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She Y, Sun Y, Jiang N. The mechanics of tissue-engineered temporomandibular joint discs: Current status and prospects for enhancement. J Biomater Appl 2024:8853282241265059. [PMID: 39023922 DOI: 10.1177/08853282241265059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is an essential protective but vulnerable fibrocartilage. Their high mechanical strength is vital in absorbing loads, reducing friction, and protecting the condylar surface. Many diseases can lead to the destruction or degeneration of the mechanical function of the TMJ disc. Unfortunately, conservative treatment is ineffective in restoring the defective mechanical properties of the discs. Tissue engineering has been investigated as a promising alternative treatment approach to approximate the properties of native tissue. However, it is difficult for tissue-engineered discs to obtain sufficient mechanical properties. Several approaches have been proposed to improve the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered constructs. In this review, we summarized the mechanical properties of native TMJ discs and discussed the current mechanical testing methods. We then summarized the current advances in improving the mechanical properties of TMJ disc tissue-engineered constructs. Moreover, existing challenges and outbreak directions are discussed. This review assists future research in better understanding the mechanical properties of both native and tissue-engineered TMJ discs. It provides new insights into future mechanical property enhancement for TMJ disc tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin She
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Rezazadeh H, Samiraninezhad N, Rezaee M. Biomimetic Scaffolds for Regeneration of Temporomandibular Joint Disc: A Narrative Review. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2024; 25:108-117. [PMID: 38962074 PMCID: PMC11217064 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2023.97625.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Defects and dysfunctions of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc are responsible for the majority of TMJ diseases. Current treatments in this matter are usually short-term and only palliative, thus an alternative treatment that offers long-lasting repair is in great demand. In recent years great attempts have been made to prepare an ideal scaffold, which best resembles the native TMJ disc in characteristics such as mechanical, physical and biological properties. This narrative review focuses on developments of the recent ten years in fabrication of scaffolds using decellularized tissues, natural and synthetic biomaterials for regeneration of TMJ disc and compared their properties. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the following keywords ("TMJ" OR "temporomandibular joint" OR "TMD" OR "temporomandibular disease") AND ("scaffold" OR "hydrogels"). Randomized controlled trials, randomized clinical trials, case-controls, case reports, and animal studies were included. Comments, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and non-English papers were excluded. The study concluded that hybrid scaffolds have exhibited favorable cell attachment and proliferation. Synthetic scaffolds have shown promise in providing better control over structural properties; however, additional processes are often required to provide biomimetic cell signaling. While there is still much to learn about the ideal scaffold for TMJ disc regeneration, both natural and synthetic scaffolds have shown promise in achieving the functional, structural, biological, and mechanical properties of a native TMJ disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojat Rezazadeh
- School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Rezaee
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Girondi CM, de Castro Lopes SLP, Ogawa CM, Braz-Silva PH, Costa ALF. Texture Analysis of Temporomandibular Joint Disc Changes Associated with Effusion Using Magnetic Resonance Images. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:82. [PMID: 38534306 DOI: 10.3390/dj12030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the temporomandibular joint disc affected by effusion by using texture analysis of magnetic resonance images (MRIs). METHODS A total of 223 images of the TMJ, 42 with joint effusion and 181 without, were analyzed. Three consecutive slices were then exported to MaZda software, in which two oval ROIs (one in the anterior band and another in the intermediate zone of the joint disc) were determined in each slice and eleven texture parameters were calculated by using a gray-level co-occurrence matrix. Spearman's correlation coefficient test was used to assess the correlation between texture variables and to select variables for analysis. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups. RESULTS The significance level was set at 5%, with the results demonstrating that there was no high correlation between the parameter directions. It was possible to observe a trend between the average parameters, in which the group with effusion always had smaller values than the group without effusion, except for the parameter measuring the difference in entropy. CONCLUSION The trend towards lower overall values for the texture parameters suggested a different behavior between TMJ discs affected by effusion and those not affected, indicating that there may be intrinsic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Miorelli Girondi
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Lúcio Pereira de Castro Lopes
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São José dos Campos School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso Massahiro Ogawa
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Luiz Ferreira Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil
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Salinas EY, Otarola GA, Kwon H, Wang D, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Topographical Characterization of the Young, Healthy Human Femoral Medial Condyle. Cartilage 2023; 14:338-350. [PMID: 36537020 PMCID: PMC10601569 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221141421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The medial femoral condyle of the knee exhibits some of the highest incidences of chondral degeneration. However, a dearth of healthy human tissues has rendered it difficult to ascertain whether cartilage in this compartment possesses properties that predispose it to injuries. Assessment of young, healthy tissue would be most representative of the tissue's intrinsic properties. DESIGN This work examined the topographical differences in tribological, tensile, and compressive properties of young (n = 5, 26.2 ± 5.6 years old), healthy, human medial femoral condyles, obtained from viable allograft specimens. Corresponding to clinical incidences of pathology, it was hypothesized that the lowest mechanical properties would be found in the posterior region of the medial condyle, and that tissue composition would correspond to the established structure-function relationships of cartilage. RESULTS Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, aggregate modulus, and shear modulus in the posterior region were 1.0-, 2.8-, 1.1-, and 1.0-fold less than the values in the anterior region, respectively. Surprisingly, although glycosaminoglycan content is thought to correlate with compressive properties, in this study, the aggregate and shear moduli correlated more robustly to the amount of pyridinoline crosslinks per collagen. Also, the coefficient of friction was anisotropic and ranged 0.22-0.26 throughout the condyle. CONCLUSION This work showed that the posteromedial condyle displays lower tensile and compressive properties, which correlate to collagen crosslinks and may play a role in this region's predisposition to injuries. Furthermore, new structure-function relationships may need to be developed to account for the role of collagen crosslinks in compressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelia Y. Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gaston A. Otarola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Hill CN, Coombs MC, Cisewski SE, Durham EL, Bonthius DJ, Gardner GM, Lopez EC, Wilson MB, Cray JJ, Yao H. Structure-function relationships of TMJ lateral capsule-ligament complex. J Biomech 2022; 130:110889. [PMID: 34871896 PMCID: PMC8724391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) lateral capsule ligament (LCL) complex is debated as a fibrous capsule with distinct ligaments or ligamentous thickening, necessitating further evaluation of the complex and its role in TMJ anatomy and mechanics. This study explores the ultrastructural arrangement, biomechanical tensile properties, and biochemical composition of the human LCL complex including region-specific differences to explore the presence of a distinct temporomandibular ligament and sex-specific differences to inform evaluations of potential etiological mechanisms. LCL complex ultrastructural arrangement, biomechanical properties, and biochemical composition were determined using cadaveric samples. Statistical modeling assessed sex- and region-specific effects on LCL complex tissue properties. Collagen fiber coherency, collagen fiber bundle size, and elastin fiber count did not differ between sexes, but females trended higher in elastin fiber count. LCL complex water and sGAG content did not differ between sexes or regions, but collagen content was higher in the anterior region (311.0 ± 185.6 μg/mg) compared to the posterior region (221.0 ± 124.9 μg/mg) (p = 0.045) across sexes and in males (339.6 ± 170.6 μg/mg) compared to females (204.5 ± 130.7 μg/mg) (p = 0.006) across regions. Anterior failure stress (1.1 ± 0.7 MPa) was larger than posterior failure stress (0.6 ± 0.4 MPa) (p = 0.024). Regional differences confirm the presence of a mechanically and compositionally distinct temporomandibular ligament. Baseline sex-specific differences are critical for etiological investigations of sex disparities in TMJ disorders. These results have important biomechanical and clinical ramifications, providing critical baseline tissue material properties, informing the development of TMJ musculoskeletal models, and identifying new areas for etiologic investigations for temporomandibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherice N. Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC,Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Matthew C. Coombs
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC,Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Sarah E. Cisewski
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Emily L. Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | | | - Ethan C. Lopez
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | | | - James J. Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC,Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Fazaeli S, Mirahmadi F, Everts V, Smit TH, Koolstra JH, Ghazanfari S. Alteration of structural and mechanical properties of the temporomandibular joint disc following elastase digestion. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:3228-3240. [PMID: 32478918 PMCID: PMC7586824 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure, composed of collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and proteoglycans. Despite the crucial role of elastin fibers in load‐bearing properties of connective tissues, its contribution in temporomandibular joint disc biomechanics has been disregarded. This study attempts to characterize the structural–functional contribution of elastin in the temporomandibular joint disc. Using elastase, we selectively perturbed the elastin fiber network in porcine temporomandibular joint discs and investigated the structural, compositional, and mechanical regional changes through: (a) analysis of collagen and elastin fibers by immunolabeling and transmission electron microscopy; (b) quantitative analysis of collagen tortuosity, cell shape, and disc volume; (c) biochemical quantification of collagen, glycosaminoglycan and elastin content; and (d) cyclic compression test. Following elastase treatment, microscopic examination revealed fragmentation of elastin fibers across the temporomandibular joint disc, with a more pronounced effect in the intermediate regions. Also, biochemical analyses of the intermediate regions showed significant depletion of elastin (50%), and substantial decrease in collagen (20%) and glycosaminoglycan (49%) content, likely due to non‐specific activity of elastase. Degradation of elastin fibers affected the homeostatic configuration of the disc, reflected in its significant volume enlargement accompanied by remarkable reduction of collagen tortuosity and cell elongation. Mechanically, elastase treatment nearly doubled the maximal energy dissipation across the intermediate regions while the instantaneous modulus was not significantly affected. We conclude that elastin fibers contribute to the restoration and maintenance of the disc resting shape and actively interact with collagen fibers to provide mechanical resilience to the temporomandibular joint disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepanta Fazaeli
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fereshteh Mirahmadi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodoor H Smit
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Koolstra
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Geleen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (Biotex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Moura C, Trindade D, Vieira M, Francisco L, Ângelo DF, Alves N. Multi-Material Implants for Temporomandibular Joint Disc Repair: Tailored Additive Manufacturing Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:342. [PMID: 32373604 PMCID: PMC7186357 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect a substantial percentage of the population, and the resources spent on their treatment are considerable. Despite the worldwide efforts around Tissue Engineering of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc, a proper implant offering a long-term solution for TMD was not yet developed. To contribute to these efforts, this work is focused on the research and development of implants for TMJ disc regeneration. Scaffolds and hydrogels mimicking the TMJ disc of black Merino sheep were produced using different materials, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and as a multi-material structure. Different parameters of the scaffold manufacturing were assessed: the influence of processing temperatures, filament diameter, and biological environment. Moreover, two multi-material approaches were also assessed, scaffold with a hydrogel shell and scaffold with a hydrogel core. It was found that increasing temperature, the scaffolds' porosity decreases, increasing their compressive modulus. Decreasing the filament size (300 to 200 μm) decreases the compressive modulus to almost half of the initial value. Scaffolds with 200 μm filaments are the ones with a closer modulus to the native disc and their properties are maintained under hydrated conditions. The introduction of a hydrogel core in these scaffolds presented better mechanical properties to TMJ disc substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Moura
