1
|
Zhang J, Huang S, Zhu Z, Gatt A, Liu J. E-selectin in vascular pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401399. [PMID: 39100681 PMCID: PMC11294169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Selectins are a group of Ca2+-dependent, transmembrane type I glycoproteins which attract cell adhesion and migration. E-selectin is exclusively expressed in endothelial cells, and its expression is strongly enhanced upon activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. The interaction of E-selectin with its ligands on circulating leukocytes captures and slows them down, further facilitating integrin activation, firm adhesion to endothelial cells and transmigration to tissues. Oxidative stress induces endothelial cell injury, leading to aberrant expression of E-selectin. In addition, the elevated level of E-selectin is positively related to high risk of inflammation. Dysregulation of E-selectin has been found in several pathological conditions including acute kidney injury (AKI), pulmonary diseases, hepatic pathology, Venous thromboembolism (VTE). Deletion of the E-selectin gene in mice somewhat ameliorates these complications. In this review, we describe the mechanisms regulating E-selectin expression, the interaction of E-selectin with its ligands, the E-selectin physiological and pathophysiological roles, and the therapeutical potential of targeting E-selectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengshi Huang
- Institute of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Microvascular Aging, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiying Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Alex Gatt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Haematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Microvascular Aging, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tian Y, Li X, Zhang J, Zhao B, Liang F. Identifying hemodynamic factors associated with the rupture of anterior communicating artery aneurysms based on global modeling of blood flow in the cerebral artery network. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1419519. [PMID: 38938980 PMCID: PMC11208462 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1419519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms are more prone to rupture compared to aneurysms present in other cerebral arteries. We hypothesize that systemic blood flow in the cerebral artery network plays an important role in shaping intra-aneurysmal hemodynamic environment thereby affecting the rupture risk of ACoA aneurysms. The majority of existing numerical studies in this field employed local modeling methods where the physical boundaries of a model are confined to the aneurysm region, which, though having the benefit of reducing computational cost, may compromise the physiological fidelity of numerical results due to insufficient account of systemic cerebral arterial hemodynamics. In the present study, we firstly carried out numerical experiments to address the difference between the outcomes of local and global modeling methods, demonstrating that local modeling confined to the aneurysm region results in inaccurate predictions of hemodynamic parameters compared with global modeling of the ACoA aneurysm as part of the cerebral artery network. Motivated by this finding, we built global hemodynamic models for 40 ACoA aneurysms (including 20 ruptured and 20 unruptured ones) based on medical image data. Statistical analysis of the computed hemodynamic data revealed that maximum wall shear stress (WSS), minimum WSS divergence, and maximum WSS gradient differed significantly between the ruptured and unruptured ACoA aneurysms. Optimal threshold values of high/low WSS metrics were determined through a series of statistical tests. In the meantime, some morphological parameters of aneurysms, such as large nonsphericity index, aspect ratio, and bottleneck factor, were found to be associated closely with aneurysm rupture. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to derive models combining hemodynamic and morphological parameters for discriminating the rupture status of aneurysms. The capability of the models in rupture status discrimination was high, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reaching up to 0.9. The findings of the study suggest that global modeling of the cerebral artery network is essential for reliable quantification of hemodynamics in ACoA aneurysms, disturbed WSS and irregular aneurysm morphology are associated closely with aneurysm rupture, and multivariate models integrating hemodynamic and morphological parameters have high potential for assessing the rupture risk of ACoA aneurysms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Tian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuyou Liang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics (MOE), School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duraivel S, Laurent D, Rajon DA, Scheutz GM, Shetty AM, Sumerlin BS, Banks SA, Bova FJ, Angelini TE. A silicone-based support material eliminates interfacial instabilities in 3D silicone printing. Science 2023; 379:1248-1252. [PMID: 36952407 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the diverse areas of 3D printing, high-quality silicone printing is one of the least available and most restrictive. However, silicone-based components are integral to numerous advanced technologies and everyday consumer products. We developed a silicone 3D printing technique that produces precise, accurate, strong, and functional structures made from several commercially available silicone formulations. To achieve this level of performance, we developed a support material made from a silicone oil emulsion. This material exhibits negligible interfacial tension against silicone-based inks, eliminating the disruptive forces that often drive printed silicone features to deform and break apart. The versatility of this approach enables the use of established silicone formulations in fabricating complex structures and features as small as 8 micrometers in diameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Duraivel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Dimitri Laurent
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Didier A Rajon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Georg M Scheutz
