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McTague A, Nair U, Malhotra S, Meyer E, Trump N, Gazina EV, Papandreou A, Ngoh A, Ackermann S, Ambegaonkar G, Appleton R, Desurkar A, Eltze C, Kneen R, Kumar AV, Lascelles K, Montgomery T, Ramesh V, Samanta R, Scott RH, Tan J, Whitehouse W, Poduri A, Scheffer IE, Chong WKK, Cross JH, Topf M, Petrou S, Kurian MA. Clinical and molecular characterization of KCNT1-related severe early-onset epilepsy. Neurology 2018; 90:e55-e66. [PMID: 29196579 PMCID: PMC5754647 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the phenotypic spectrum, molecular genetic findings, and functional consequences of pathogenic variants in early-onset KCNT1 epilepsy. METHODS We identified a cohort of 31 patients with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS) and screened for variants in KCNT1 using direct Sanger sequencing, a multiple-gene next-generation sequencing panel, and whole-exome sequencing. Additional patients with non-EIMFS early-onset epilepsy in whom we identified KCNT1 variants on local diagnostic multiple gene panel testing were also included. When possible, we performed homology modeling to predict the putative effects of variants on protein structure and function. We undertook electrophysiologic assessment of mutant KCNT1 channels in a xenopus oocyte model system. RESULTS We identified pathogenic variants in KCNT1 in 12 patients, 4 of which are novel. Most variants occurred de novo. Ten patients had a clinical diagnosis of EIMFS, and the other 2 presented with early-onset severe nocturnal frontal lobe seizures. Three patients had a trial of quinidine with good clinical response in 1 patient. Computational modeling analysis implicates abnormal pore function (F346L) and impaired tetramer formation (F502V) as putative disease mechanisms. All evaluated KCNT1 variants resulted in marked gain of function with significantly increased channel amplitude and variable blockade by quinidine. CONCLUSIONS Gain-of-function KCNT1 pathogenic variants cause a spectrum of severe focal epilepsies with onset in early infancy. Currently, genotype-phenotype correlations are unclear, although clinical outcome is poor for the majority of cases. Further elucidation of disease mechanisms may facilitate the development of targeted treatments, much needed for this pharmacoresistant genetic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McTague
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Umesh Nair
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sony Malhotra
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther Meyer
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalie Trump
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena V Gazina
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Apostolos Papandreou
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Adeline Ngoh
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sally Ackermann
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Gautam Ambegaonkar
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Appleton
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Archana Desurkar
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Christin Eltze
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel Kneen
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ajith V Kumar
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Karine Lascelles
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Tara Montgomery
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Venkateswaran Ramesh
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Rajib Samanta
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard H Scott
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeen Tan
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - William Whitehouse
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - W K Kling Chong
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - J Helen Cross
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Maya Topf
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven Petrou
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.M., E.M., A., A.N., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Department of Neurology (A.M., A., A.N., C.E., J.H.C., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (W.K.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (U.N., E.V.G., I.E.S., S.P.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences (S.M., M.T.), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London; Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory (N.T., R.H.S.), North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, and Department of Clinical Genetics (A.V.K., R.H.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.A.), Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatric Neurology (G.A.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Roald Dahl EEG Unit (R.A.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.D.), Sheffield Children's Hospital; Clinical Neurosciences (C.E., J.H.C.), Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; Institute of Infection and Global Health (R.K.), University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Neurology (K.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Clinical Genetics (T.M.), Northern Genetics Service; Department of Pediatric Neurology (V.R.), Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.S.), University Hospital Leicester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (J.T.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatric Neurology (W.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Epilepsy Genetics Program (A. Poduri), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (A. Poduri), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; University of Melbourne (I.E.S.), Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; and Department of Medicine (S.P.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Malhotra is currently at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK.
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