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Daniela Trindade
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Milena Vieira
- ESTG – School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- SEG-CEMMPRE – Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Francisco
- ESTG – School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - David Faustino Ângelo
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Português da Face, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
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Almarza AJ, Mercuri LG, Arzi B, Gallo LM, Granquist E, Kapila S, Detamore MS. Temporomandibular Joint Bioengineering Conference: Working Together Toward Improving Clinical Outcomes. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:020801. [PMID: 31233104 DOI: 10.1115/1.4044090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sixth temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Bioengineering Conference (TMJBC) was held on June 14-15 2018, in Redondo Beach, California, 12 years after the first TMJBC. Speakers gave 30 presentations and came from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The goal of the conference has remained to foster a continuing forum for bioengineers, scientists, and surgeons and veterinarians to advance technology related to TMJ disorders. These collective multidisciplinary interactions over the past decade have made large strides in moving the field of TMJ research forward. Over the past 12 years, in vivo approaches for tissue engineering have emerged, along with a wide variety of degeneration models, as well as with models occurring in nature. Furthermore, biomechanical tools have become more sensitive and new biologic interventions for disease are being developed. Clinical directives have evolved for specific diagnoses, along with patient-specific biological and immunological responses to TMJ replacement devices alloplastic and/or bioengineered devices. The sixth TMJBC heralded many opportunities for funding agencies to advance the field: (1) initiatives on TMJ that go beyond pain research, (2) more training grants focused on graduate students and fellows, (3) partnership funding with government agencies to translate TMJ solutions, and (4) the recruitment of a critical mass of TMJ experts to participate on grant review panels. The TMJ research community continues to grow and has become a pillar of dental and craniofacial research, and together we share the unified vision to ultimately improve diagnoses and treatment outcomes in patients affected by TMJ disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Almarza
- Departments of Oral Biology and Bioengineering, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Louis G Mercuri
- Visiting Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; TMJ Concepts, Ventura, CA 93003
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Luigi M Gallo
- Clinic of Masticatory Disorders, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8031, Switzerland
| | - Eric Granquist
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sunil Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael S Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
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9
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Fazaeli S, Ghazanfari S, Mirahmadi F, Everts V, Smit TH, Koolstra JH. The dynamic mechanical viscoelastic properties of the temporomandibular joint disc: The role of collagen and elastin fibers from a perspective of polymer dynamics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 100:103406. [PMID: 31473438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint disc is a structure, characterized as heterogeneous fibrocartilage, and is composed of macromolecular biopolymers. Despite a large body of characterization studies, the contribution of matrix biopolymers on the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the disc is poorly understood. Given the high permeability and low concentration of glycosaminoglycans in the disc, it has been suggested that poro-elastic behavior can be neglected and that the intrinsic viscoelastic nature of solid matrix plays a dominant role in governing its time-dependent behavior. This study attempts to quantify the contribution of collagen and elastin fibers to the viscoelastic properties of the disc. Using collagenase and elastase, we perturbed the collagen and elastin fibrillar network in porcine temporomandibular joint discs and investigated the changes of dynamic viscoelastic properties in five different regions of the disc. Following both treatments, the storage and loss moduli of these regions were reduced dramatically up to the point that the tissue was no longer mechanically heterogeneous. However, the proportion of changes in storage and loss moduli were different for each treatment, reflected in the decrease and increase of the loss tangent for collagenase and elastase treated discs, respectively. The reduction of storage and loss moduli of the disc correlated with a decrease of biopolymer length. The present study indicates that the compositional and structural changes of collagen and elastin fibers alter the viscoelastic properties of the disc consistent with polymer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepanta Fazaeli
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (Biotex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fereshteh Mirahmadi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Theodoor Henri Smit
- Department of Medical Biology - Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Harm Koolstra
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abundance of saccharides and scarcity of glycosaminoglycans in the soft tissue of clam, Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus). Acta Histochem 2018; 120:551-557. [PMID: 29983173 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated presence and distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in Meretrix meretrix soft tissue by determining GAG composition in the different parts, namely, mantle edge, foot, gill, adductor muscle, and viscera. The occurrence of glycan ingredients was examined by histochemistry, whereas GAG and general polysaccharide contents in clam tissue were qualified through extraction and determination. Tissue sections stained with alcian blue or periodic acid-Schiff demonstrated the general existence of saccharides and trifling generation of GAGs in clam tissues. GAGs coexisting with glycogens appeared to be primarily produced in the mantle and foot tissues in mucus form by visualization. The GAG content of the polysaccharide extract ranged from 16.8 to 75.8 mg in 10 g of 5 dried tissue materials in comparison with total carbohydrate level in the range of 500-1760 mg, thereby indicating that GAGs were not the major components of polysaccharide extracts. GAG composition only accounted for approximately 4% of total glycan components, which consist of the determinations of amino sugar and uronic acid. The soft tissues of clam contained abundant saccharide compounds but sparse amounts of GAGs. The results will benefit the subsequent development of products made from the polysaccharide components of M. meretrix.