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Frank J Bova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Thomas E Angelini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haymet AB, Bartnikowski N, Wood ES, Vallely MP, McBride A, Yacoub S, Biering SB, Harris E, Suen JY, Fraser JF. Studying the Endothelial Glycocalyx in vitro: What Is Missing? Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:647086. [PMID: 33937360 PMCID: PMC8079726 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All human cells are coated by a surface layer of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and plasma proteins, called the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx transmits shear stress to the cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, maintains a selective permeability barrier, and modulates adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major components of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface layer during conditions including ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease, and some viral infections. Studying mechanisms of glycocalyx damage in vivo can be challenging due to the complexity of immuno-inflammatory responses which are inextricably involved. Previously, both static as well as perfused in vitro models have studied the glycocalyx, and have reported either imaging data, assessment of barrier function, or interactions of blood components with the endothelial monolayer. To date, no model has simultaneously incorporated all these features at once, however such a model would arguably enhance the study of vasculopathic processes. This review compiles a series of current in vitro models described in the literature that have targeted the glycocalyx layer, their limitations, and potential opportunities for further developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Haymet
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole Bartnikowski
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily S Wood
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Vallely
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Angela McBride
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Impact of cigarette versus electronic cigarette aerosol conditioned media on aortic endothelial cells in a microfluidic cardiovascular model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4747. [PMID: 33637800 PMCID: PMC7910588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex process involving progressive pathological events, including monocyte adhesion to the luminal endothelial surface. We have developed a functional in vitro adhesion assay using BioFlux microfluidic technology to investigate THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukaemia cell) monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The effect of whole smoke conditioned media (WSCM) generated from University of Kentucky reference cigarette 3R4F, electronic cigarette vapour conditioned media (eVCM) from an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) product (Vype ePen) and nicotine on monocyte adhesion to HAECs was evaluated. Endothelial monolayers were grown in microfluidic channels and exposed to 0–1500 ng/mL nicotine or nicotine equivalence of WSCM or eVCM for 24 h. Activated THP-1 cells were perfused through the channels and a perfusion, adhesion period and wash cycle performed four times with increasing adhesion period lengths (10, 20, 30 and 40 min). THP-1 cell adhesion was quantified by counting adherent cells. WSCM induced dose-dependent increases in monocyte adhesion compared to vehicle control. No such increases were observed for eVCM or nicotine. Adhesion regulation was linked to increased ICAM-1 protein expression. Staining of ICAM-1 in HAECs and CD11b (MAC-1) in THP-1 cells demonstrated adhesion molecule co-localisation in BioFlux plates. The ICAM-1 adhesion response to WSCM was downregulated by transfecting HAECs with ICAM-1 siRNA. We conclude that the BioFlux system is able to model human monocyte adhesion to primary human endothelial cells in vitro and WSCM drives the greatest increase in monocyte adhesion via a mechanism involving endothelial ICAM-1 expression.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yazdi SG, Docherty PD, Khanafer A, Jermy M, Kabaliuk N, Geoghegan PH, Williamson P. In-vitro particle image velocimetry assessment of the endovascular haemodynamic features distal of stent-grafts that are associated with development of limb occlusion. J R Soc N Z 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1826988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina G. Yazdi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paul D. Docherty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Institute of Technical Medicine, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Adib Khanafer
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark Jermy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Natalia Kabaliuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Patrick H. Geoghegan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Petra Williamson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen R, Wang B, Liu Y, He J, Lin R, Li D. Gelatin-based perfusable, endothelial carotid artery model for the study of atherosclerosis. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:87. [PMID: 31391047 PMCID: PMC6685230 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid artery geometry is important for recapitulating a pathophysiological microenvironment to study wall shear stress (WSS)-induced endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Endothelial cells (ECs) cultured with hydrogel have been shown to exhibit in vivo-like behaviours. However, to date, studies using hydrogel culture have not fully recapitulated the 3D geometry and blood flow patterns of real-life healthy or diseased carotid arteries. In this study, we developed a gelatin-patterned, endothelialized carotid artery model to study the endothelium response to WSS. RESULTS Two representative regions were selected based on the computational fluid dynamics on the TF-shaped carotid artery: Region ECA (external carotid artery) and Region CS (carotid sinus). Progressive elongation and alignment