1
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Escobedo G, Wu Y, Ogawa Y, Ding X, Rasband MN. An evolutionarily conserved AnkyrinG-dependent motif clusters axonal K2P K+ channels. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202401140. [PMID: 39078369 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202401140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of ion channel clustering at nodes of Ranvier enabled the development of complex vertebrate nervous systems. At mammalian nodes, the K+ leak channels TRAAK and TREK-1 underlie membrane repolarization. Despite the molecular similarities between nodes and the axon initial segment (AIS), TRAAK and TREK-1 are reportedly node-specific, suggesting a unique clustering mechanism. However, we show that TRAAK and TREK-1 are enriched at both nodes and AIS through a common mechanism. We identified a motif near the C-terminus of TRAAK that is necessary and sufficient for its clustering. The motif first evolved among cartilaginous fish. Using AnkyrinG (AnkG) conditional knockout mice, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of AnkG, co-immunoprecipitation, and surface recruitment assays, we show that TRAAK forms a complex with AnkG and that AnkG is necessary for TRAAK's AIS and nodal clustering. In contrast, TREK-1's clustering requires TRAAK. Our results expand the repertoire of AIS and nodal ion channel clustering mechanisms and emphasize AnkG's central role in assembling excitable domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Escobedo
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Hirayama Y, Kida H, Inoue T, Sugimoto K, Oka F, Shirao S, Imoto H, Nomura S, Suzuki M. Focal brain cooling suppresses spreading depolarization and reduces endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in rats. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:609-621. [PMID: 38800086 PMCID: PMC11127172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of focal brain cooling (FBC) on spreading depolarization (SD), which is associated with several neurological disorders. Although it has been studied from various aspects, no medication has been developed that can effectively control SD. As FBC can reduce neuronal damage and promote functional recovery in pathological conditions such as epilepsy, cerebral ischemia, and traumatic brain injury, it may also potentially suppress the onset and progression of SD. We created an experimental rat model of SD by administering 1 M potassium chloride (KCl) to the cortical surface. Changes in neuronal and vascular modalities were evaluated using multimodal recording, which simultaneously recorded brain temperature (BrT), wide range electrocorticogram, and two-dimensional cerebral blood flow. The rats were divided into two groups (cooling [CL] and non-cooling [NC]). Warm or cold saline was perfused on the surface of one hemisphere to maintain BrT at 37°C or 15°C in the NC and CL groups, respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the effects of FBC on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. In the NC group, KCl administration triggered repetitive SDs (mean frequency = 11.57/h). In the CL group, FBC increased the duration of all KCl-induced events and gradually reduced their frequency. Additionally, eNOS expression decreased in the cooled brain regions compared to the non-cooled contralateral hemisphere. The results obtained by multimodal recording suggest that FBC suppresses SD and decreases eNOS expression. This study may contribute to developing new treatments for SD and related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hirayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kida
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Organization of Research Initiatives, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Sugimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Oka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shirao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Hirochika Imoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Sadahiro Nomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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3
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Chen W, Li J, Xu K, Luo J, Wang M, Liu Y, Wang F, Du S, Xu W, Ge J, Li Y, Fu B, Tan J, Yang Y, Wang J, Xue X, Jin L, Yang Z, Liu F, Wang S. Genetic Variants Associated with Sweat Gland Phenotypes in 6210 Han Chinese Individuals. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00287-2. [PMID: 38608834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengran Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingfei Fu
- Institute of Intelligent Media Computing, School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingze Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Institute of Intelligent Media Computing, School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sijia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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4
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Toussaint B, Heinzle J, Stephan KE. A computationally informed distinction of interoception and exteroception. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105608. [PMID: 38432449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
While interoception is of major neuroscientific interest, its precise definition and delineation from exteroception continue to be debated. Here, we propose a functional distinction between interoception and exteroception based on computational concepts of sensor-effector loops. Under this view, the classification of sensory inputs as serving interoception or exteroception depends on the sensor-effector loop they feed into, for the control of either bodily (physiological and biochemical) or environmental states. We explain the utility of this perspective by examining the perception of skin temperature, one of the most challenging cases for distinguishing between interoception and exteroception. Specifically, we propose conceptualising thermoception as inference about the thermal state of the body (including the skin), which is directly coupled to thermoregulatory processes. This functional view emphasises the coupling to regulation (control) as a defining property of perception (inference) and connects the definition of interoception to contemporary computational theories of brain-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Toussaint
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas Enno Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Yu F, Müller WS, Ehnholm G, Okada Y, Lin JW. Ultrasound-Induced Membrane Hyperpolarization in Motor Axons and Muscle Fibers of the Crayfish Neuromuscular Junction. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:2527-2536. [PMID: 37758529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Focused ultrasound (FUS) can modulate neuronal activity by depolarization or hyperpolarization. Although FUS-evoked depolarization has been studied extensively, the mechanisms underlying FUS-evoked hyperpolarization (FUSH) have received little attention. In the study described here, we developed a procedure using FUS to selectively hyperpolarize motor axons in crayfish. As a previous study had reported that these axons express mechano- and thermosensitive two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels, we tested the hypothesis that K2P channels underlie FUSH. METHODS Intracellular recordings from a motor axon and a muscle fiber were obtained simultaneously from the crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation. FUSH was examined while K2P channel activities were modulated by varying temperature or by K2P channel blockers. RESULTS FUSH in the axons did not exhibit a coherent temperature dependence, consistent with predicted K2P channel behavior, although changes in the resting membrane potential of the same axons indicated well-behaved K2P channel temperature dependence. The same conclusion was supported by pharmacological data; namely, FUSH was not suppressed by K2P channel blockers. Comparison between the FUS-evoked responses recorded in motor axons and muscle fibers revealed that the latter exhibited very little FUSH, indicating that the FUSH was specific to the axons. CONCLUSION It is not likely that K2P channels are the underlying mechanism for FUSH in motor axons. Alternative mechanisms such as sonophore and axon-specific potassium channels were considered. Although the sonophore hypothesis could account for electrophysiological features of axonal recordings, it is not consistent with the lack of FUSH in muscle fibers. An axon-specific and mechanosensitive potassium channel is also a possible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyuan Yu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gösta Ehnholm
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - Yoshio Okada
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Yang C, Yamaki S, Jung T, Kim B, Huyhn R, McKemy DD. Endogenous Inflammatory Mediators Produced by Injury Activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 Nociceptors to Induce Sexually Dimorphic Cold Pain That Is Dependent on TRPM8 and GFRα3. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2803-2814. [PMID: 36898840 PMCID: PMC10089246 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2303-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of environmental temperatures is critical for survival, yet inappropriate responses to thermal stimuli can have a negative impact on overall health. The physiological effect of cold is distinct among somatosensory modalities in that it is soothing and analgesic, but also agonizing in the context of tissue damage. Inflammatory mediators produced during injury activate nociceptors to release neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, inducing neurogenic inflammation, which further exasperates pain. Many inflammatory mediators induce sensitization to heat and mechanical stimuli but, conversely, inhibit cold responsiveness, and the identity of molecules inducing cold pain peripherally is enigmatic, as are the cellular and molecular mechanisms altering cold sensitivity. Here, we asked whether inflammatory mediators that induce neurogenic inflammation via the nociceptive ion channels TRPV1 (vanilloid subfamily of transient receptor potential channel) and TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) lead to cold pain in mice. Specifically, we tested cold sensitivity in mice after intraplantar injection of lysophosphatidic acid or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, finding that each induces cold pain that is dependent on the cold-gated channel transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8). Inhibition of CGRP, substance P, or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling attenuates this phenotype, and each neuropeptide produces TRPM8-dependent cold pain directly. Further, the inhibition of CGRP or TLR4 signaling alleviates cold allodynia differentially by sex. Last, cold pain induced by both inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides requires TRPM8, as well as the neurotrophin artemin and its receptor GDNF receptor α3 (GFRα3). These results are consistent with artemin-induced cold allodynia requiring TRPM8, demonstrating that neurogenic inflammation alters cold sensitivity via localized artemin release that induces cold pain via GFRα3 and TRPM8.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cellular and molecular mechanisms that generate pain are complex with a diverse array of pain-producing molecules generated during injury that act to sensitize peripheral sensory neurons, thereby inducing pain. Here we identify a specific neuroinflammatory pathway involving the ion channel TRPM8 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8) and the neurotrophin receptor GFRα3 (GDNF receptor α3) that leads to cold pain, providing select targets for potential therapies for this pain modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Shanni Yamaki
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Tyler Jung
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Brian Kim
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Ryan Huyhn
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - David D McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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7