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11
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Chang CL, Wang DH, Yang MC, Hsu WE, Hsu ML. Functional disorders of the temporomandibular joints: Internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34:223-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Lowe J, Bansal R, Badylak S, Brown B, Chung W, Almarza A. Properties of the Temporomandibular Joint in Growing Pigs. J Biomech Eng 2018; 140:2675984. [PMID: 29560497 DOI: 10.1115/1.4039624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A subset of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are attributed to joint degeneration. The pig has been considered the preferred in-vivo model for the evaluation of potential therapies for TMJ disorders, and practical considerations such as cost and husbandry issues have favored the use of young, skeletally immature animals. However, the effect of growth on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of the TMJ disc and articulating cartilage has not been examined. The present study investigates the effect of age on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of healthy porcine TMJs at 3, 6, and 9 months of age. DNA , hyrdroxyproline, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content were determined and the discs and condyles were tested in uniaxial unconfined stress relaxation compression from 10% - 30% strain. TMJ discs were further assessed with a tensile test to failure technique, which included the ability to test multiple samples from the same region of an individual disc to minimize the intra-specimen variation. No differences in biochemical properties for the disc or compressive properties at 30% stress relaxation in the disc and condylar cartilage were found. In tension, no differences were observed for peak stress and tensile modulus. The collagen content of the condyle were higher at 9 months than 3 months (p<0.05), and the GAG content was higher at 9 months than 6 months (p<0.05). There was a trend of increased compressive instantaneous modulus with age. As such, age matched controls for growing pigs are probably appropriate for most parameters measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Lowe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Rohan Bansal
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Stephen Badylak
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Bryan Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - William Chung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Alejandro Almarza
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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Natali AN, Fontanella CG, Todros S, Carniel EL. Urethral lumen occlusion by artificial sphincteric device: Evaluation of degraded tissues effects. J Biomech 2017; 65:75-81. [PMID: 29042057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Urinary incontinence can be surgically treated by means of artificial sphincters, based on a cuff that provides a pressure around the urethra to occlude the lumen. Considering the frequent access of elderly patients to this surgical practice, tissue degradation phenomena must be investigated, since they could affect treatment reliability and durability. The potential degradation can be interpreted considering a variation within soft tissue constitutive formulation, by means of a correlation between mechanical properties and tissues ageing. The overall compressibility varies, as characteristics aspect of soft tissue mechanical response with age, as well as the stiffness. The investigation is performed by means of a three dimensional numerical model of the urethral duct. The effects of the interaction phenomenon with a cuff is interpreted considering the changes, within the constitutive models, of the basic parameters that define the potential degradation process. The deformation related to compressibility is recalled, ranging between ten and fifty percent in dependence on the degradation level considered. This parameter, reported mostly as representative of the aging effect, shows a large variation that confirms the relevance of the investigation performed toward a sensitivity of the mechanical response of the urethral duct referred to the lumen occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Nicola Natali
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Italy; Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Giulia Fontanella
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Todros
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Italy; Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuele Luigi Carniel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Italy; Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Italy
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Gutman S, Kim D, Tarafder S, Velez S, Jeong J, Lee CH. Regionally variant collagen alignment correlates with viscoelastic properties of the disc of the human temporomandibular joint. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 86:1-6. [PMID: 29128675 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the regionally variant quality of collagen alignment in human TMJ discs and its statistical correlation with viscoelastic properties. DESIGN For quantitative analysis of the quality of collagen alignment, horizontal sections of human TMJ discs with Pricrosirius Red staining were imaged under circularly polarized microscopy. Mean angle and angular deviation of collagen fibers in each region were analyzed using a well-established automated image-processing for angular gradient. Instantaneous and relaxation moduli of each disc region were measured under stress-relaxation test both in tensile and compression. Then Spearman correlation analysis was performed between the angular deviation and the moduli. To understand the effect of glycosaminoglycans on the correlation, TMJ disc samples were treated by chondroitinase ABC (C-ABC). RESULTS Our imaging processing analysis showed the region-variant direction of collagen alignment, consistently with previous findings. Interestingly, the quality of collagen alignment, not only the directions, was significantly different in between the regions. The angular deviation of fiber alignment in the anterior and intermediate regions were significantly smaller than the posterior region. Medial and lateral regions showed significantly bigger angular deviation than all the other regions. The regionally variant angular deviation values showed statistically significant correlation with the tensile instantaneous modulus and the relaxation modulus, partially dependent on C-ABC treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the region-variant degree of collagen fiber alignment is likely attributed to the heterogeneous viscoelastic properties of TMJ disc that may have significant implications in development of regenerative therapy for TMJ disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Gutman
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St. - VC12-230, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Daniel Kim
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St. - VC12-230, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Solaiman Tarafder
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St. - VC12-230, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Sergio Velez
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St. - VC12-230, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Julia Jeong
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St. - VC12-230, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Chang H Lee
