matter structures, such as the hippocampus. However, little attention has been given to the brain ventricular system, despite the fact that altered ventricular function is known to occur in brain pathologies. In the present study, we investigated anatomical and functional alterations to mouse ventricular cilia that result from mild TBI. We demonstrate that TBI causes a dramatic decrease in cilia. Further, using a particle tracking technique, we demonstrate that cerebrospinal fluid flow is diminished, thus potentially negatively affecting waste and nutrient exchange. Interestingly, injury-induced ventricular system pathology resolves completely by 30 days after injury as ependymal cell ciliogenesis restores cilia density to uninjured levels in the affected lateral ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xiong
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jaclynn A. Elkind
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Suhali Kundu
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Colin J. Smith
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo B. Antunes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edwin Tamashiro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer M. Kofonow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina. M. Mitala
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sherman C. Stein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M. Sean Grady
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eugene Einhorn
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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32
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Soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2584-92. [PMID: 25064591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger cAMP is integral for many physiological processes. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) was recently identified as a widely expressed intracellular source of cAMP in mammalian cells. sAC is evolutionary, structurally, and biochemically distinct from the G-protein-responsive transmembranous adenylyl cyclases (tmAC). The structure of the catalytic unit of sAC is similar to tmAC, but sAC does not contain transmembranous domains, allowing localizations independent of the membranous compartment. sAC activity is stimulated by HCO(3)(-), Ca²⁺ and is sensitive to physiologically relevant ATP fluctuations. sAC functions as a physiological sensor for carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, and therefore indirectly for pH. Here we review the physiological role of sAC in different human tissues with a major focus on the lung. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease, guest edited by J. Buck and L.R. Levin.
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33
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Li Y, Liu H, Li J, Zhang Q, Gong S, He D. Morphology and ciliary motion of mucosa in the Eustachian tube of neonatal and adult gerbils. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99840. [PMID: 24925141 PMCID: PMC4055728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eustachian tube is a small canal that connects the tympanic cavity with the nasal part of the pharynx. The epithelial lining of the Eustachian tube contains a ciliated columnar epithelium at the tympanic cavity and a pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells near the pharynx. The tube serves to equalize air pressure across the eardrum and drains mucus away from the middle ear into the nasopharynx. Blockage of the Eustachian tube is the most common cause of all forms of otitis media, which is common in children. In the present study, we examined the epithelial lining of the Eustachian tube in neonatal and adult gerbils, with a focus on the morphological and functional development of ciliated cells in the mucosa. The length of the tube is ∼8.8 mm in adult gerbils. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the mucosal member near the pharyngeal side contains a higher density of ciliated cells and goblet cells than that near the tympanic side. The cilia beat frequency is 11 Hz. During development, the length of the Eustachian tube increased significantly between postnatal day 1 (P1) and P18. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the mucosa contained a high density of ciliated cells with a few goblet cells at P1. The density of ciliated cells decreased while the density of goblet cells increased during development. At P18, the mucosa appeared to be adult-like. Interestingly, the ciliary beat frequency measured from ciliated cells at P1 was not statistically different from that measured from adult animals. Our study suggests that the Eustachian tube undergoes significant anatomical and histological changes between P1 and P18. The tube is morphologically and functionally mature at P18, when the auditory function (sensitivity and frequency selectivity) is mature in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Otolaryngology―Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Huizhan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Zhongshan Qingpu, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shusheng Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology―Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (SG); (DH)
| | - David He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SG); (DH)
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34
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Parrilla E, Armengot M, Mata M, Sánchez-Vílchez JM, Cortijo J, Hueso JL, Riera J, Moratal D. Primary ciliary dyskinesia assessment by means of optical flow analysis of phase-contrast microscopy images. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2013; 38:163-70. [PMID: 24438822 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia implies cilia with defective or total absence of motility, which may result in sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and male infertility. Diagnosis can be difficult and is based on an abnormal ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and beat pattern. In this paper, we present a method to determine CBF of isolated cells through the analysis of phase-contrast microscopy images, estimating cilia motion by means of an optical flow algorithm. After having analyzed 28 image sequences (14 with a normal beat pattern and 14 with a dyskinetic pattern), the normal group presented a CBF of 5.2 ± 1.6 Hz, while the dyskinetic patients presented a 1.9 ± 0.9 Hz CBF. The cutoff value to classify a dyskinetic specimen was set to 3.45 Hz (sensitivity 0.86, specificity 0.93). The presented methodology has provided excellent results to objectively diagnose PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Armengot