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Kanda H, Noguchi K, Dai Y. Axonal membrane stretch suppresses neuronal excitability by activating mechanosensitive K2P channels at the node of Ranvier. Mol Brain 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 36650581 PMCID: PMC9843873 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Saltatory conduction is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated nerves, which enables fast propagation through the node of Ranvier. Recently, we demonstrated that K2P channels, TWIK-related K+ channel-1 (TREK-1), and TWIK-related arachidonic acid-activated K + channel (TRAAK), are highly expressed in the mammalian node of Ranvier of sensory nerves and have an important role in action potential repolarization instead of voltage-gated K+ channels. TREK-1/TRAAK channels are activated by membrane depolarization as well as various stimuli, such as temperature, pH, arachidonic acid, and mechanical membrane stretch. Although membrane mechanical stretch has been suggested to modulate action potential conduction, how membrane stretching modulates intrinsic electrophysiological properties at the node of Ranvier remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of membrane stretch on neuronal membranes at the node of Ranvier in rat sciatic nerves. The single-channel conductance was approximately 90 pS at 80 mV. Membrane stretch increased the single-channel event numbers and open probability in a pressure-dependent manner. Consistent with single-channel activity, intra-pipette positive pressure increased outward leak currents and decreased membrane excitability in a whole-cell configuration. Furthermore, blockage of TREK-1/TRAAK channels by Ba2+ reversed the changes in the intrinsic electrophysiological properties induced by intra-pipette pressure. These results indicate that the activation of mechanosensitive TREK-1/TRAAK channels may suppress neuronal excitability following axonal stretch. Our findings suggest that TREK-1/TRAAK channels may play an important role in the prevention of ectopic action potential discharge at the axon by intense mechanical nerve stretch under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Kanda
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XSchool of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530 Japan ,grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XLaboratory of Basic Pain Research, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530 Japan
| | - Koichi Noguchi
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XLaboratory of Basic Pain Research, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530 Japan
| | - Yi Dai
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XSchool of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530 Japan ,grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XLaboratory of Basic Pain Research, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530 Japan ,grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
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8
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Alich TC, Röderer P, Szalontai B, Golcuk K, Tariq S, Peitz M, Brüstle O, Mody I. Bringing to light the physiological and pathological firing patterns of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons using optical recordings. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1039957. [PMID: 36733665 PMCID: PMC9887032 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1039957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a promising approach to study neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Most methods to record the activity of these cells have major drawbacks as they are invasive or they do not allow single cell resolution. Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) open the path to high throughput visualization of undisturbed neuronal activity. However, conventional GEVIs perturb membrane integrity through inserting multiple copies of transmembrane domains into the plasma membrane. To circumvent large add-ons to the plasma membrane, we used a minimally invasive novel hybrid dark quencher GEVI to record the physiological and pathological firing patterns of hiPSCs-derived sensory neurons from patients with inherited erythromelalgia, a chronic pain condition associated with recurrent attacks of redness and swelling in the distal extremities. We observed considerable differences in action potential firing patterns between patient and control neurons that were previously overlooked with other recording methods. Our system also performed well in hiPSC-derived forebrain neurons where it detected spontaneous synchronous bursting behavior, thus opening the path to future applications in other cell types and disease models including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, conditions associated with disturbances of neuronal activity and synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese C. Alich
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pascal Röderer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Cellomics Unit, LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Balint Szalontai
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kurt Golcuk
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahan Tariq
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Cell Programming Core Facility, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Istvan Mody
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Istvan Mody,
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9
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Tang L, Chen L, Ye C, Zheng J, Zhou Y, Tao Y, Huang Q, Wang X, Shang X, Pan X, Congdon N, Liang Y. Population-based associations between progression of normal-tension glaucoma and Yang-deficient constitution among Chinese persons. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:37-42. [PMID: 34362777 PMCID: PMC9763230 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the association between constitution types as defined by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and risk for normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). DESIGN Population-based cohort study. METHODS Persons were identified in a population cohort aged ≥30 years with NTG, defined as having an untreated mean intraocular pressure measurement ≤21 mm Hg over six separate occasions, with no single reading >24 mm Hg (as in the Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study). The Body Constitution in Traditional Chinese Medicine Questionnaire was used to assess each participant's TCM constitution types. The association between various constitutions and visual field progression according to Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial criteria was assessed using Cox regression HR models. RESULTS Among 142 participants (245 eyes), 23 persons (17.6%) and 25 eyes (10.2%) progressed, over a mean (SD) follow-up duration of 3.49 (0.99) years. Progression rates were highest in participants with Yang-deficient constitution (n=19, 13.4%), among whom 7 (36.8%) exhibited worsening fields. After adjusting for sex, age, central corneal thickness, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and mean deviation on visual field testing, Yang-deficient constitution (HR 4.63, 95% CI 1.77 to 12.1, p=0.002) and higher mean intraocular pressure during follow-up (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.56, p=0.044) were associated with field progression. CONCLUSIONS Yang-deficient constitution and higher intraocular pressure are risk factors for visual field progression in NTG patients. Yang deficiency is characterised by abnormal vasoregulation, and these results may be consistent with prior studies linking NTG progression to Raynaud's phenomenon and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Tang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Wenzhou Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cong Ye
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Tao
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiangjie Huang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Shang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiafei Pan
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK,ORBIS International, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuanbo Liang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China .,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
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10
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Nishiguchi R, Tanaka T, Hayashida J, Nakagita T, Zhou W, Takeda H. Evaluation of Cell-Free Synthesized Human Channel Proteins for In Vitro Channel Research. MEMBRANES 2022; 13:48. [PMID: 36676855 PMCID: PMC9861611 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite channel proteins being important drug targets, studies on channel proteins remain limited, as the proteins are difficult to express and require correct complex formation within membranes. Although several in vitro synthesized recombinant channels have been reported, considering the vast diversity of the structures and functions of channel proteins, it remains unclear which classes of channels cell-free synthesis can be applied to. In this study, we synthesized 250 clones of human channels, including ion channel pore-forming subunits, gap junction proteins, porins, and regulatory subunits, using a wheat cell-free membrane protein production system, and evaluated their synthetic efficiency and function. Western blotting confirmed that 95% of the channels were successfully synthesized, including very large channels with molecular weights of over 200 kDa. A subset of 47 voltage-gated potassium ion channels was further analyzed using a planar lipid bilayer assay, out of which 80% displayed a voltage-dependent opening in the assay. We co-synthesized KCNB1 and KCNS3, a known heteromeric complex pair, and demonstrated that these channels interact on a liposome. These results indicate that cell-free protein synthesis provides a promising solution for channel studies to overcome the bottleneck of in vitro protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Nishiguchi
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Bunkyocho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toyohisa Tanaka
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Bunkyocho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun Hayashida
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Shiraoka 1470, Shiraoka 349-0294, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakagita
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Bunkyocho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
| | - Wei Zhou
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Bunkyocho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Bunkyocho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
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11
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Benarroch E. What Is the Role of 2-Pore Domain Potassium Channels (K2P) in Pain? Neurology 2022; 99:516-521. [PMID: 36123135 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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Glial-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression of TREK2 in rat primary sensory neurons leading to attenuation of axotomy-induced neuropathic pain. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114190. [PMID: 35907583 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
TREK2 is a member of the 2-pore domain family of K+ channels (K2P) preferentially expressed by unmyelinated, slow-conducting and non-peptidergic isolectin B4-binding (IB4+) primary sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). IB4+ neurons depend on the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFL's) to maintain their phenotype. In our previous work, we demonstrated that 7 days after spinal nerve axotomy (SNA) of the L5 DRG, TREK2 moves away from the cell membrane resulting in a more depolarised resting membrane potential (Em). Given that axotomy deprives DRG neurons from peripherally-derived GFL's, we hypothesized that they might control the expression of TREK2. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, western blotting, in vivo pharmacological manipulation and behavioral tests we examined the ability of the GFL's (GDNF, neurturin and artemin) and their selective receptors (GFRα1, GFRα2 and GFRα3) to regulate the expression and function of TREK2 in the DRG. We found that TREK2 correlated strongly with the three receptors normally and ipsilaterally for all GFR's after SNA. GDNF, but not NGF, neurturin or artemin up-regulated the expression of TREK2 in cultured DRG neurons. In vivo continuous, subcutaneous administration of GDNF restored the subcellular distribution of TREK2 ipsilaterally and reversed mechanical and cold allodynia 7 days after SNA. This is the first demonstration that GDNF controls the expression of a K2P channel in nociceptors. As TREK2 controls the Em of C-nociceptors affecting their excitability, our finding has therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic pain.