of the ECs in the flow direction were observed in Region ECA after 8, 16 and 24 h. However, the F-actin cytoskeleton remained disorganized in Region CS after 24 h. Further investigation revealed that expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was greatly increased in Region CS relative to that in Region ECA. The physiological WSS in the carotid artery system was found to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) release and inhibit endothelin-1 (ET-1) release after 24-h perfusion experiments. The effective permeability (E.P) of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran 40 kDa in Regions ECA and CS was monitored, and it was found that the turbulence WSS value (in Region CS) was less than 0.4 Pa, and there was a significant increase in the E.P relative to that in Region ECA, in which laminar WSS value was 1.56 Pa. The tight junction protein (ZO-1) production was shown that the low WSS in Region CS induced ZO-1-level downregulation compared with that in Region ECA. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that the gelatin-based perfusable, endothelial carotid artery model can be effective for studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by which flow dynamics control the endothelium layer function in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruomeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yaxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gold K, Gaharwar AK, Jain A. Emerging trends in multiscale modeling of vascular pathophysiology: Organ-on-a-chip and 3D printing. Biomaterials 2019; 196:2-17. [PMID: 30072038 PMCID: PMC6344330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Most biomedical and pharmaceutical research of the human vascular system aims to unravel the complex mechanisms that drive disease progression from molecular to organ levels. The knowledge gained can then be used to innovate diagnostic and treatment strategies which can ultimately be determined precisely for patients. Despite major advancements, current modeling strategies are often limited at identifying, quantifying, and dissecting specific cellular and molecular targets that regulate human vascular diseases. Therefore, development of multiscale modeling approaches are needed that can advance our knowledge and facilitate the design of next-generation therapeutic approaches in vascular diseases. This article critically reviews animal models, static in vitro systems, and dynamic in vitro culture systems currently used to model vascular diseases. A leading emphasis on the potential of emerging approaches, specifically organ-on-a-chip and three-dimensional (3D) printing, to recapitulate the innate human vascular physiology and anatomy is described. The applications of these approaches and future outlook in designing and screening novel therapeutics are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karli Gold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Material Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Center for Remote Health and Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Del Campo L, Hamczyk MR, Andrés V, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Mechanisms of vascular aging: What can we learn from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome? CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2018; 30:120-132. [PMID: 29602596 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased prevalence of CVD is partly due to the global increase in life expectancy. In this context, it is essential to identify the mechanisms by which aging induces CVD, with the ultimate aim of reducing its incidence. Both atherosclerosis and heart failure significantly contribute to age-associated CVD morbidity and mortality. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by the synthesis of progerin, which is noted for accelerated aging and CVD. This mutant form of prelamin A induces generalised atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities, leading to premature aging and death, mainly due to myocardial infarction and stroke. This review discusses the main vascular structural and functional abnormalities during physiological and premature aging, as well as the mechanisms involved in the exacerbated CVD and accelerated aging induced by the accumulation of progerin and prelamin A. Both proteins are expressed in non-HGPS individuals, and physiological aging shares many features of progeria. Research into HGPS could therefore shed light on novel mechanisms involved in the physiological aging of the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Del Campo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), España
| | - Magda R Hamczyk
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), España
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), España.
| | - José Martínez-González
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), España; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), España; Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Makwana O, Flockton H, Watters GP, Nisar R, Smith GA, Fields W, Bombick B. Human aortic endothelial cells respond to shear flow in well-plate microfluidic devices. Altern Lab Anim 2017; 45:177-190. [PMID: 28994298 DOI: 10.1177/026119291704500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic progressive cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis are often challenging to fully model in vitro, it has been shown that certain in vitro methods can effectively evaluate some aspects of disease progression. This has been demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies of endothelial cells that have illustrated the effects of nitric oxide (NO) production, filamentous actin (F-actin) formation, and cell and actin angle alignment on vascular function and homeostasis. Systems utilising shear flow have been established, in order to create a physiologically relevant environment for cells that require shear flow for homeostasis. Here, we investigated the use of a well-plate microfluidic system and associated devices (0-20dyn/cm²) to demonstrate applied shear effects on primary Human Aortic Endothelial Cells (HAECs). Changes in cell and actin alignment in the direction of flow, real-time production of NO and gross cell membrane shape changes in response to physiological shear flow were observed. These commercial systems have a range of potential applications, including within the consumer and pharmaceutical industries, thereby reducing the dependency on animal testing for regulatory safety assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Makwana