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St. - VC12-230, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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15
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Xie A, Xue J, Shen G, Nie L. Thrombospondin-1 inhibits ossification of tissue engineered cartilage constructed by ADSCs. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:3487-3498. [PMID: 28804565 PMCID: PMC5527263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering provides a new method in the treatment of cartilage defects, and adipose derived stem cells seem to be an ideal seed cell in cartilage tissue engineering because of its characteristics. However, ossification after in vivo implantation of tissue engineered cartilage remains a challenge. Thrombospondin-1 which has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis, may play an important role in inhibiting the ossification of tissue engineered cartilage constructed by adipose derived stem cells. Therefore, the effect of thrombospondin-1 in inhibiting the ossification of tissue engineered cartilage was evaluated in this study. Lentivirus vectors carrying thrombospondin-1 cDNA were transfected into adipose derived stem cells, and the transfected cells were used in the experiments. The expression of thrombospondin-1 was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blot, and the effects of thrombospondin-1 over-expression on angiogenesis were analyzed by angiogenesis assays. The quality of tissue engineered cartilage and the degree of ossification were assessed by biomechanical and molecular biology methods. The results showed that thrombospondin-1 infected cells have a high expression of thrombospondin-1 in mRNA and protein level, which inhibited the tube formation of endothelial cells, indicating the anti-angiogenic effects. Gene expression analyses in vitro showed that thrombospondin-1 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells significantly, and the results of in vivo study revealed that thrombospondin-1 significantly inhibits the expression of osteogenic genes. Compared to that in the control group, tissue engineered cartilage constructed by thrombospondin-1 transfected adipose derived stem cells in vivo showed a higher GAG content and lower compressive modulus, which indicating lower level of ossification. In conclusion, the current study indicated that the anti-angiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 suppresses the osteogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells in vitro, and inhibits ossification of tissue engineered cartilage constructed by adipose derived stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Xie
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNo.639 Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jixin Xue
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo.109, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Gan Shen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNo.121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210011, P. R. China
| | - Lanjun Nie
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNo.121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210011, P. R. China
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16
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Vapniarsky N, Aryaei A, Arzi B, Hatcher DC, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. The Yucatan Minipig Temporomandibular Joint Disc Structure-Function Relationships Support Its Suitability for Human Comparative Studies. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:700-709. [PMID: 28548559 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent involvement of the disc in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders warrants attempts to tissue engineer TMJ disc replacements. Physiologically, a great degree of similarity is seen between humans and farm pigs (FPs), but the pig's rapid growth confers a significant challenge for in vivo experiments. Minipigs have a slower growth rate and are smaller than FPs, but minipig TMJ discs have yet to be fully characterized. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of the minipig for TMJ studies by extensive structural and functional characterization. The properties of minipig TMJ discs closely reproduced previously reported morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical values of human and FP discs. The width/length dimension ratio of the minipig TMJ disc was 1.95 (1.69 for human and 1.94 for FP). The biochemical evaluation revealed, on average per wet weight, 24.3% collagen (22.8% for human and 24.9% for FP); 0.8% glycosaminoglycan (GAG; 0.5% for human and 0.4% for FP); and 0.03% DNA (0.008% for human and 0.02% for FP). Biomechanical testing revealed, on average, compressive relaxation modulus of 50 kPa (37 kPa for human and 32 kPa for FP), compressive instantaneous modulus of 1121 kPa (1315 kPa for human and 1134 kPa for FP), and coefficient of viscosity of 13 MPa·s (9 MPa·s for human and 3 MPa·s for FP) at 20% strain. These properties also varied topographically in accordance to those of human and FP TMJ discs. Anisotropy, quantified by bidirectional tensile testing and histology, again was analogous among minipig, human, and FP TMJ discs. The minipig TMJ's ginglymoarthrodial nature was verified through cone beam computer tomography. Collectively, the similarities between minipig and human TMJ discs support the use of minipig as a relevant model for TMJ research; considering the practical advantages conferred by its growth rate and size, the minipig may be a preferred model over FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vapniarsky
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ashkan Aryaei
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Boaz Arzi
- 2 Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - David C Hatcher
- 2 Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, Davis, California.,3 Diagnostic Digital Imaging Center , Sacramento, California
| | - Jerry C Hu
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California.,4 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, California
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Biomechanical properties of murine TMJ articular disc and condyle cartilage via AFM-nanoindentation. J Biomech 2017; 60:134-141. [PMID: 28688538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to quantify the biomechanical properties of murine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articular disc and condyle cartilage using AFM-nanoindentation. For skeletally mature, 3-month old mice, the surface of condyle cartilage was found to be significantly stiffer (306±84kPa, mean±95% CI) than those of the superior (85±23kPa) and inferior (45±12kPa) sides of the articular disc. On the disc surface, significant heterogeneity was also detected across multiple anatomical sites, with the posterior end being the stiffest and central region being the softest. Using SEM, this study also found that the surfaces of disc are composed of anteroposteriorly oriented collagen fibers, which are sporadically covered by thinner random fibrils. Such fibrous nature results in both an F-D3/2 indentation response, which is a typical Hertzian response for soft continuum tissue under a spherical tip, and a linear F-D response, which is typical for fibrous tissues, further signifying the high degree of tissue heterogeneity. In comparison, the surface of condyle cartilage is dominated by thinner, randomly oriented collagen fibrils, leading to Hertzian-dominated indentation responses. As the first biomechanical study of murine TMJ, this work will provide a basis for future investigations of TMJ tissue development and osteoarthritis in various murine TMJ models.