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13
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Role of Voltage-Gated K + Channels and K2P Channels in Intrinsic Electrophysiological Properties and Saltatory Conduction at Nodes of Ranvier of Rat Lumbar Spinal Ventral Nerves. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4980-4994. [PMID: 35606142 PMCID: PMC9233441 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0514-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels at the nodes of Ranvier (NRs) are believed to play essential roles in intrinsic electrophysiological properties and saltatory conduction of action potentials (AP) at the NRs of myelinated nerves. While we have recently shown that two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels play a key role at the NRs of Aβ-afferent nerves, K+ channels and their functions at the NRs of mammalian motor nerves remain elusive. Here we addressed this issue by using ex vivo preparations of lumbar spinal ventral nerves from both male and female rats and the pressure-patch-clamp recordings at their NRs. We found that depolarizing voltages evoked large noninactivating outward currents at NRs. The outward currents could be partially inhibited by voltage-gated K+ channel blockers, largely inhibited by K2P blockers and cooling temperatures. Inhibition of the outward currents by voltage-gated K+ channel blockers, K2P blockers, or cooling temperatures significantly altered electrophysiological properties measured at the NRs, including resting membrane potential, input resistance, AP width, AP amplitude, AP threshold, and AP rheobase. Furthermore, K2P blockers and cooling temperatures significantly reduced saltatory conduction velocity and success rates of APs in response to high-frequency stimulation. Voltage-gated K+ channel blockers reduced AP success rates at high-frequency stimulation without significantly affecting saltatory conduction velocity. Collectively, both K2P and voltage-gated K+ channels play significant roles in intrinsic electrophysiological properties and saltatory conduction at NRs of motor nerve fibers of rats. The effects of cooling temperatures on saltatory conduction are at least partially mediated by K2P channels at the NRs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ion channels localized at the NRs are believed to be key determinants of saltatory conduction on myelinated nerves. However, ion channels and their functions at the NRs have not been fully studied in different types of mammalian myelinated nerves. Here we use the pressure-patch-clamp recordings to show that both K2P and voltage-gated K+ channels play significant roles in intrinsic electrophysiological properties and saltatory conduction at NRs of lumbar spinal ventral nerves of rats. Furthermore, cooling temperatures exert effects on saltatory conduction via inhibition of ion channels at the NRs. Our results provide new insights into saltatory conduction on myelinated nerves and may have physiological as well as pathologic implications.
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14
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Verlinden SMD, Norton T, Larsen MLV, Schroyen M, Youssef A, Everaert N. Influence of temperature during incubation on the mRNA levels of temperature sensitive ion channels in the brain of broiler chicken embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 268:111199. [PMID: 35337975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermosensation is crucial for the survival of any organism. In animals, changes in brain temperature are detected via sensory neurons, their cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglia. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are the largest temperature sensing family. In mammals, 11 thermoTRPs are known, as in poultry, there are only three. This research further elucidates TRP mRNA expression in the brain of broiler embryo's. Three incubation treatments were conducted on 400 eggs each: the control (C) at 37.6 °C; T1 deviating from C by providing a + 1 °C heat stimuli during embryonic day (ED) 15-20 for 8 h a day; and T2, imposing a + 2 °C heat stimuli. After each heat stimuli, 12 eggs per treatment were taken for blood sampling from the chorioallantoic membrane and brain harvesting. Incubation parameters such has residual yolk (free embryonic) weight, chick quality and hatch percentage were collected. After primer optimization, 22 target genes (13 TRPs and 9 non-TRPs) were measured on mRNA of the brain using a nanofluidic biochip (Fluidigm Corporation). Four target genes (ANO2, TRPV1, SCN5A, TRAAK) have a significant treatment effect - independent of ED. Another four (TRPM8, TRPA1, TRPM2, TRPC3) have a significant treatment effect visible on one or more ED. Heat sensitive channels were increased in T2 and to a lesser degree in T1, which could be part of an acclimatisation process resulting in later life heat tolerance by increased heat sensitivity. T2, however, resulted in a lower hatch weight, quality and hatchability. No hormonal differences were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maria Daniel Verlinden
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and human health engineering, M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tomas Norton
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and human health engineering, M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mona Lilian Vestbjerg Larsen
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and human health engineering, M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Department Gembloux AgroBio Tech, Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ali Youssef
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and human health engineering, M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and Human Health engineering, NAMES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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15
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Pope L, Minor DL. The Polysite Pharmacology of TREK K 2P Channels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1349:51-65. [PMID: 35138610 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
K2P (KCNK) potassium channels form "background" or "leak" currents that have critical roles in cell excitability control in the brain, cardiovascular system, and somatosensory neurons. Similar to many ion channel families, studies of K2Ps have been limited by poor pharmacology. Of six K2P subfamilies, the thermo- and mechanosensitive TREK subfamily comprising K2P2.1 (TREK-1), K2P4.1 (TRAAK), and K2P10.1 (TREK-2) are the first to have structures determined for each subfamily member. These structural studies have revealed key architectural features that underlie K2P function and have uncovered sites residing at every level of the channel structure with respect to the membrane where small molecules or lipids can control channel function. This polysite pharmacology within a relatively small (~70 kDa) ion channel comprises four structurally defined modulator binding sites that occur above (Keystone inhibitor site), at the level of (K2P modulator pocket), and below (Fenestration and Modulatory lipid sites) the C-type selectivity filter gate that is at the heart of K2P function. Uncovering this rich structural landscape provides the framework for understanding and developing subtype-selective modulators to probe K2P function that may provide leads for drugs for anesthesia, pain, arrhythmia, ischemia, and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Pope
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, US
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, US. .,Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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16
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Regulation of Two-Pore-Domain Potassium TREK Channels and their Involvement in Pain Perception and Migraine. Neurosci Lett 2022; 773:136494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Zhao K, Weng L, Xu T, Yang C, Zhang J, Ni G, Guo X, Tu J, Zhang D, Sun W, Kong X. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound prevents prolonged hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis through HIF-1α/DNMT3a pathway via a TRAAK-dependent manner. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1500-1514. [PMID: 34343366 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis is an important pathological process in cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to determine whether low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), a novel and safe apparatus, could alleviate hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Hypoxia (1% O2 ) and transverse aortic constriction (TAC) were performed on neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts and mice to induce cardiac fibrosis, respectively. LIPUS irradiation was applied for 20 minutes every 6 hours for a total of 2 times in vitro, and every 2 days from 1 week before surgery to 4 weeks after surgery in vivo. We found that LIPUS dose-dependently attenuated hypoxia-induced cardiac fibroblast phenotypic conversion in vitro, and ameliorated TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis in vivo. Hypoxia significantly upregulated the nuclear protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a). LIPUS pre-treatment reversed the elevated expression of HIF-1α, and DNMT3a. Further experiments revealed that HIF-1α stabilizer dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) hindered the anti-fibrotic effect of LIPUS, and hampered LIPUS-mediated downregulation of DNMT3a. DNMT3a small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis. Results also showed that the mechanosensitive protein-TWIK-related arachidonic acid-activated K+ channel (TRAAK) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was downregulated in hypoxia-induced cardiac fibroblasts, and TAC-induced hearts. TRAAK siRNA impeded LIPUS-mediated anti-fibrotic effect and downregulation of HIF-1α and DNMT3a. Above results indicated that LIPUS could prevent prolonged hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis through TRAAK-mediated HIF-1α/DNMT3a signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqing Weng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianhua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanxi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gehui Ni
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Activity of TREK-2-like Channels in the Pyramidal Neurons of Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex Depends on Cytoplasmic Calcium. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111119. [PMID: 34827112 PMCID: PMC8614805 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The pyramidal neurons of rat prefrontal cortex express potassium channels identified as a non-canonical splice variant of the TREK-2 channel. The main function of TREK channels is to regulate the resting membrane potential. We showed that cytoplasmic Ca2+ upregulates the activity of TREK-2-like channels. Previous studies have indicated that the activation of TREK-2 channels is mediated by PI(4,5)P2, a polyanionic lipid in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. While TREK channels are believed to not be regulated by calcium, our work shows otherwise. We propose a model in which calcium ions enable the formation of PI(4,5)P2 nanoclusters, which stabilize active conformation of the channel. Abstract TREK-2-like channels in the pyramidal neurons of rat prefrontal cortex are characterized by a wide range of spontaneous activity—from very low to very high—independent of the membrane potential and the stimuli that are known to activate TREK-2 channels, such as temperature or membrane stretching. The aim of this study was to discover what factors are involved in high levels of TREK-2-like channel activity in these cells. Our research focused on the PI(4,5)P2-dependent mechanism of channel activity. Single-channel patch clamp recordings were performed on freshly dissociated pyramidal neurons of rat prefrontal cortexes in both the cell-attached and inside-out configurations. To evaluate the role of endogenous stimulants, the activity of the channels was recorded in the presence of a PI(4,5)P2 analogue (PI(4,5)P2DiC8) and Ca2+. Our research revealed that calcium ions are an important factor affecting TREK-2-like channel activity and kinetics. The observation that calcium participates in the activation of TREK-2-like channels is a new finding. We showed that PI(4,5)P2-dependent TREK-2 activity occurs when the conditions for PI(4,5)P2/Ca2+ nanocluster formation are met. We present a possible model explaining the mechanism of calcium action.