- RAI Services Company Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Flockton
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Harrogate, UK
| | - Gary P Watters
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Harrogate, UK
| | - Rizwan Nisar
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Harrogate, UK
| | - Gina A Smith
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Harrogate, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hamczyk MR, del Campo L, Andrés V. Aging in the Cardiovascular System: Lessons from Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 80:27-48. [PMID: 28934587 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aging, the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), is becoming progressively more prevalent in our societies. A better understanding of how aging promotes CVD is therefore urgently needed to develop new strategies to reduce disease burden. Atherosclerosis and heart failure contribute significantly to age-associated CVD-related morbimortality. CVD and aging are both accelerated in patients suffering from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), a rare genetic disorder caused by the prelamin A mutant progerin. Progerin causes extensive atherosclerosis and cardiac electrophysiological alterations that invariably lead to premature aging and death. This review summarizes the main structural and functional alterations to the cardiovascular system during physiological and premature aging and discusses the mechanisms underlying exaggerated CVD and aging induced by prelamin A and progerin. Because both proteins are expressed in normally aging non-HGPS individuals, and most hallmarks of normal aging occur in progeria, research on HGPS can identify mechanisms underlying physiological aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda R Hamczyk
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara del Campo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Campeau MA, Lortie A, Tremblay P, Béliveau MO, Dubé D, Langelier È, Rouleau L. Effect of manufacturing and experimental conditions on the mechanical and surface properties of silicone elastomer scaffolds used in endothelial mechanobiological studies. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:90. [PMID: 28705250 PMCID: PMC5513328 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanobiological studies allow the characterization of cell response to mechanical stresses. Cells need to be supported by a material with properties similar to the physiological environment. Silicone elastomers have been used to produce various in vitro scaffolds of different geometries for endothelial cell studies given its relevant mechanical, optical and surface properties. However, obtaining defined and repeatable properties is a challenge as depending on the different manufacturing and processing steps, mechanical and surface properties may vary significantly between research groups. Methods The impact of different manufacturing and processing methods on the mechanical and surface properties was assessed by measuring the Young’s modulus and the contact angle. Silicone samples were produced using different curing temperatures and processed with different sterilization techniques and hydrophilization conditions. Results Different curing temperatures were used to obtain materials of different stiffness with a chosen silicone elastomer, i.e. Sylgard 184®. Sterilization by boiling had a tendency to stiffen samples cured at lower temperatures whereas UV and ethanol did not alter the material properties. Hydrophilization using sulphuric acid allowed to decrease surface hydrophobicity, however this effect was lost over time as hydrophobic recovery occurred. Extended contact with water maintained decreased hydrophobicity up to 7 days. Mechanobiological studies require complete cell coverage of the scaffolds used prior to mechanical stresses exposure. Different concentrations of fibronectin and collagen were used to coat the scaffolds and cell seeding density was varied to optimize cell coverage. Conclusion This study highlights the potential bias introduced by manufacturing and processing conditions needed in the preparation of scaffolds used in mechanobiological studies involving endothelial cells. As manufacturing, processing and cell culture conditions are known to influence cell adhesion and function, they should be more thoroughly assessed by research groups that perform such mechanobiological studies using silicone. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12938-017-0380-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Campeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Audrey Lortie
- Département de génie chimique et biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pierrick Tremblay
- Département de génie chimique et biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Béliveau
- Département de génie chimique et biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Dominic Dubé
- Département de génie mécanique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Ève Langelier
- Département de génie mécanique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Léonie Rouleau