- Otorrinolaringology Service and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Unit of the Hospital General Universitario and with the Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Mata
- Fundación para la Investigación and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Unit of the Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Julio Cortijo
- Fundación para la Investigación and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Unit of the Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Hueso
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Mathematics, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Riera
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Mathematics, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Moratal
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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35
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Lee RJ, Xiong G, Kofonow JM, Chen B, Lysenko A, Jiang P, Abraham V, Doghramji L, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Beauchamp GK, Doulias PT, Ischiropoulos H, Kreindler JL, Reed DR, Cohen NA. T2R38 taste receptor polymorphisms underlie susceptibility to upper respiratory infection. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4145-59. [PMID: 23041624 PMCID: PMC3484455 DOI: 10.1172/jci64240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive defense mechanisms protect the respiratory system from attack by microbes. Here, we present evidence that the bitter taste receptor T2R38 regulates the mucosal innate defense of the human upper airway. Utilizing immunofluorescent and live cell imaging techniques in polarized primary human sinonasal cells, we demonstrate that T2R38 is expressed in human upper respiratory epithelium and is activated in response to acyl-homoserine lactone quorum-sensing molecules secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria. Receptor activation regulates calcium-dependent NO production, resulting in stimulation of mucociliary clearance and direct antibacterial effects. Moreover, common polymorphisms of the TAS2R38 gene were linked to significant differences in the ability of upper respiratory cells to clear and kill bacteria. Lastly, TAS2R38 genotype correlated with human sinonasal gram-negative bacterial infection. These data suggest that T2R38 is an upper airway sentinel in innate defense and that genetic variation contributes to individual differences in susceptibility to respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xiong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Kofonow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Lysenko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peihua Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valsamma Abraham
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurel Doghramji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nithin D. Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James N. Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W. Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary K. Beauchamp
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paschalis-Thomas Doulias
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James L. Kreindler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle R. Reed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilia are complex and powerful cellular structures of the respiratory mucosa that play a critical role in airway defense. Respiratory epithelium is lined with cilia that perform an integrated and coordinated mechanism called mucociliary clearance. Mucociliary clearance is the process by which cilia transport the mucus blanket overlying respiratory mucosa to the gastrointestinal tract for ingestion. It is the primary means by which the airway clears pathogens, allergens, debris, and toxins. The complex structure and regulatory mechanisms that dictate the form and function of normal cilia are not entirely understood, but it is clear that ciliary dysfunction results in impaired respiratory defense. METHODS A literature review of the current knowledge of cilia dysfunction in chronic rhinosinsusitis was conducted. RESULTS Ciliary dysfunction may be primary, the result of genetic mutations resulting in abnormal cilia structure, or, more commonly, secondary, the result of environmental, infectious, or inflammatory stimuli that disrupt normal motility or coordination. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been found to have impaired mucociliary clearance. Many biochemical, environmental, and mechanical stimuli have been shown to influence ciliary beat frequency, and common microbial pathogens of respiratory mucosa such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae have developed toxins that appear to interrupt normal mucociliary function. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators known to be present in patients with CRS appear to impair secondarily mucociliary clearance. CONCLUSION The goal of this article is to summarize the recent developments in the understanding of cilia dysfunction and mucociliary clearance in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gudis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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37
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Abstract
A thin layer of airway surface liquid (ASL) lines the entire surface of the lung and is the first point of contact between the lung and the environment. Surfactants contained within this layer are secreted in the alveolar region and are required to maintain a low surface tension and to prevent alveolar collapse. Mucins are secreted into the ASL throughout the respiratory tract and serve to intercept inhaled pathogens, allergens and toxins. Their removal by mucociliary clearance (MCC) is facilitated by cilia beating and hydration of the ASL by active ion transport. Throughout the lung, secretion, ion transport and cilia beating are under purinergic control. Pulmonary epithelia release ATP into the ASL which acts in an autocrine fashion on P2Y(2) (ATP) receptors. The enzymatic network describes in Chap. 2 then mounts a secondary wave of signaling by surface conversion of ATP into adenosine (ADO), which induces A(2B) (ADO) receptor-mediated responses. This chapter offers a comprehensive description of MCC and the extensive ramifications of the purinergic signaling network on pulmonary surfaces.