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19
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Rueda-Ruzafa L, Herrera-Pérez S, Campos-Ríos A, Lamas JA. Are TREK Channels Temperature Sensors? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:744702. [PMID: 34690704 PMCID: PMC8526543 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.744702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal human body normal temperature fluctuates between 36.5 and 37.5°C and it is generally measured in the oral cavity. Interestingly, most electrophysiological studies on the functioning of ion channels and their role in neuronal behavior are carried out at room temperature, which usually oscillates between 22 and 24°C, even when thermosensitive channels are studied. We very often forget that if the core of the body reached that temperature, the probability of death from cardiorespiratory arrest would be extremely high. Does this mean that we are studying ion channels in dying neurons? Thousands of electrophysiological experiments carried out at these low temperatures suggest that most neurons tolerate this aggression quite well, at least for the duration of the experiments. This also seems to happen with ion channels, although studies at different temperatures indicate large changes in both, neuron and channel behavior. It is known that many chemical, physical and therefore physiological processes, depend to a great extent on body temperature. Temperature clearly affects the kinetics of numerous events such as chemical reactions or conformational changes in proteins but, what if these proteins constitute ion channels and these channels are specifically designed to detect changes in temperature? In this review, we discuss the importance of the potassium channels of the TREK subfamily, belonging to the recently discovered family of two-pore domain channels, in the transduction of thermal sensitivity in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- CINBIO, Laboratory of Neuroscience, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - Salvador Herrera-Pérez
- CINBIO, Laboratory of Neuroscience, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Grupo de Neurofisiología Experimental y Circuitos Neuronales, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Campos-Ríos
- CINBIO, Laboratory of Neuroscience, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - J A Lamas
- CINBIO, Laboratory of Neuroscience, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
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20
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Liu J, Ganeshbabu N, Shalaby N, Chen L, Guo T, Feng B. Targeting Two-Pore-Domain Potassium Channels by Mechanical Stretch Instantaneously Modulates Action Potential Transmission in Mouse Sciatic Nerves. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3558-3566. [PMID: 34423641 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports indicate dominant roles of TRAAK and TREK-1 channels, i.e., mechanosensitive two-pore-domain potassium channels (K2P) at the nodes of Ranvier for action potential repolarization in mammalian peripheral nerves. Functional changes in mammalian peripheral nerve conduction by mechanical stretch studied by recording compound action potentials lack the necessary resolution to detect subtle neuromodulatory effects on conduction velocity. In this study, we developed a novel in vitro approach that enables single-fiber recordings from individual mouse sciatic nerve axons while delivering computer-controlled stepped stretch to the sciatic nerve trunk. Axial stretch instantaneously increased the conduction delay in both myelinated A-fibers and unmyelinated C-fibers. Increases in conduction delay linearly correlated with increases in axial stretch ratio for both A- and C-fibers. The slope of the increase in conduction delay versus stretch ratio was steeper in C-fibers than in A-fibers. Moderate axial stretch (14-19% of in vitro length) reversibly blocked 37.5% of unmyelinated C-fibers but none of the eight myelinated A-fibers tested. Application of arachidonic acid, an agonist to TRAAK and TREK-1 to sciatic nerve trunk, blocks axonal transmission in both A- and C-fibers with delayed onset and prolonged block. Also, the application of an antagonist ruthenium red showed a tendency of suppressing the stretch-evoked increase in conduction delay. These results could draw focused research on pharmacological and mechanical activation of K2P channels as a novel neuromodulatory strategy to achieve peripheral nerve block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Nishanth Ganeshbabu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Noha Shalaby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Longtu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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21
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Rietmeijer RA, Sorum B, Li B, Brohawn SG. Physical basis for distinct basal and mechanically gated activity of the human K + channel TRAAK. Neuron 2021; 109:2902-2913.e4. [PMID: 34390650 PMCID: PMC8448962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TRAAK is a mechanosensitive two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channel localized to nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons. TRAAK deletion in mice results in mechanical and thermal allodynia, and gain-of-function mutations cause the human neurodevelopmental disorder FHEIG. TRAAK displays basal and stimulus-gated activities typical of K2Ps, but the mechanistic and structural differences between these modes are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that basal and mechanically gated openings are distinguished by their conductance, kinetics, and structure. Basal openings are low conductance, short duration, and due to a conductive channel conformation with the interior cavity exposed to the surrounding membrane. Mechanically gated openings are high conductance, long duration, and due to a channel conformation in which the interior cavity is sealed to the surrounding membrane. Our results explain how dual modes of activity are produced by a single ion channel and provide a basis for the development of state-selective pharmacology with the potential to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Rietmeijer
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ben Sorum
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Baobin Li
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephen G Brohawn
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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22
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Prieto ML, Firouzi K, Khuri-Yakub BT, Madison DV, Maduke M. Spike frequency-dependent inhibition and excitation of neural activity by high-frequency ultrasound. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:182190. [PMID: 33074301 PMCID: PMC7534904 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound can modulate action potential firing in vivo and in vitro, but the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon is not well understood. To address this problem, we used patch-clamp recording to quantify the effects of focused, high-frequency (43 MHz) ultrasound on evoked action potential firing in CA1 pyramidal neurons in acute rodent hippocampal brain slices. We find that ultrasound can either inhibit or potentiate firing in a spike frequency–dependent manner: at low (near-threshold) input currents and low firing frequencies, ultrasound inhibits firing, while at higher input currents and higher firing frequencies, ultrasound potentiates firing. The net result of these two competing effects is that ultrasound increases the threshold current for action potential firing, the slope of frequency-input curves, and the maximum firing frequency. In addition, ultrasound slightly hyperpolarizes the resting membrane potential, decreases action potential width, and increases the depth of the after-hyperpolarization. All of these results can be explained by the hypothesis that ultrasound activates a sustained potassium conductance. According to this hypothesis, increased outward potassium currents hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential and inhibit firing at near-threshold input currents but potentiate firing in response to higher-input currents by limiting inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels during the action potential. This latter effect is a consequence of faster action potential repolarization, which limits inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels, and deeper (more negative) after-hyperpolarization, which increases the rate of recovery from inactivation. Based on these results, we propose that ultrasound activates thermosensitive and mechanosensitive two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels through heating or mechanical effects of acoustic radiation force. Finite-element modeling of the effects of ultrasound on brain tissue suggests that the effects of ultrasound on firing frequency are caused by a small (<2°C) increase in temperature, with possible additional contributions from mechanical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loynaz Prieto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Kamyar Firouzi
- E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Daniel V Madison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Merritt Maduke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Effects of Cooling Temperatures via Thermal K2P Channels on Regeneration of High-Frequency Action Potentials at Nodes of Ranvier of Rat Aβ-Afferent Nerves. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0308-21.2021. [PMID: 34462308 PMCID: PMC8445039 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0308-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive two-pore domain potassium channels (thermal K2P) are recently shown to cluster at nodes of Ranvier (NRs) and play a key role in action potential (AP) regeneration and conduction on Aβ-afferent nerves. Cooling temperatures affect AP regeneration and conduction on Aβ-afferent nerves but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we have performed patch-clamp recordings directly at the NR in an ex vivo trigeminal nerve preparation. We have characterized the effects of cooling temperatures on intrinsic electrophysiological properties and AP regeneration at the NR on rat Aβ-afferent nerves, and determined whether and how thermal K2P channels may be involved in the effects of cooling temperatures. We show that cooling temperatures from 35°C to 15°C decrease outward leak currents, increase input resistance, depolarize resting membrane potential (RMP), broaden AP width and increase latency of AP threshold at the NR. We further demonstrate that cooling temperatures impair regeneration of high-frequency AP trains at the NR. The effects of cooling temperatures on the intrinsic electrophysiological properties and regeneration of high-frequency AP trains at the NR can be partially reversed by BL-1249 (BL), arachidonic acid (AA), and intra-axonal protons, three thermal K2P activators, indicating the involvement of thermal K2P channels. Moreover, we show that at cooling temperatures there are interplays among thermal K2P channels, RMPs, and voltage-gated Na+ channels, which together limit regeneration of high-frequency AP trains at the NR. Our findings demonstrate a new role of thermal K2P channels in temperature-dependent conduction of high-frequency sensory signals.