- Département de génie mécanique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada. .,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Glycocalyx Degradation Induces a Proinflammatory Phenotype and Increased Leukocyte Adhesion in Cultured Endothelial Cells under Flow. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167576. [PMID: 27907146 PMCID: PMC5132265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium is an early step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Effective adhesion requires the binding of leukocytes to their cognate receptors on the surface of endothelial cells. The glycocalyx covers the surface of endothelial cells and is important in the mechanotransduction of shear stress. This study aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the glycocalyx in leukocyte adhesion under flow. We performed experiments using 3-D cell culture models, exposing human abdominal aortic endothelial cells to steady laminar shear stress (10 dynes/cm2 for 24 hours). We found that with the enzymatic degradation of the glycocalyx, endothelial cells developed a proinflammatory phenotype when exposed to uniform steady shear stress leading to an increase in leukocyte adhesion. Our results show an up-regulation of ICAM-1 with degradation compared to non-degraded controls (3-fold increase, p<0.05) and we attribute this effect to a de-regulation in NF-κB activity in response to flow. These results suggest that the glycocalyx is not solely a physical barrier to adhesion but rather plays an important role in governing the phenotype of endothelial cells, a key determinant in leukocyte adhesion. We provide evidence for how the destabilization of this structure may be an early and defining feature in the initiation of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wolf F, Vogt F, Schmitz-Rode T, Jockenhoevel S, Mela P. Bioengineered vascular constructs as living models for in vitro cardiovascular research. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1446-1455. [PMID: 27126777 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review, we explore the potential of bioengineered vascular constructs as living models for in vitro cardiovascular research to advance the current knowledge of pathophysiological processes and support the development of clinical therapies. Bioengineered vascular constructs capable of recapitulating the cellular and mechanical environment of native vessels represent a valuable platform to study cellular interactions and signaling cascades, test drugs and medical devices under (patho)physiological conditions, with the additional potential benefit of reducing the number of animals required for preclinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Wolf
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Vogt
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Intensive Care and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University at Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Petra Mela
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schmidt EP, Kuebler WM, Lee WL, Downey GP. Adhesion Molecules: Master Controllers of the Circulatory System. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:945-73. [PMID: 27065171 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript will review our current understanding of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) relevant to the circulatory system, their physiological role in control of vascular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and their importance in pathophysiological (disease) processes such as acute lung injury, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension. This is a complex and rapidly changing area of research that is incompletely understood. By design, we will begin with a brief overview of the structure and classification of the major groups of adhesion molecules and their physiological functions including cellular adhesion and signaling. The role of specific CAMs in the process of platelet aggregation and hemostasis and leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration will be reviewed as examples of the complex and cooperative interplay between CAMs during physiological and pathophysiological processes. The role of the endothelial glycocalyx and the glycobiology of this complex system related to inflammatory states such as sepsis will be reviewed. We will then focus on the role of adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of specific disease processes involving the lungs and cardiovascular system. The potential of targeting adhesion molecules in the treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases will be highlighted in the relevant sections throughout the manuscript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Departments of Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brassard JA, Fekete N, Garnier A, Hoesli CA. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome as a model for vascular aging. Biogerontology 2015; 17:129-45. [PMID: 26330290 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disorder caused by a de novo genetic mutation that leads to the accumulation of a splicing isoform of lamin A termed progerin. Progerin expression alters the organization of the nuclear lamina and chromatin. The life expectancy of HGPS patients is severely reduced due to critical cardiovascular defects. Progerin also accumulates in an age-dependent manner in the vascular cells of adults that do not carry genetic mutations associated with HGPS. The molecular mechanisms that lead to vascular dysfunction in HGPS may therefore also play a role in vascular aging. The vascular phenotypic and molecular changes observed in HGPS are strikingly similar to those seen with age, including increased senescence, altered mechanotransduction and stem cell exhaustion. This article discusses the similarities and differences between age-dependent and HGPS-related vascular aging to highlight the relevance of HGPS as a model for vascular aging. Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from HGPS patients are suggested as an attractive model to study vascular aging in order to develop novel approaches to treat cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Brassard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Natalie Fekete