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18
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Koh RH, Jin Y, Kang BJ, Hwang NS. Chondrogenically primed tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in riboflavin-induced photocrosslinking collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogel for meniscus tissue repairs. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:318-328. [PMID: 28161573 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current meniscus tissue repairing strategies involve partial or total meniscectomy, followed by allograft transplantation or synthetic material implantation. However, allografts and synthetic implants have major drawbacks such as the limited supply of grafts and lack of integration into host tissue, respectively. In this study, we investigated the effects of conditioned medium (CM) from meniscal fibrochondrocytes and TGF-β3 on tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) for meniscus tissue engineering. CM-expanded T-MSCs were encapsulated in riboflavin-induced photocrosslinked collagen-hyaluronic acid (COL-RF-HA) hydrogels and cultured in chondrogenic medium containing TGF-β3. In vitro results indicate that CM-expanded cells followed by TGF-β3 exposure stimulated the expression of fibrocartilage-related genes (COL2, SOX9, ACAN, COL1) and production of extracellular matrix components. Histological assessment of in vitro and subcutaneously implanted in vivo constructs demonstrated that CM-expanded cells followed by TGF-β3 exposure resulted in highest cell proliferation, GAG accumulation, and collagen deposition. Furthermore, when implanted into meniscus defect model, CM treatment amplified the potential of TGF-β3 and induced complete regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Conditioned medium derived from chondrocytes have been reported to effectively prime mesenchymal stem cells toward chondrogenic lineage. Type I collagen is the main component of meniscus extracellular matrix and hyaluronic acid is known to promote meniscus regeneration. In this manuscript, we investigated the effects of conditioned medium (CM) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) on tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) encapsulated in riboflavin-induced photocrosslinked collagen-hyaluronic acid (COL-RF-HA) hydrogel. We employed a novel source of conditioned medium, derived from meniscal fibrochondrocytes. Our in vitro and in vivo results collectively illustrate that CM-expanded cells followed by TGF-β3 exposure have the best potential for meniscus regeneration. This manuscript highlights a novel stem cell commitment strategy combined with biomaterials designs for meniscus regeneration.
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19
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Francisco L, Moura C, Viana T, Ângelo D, Morouço P, Alves N. Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) and Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate-based Scaffolds for TMJ Bioengineered Disc Implants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Hadidi P, Paschos NK, Huang BJ, Aryaei A, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Tendon and ligament as novel cell sources for engineering the knee meniscus. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:2126-2134. [PMID: 27473559 PMCID: PMC5107319 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The application of cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine is hindered by the difficulty of acquiring adequate numbers of competent cells. For the knee meniscus in particular, this may be solved by harvesting tissue from neighboring tendons and ligaments. In this study, we have investigated the potential of cells from tendon and ligament, as compared to meniscus cells, to engineer scaffold-free self-assembling fibrocartilage. METHOD Self-assembling meniscus-shaped constructs engineered from a co-culture of articular chondrocytes and either meniscus, tendon, or ligament cells were cultured for 4 weeks with TGF-β1 in serum-free media. After culture, constructs were assessed for their mechanical properties, histological staining, gross appearance, and biochemical composition including cross-link content. Correlations were performed to evaluate relationships between biochemical content and mechanical properties. RESULTS In terms of mechanical properties as well as biochemical content, constructs engineered using tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes were found to be equivalent or superior to constructs engineered using meniscus cells. Furthermore, cross-link content was found to be correlated with engineered tissue tensile properties. CONCLUSION Tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes represent viable cell sources for engineering meniscus fibrocartilage using the self-assembling process. Due to greater cross-link content, fibrocartilage engineered with tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes may maintain greater tensile properties than fibrocartilage engineered with meniscus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasha Hadidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nikolaos K. Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian J. Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ashkan Aryaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Wu Y, Kuo J, Wright GJ, Cisewski SE, Wei F, Kern MJ, Yao H. Viscoelastic shear properties of porcine temporomandibular joint disc. Orthod Craniofac Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:156-63. [PMID: 25865544 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the intrinsic viscoelastic shear properties in porcine TMJ discs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve fresh porcine TMJ discs from young adult pigs (6-8 months) were used. Cylindrical samples (5 mm diameter) with uniform thickness (~1.2 mm) were prepared from five regions of the TMJ disc. Torsional shear tests were performed under 10% compressive strain. Dynamic shear was applied in two methods: 1) a frequency sweep test over the frequency range of 0.1-10 rad/s with a constant shear strain amplitude of 0.05 rad and 2) a strain sweep test over the range of 0.005-0.15 rad at a constant frequency of 10 rad/s. Transient stress relaxation tests were also performed to determine the equilibrium shear properties. RESULTS As the frequency increased in the frequency sweep test, the dynamic shear complex modulus increased, with values ranging from 7 to 17 kPa. The phase angle, ranging from 11 to 15 degrees, displayed no pattern of regional variation as the frequency increased. The dynamic shear modulus decreased as the shear strain increased. The equilibrium shear modulus had values ranging from 2.6 to 4 kPa. The posterior region had significantly higher values for dynamic shear modulus than those in the anterior region, while no significant regional difference was found for equilibrium shear modulus. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the intrinsic region-dependent viscoelastic shear characteristics of TMJ disc may play a crucial role in determining the local strain of the TMJ disc under mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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22