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38
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Lee L. Mechanisms of mammalian ciliary motility: Insights from primary ciliary dyskinesia genetics. Gene 2010; 473:57-66. [PMID: 21111794 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella are organelles that, historically, have been poorly understood and inadequately investigated. However, cilia play critical roles in fluid clearance in the respiratory system and the brain, and flagella are required for sperm motility. Genetic studies involving human patients and mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia over the last decade have uncovered a number of important ciliary proteins and have begun to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ciliary motility. When combined with genetic, biochemical, and cell biological studies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, these mammalian genetic analyses begin to reveal the mechanisms by which ciliary motility is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, 2301 East 60th Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Cilia are complex and powerful cellular structures that serve a multitude of functions across many types of organisms. In humans, one of the most critical roles of cilia is defense of the airway. The respiratory epithelium is lined with cilia that normally carry out an integrated and coordinated mechanism called mucociliary clearance. Mucociliary clearance, the process by which cilia transport the viscous mucus blanket of the upper airway to the gastrointestinal tract, is the primary means by which the upper airway clears itself of pathogens, allergens, debris, and toxins. The complex structure and regulatory mechanisms that dictate the form and function of normal cilia are not entirely understood, but it is clear that ciliary dysfunction results in impaired respiratory defense. Ciliary dysfunction may be primary, the result of genetic mutations resulting in abnormal cilia structure, or secondary, the result of environmental, infectious or inflammatory stimuli that disrupt normal motility or coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gudis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Ravdin Building, 5th Floor, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Tresguerres M, Buck J, Levin LR. Physiological carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and pH sensing. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:953-64. [PMID: 20683624 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In biological systems, carbon dioxide exists in equilibrium with bicarbonate and protons. The individual components of this equilibrium (i.e., CO₂, HCO₃⁻, and H(+)), which must be sensed to be able to maintain cellular and organismal pH, also function as signals to modulate multiple physiological functions. Yet, the molecular sensors for CO₂/HCO₃⁻/pH remained unknown until recently. Here, we review recent progress in delineating molecular and cellular mechanisms for sensing CO₂, HCO₃⁻, and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
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41
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Schmid A, Sutto Z, Schmid N, Novak L, Ivonnet P, Horvath G, Conner G, Fregien N, Salathe M. Decreased soluble adenylyl cyclase activity in cystic fibrosis is related to defective apical bicarbonate exchange and affects ciliary beat frequency regulation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29998-30007. [PMID: 20639512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human airway cilia contain soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) that produces cAMP upon HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) stimulation to increase ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Because apical HCO(3)(-) exchange depends on cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), malfunctioning CFTR might impair sAC-mediated CBF regulation in cells from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). By Western blot, sAC isoforms are equally expressed in normal and CF airway epithelial cells, but CBF decreased more in CF than normal cells upon increased apical HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) exposure in part because of greater intracellular acidification from unbalanced CO(2) influx (estimated by 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) fluorescence). Importantly, ciliated cell-specific cAMP production (estimated by FRET fluorescence ratio changes of tagged cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) subunits expressed under a ciliated cell-specific promoter) in response to increased apical HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) perfusion was higher in normal compared with CF cells. Inhibition of bicarbonate influx via CFTR (CFTR(inh)172) and inhibition of sAC (KH7) and PKA activation (H89) led to larger CBF declines in normal cells, now comparable with changes seen in CF cells. These inhibitors also reduced FRET changes in normal cells to the level of CF cells with the expected exception of H89, which does not prevent dissociation of the fluorescently tagged PKA subunits. Basolateral permeabilization and subsequent perfusion with HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) rescued CBF and FRET changes in CF cells to the level of normal cells. These results suggest that CBF regulation by sAC-produced cAMP could be impaired in CF, thereby possibly contributing to mucociliary dysfunction in this disease, at least during disease exacerbations when airway acidification is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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42
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Epithelium, cilia, and mucus: their importance in chronic rhinosinusitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 29:631-43. [PMID: 19879439 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease resulting from inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. It has long been recognized that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis have impaired capacity to clear sinonasal secretions. However, the cause of this pathologic process is not well understood. In this article the components of mucociliary clearance, including cilia, mucus production, and cilia beat frequency, are reviewed and alterations of the system discussed regarding contribution to the disease process.