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Corinne A Hoesli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Human miR-221/222 in Physiological and Atherosclerotic Vascular Remodeling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:354517. [PMID: 26221589 PMCID: PMC4499635 DOI: 10.1155/2015/354517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A cluster of miR-221/222 is a key player in vascular biology through exhibiting its effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). These miRNAs contribute to vascular remodeling, an adaptive process involving phenotypic and behavioral changes in vascular cells in response to vascular injury. In proliferative vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, pathological vascular remodeling plays a prominent role. The miR-221/222 cluster controls development and differentiation of ECs but inhibits their proangiogenic activation, proliferation, and migration. miR-221/222 are primarily implicated in maintaining endothelial integrity and supporting quiescent EC phenotype. Vascular expression of miR-221/222 is upregulated in initial atherogenic stages causing inhibition of angiogenic recruitment of ECs and increasing endothelial dysfunction and EC apoptosis. In contrast, these miRNAs stimulate VSMCs and switching from the VSMC "contractile" phenotype to the "synthetic" phenotype associated with induction of proliferation and motility. In atherosclerotic vessels, miR-221/222 drive neointima formation. Both miRNAs contribute to atherogenic calcification of VSMCs. In advanced plaques, chronic inflammation downregulates miR-221/222 expression in ECs that in turn could activate intralesion neoangiogenesis. In addition, both miRNAs could contribute to cardiovascular pathology through their effects on fat and glucose metabolism in nonvascular tissues such as adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program, Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia
| | - Yuri V. Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine and St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ghaffari S, Leask RL, Jones EA. Flow dynamics control the location of sprouting and direct elongation during developmental angiogenesis. Development 2015; 142:4151-7. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.128058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is tightly controlled by a number of signalling pathways. Though our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in angiogenesis has rapidly increased, the role that biomechanical signals play in this process is understudied. We recently developed a technique to simultaneously analyse flow dynamics and vascular remodelling by time-lapse microscopy in the capillary plexus of avian embryos and used this to study the hemodynamic environment present during angiogenic sprouting. We found that sprouts always form from a vessel at lower pressure towards a vessel at higher pressure. We found that sprouts form at the location of a shear stress minimum, but avoid locations where two blood streams merge even if this point is at a lower level of shear stress than the sprouting location. Using these parameters, we were able to successfully predict sprout location in embryos. We also find that the pressure difference between two vessels is permissive to elongation, and that sprouts will either change direction or regress if the pressure difference becomes negative. Furthermore, the sprout elongation rate is proportional to the pressure difference between the two vessels. Our results show that flow dynamics are predictive of the location of sprout formation in perfused vascular networks and that pressure differences across the interstitium can guide sprout elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Ghaffari
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Ch. Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Richard L. Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A.V. Jones
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Ch. Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 - box 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
He Y, Fernandez CM, Jiang Z, Tao M, O'Malley KA, Berceli SA. Flow reversal promotes intimal thickening in vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 2014; 60:471-478.e1. [PMID: 24342069 PMCID: PMC4087076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After vascular interventions, unidentified mechanisms disrupt the homeostasis of a focal narrowing to initiate an intimal thickening response. We hypothesize that perturbations in the hemodynamic microenvironment are the initiating event for this disruption of homeostasis and intimal thickening in vein bypass grafts. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between local flow perturbations and its influence on the vein graft architecture. METHODS An external ligature was used to create an 80% focal midgraft stenosis in bilateral rabbit carotid vein grafts. A unilateral distal ligation created a ninefold difference in flow rate between high-flow and low-flow grafts. Ten vein grafts were harvested at 28 days and serially sectioned for morphologic evaluation and vein graft reconstruction. Computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed to examine the hemodynamic environment within these complex flow regions. RESULTS The largest intimal thickening occurred exclusively within the region immediately distal to the maximum stenosis in high-flow grafts, which was characterized by persistent flow separation and reversal for the entire cardiac cycle. In regions of low to moderate shear stress (<5 Pa), the typical inverse correlation between intimal thickness and wall shear was observed. CONCLUSIONS Regions of vein bypass grafts exposed to persistent flow reversal are most at risk for intimal thickening and loss of lumen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, Fla; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Chessy M Fernandez
- Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, Fla; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, Fla; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Ming Tao
- Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, Fla; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Kerri A O'Malley
- Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, Fla; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, Fla; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wiewiora M, Piecuch J, Glück M, Slowinska-Lozynska L, Sosada K. Impact of weight loss due to sleeve gastrectomy on shear stress of the femoral vein in morbid obesity. Obes Surg 2014; 24:806-12. [PMID: 24421156 PMCID: PMC3972430 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-1175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that obesity is associated with venous flow disturbances that lead to changes of the biomechanical forces on the venous wall known as shear stress. We hypothesized that weight loss due to bariatric surgery affects the venous hemodynamics and biomechanical forces on the venous wall. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on the wall shear stress (WSS) and the venous hemodynamics of the femoral vein. Methods We studied ten morbidly obese patients who underwent LSG. We investigated venous hemodynamics before, 6 and 12 months after LSG. The femoral vein diameter, cross-sectional area, peak (PeakV) and maximum (TAmax) velocities, WSS, and shear rate (SR) were assessed. Results PeakV and TAmax were significantly lower in the obese patients compared with the control group. WSS and SR were significantly lower in the obese patients compared with the control subjects. Venous hemodynamic parameters increased in the postoperative period at baseline compared with 12 months after surgery: PeakV increased from 17.53 (14.25–20.01) cm/s to 25.1 (20.9–30.1) cm/s (P = 0.04) and the TAmax from 12.97 (11.51–14.6) cm/s to 18.46 (13.24–24.13) cm/s (P = 0.057). WSS significantly increased from 0.21 (0.19–0.23) Pa at baseline to 0.31 (0.23–0.52) Pa 12 months after surgery (P = 0.031). SR also significantly increased from 47.92 (43.93–58.55) s−1 at baseline to 76.81 (54.04–109.5) s−1 12 months after surgery (P = 0.02). Conclusions This study showed that weight loss due to LSG significantly changes the biomechanical forces on the femoral vein generated by blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wiewiora
- Department of General and Bariatric Surgery and Emergency Medicine in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Sklodowskiej-Curie10, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Adaptation of endothelial cells to physiologically-modeled, variable shear stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57004. [PMID: 23457646 PMCID: PMC3573044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) function is mediated by variable hemodynamic shear stress patterns at the vascular wall, where complex shear stress profiles directly correlate with blood flow conditions that vary temporally based on metabolic demand. The interactions of these more complex and variable shear fields with EC have not been represented in hemodynamic flow models. We hypothesized that EC exposed to pulsatile shear stress that changes in magnitude and duration, modeled directly from real-time physiological variations in heart rate, would elicit phenotypic changes as relevant to their critical roles in thrombosis, hemostasis, and inflammation. Here we designed a physiological flow (PF) model based on short-term temporal changes in blood flow observed in vivo and compared it to static culture and steady flow (SF) at a fixed pulse frequency of 1.3 Hz. Results show significant changes in gene regulation as a function of temporally variable flow, indicating a reduced wound phenotype more representative of quiescence. EC cultured under PF exhibited significantly higher endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity (PF: 176.0±11.9 nmol/105 EC; SF: 115.0±12.5 nmol/105 EC, p = 0.002) and lower TNF-a-induced HL-60 leukocyte adhesion (PF: 37±6 HL-60 cells/mm2; SF: 111±18 HL-60/mm2, p = 0.003) than cells cultured under SF which is consistent with a more quiescent anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic phenotype. In vitro models have become increasingly adept at mimicking natural physiology and in doing so have clarified the importance of both chemical and physical cues that drive cell function. These data illustrate that the variability in metabolic demand and subsequent changes in perfusion resulting in constantly variable shear stress plays a key role in EC function that has not previously been described.
Collapse
|
22
|
WANG XIAOHONG, LI XIAOYANG. THE INFLUENCE OF WALL COMPLIANCE ON FLOW PATTERN IN A CURVED ARTERY EXPOSED TO A DYNAMIC PHYSIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT: AN ELASTIC WALL MODEL VERSUS A RIGID WALL MODEL. J MECH MED BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519412005095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plenty of well-established medical research works have shown that many vascular diseases such as stenosis and atherosclerosis are prone to appear in curved arteries. In this paper, we investigated the influence of wall compliance on flow pattern in curved arteries exposed to dynamic physiological environments in order to understand the hemodynamic mechanism and provide a basis for clinical research in related areas. Representative curved arteries with elastic and rigid walls are constructed by computers. The fluid-structure interaction (FSI) effect is considered in our calculations. Physiological velocity profile is assigned as the inlet boundary condition. No-slip boundary condition is applied at the blood-wall interface. Our results show that the maximum axial velocity in the rigid wall model is larger than that in the elastic wall model. Wall compliance also has a remarkable effect on backflow patterns. Significant differences in pressure distribution are found between the elastic and rigid wall models. Blood strain rate distribution patterns in the two models were also compared. It was interesting to discover that in the straight part of the artery, the flexible wall made the counter-rotating vortices induced by the curvature gradually disappear along a downstream direction. However, for the flow feature in the rigid wall model, strong vortices existed throughout the entire straight part of the artery. It revealed that the increment of wall rigidity results in a reduction in wall movement capacity, thus affecting the physiological function of the arterial wall, making it incapable of effectively regulating the flow pattern inside the artery. The current work indicates that the influence of wall compliance on flow pattern in curved artery is significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XIAOHONG WANG
- Biomechanical Research Laboratory, College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - XIAOYANG LI