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Fazaeli S, Ghazanfari S, Everts V, Smit TH, Koolstra JH. The contribution of collagen fibers to the mechanical compressive properties of the temporomandibular joint disc. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1292-301. [PMID: 26828357 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure located between the mandibular condyle and the temporal bone, facilitating smooth movements of the jaw. The load-bearing properties of its anisotropic collagenous network have been well characterized under tensile loading conditions. However, recently it has also been speculated that the collagen fibers may contribute dominantly in reinforcing the disc under compression. Therefore, in this study, the structural-functional role of collagen fibers in mechanical compressive properties of TMJ disc was investigated. DESIGN Intact porcine TMJ discs were enzymatically digested with collagenase to disrupt the collagenous network of the cartilage. The digested and non-digested articular discs were analyzed mechanically, biochemically and histologically in five various regions. These tests included: (1) cyclic compression tests, (2) biochemical quantification of collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and (3) visualization of collagen fibers' alignment by polarized light microscopy (PLM). RESULTS The instantaneous compressive moduli of the articular discs were reduced by as much as 50-90% depending on the region after the collagenase treatment. The energy dissipation properties of the digested discs showed a similar tendency. Biochemical analysis of the digested samples demonstrated an average of 14% and 35% loss in collagen and GAG, respectively. Despite the low reduction of collagen content the PLM images showed considerable perturbation of the collagenous network of the TMJ disc. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that even mild disruption of collagen fibers can lead to substantial mechanical softening of TMJ disc undermining its reinforcement and mechanical stability under compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fazaeli
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy - Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S Ghazanfari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - V Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy - Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - T H Smit
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J H Koolstra
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy - Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Legemate K, Tarafder S, Jun Y, Lee CH. Engineering Human TMJ Discs with Protein-Releasing 3D-Printed Scaffolds. J Dent Res 2016; 95:800-7. [PMID: 27053116 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516642404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is a heterogeneous fibrocartilaginous tissue positioned between the mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa of the temporal bone, with important roles in TMJ functions. Tissue engineering TMJ discs has emerged as an alternative approach to overcoming limitations of current treatments for TMJ disorders. However, the anisotropic collagen orientation and inhomogeneous fibrocartilaginous matrix distribution present challenges in the tissue engineering of functional TMJ discs. Here, we developed 3-dimensional (3D)-printed anatomically correct scaffolds with region-variant microstrand alignment, mimicking anisotropic collagen alignment in the TMJ disc and corresponding mechanical properties. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) were then delivered in the scaffolds by spatially embedding CTGF- or TGFβ3-encapsulated microspheres (µS) to reconstruct the regionally variant fibrocartilaginous matrix in the native TMJ disc. When cultured with human mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) for 6 wk, 3D-printed scaffolds with CTGF/TGFβ3-µS resulted in a heterogeneous fibrocartilaginous matrix with overall distribution of collagen-rich fibrous structure in the anterior/posterior (AP) bands and fibrocartilaginous matrix in the intermediate zone, reminiscent of the native TMJ disc. High dose of CTGF/TGFβ3-µS (100 mg µS/g of scaffold) showed significantly more collagen II and aggrecan in the intermediate zone than a low dose (50 mg µS/g of scaffold). Similarly, a high dose of CTGF/TGFβ3-µS yielded significantly higher collagen I expression in the AP bands compared with the low-dose and empty µS. From stress relaxation tests, the ratio of relaxation modulus to instantaneous modulus was significantly smaller with CTGF/TGFβ3-µS than empty µS. Similarly, a significantly higher coefficient of viscosity was achieved with the high dose of CTGF/TGFβ3-µS compared with the low-dose and empty µS, suggesting the dose effect of CTGF and TGFβ3 on fibrocartilage formation. Together, our findings may represent an efficient approach to engineering the TMJ disc graft with anisotropic scaffold microstructure, heterogeneous fibrocartilaginous matrix, and region-dependent viscoelastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Legemate
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Program (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Tarafder
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Jun
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C H Lee
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Matuska AM, Muller S, Dolwick MF, McFetridge PS. Biomechanical and biochemical outcomes of porcine temporomandibular joint disc deformation. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 64:72-9. [PMID: 26774186 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The structure-function relationship in the healthy temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc has been well established, however the changes in dysfunctional joints has yet to be systematically evaluated. Due to the poor understanding of the etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) this study evaluated naturally occurring degenerative remodeling in aged female porcine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs in order to gain insight into the progression and effects on possible treatment strategies of TMDs. DESIGN Surface and regional biomechanical and biochemical properties of discal tissues were determined in grossly deformed (≥Wilkes Stage 3) and morphologically normal (≤Wilkes Stage 2) TMJ discs. RESULTS Compared to normal disc structure the deformed discs lacked a smooth biconcave shape and characteristic ECM organization. Reduction in tensile biomechanical integrity and increased compressive stiffness and cellularity was found in deformed discs. Regionally, the posterior and intermediate zones of the disc were most frequently affected along with the inferior surface. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of degeneration observed on the inferior surface of the disc (predominantly posterior), suggests that a disruption in the disc-condyle relationship likely contributes to the progression of joint dysfunction more than the temporodiscal relationship. As such, the inferior joint space may be an important consideration in early clinical diagnosis and treatment of TMDs, as it is overlooked in techniques performed in the upper joint space, including arthroscopy and arthrocentesis. Furthermore, permanent damage to the disc mechanical properties would limit the ability to successfully reposition deformed discs, highlighting the importance of emerging therapies such as tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Matuska
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, United States
| | - Stephen Muller
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, United States
| | - M Franklin Dolwick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida, United States
| | - Peter S McFetridge
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, United States.