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24
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Csernyus B, Szabó Á, Fiáth R, Zátonyi A, Lázár C, Pongrácz A, Fekete Z. A multimodal, implantable sensor array and measurement system to investigate the suppression of focal epileptic seizure using hypothermia. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34280911 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac15e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Local cooling of the brain as a therapeutic intervention is a promising alternative for patients with epilepsy who do not respond to medication.In vitroandin vivostudies have demonstrated the seizure-suppressing effect of local cooling in various animal models. In our work, focal brain cooling in a bicuculline induced epilepsy model in rats is demonstrated and evaluated using a multimodal micro-electrocorticography (microECoG) device.Approach.We designed and experimentally tested a novel polyimide-based sensor array capable of recording microECoG and temperature signals concurrently from the cortical surface of rats. The effect of cortical cooling after seizure onset was evaluated using 32 electrophysiological sites and eight temperature sensing elements covering the brain hemisphere, where injection of the epileptic drug was performed. The focal cooling of the cortex right above the injection site was accomplished using a miniaturized Peltier chip combined with a heat pipe to transfer heat. Control of cooling and collection of sensor data was provided by a custom designed Arduino based electronic board. We tested the experimental setup using an agar gel modelin vitro, and thenin vivoin Wistar rats.Main results.Spatial variation of temperature during the Peltier controlled cooling was evaluated through calibrated, on-chip platinum temperature sensors. We found that frequency of epileptic discharges was not substantially reduced by cooling the cortical surface to 30 °C, but was suppressed efficiently at temperature values around 20 °C. The multimodal array revealed that seizure-like ictal events far from the focus and not exposed to high drop in temperature can be also inhibited at an extent like the directly cooled area.Significance.Our results imply that not only the absolute drop in temperature determines the efficacy of seizure suppression, and distant cortical areas not directly cooled can be influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Csernyus
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Á Szabó
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.,Roska Tamás Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Fiáth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Zátonyi
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - C Lázár
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Material Sciences, Center for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Pongrácz
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Abstract
K+ channels enable potassium to flow across the membrane with great selectivity. There are four K+ channel families: voltage-gated K (Kv), calcium-activated (KCa), inwardly rectifying K (Kir), and two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels. All four K+ channels are formed by subunits assembling into a classic tetrameric (4x1P = 4P for the Kv, KCa, and Kir channels) or tetramer-like (2x2P = 4P for the K2P channels) architecture. These subunits can either be the same (homomers) or different (heteromers), conferring great diversity to these channels. They share a highly conserved selectivity filter within the pore but show different gating mechanisms adapted for their function. K+ channels play essential roles in controlling neuronal excitability by shaping action potentials, influencing the resting membrane potential, and responding to diverse physicochemical stimuli, such as a voltage change (Kv), intracellular calcium oscillations (KCa), cellular mediators (Kir), or temperature (K2P).
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26
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Stewart L, Turner NA. Channelling the Force to Reprogram the Matrix: Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Cardiac Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:990. [PMID: 33922466 PMCID: PMC8145896 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a pivotal role in preserving myocardial function and integrity of the heart tissue after injury, but also contribute to future susceptibility to heart failure. CF sense changes to the cardiac environment through chemical and mechanical cues that trigger changes in cellular function. In recent years, mechanosensitive ion channels have been implicated as key modulators of a range of CF functions that are important to fibrotic cardiac remodelling, including cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, extracellular matrix turnover and paracrine signalling. To date, seven mechanosensitive ion channels are known to be functional in CF: the cation non-selective channels TRPC6, TRPM7, TRPV1, TRPV4 and Piezo1, and the potassium-selective channels TREK-1 and KATP. This review will outline current knowledge of these mechanosensitive ion channels in CF, discuss evidence of the mechanosensitivity of each channel, and detail the role that each channel plays in cardiac remodelling. By better understanding the role of mechanosensitive ion channels in CF, it is hoped that therapies may be developed for reducing pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil A. Turner
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
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27
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Abstract
Ultrasound modulates the electrical activity of excitable cells and offers advantages over other neuromodulatory techniques; for example, it can be noninvasively transmitted through the skull and focused to deep brain regions. However, the fundamental cellular, molecular, and mechanistic bases of ultrasonic neuromodulation are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate ultrasound activation of the mechanosensitive K+ channel TRAAK with submillisecond kinetics to an extent comparable to canonical mechanical activation. Single-channel recordings reveal a common basis for ultrasonic and mechanical activation with stimulus-graded destabilization of long-duration closures and promotion of full conductance openings. Ultrasonic energy is transduced to TRAAK through the membrane in the absence of other cellular components, likely increasing membrane tension to promote channel opening. We further demonstrate ultrasonic modulation of neuronally expressed TRAAK. These results suggest mechanosensitive channels underlie physiological responses to ultrasound and could serve as sonogenetic actuators for acoustic neuromodulation of genetically targeted cells.
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28
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Peng D, Tong W, Collins DJ, Ibbotson MR, Prawer S, Stamp M. Mechanisms and Applications of Neuromodulation Using Surface Acoustic Waves-A Mini-Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:629056. [PMID: 33584193 PMCID: PMC7873291 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.629056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neurons is fundamental for basic neuroscience research and treatment of neurological disorders. In recent years ultrasound has been increasingly recognized as a viable method to stimulate neurons. However, traditional ultrasound transducers are limited in the scope of their application by self-heating effects, limited frequency range and cavitation effects during neuromodulation. In contrast, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, which are producing wavemodes with increasing application in biomedical devices, generate less self-heating, are smaller and create less cavitation. SAW devices thus have the potential to address some of the drawbacks of traditional ultrasound transducers and could be implemented as miniaturized wearable or implantable devices. In this mini review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of SAW-based neuromodulation, including mechanical displacement, electromagnetic fields, thermal effects, and acoustic streaming. We also review the application of SAW actuation for neuronal stimulation, including growth and neuromodulation. Finally, we propose future directions for SAW-based neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danli Peng
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Tong
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David J. Collins
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael R. Ibbotson
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Prawer
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Stamp
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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The Role of Thermosensitive Ion Channels in Mammalian Thermoregulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:355-370. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium channels are formed by subunits that each contain two pore-loops moieties. Whether the channels are expressed in yeast or the human central nervous system, two subunits come together to form a single potassium selective pore. TOK1, the first two-domain channel was cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 1995 and soon thereafter, 15 distinct K2P subunits were identified in the human genome. The human K2P channels are stratified into six K2P subfamilies based on sequence as well as physiological or pharmacological similarities. Functional K2P channels pass background (or "leak") K+ currents that shape the membrane potential and excitability of cells in a broad range of tissues. In the years since they were first described, classical functional assays, latterly coupled with state-of-the-art structural and computational studies have revealed the mechanistic basis of K2P channel gating in response to specific physicochemical or pharmacological stimuli. The growing appreciation that K2P channels can play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of a growing spectrum of diseases makes a compelling case for K2P channels as targets for drug discovery. Here, we summarize recent advances in unraveling the structure, function, and pharmacology of the K2P channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordie M Kamuene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Wague A, Joseph TT, Woll KA, Bu W, Vaidya KA, Bhanu NV, Garcia BA, Nimigean CM, Eckenhoff RG, Riegelhaupt PM. Mechanistic insights into volatile anesthetic modulation of K2P channels. eLife 2020; 9:59839. [PMID: 33345771 PMCID: PMC7781597 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
K2P potassium channels are known to be modulated by volatile anesthetic (VA) drugs and play important roles in clinically relevant effects that accompany general anesthesia. Here, we utilize a photoaffinity analog of the VA isoflurane to identify a VA-binding site in the TREK1 K2P channel. The functional importance of the identified site was validated by mutagenesis and biochemical modification. Molecular dynamics simulations of TREK1 in the presence of VA found multiple neighboring residues on TREK1 TM2, TM3, and TM4 that contribute to anesthetic binding. The identified VA-binding region contains residues that play roles in the mechanisms by which heat, mechanical stretch, and pharmacological modulators alter TREK1 channel activity and overlaps with positions found to modulate TASK K2P channel VA sensitivity. Our findings define molecular contacts that mediate VA binding to TREK1 channels and suggest a mechanistic basis to explain how K2P channels are modulated by VAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubacar Wague
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
| | - Thomas T Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kellie A Woll
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Weiming Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kiran A Vaidya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
| | - Natarajan V Bhanu
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Crina M Nimigean
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
| | - Roderic G Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Paul M Riegelhaupt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
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32
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Jeon YK, Choi SW, Kwon JW, Woo J, Choi SW, Kim SJ, Kim SJ. Thermosensitivity of the voltage-dependent activation of calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (calhm1) ion channel. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:590-596. [PMID: 33199024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (calhm1) proteins form an outwardly rectifying nonselective ion channel having exceedingly slow kinetics and low sensitivity to voltage that is shifted by lowering extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]e). Here we found that physiological temperature dramatically facilitates the voltage-dependent activation of the calhm1 current (Icalhm1); increased amplitude (Q10, 7-15) and fastened speed of activation. Also, the leftward shift of the half-activation voltage (V1/2) was similary observed in the normal and lower [Ca2+]e. Since calhm1 is highly expressed in the brain and taste cells, the thermosensitivity should be considered in their electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Keul Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Won Choi