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43
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Woodworth BA, Zhang S, Tamashiro E, Bhargave G, Palmer JN, Cohen NA. Zinc Increases Ciliary Beat Frequency in a Calcium-Dependent Manner. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2010; 24:6-10. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Dynamic regulation of respiratory ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is regulated by fluxes in intracellular calcium (Ca2+). P2X receptors (P2XR) are extracellular ATP-gated, Ca2+-permeable, nonselective cation channels. Zinc increases intracellular Ca2+ in a sodium (Na+)-free environment through activation of P2XR channels. We hypothesize that topical zinc increases CBF in a Ca2+-dependent fashion as a result of this mechanism. Methods The apical surface of mouse sinonasal air–liquid interface cultures were bathed in zinc in a Na+-free solution with or without Ca2+. High-speed digital video imaging captured and analyzed CBF at a sampling rate of 100 frames/s. Results CBF significantly increased fourfold over baseline from 5.99 ± 3.16 Hz to 22.4 ± 4.33 Hz in the presence of zinc chloride (50 micromoles) and calcium chloride (3 mM). This effect is abolished in the presence of extracellular Na+ and was pH dependent. Conclusions Zinc stimulates CBF in the presence of Ca2+ likely through activation of P2X receptors. Thus, zinc represents a promising agent for stimulation of mucociliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford A. Woodworth
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- The Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- The Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Edwin Tamashiro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology– Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Geeta Bhargave
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology– Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N. Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology– Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology– Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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44
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Lechtreck KF, Sanderson MJ, Witman GB. High-speed digital imaging of ependymal cilia in the murine brain. Methods Cell Biol 2009; 91:255-64. [PMID: 20409790 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)91013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development and health of mammals requires proper ciliary motility. Ciliated epithelia are found in the airways, the uterus and Fallopian tubes, the efferent ducts of the testes, and the ventricular system of the brain. A technique is described for the motion analysis of ependymal cilia in the murine brain. Vibratome sections of the brain are imaged by differential interference contrast microscopy and recorded by high-speed digital imaging. Side views of individual cilia are traced to establish their bending pattern. Tracking of individual cilia recorded in top view allows determination of bend planarity and beat direction. Ciliary beat frequency is determined from line scans of image sequences. The capacity of the epithelium to move fluid and objects is revealed by analyzing the velocity of polystyrene beads added to brain sections. The technique is useful for detailed assessment of how various conditions or mutations affect the fidelity of ciliary motility at the ependyma. The methods are also applicable to other ciliated epithelia, for example, in airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Ferdinand Lechtreck
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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45
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Whipple RA, Balzer EM, Cho EH, Matrone MA, Yoon JR, Martin SS. Vimentin filaments support extension of tubulin-based microtentacles in detached breast tumor cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5678-88. [PMID: 18632620 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumor metastasis often involves detachment of epithelial carcinoma cells into the vasculature or lymphatics. However, most studies of cytoskeletal rearrangement in solid tumors focus on attached cells. In this study, we report for the first time that human breast tumor cells produce unique tubulin-based protrusions when detached from extracellular matrix. Tumor cell lines of high metastatic potential show significantly increased extension and frequency of microtubule protrusions, which we have termed tubulin microtentacles. Our previous studies in nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells showed that such detachment-induced microtentacles are enriched in detyrosinated alpha-tubulin. However, amounts of detyrosinated tubulin were similar in breast tumor cell lines despite varying microtentacle levels. Because detyrosinated alpha-tubulin associates strongly with intermediate filament proteins, we examined