- Biomechanical Research Laboratory, College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Huang RB, Eniola-Adefeso O. Shear stress modulation of IL-1β-induced E-selectin expression in human endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31874. [PMID: 22384091 PMCID: PMC3286450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells (ECs) are continuously exposed to hemodynamic forces imparted by blood flow. While it is known that endothelial behavior can be influenced by cytokine activation or fluid shear, the combined effects of these two independent agonists have yet to be fully elucidated. METHODOLOGY We investigated EC response to long-term inflammatory cues under physiologically relevant shear conditions via E-selectin expression where monolayers of human umbilical vein ECs were simultaneously exposed to laminar fluid shear and interleukin-1ß (shear-cytokine activation) in a parallel plate flow chamber. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Naïve ECs exposed to shear-cytokine activation display significantly higher E-selectin expression for up to 24 hr relative to ECs activated in static (static-cytokine). Peak E-selectin expression occurred after 8-12 hr of continuous shear-cytokine activation contrary to the commonly observed 4-6 hr peak expression in ECs exposed to static-cytokine activation. Cells with some history of high shear conditioning exhibited either high or muted E-selectin expression depending on the durations of the shear pre-conditioning and the ensuing shear-cytokine activation. Overall, the presented data suggest that a high laminar shear enhances acute EC response to interleukin-1ß in naïve or shear-conditioned ECs as may be found in the pathological setting of ischemia/reperfusion injury while conferring rapid E-selectin downregulation to protect against chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B. Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rouleau L, Farcas M, Tardif JC, Mongrain R, Leask RL. Endothelial cell morphologic response to asymmetric stenosis hemodynamics: effects of spatial wall shear stress gradients. J Biomech Eng 2010; 132:081013. [PMID: 20670062 DOI: 10.1115/1.4001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are known to respond to hemodynamic forces. Their phenotype has been suggested to differ between atheroprone and atheroprotective regions of the vasculature, which are characterized by the local hemodynamic environment. Once an atherosclerotic plaque has formed in a vessel, the obstruction creates complex spatial gradients in wall shear stress. Endothelial cell response to wall shear stress may be linked to the stability of coronary plaques. Unfortunately, in vitro studies of the endothelial cell involvement in plaque stability have been limited by unrealistic and simplified geometries, which cannot reproduce accurately the hemodynamics created by a coronary stenosis. Hence, in an attempt to better replicate the spatial wall shear stress gradient patterns in an atherosclerotic region, a three dimensional asymmetric stenosis model was created. Human abdominal aortic endothelial cells were exposed to steady flow (Re=50, 100, and 200 and tau=4.5 dyn/cm(2), 9 dyn/cm(2), and 18 dyn/cm(2)) in idealized 50% asymmetric stenosis and straight/tubular in vitro models. Local morphological changes that occur due to magnitude, duration, and spatial gradients were quantified to identify differences in cell response. In the one dimensional flow regions, where flow is fully developed and uniform wall shear stress is observed, cells aligned in flow direction and had a spindlelike shape when compared with static controls. Morphological changes were progressive and a function of time and magnitude in these regions. Cells were more randomly oriented and had a more cobblestone shape in regions of spatial wall shear stress gradients. These regions were present, both proximal and distal, at the stenosis and on the wall opposite to the stenosis. The response of endothelial cells to spatial wall shear stress gradients both in regions of acceleration and deceleration and without flow recirculation has not been previously reported. This study shows the dependence of endothelial cell morphology on spatial wall shear stress gradients and demonstrates that care must be taken to account for altered phenotype due to geometric features. These results may help explain plaque stability, as cells in shoulder regions near an atherosclerotic plaque had a cobblestone morphology indicating that they may be more permeable to subendothelial transport and express prothrombotic factors, which would increase the risk of atherothrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Rouleau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Differential Response of Endothelial Cells to Simvastatin When Conditioned with Steady, Non-Reversing Pulsatile or Oscillating Shear Stress. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 39:402-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
Neutrophil adhesion on endothelial cells in a novel asymmetric stenosis model: effect of wall shear stress gradients. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:2791-804. [PMID: 20387119 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes play a pivotal role in the progression of atherosclerosis. A novel three-dimensional in vitro asymmetric stenosis model was used to better investigate the role of local hemodynamics in the adhesion of leukocytes to an established plaque. The adhesion of a human promyelocytic cell line (NB4) on a human abdominal aortic endothelial cell (EC) monolayer was quantified. NB4 cells were circulated over TNF-alpha stimulated and nonstimulated ECs for 1 or 6 h at 1.25 or 6.25 dynes/cm(2) and compared to static conditions. Cytokine stimulation increased significantly EC expression of intercellular adhesion molecule and vascular cell adhesion molecule. Under static conditions, neutrophils adhered overall more than under flow, with decreased adhesion with increasing shear. Adhesion was significantly higher in the recirculation region distal to the stenosis than in the inlet. Preshearing the ECs decreased the expression of cell adhesion molecules in inflamed endothelium and significantly decreased adhesion. However, the ratio of adhesion between the recirculation zone and the inlet increased, hence exhibiting an increased regional difference. This work suggests an important role for neutrophil-EC interactions in the atherosclerotic process, especially in wall shear stress gradient regions. This is important clinically, potentially helping to explain plaque stability.
Collapse
|