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohan Woo
- Department of Physiology and Ion Channel Disease Research Center, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woo Choi
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Xiao R, Xu XZS. Temperature Sensation: From Molecular Thermosensors to Neural Circuits and Coding Principles. Annu Rev Physiol 2020; 83:205-230. [PMID: 33085927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-031220-095215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a universal cue and regulates many essential processes ranging from enzymatic reactions to species migration. Due to the profound impact of temperature on physiology and behavior, animals and humans have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to detect temperature changes. Studies from animal models, such as mouse, Drosophila, and C. elegans, have revealed many exciting principles of thermosensation. For example, conserved molecular thermosensors, including thermosensitive channels and receptors, act as the initial detectors of temperature changes across taxa. Additionally, thermosensory neurons and circuits in different species appear to adopt similar logic to transduce and process temperature information. Here, we present the current understanding of thermosensation at the molecular and cellular levels. We also discuss the fundamental coding strategies of thermosensation at the circuit level. A thorough understanding of thermosensation not only provides key insights into sensory biology but also builds a foundation for developing better treatments for various sensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA;
| | - X Z Shawn Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
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34
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Mariani P, Zhurakivska K, Santoro R, Laino G, Russo D, Laino L. Hereditary gingival fibromatosis associated with the missense mutation of the KCNK4 gene. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 131:e175-e182. [PMID: 32981868 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is a rare oral condition that may appear as an isolated entity or as part of a genetic disease or syndrome. Molecular and biochemical mechanisms that trigger this pathologic process are not completely understood. In this article, we present a rare case of hereditary gingival fibromatosis in conjunction with a syndromic phenotype, associated with a rare missense mutation of the KCNK4 gene. This mutation induces a change in the structure of the TRAAK channel belonging to the 2-pore potassium channels. The gain of function promoted by the mutation could represent the pathogenetic basis of gingival fibromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Mariani
- Student in Oral Surgery Specialization, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Khrystyna Zhurakivska
- PhD student, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Rossella Santoro
- Researcher in Odontostomatological Disciplines, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Gregorio Laino
- Full Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dean, Division of Oral Surgery, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Diana Russo
- Student, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Luigi Laino
- Associate Professor of Oral Surgery, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
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35
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Early Stimulation of TREK Channel Transcription and Activity Induced by Oxaliplatin-Dependent Cytosolic Acidification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197164. [PMID: 32998392 PMCID: PMC7584002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy is characterized by an acute hyperexcitability syndrome triggered/exacerbated by cold. The mechanisms underlying oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy are unclear, but the alteration of ion channel expression and activity plays a well-recognized central role. Recently, we found that oxaliplatin leads to cytosolic acidification in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Here, we investigated the early impact of oxaliplatin on the proton-sensitive TREK potassium channels. Following a 6-h oxaliplatin treatment, both channels underwent a transcription upregulation that returned to control levels after 42 h. The overexpression of TREK channels was also observed after in vivo treatment in DRG cells from mice exposed to acute treatment with oxaliplatin. Moreover, both intracellular pH and TREK channel transcription were similarly regulated after incubation with amiloride, an inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger. In addition, we studied the role of oxaliplatin-induced acidification on channel behavior, and, as expected, we observed a robust positive modulation of TREK channel activity. Finally, we focused on the impact of this complex modulation on capsaicin-evoked neuronal activity finding a transient decrease in the average firing rate following 6 h of oxaliplatin treatment. In conclusion, the early activation of TREK genes may represent a mechanism of protection against the oxaliplatin-related perturbation of neuronal excitability.
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36
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Smith PA. K + Channels in Primary Afferents and Their Role in Nerve Injury-Induced Pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:566418. [PMID: 33093824 PMCID: PMC7528628 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.566418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory abnormalities generated by nerve injury, peripheral neuropathy or disease are often expressed as neuropathic pain. This type of pain is frequently resistant to therapeutic intervention and may be intractable. Numerous studies have revealed the importance of enduring increases in primary afferent excitability and persistent spontaneous activity in the onset and maintenance of peripherally induced neuropathic pain. Some of this activity results from modulation, increased activity and /or expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. K+ channels expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) include delayed rectifiers (Kv1.1, 1.2), A-channels (Kv1.4, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3), KCNQ or M-channels (Kv7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5), ATP-sensitive channels (KIR6.2), Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCa1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 3.1), Na+-activated K+ channels (KCa4.1 and 4.2) and two pore domain leak channels (K2p; TWIK related channels). Function of all K+ channel types is reduced via a multiplicity of processes leading to altered expression and/or post-translational modification. This also increases excitability of DRG cell bodies and nociceptive free nerve endings, alters axonal conduction and increases neurotransmitter release from primary afferent terminals in the spinal dorsal horn. Correlation of these cellular changes with behavioral studies provides almost indisputable evidence for K+ channel dysfunction in the onset and maintenance of neuropathic pain. This idea is underlined by the observation that selective impairment of just one subtype of DRG K+ channel can produce signs of pain in vivo. Whilst it is established that various mediators, including cytokines and growth factors bring about injury-induced changes in DRG function and excitability, evidence presently available points to a seminal role for interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in control of K+ channel function. Despite the current state of knowledge, attempts to target K+ channels for therapeutic pain management have met with limited success. This situation may change with the advent of personalized medicine. Identification of specific sensory abnormalities and genetic profiling of individual patients may predict therapeutic benefit of K+ channel activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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37
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Buijs TJ, McNaughton PA. The Role of Cold-Sensitive Ion Channels in Peripheral Thermosensation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:262. [PMID: 32973456 PMCID: PMC7468449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of ambient cold is critical for mammals, who use this information to avoid tissue damage by cold and to maintain stable body temperature. The transduction of information about the environmental cold is mediated by cold-sensitive ion channels expressed in peripheral sensory nerve endings in the skin. Most transduction mechanisms for detecting temperature changes identified to date depend on transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. Mild cooling is detected by the menthol-sensitive TRPM8 ion channel, but how painful cold is detected remains unclear. The TRPA1 ion channel, which is activated by cold in expression systems, seemed to provide an answer to this question, but whether TRPA1 is activated by cold in neurons and contributes to the sensation of cold pain continues to be a matter of debate. Recent advances have been made in this area of investigation with the identification of several potential cold-sensitive ion channels in thermosensory neurons, including two-pore domain potassium channels (K2P), GluK2 glutamate receptors, and CNGA3 cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. This mini-review gives a brief overview of the way by which ion channels contribute to cold sensation, discusses the controversy around the cold-sensitivity of TRPA1, and provides an assessment of some recently-proposed novel cold-transduction mechanisms. Evidence for another unidentified cold-transduction mechanism is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Joëlle Buijs
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Rivas-Ramírez P, Reboreda A, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Herrera-Pérez S, Lamas JA. Contribution of KCNQ and TREK Channels to the Resting Membrane Potential in Sympathetic Neurons at Physiological Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5796. [PMID: 32806753 PMCID: PMC7461115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionic mechanisms controlling the resting membrane potential (RMP) in superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons have been widely studied and the M-current (IM, KCNQ) is one of the key players. Recently, with the discovery of the presence of functional TREK-2 (TWIK-related K+ channel 2) channels in SCG neurons, another potential main contributor for setting the value of the resting membrane potential has appeared. In the present work, we quantified the contribution of TREK-2 channels to the resting membrane potential at physiological temperature and studied its role in excitability using patch-clamp techniques. In the process we have discovered that TREK-2 channels are sensitive to the classic M-current blockers linopirdine and XE991 (IC50 = 0.310 ± 0.06 µM and 0.044 ± 0.013 µM, respectively). An increase from room temperature (23 °C) to physiological temperature (37 °C) enhanced both IM and TREK-2 currents. Likewise, inhibition of IM by tetraethylammonium (TEA) and TREK-2 current by XE991 depolarized the RMP at room and physiological temperatures. Temperature rise also enhanced adaptation in SCG neurons which was reduced due to TREK-2 and IM inhibition by XE991 application. In summary, TREK-2 and M currents contribute to the resting membrane potential and excitability at room and physiological temperature in the primary culture of mouse SCG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rivas-Ramírez
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology-CINBIO-IBIV, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (L.R.-R.); (S.H.-P.)
| | - Antonio Reboreda
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology-CINBIO-IBIV, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (L.R.-R.); (S.H.-P.)
- Functional Architecture of Memory Department, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology-CINBIO-IBIV, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (L.R.-R.); (S.H.-P.)
| | - Salvador Herrera-Pérez
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology-CINBIO-IBIV, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (L.R.-R.); (S.H.-P.)
| | - Jose Antonio Lamas
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology-CINBIO-IBIV, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (L.R.-R.); (S.H.-P.)