the contribution of cytokeratin and vimentin filaments to tumor cell microtentacles. Increased microtentacle frequency and extension correlated strongly with loss of cytokeratin expression and up-regulation of vimentin, as is often observed during tumor progression. Moreover, vimentin filaments coaligned with microtentacles, whereas cytokeratin did not. Disruption of vimentin with PP1/PP2A-specific inhibitors significantly reduced microtentacles and inhibited cell reattachment to extracellular matrix. Furthermore, expression of a dominant-negative vimentin mutant disrupted endogenous vimentin filaments and significantly reduced microtentacles, providing specific genetic evidence that vimentin supports microtentacles. Our results define a novel model in which coordination of vimentin and detyrosinated microtubules provides structural support for the extensive microtentacles observed in detached tumor cells and a possible mechanism to promote successful metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Whipple
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Department of Physiology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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46
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Lemberskiy-Kuzin L, Fainshtein M, Fridman P, Passwell E, Braiman A, Priel Z. Localized cytosolic alkalization and its functional impact in ciliary cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1102-10. [PMID: 18331843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Using confocal microscopy we demonstrate that ciliary cells from airway epithelium maintain two qualitatively distinct cytosolic regions in terms of pH regulation. While the bulk of the cytosol is stringently buffered and is virtually insensitive to changes in extracellular pH (pHo), the values of cytosolic pH in the vicinity of the ciliary membrane is largely determined by pHo. Variation of pHo from 6.2 up to 8.5 failed to affect ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Application of NH(4)Cl induced profound localized alkalization near cilia, which did not depress ciliary activity, but resulted in strong and prolonged enhancement of CBF. Calmodulin and protein kinase A (PKA) functionality was essential for the alkalization-induced CBF enhancement. We suggest that the ability of airway epithelium to sustain unusually strong but localized cytosolic alkalization near cilia facilitates CBF enhancement through altering the binding constants of Ca2+ to calmodulin and promotion of Ca2+-calmodulin complex formation. The NH4Cl-induced elevations in cytosolic pH and Ca2+ concentration act synergistically to activate calmodulin-dependent processes, cAMP pathway, and, thereby, stimulate CBF.
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47
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Schmid A, Sutto Z, Nlend MC, Horvath G, Schmid N, Buck J, Levin LR, Conner GE, Fregien N, Salathe M. Soluble adenylyl cyclase is localized to cilia and contributes to ciliary beat frequency regulation via production of cAMP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 130:99-109. [PMID: 17591988 PMCID: PMC2154360 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200709784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ciliated airway epithelial cells are subject to sustained changes in intracellular CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) during exacerbations of airway diseases, but the role of CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in ciliary beat regulation is unknown. We now show not only sAC expression in human airway epithelia (by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence) but also its specific localization to the axoneme (Western blotting and immunofluorescence). Real time estimations of [cAMP] changes in ciliated cells, using FRET between fluorescently tagged PKA subunits (expressed under the foxj1 promoter solely in ciliated cells), revealed CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-mediated cAMP production. This cAMP production was specifically blocked by sAC inhibitors but not by transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) inhibitors. In addition, this cAMP production stimulated ciliary beat frequency (CBF) independently of intracellular pH because PKA and sAC inhibitors were uniquely able to block CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-mediated changes in CBF (while tmAC inhibitors had no effect). Thus, sAC is localized to motile airway cilia and it contributes to the regulation of human airway CBF. In addition, CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) increases indeed reversibly stimulate intracellular cAMP production by sAC in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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48
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Tokuda S, Shimamoto C, Yoshida H, Murao H, Kishima GI, Ito S, Kubota T, Hanafusa T, Sugimoto T, Niisato N, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX % garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz % aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq % Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq % Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaaca % qGibGaae4qaiaab+eadaqhaaWcbaGaae4maaqaaiaab2caaaaaaa!3B86! $$ {\text{HCO}}^{{\text{ - }}}_{{\text{3}}}$$ -dependent pHi recovery and overacidification induced by % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX % garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz % aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq % Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq % Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaaca % qGobGaaeisamaaDaaaleaacaaI0aaabaGaey4kaScaaaaa!3AF9! $$ {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4}$$ pulse in rat lung alveolar type II cells: % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX % garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz % aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq % Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq % Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaaca % qGibGaae4qaiaab+eadaqhaaWcbaGaaG4maaqaaiabgkHiTaaaaaa!3BCA! $$ {\text{HCO}}^{ - }_{3} $$ -dependent NH3 excretion from lungs? Pflugers Arch 2007; 455:223-39. [PMID: 17562070 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) after the NH+4 pulse addition and its removal were measured in isolated alveolar type II cells (ATII cells) using BCECF fluorescence. In the absence of HCO(-3), the NH+4 pulse addition increased pHi (alkali jump) and its removal decreased pH(i) (acid jump) to the control level (no overacidification). This pHi change was induced by reaction 1 (NH3 + H+ <--> NH+4). However, in the presence of HCO(-3), the NH+4 pulse removal decreased pHi (acid jump) with overacidification. The extent of overacidification was decreased by acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), bumetanide (an inhibitor of Na+/K+/2Cl(-) cotransporter [NKCC]), and NPPB (an inhibitor of Cl(-) channel). The NH+4 pulse addition led to the accumulation of NH+4 in ATII cells via reaction 1 and NKCC, and the NH+4 pulse removal induced reaction 2 (NH+4 + HCO(-3) --> NH3 + H+ HCO(-3)) in addition to the reversal of reaction 1. Thus, NH+4 that entered via NKCC reacts with HCO(-3) (reaction 2) to produce H+, which induces overacidification in the acid jump. After the overacidification, the pH(i) recovery consisted of a rapid recovery (first phase) followed by a slow recovery (second phase). The first phase was inhibited by NPPB, glybenclamide, amiloride, and an Na+-free solution, and the second phase was inhibited by DIDS, MIA, and an Na+-free solution. Both phases were accelerated by a high extracellular HCO(-3) concentration. These observations indicate that the first phase was induced by HCO(-3) entry via Cl(-) channels coupled with Na+ channels activities, and that the second phase was induced by H+ extrusion via Na+/H+ exchanger and by HCO(-3) entry via HCO(-3) cotransporter. Thus, in ATII cells, HCO(-3) entry via Cl(-) channels is essential for recovering pHi after overacidification during the acid jump and for removing NH+4 that entered via NKCC from ATII cells, suggesting HCO(-3)-dependent NH3 excretion from lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Tokuda
- Central Research Laboratory Nakahari Project, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakucho, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the structure-function relationship of motile cilia with the 9 + 2 microtubular arrangement have helped explain some of the mechanisms of ciliary beat regulation by intracellular second messengers. These second messengers include cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as well as calcium and pH. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which is localized to the axoneme. The cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of PKA's main target, originally described as p29 in Paramecium, seems to increase ciliary beat frequency (CBF) directly. The mechanism by which cGMP increases CBF is less well defined but involves protein kinase G and possibly PKA. Protein kinase C inhibits ciliary beating. The regulation mechanisms of CBF by calcium remain somewhat controversial, favoring an immediate, direct action of calcium on ciliary beating and a second cyclic nucleotide-dependent phase. Finally, intracellular pH likely affects CBF through direct influences on dynein arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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50
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Nakahari T. Regulation of ciliary beat frequency in airways: shear stress, ATP action, and its modulation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L612-3. [PMID: 17341764 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00433.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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