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Burkhanova G, Chernova K, Khazipov R, Sheroziya M. Effects of Cortical Cooling on Activity Across Layers of the Rat Barrel Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:52. [PMID: 32848644 PMCID: PMC7417609 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate cortical cooling is known to suppress slow oscillations and to evoke persistent cortical activity. However, the cooling-induced changes in electrical activity across cortical layers remain largely unknown. Here, we performed multi-channel local field potential (LFP) and multi-unit activity (MUA) recordings with linear silicone probes through the layers of single cortical barrel columns in urethane-anesthetized rats under normothermia (38°C) and during local cortical surface cooling (30°C). During cortically generated slow oscillations, moderate cortical cooling decreased delta wave amplitude, delta-wave occurrence, the duration of silent states, and delta wave-locked MUA synchronization. Moderate cortical cooling increased total time spent in the active state and decreased total time spent in the silent state. Cooling-evoked changes in the MUA firing rate in cortical layer 5 (L5) varied from increase to decrease across animals, and the polarity of changes in L5 MUA correlated with changes in total time spent in the active state. The decrease in temperature reduced MUA firing rates in all other cortical layers. Sensory-evoked MUA responses also decreased during cooling through all cortical layers. The cooling-dependent slowdown was detected at the fast time-scale with a decreased frequency of sensory-evoked high-frequency oscillations (HFO). Thus, moderate cortical cooling suppresses slow oscillations and desynchronizes neuronal activity through all cortical layers, and is associated with reduced firing across all cortical layers except L5, where cooling induces variable and non-consistent changes in neuronal firing, which are common features of the transition from slow-wave synchronization to desynchronized activity in the barrel cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kseniya Chernova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Roustem Khazipov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Maxim Sheroziya
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Paschou M, Maier L, Papazafiri P, Selescu T, Dedos SG, Babes A, Doxakis E. Neuronal microRNAs modulate TREK two-pore domain K + channel expression and current density. RNA Biol 2020; 17:651-662. [PMID: 31994436 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1722450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The TREK family of leak potassium channels has been found to play critical roles in nociception, sensitivity to general anaesthetics, neuroprotection, and memory. The three members of the family, TREK1, TREK2 and TRAAK establish the resting potential and modify the duration, frequency and amplitude of action potentials. Despite their apparent importance, the repertoire of regulatory interactions utilized by cells to control their expression is poorly understood. Herein, the contribution of miRNAs in the regulation of their post-transcriptional gene expression has been examined. Using different assays, miR-124 and to a lesser extent miR-128 and miR-183 were found to reduce TREK1 and TREK2 levels through specific binding to their 3'UTRs. In contrast, miR-9 which was predicted to bind to TRAAK 3'UTR, did not alter its expression. Expression of miR-124, miR-128 and miR-183 was found to mirror that of Trek1 and Trek2 mRNAs during brain development. Moreover, application of proinflammatory mediators in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons revealed an inverse correlation between miR-124 and Trek1 and Trek2 mRNA expression. Voltage clamp recordings of TREK2-mediated currents showed that miR-124 reduced the sensitivity of TREK2-expressing cells to non-aversive warmth stimulation. Overall, these findings reveal a significant regulatory mechanism by which TREK1 and TREK2 expression and hence activity are controlled in neurons and uncover new druggable targets for analgesia and neuroprotection.Abbreviations: microRNA: miRNA; UTR: untranslated region; K2p channels: two-pore domain K+channels; DRG: dorsal root ganglion; CNS: central nervous system; FBS: fetal bovine serum; TuD: Tough Decoy; TREK: tandem P-domain weak inward rectifying K+ (TWIK)-related K+ channel 1; TRAAK: TWIK-related arachidonic acid K+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paschou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Larisa Maier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tudor Selescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Skarlatos G Dedos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Rivas-Ramírez P, Reboreda A, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Herrera-Pérez S, Lamas JA. PIP 2 Mediated Inhibition of TREK Potassium Currents by Bradykinin in Mouse Sympathetic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020389. [PMID: 31936257 PMCID: PMC7014146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK), a hormone inducing pain and inflammation, is known to inhibit potassium M-currents (IM) and to increase the excitability of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons by activating the Ca2+-calmodulin pathway. M-current is also reduced by muscarinic agonists through the depletion of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). Similarly, the activation of muscarinic receptors inhibits the current through two-pore domain potassium channels (K2P) of the “Tandem of pore-domains in a Weakly Inward rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-related channels” (TREK) subfamily by reducing PIP2 in mouse SCG neurons (mSCG). The aim of this work was to test and characterize the modulation of TREK channels by bradykinin. We used the perforated-patch technique to investigate riluzole (RIL) activated currents in voltage- and current-clamp experiments. RIL is a drug used in the palliative treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and, in addition to blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels, it also selectively activates the K2P channels of the TREK subfamily. A cell-attached patch-clamp was also used to investigate TREK-2 single channel currents. We report here that BK reduces spike frequency adaptation (SFA), inhibits the riluzole-activated current (IRIL), which flows mainly through TREK-2 channels, by about 45%, and reduces the open probability of identified single TREK-2 channels in cultured mSCG cells. The effect of BK on IRIL was precluded by the bradykinin receptor (B2R) antagonist HOE-140 (d-Arg-[Hyp3, Thi5, d-Tic7, Oic8]BK) but also by diC8PIP2 which prevents PIP2 depletion when phospholipase C (PLC) is activated. On the contrary, antagonizing inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3R) using 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) or inhibiting protein kinase C (PKC) with bisindolylmaleimide did not affect the inhibition of IRIL by BK. In conclusion, bradykinin inhibits TREK-2 channels through the activation of B2Rs resulting in PIP2 depletion, much like we have demonstrated for muscarinic agonists. This mechanism implies that TREK channels must be relevant for the capture of information about pain and visceral inflammation.
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MacDonald DI, Wood JN, Emery EC. Molecular mechanisms of cold pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2020; 7:100044. [PMID: 32090187 PMCID: PMC7025288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sensation of cooling is essential for survival. Extreme cold is a noxious stimulus that drives protective behaviour and that we thus perceive as pain. However, chronic pain patients suffering from cold allodynia paradoxically experience innocuous cooling as excruciating pain. Peripheral sensory neurons that detect decreasing temperature express numerous cold-sensitive and voltage-gated ion channels that govern their response to cooling in health and disease. In this review, we discuss how these ion channels control the sense of cooling and cold pain under physiological conditions, before focusing on the molecular mechanisms by which ion channels can trigger pathological cold pain. With the ever-rising number of patients burdened by chronic pain, we end by highlighting the pressing need to define the cells and molecules involved in cold allodynia and so identify new, rational drug targets for the analgesic treatment of cold pain.
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Kanda H, Ling J, Tonomura S, Noguchi K, Matalon S, Gu JG. TREK-1 and TRAAK Are Principal K + Channels at the Nodes of Ranvier for Rapid Action Potential Conduction on Mammalian Myelinated Afferent Nerves. Neuron 2019; 104:960-971.e7. [PMID: 31630908 PMCID: PMC6895425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid conduction of nerve impulses is critical in life and relies on action potential (AP) leaps through the nodes of Ranvier (NRs) along myelinated nerves. While NRs are the only sites where APs can be regenerated during nerve conduction on myelinated nerves, ion channel mechanisms underlying the regeneration and conduction of APs at mammalian NRs remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that TREK-1 and TRAAK, the thermosensitive and mechanosensitive two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels, are clustered at NRs of rat trigeminal Aβ-afferent nerves with a density over 3,000-fold higher than that on their somas. These K2P channels, but not voltage-gated K+ channels as in other parts of nerves, are required for rapid AP repolarization at the NRs. Furthermore, these channels permit high-speed and high-frequency AP conduction along the myelinated afferent nerves, and loss of function of these channels at NRs retards nerve conduction and impairs sensory behavioral responses in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Kanda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sotatsu Tonomura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Koichi Noguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianguo G Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Nomura S, Kida H, Hirayama Y, Imoto H, Inoue T, Moriyama H, Mitsushima D, Suzuki M. Reduction of spike generation frequency by cooling in brain slices from rats and from patients with epilepsy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:2286-2294. [PMID: 30117752 PMCID: PMC6827110 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18795365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the mechanism by which brain cooling terminates epileptic discharge. Cortical slices were prepared from rat brains (n = 19) and samples from patients with intractable epilepsy that had undergone temporal lobectomy (n = 7). We performed whole cell current clamp recordings at approximately physiological brain temperature (35℃) and at cooler temperatures (25℃ and 15℃). The firing threshold in human neurons was lower at 25℃ (-32.6 mV) than at 35℃ (-27.0 mV). The resting potential and spike frequency were similar at 25℃ and 35℃. Cooling from 25℃ to 15℃ did not change the firing threshold, but the resting potential increased from -65.5 to -54.0 mV and the waveform broadened from 1.85 to 6.55 ms, due to delayed repolarization. These changes enhanced the initial spike appearance and reduced spike frequency; moreover, spike frequency was insensitive to increased levels of current injections. Similar results were obtained in rat brain studies. We concluded that the reduction in spike frequency at 15℃, due to delayed repolarization, might be a key mechanism by which brain cooling terminates epileptic discharge. On the other hand, spike frequency was not influenced by the reduced firing threshold or the elevated resting potential caused by cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiro Nomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Epilepsy Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kida
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuya Hirayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirochika Imoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Epilepsy Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Moriyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Dai Mitsushima
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Brohawn SG, Wang W, Handler A, Campbell EB, Schwarz JR, MacKinnon R. The mechanosensitive ion channel TRAAK is localized to the mammalian node of Ranvier. eLife 2019; 8:50403. [PMID: 31674909 PMCID: PMC6824864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAAK is a membrane tension-activated K+ channel that has been associated through behavioral studies to mechanical nociception. We used specific monoclonal antibodies in mice to show that TRAAK is localized exclusively to nodes of Ranvier, the action potential propagating elements of myelinated nerve fibers. Approximately 80 percent of myelinated nerve fibers throughout the central and peripheral nervous system contain TRAAK in what is likely an all-nodes or no-nodes per axon fashion. TRAAK is not observed at the axon initial segment where action potentials are first generated. We used polyclonal antibodies, the TRAAK inhibitor RU2 and node clamp amplifiers to demonstrate the presence and functional properties of TRAAK in rat nerve fibers. TRAAK contributes to the ‘leak’ K+ current in mammalian nerve fiber conduction by hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential, thereby increasing Na+ channel availability for action potential propagation. We speculate on why nodes of Ranvier contain a mechanosensitive K+ channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Brohawn
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Annie Handler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Ernest B Campbell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Jürgen R Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roderick MacKinnon
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
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Yarishkin O, Phuong TTT, Križaj D. Trabecular Meshwork TREK-1 Channels Function as Polymodal Integrators of Pressure and pH. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2294-2303. [PMID: 31117121 PMCID: PMC6532698 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The concentration of protons in the aqueous humor (AH) of the vertebrate eye is maintained close to blood pH; however, pathologic conditions and surgery may shift it by orders of magnitude. We investigated whether and how changes in extra- and intracellular pH affect the physiology and function of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells that regulate AH outflow. Methods Electrophysiology, in conjunction with pharmacology, gene knockdown, and optical recording, was used to track the pH dependence of transmembrane currents and mechanotransduction in primary and immortalized human TM cells. Results Extracellular acidification depolarized the resting membrane potential by inhibiting an outward K+-mediated current, whereas alkalinization hyperpolarized the cells and augmented the outward conductance. Intracellular acidification with sodium bicarbonate hyperpolarized TM cells, whereas removal of intracellular protons with ammonium chloride depolarized the membrane potential. The effects of extra- and intracellular acid and alkaline loading were abolished by quinine, a pan-selective inhibitor of two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels, and suppressed by shRNA-mediated downregulation of the mechanosensitive K2P channel TREK-1. Extracellular acidosis suppressed, whereas alkalosis facilitated, the amplitude of the pressure-evoked TREK-1–mediated outward current. Conclusions These results demonstrate that TM mechanotransduction mediated by TREK-1 channels is profoundly sensitive to extra- and intracellular pH shifts. Intracellular acidification might modulate aqueous outflow and IOP by stimulating TREK-1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Yarishkin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Tam T T Phuong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - David Križaj
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Martínez-Juárez A, Moreno-Mendoza N. Mechanisms related to sexual determination by temperature in reptiles. J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102400. [PMID: 31657741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of strategies have emerged that appear to relate to the evolution of mechanisms for sexual determination in vertebrates, among which are genetic sex determination caused by sex chromosomes and environmental sex determination, where environmental factors influence the phenotype of the sex of an individual. Within the reptile group, some orders such as: Chelonia, Crocodylia, Squamata and Rhynchocephalia, manifest one of the most intriguing and exciting environmental sexual determination mechanisms that exists, comprising temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), where the temperature of incubation that the embryo experiences during its development is fundamental to establishing the sex of the individual. This makes them an excellent model for the study of sexual determination at the molecular, cellular and physiological level, as well as in terms of their implications at an evolutionary and ecological level. There are different hypotheses concerning how this process is triggered and this review aims to describe any new contributions to particular TSD hypotheses, analyzing them from the "eco-evo-devo" perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martínez-Juárez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228 México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Norma Moreno-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228 México, D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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Pineda RH, Hypolite J, Lee S, Carrasco A, Iguchi N, Meacham RB, Malykhina AP. Altered detrusor contractility and voiding patterns in mice lacking the mechanosensitive TREK-1 channel. BMC Urol 2019; 19:40. [PMID: 31113422 PMCID: PMC6528348 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-019-0475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously published results from our laboratory identified a mechano-gated two-pore domain potassium channel, TREK-1, as a main mechanosensor in the smooth muscle of the human urinary bladder. One of the limitations of in vitro experiments on isolated human detrusor included inability to evaluate in vivo effects of TREK-1 on voiding function, as the channel is also expressed in the nervous system, and may modulate micturition via neural pathways. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to assess the role of TREK-1 channel in bladder function and voiding patterns in vivo by using TREK-1 knockout (KO) mice. METHODS Adult C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT, N = 32) and TREK-1 KO (N = 33) mice were used in this study. The overall phenotype and bladder function were evaluated by gene and protein expression of TREK-1 channel, in vitro contractile experiments using detrusor strips in response to stretch and pharmacological stimuli, and cystometry in unanesthetized animals. RESULTS TREK-1 KO animals had an elevated basal muscle tone and enhanced spontaneous activity in the detrusor without detectable changes in bladder morphology/histology. Stretch applied to isolated detrusor strips increased the amplitude of spontaneous contractions by 109% in the TREK-1 KO group in contrast to a 61% increase in WT mice (p ≤ 0.05 to respective baseline for each group). The detrusor strips from TREK-1 KO mice also generated more contractile force in response to electric field stimulation and high potassium concentration in comparison to WT group (p ≤ 0.05 for both tests). However, cystometric recordings from TREK-1 KO mice revealed a significant increase in the duration of the intermicturition interval, enhanced bladder capacity and increased number of non-voiding contractions in comparison to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that global down-regulation of TREK-1 channels has dual effects on detrusor contractility and micturition patterns in vivo. The observed differences are likely due to expression of TREK-1 channel not only in detrusor myocytes but also in afferent and efferent neural pathways involved in regulation of micturition which may underly the "mixed" voiding phenotype in TREK-1 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H Pineda
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver,Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th Ave, M/S C317, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Joseph Hypolite
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver,Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th Ave, M/S C317, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, Room 4345, Bay 4LL, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alonso Carrasco
- Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Nao Iguchi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver,Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th Ave, M/S C317, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Randall B Meacham
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Academic Office One Bldg., Rm 5602, 12631 East 17th Ave., M/S C319, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna P Malykhina
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver,Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th Ave, M/S C317, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Yang JH, Siregar AS, Kim EJ, Nyiramana MM, Shin EJ, Han J, Sohn JT, Kim JW, Kang D. Involvement of TREK-1 Channel in Cell Viability of H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts Affected by Bupivacaine and Lipid Emulsion. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050454. [PMID: 31091801 PMCID: PMC6563050 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid emulsion (LE) therapy has been used to reduce overdose of bupivacaine (BPV)-induced cardiotoxicity. The TWIK-related potassium channel-1 (TREK-1) is inhibited by BPV and activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are the main component in LE. These pharmacological properties inspired us to investigate whether the TREK-1 channel is associated with cell viability of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts affected by BPV and LE. Consistent with previous studies, BPV-induced cell death was reduced by LE treatment. The reduction in the TREK-1 expression level by BPV was alleviated by LE. The BPV cytotoxicity highly decreased in TREK-1 overexpressed cells but was the opposite in TREK-1 knocked-down cells. TREK-1 channel activators and inhibitors increased and decreased cell viability, respectively. BPV-induced depolarization of the plasma and mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in intracellular Ca2+ level were blocked by LE treatment. BPV-induced depolarization of membrane potential was reduced in TREK-1 overexpressed cells, indicating that TREK-1 channels mediate setting the resting membrane potentials as a background K+ channel in H9c2 cells. These results show that TREK-1 activity is involved in the BPV cytotoxicity and the antagonistic effect of LE in H9c2 cells and suggest that TREK-1 could be a target for action of BPV and LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
- Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea.
| | - Adrian S Siregar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Marie Merci Nyiramana
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Eui-Jung Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Jaehee Han
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Ju-Tae Sohn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Jong Woo Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
- Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Korea.
| | - Dawon Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
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Lamas JA, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Herrera-Pérez S. Ion Channels and Thermosensitivity: TRP, TREK, or Both? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102371. [PMID: 31091651 PMCID: PMC6566417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling body temperature is a matter of life or death for most animals, and in mammals the complex thermoregulatory system is comprised of thermoreceptors, thermosensors, and effectors. The activity of thermoreceptors and thermoeffectors has been studied for many years, yet only recently have we begun to obtain a clear picture of the thermosensors and the molecular mechanisms involved in thermosensory reception. An important step in this direction was the discovery of the thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) cationic channels, some of which are activated by increases in temperature and others by a drop in temperature, potentially converting the cells in which they are expressed into heat and cold receptors. More recently, the TWIK-related potassium (TREK) channels were seen to be strongly activated by increases in temperature. Hence, in this review we want to assess the hypothesis that both these groups of channels can collaborate, possibly along with other channels, to generate the wide range of thermal sensations that the nervous system is capable of handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Lamas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Salvador Herrera-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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