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Lieske D, Vapniarsky N, Verstraete FJM, Leale DM, Young C, Arzi B. Characterization of the Temporomandibular Joint of Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:71. [PMID: 26664997 PMCID: PMC4673315 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure–function relationship of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of southern sea otter has largely not been described. This study aims to describe the histological, biochemical, and biomechanical features of the TMJ disk in the southern sea otter. The TMJ disks from fresh cadaver heads of southern sea otter adult males (n = 8) and females (n = 8) acquired from strandings were examined. Following macroscopical evaluation, the TMJs were investigated for their histological, mechanical, and biochemical properties. We found that the sea otter TMJ disks are, in general, similar to other carnivores. Macroscopically, the TMJ disk was highly congruent, and the mandibular head was encased tightly by the mandibular fossa with a thin disk separating the joint into two compartments. Histologically, the articular surfaces were lined with dense fibrous connective tissue that gradually transitioned into one to two cell thick layer of hyaline-like cartilage. The disk fibers were aligned primarily in the rostrocaudal direction and had occasional lacuna with chondrocyte-like cells. The disk was composed primarily of collagen type 1. Biochemical analysis indicates sulfated glycosaminoglycan content lower than other mammals, but significantly higher in male sea otters than female sea otters. Finally, mechanical analysis demonstrated a disk that was not only stronger and stiffer in the rostrocaudal direction than the mediolateral direction but also significantly stronger and stiffer in females than males. We conclude that the congruent design of the TMJ, thin disk, biochemical content, and mechanical properties all reflect a structure–function relationship within the TMJ disk that is likely designed for the sea otter’s hard diet and continuous food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Lieske
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Dustin M Leale
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Colleen Young
- Office of Spill Prevention and Response, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center , Santa Cruz, CA , USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
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MacBarb RF, Paschos NK, Abeug R, Makris EA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Passive strain-induced matrix synthesis and organization in shape-specific, cartilaginous neotissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 20:3290-302. [PMID: 24918268 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered musculoskeletal soft tissues typically lack the appropriate mechanical robustness of their native counterparts, hindering their clinical applicability. With structure and function being intimately linked, efforts to capture the anatomical shape and matrix organization of native tissues are imperative to engineer functionally robust and anisotropic tissues capable of withstanding the biomechanically complex in vivo joint environment. The present study sought to tailor the use of passive axial compressive loading to drive matrix synthesis and reorganization within self-assembled, shape-specific fibrocartilaginous constructs, with the goal of developing functionally anisotropic neotissues. Specifically, shape-specific fibrocartilaginous neotissues were subjected to 0, 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1 N axial loads early during tissue culture. Results found the 0.1-N load to significantly increase both collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by 27% and 67%, respectively, and to concurrently reorganize the matrix by promoting greater matrix alignment, compaction, and collagen crosslinking compared with all other loading levels. These structural enhancements translated into improved functional properties, with the 0.1-N load significantly increasing both the relaxation modulus and Young's modulus by 96% and 255%, respectively, over controls. Finite element analysis further revealed the 0.1-N uniaxial load to induce multiaxial tensile and compressive strain gradients within the shape-specific neotissues, with maxima of 10.1%, 18.3%, and -21.8% in the XX-, YY-, and ZZ-directions, respectively. This indicates that strains created in different directions in response to a single axis load drove the observed anisotropic functional properties. Together, results of this study suggest that strain thresholds exist within each axis to promote matrix synthesis, alignment, and compaction within the shape-specific neotissues. Tailoring of passive axial loading, thus, presents as a simple, yet effective way to drive in vitro matrix development in shape-specific neotissues toward more closely achieving native structural and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina F MacBarb
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
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Nakao Y, Konno-Nagasaka M, Toriya N, Arakawa T, Kashio H, Takuma T, Mizoguchi I. Proteoglycan Expression Is Influenced by Mechanical Load in TMJ Discs. J Dent Res 2014; 94:93-100. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034514553816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression and assembly of the extracellular matrix are profoundly associated with adaptive and pathological responses of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). To better understand the adaptive responses of the TMJ disc to mechanical loading, we examined the expression of 2 modular proteoglycans and 10 small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) at the mRNA and protein levels and determined the contents of proteoglycan-related glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in rat TMJ discs in response to altered mechanical loading caused by an incisal bite plane. One hundred thirty 7-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to control and bite plane groups. TMJ disc thickness and the intensity of toluidine blue staining of metachromasia increased in the posterior band after 2 weeks of wearing the bite plane. GAG content increased significantly in the bite plane group after 2 weeks. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) analysis indicated that biglycan and chondroadherin mRNA levels increased after 2 weeks and that the level of decorin mRNA increased at 4 weeks. Versican mRNA levels increased after 3 weeks, particularly for the V0 and V1 versican isoforms, which carry more GAG attachment sites than do the V2 and V3 isoforms. Western analysis demonstrated a corresponding increase in the levels of versican, biglycan, and decorin core proteins at 4 weeks in the bite plane group. These results indicate that mechanical loading differentially influences proteoglycan mRNA expression and protein accumulation in the TMJ disc. The change in proteoglycan mRNA and protein levels may lead to the modulation of matrix–matrix and cell–matrix interactions and has important biological significance for adaptation to complicated biomechanical requirements and for tissue maintenance in the TMJ disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Nakao
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M. Konno-Nagasaka
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N. Toriya
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T. Arakawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H. Kashio
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T. Takuma
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - I. Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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Pan JF, Yuan L, Guo CA, Geng XH, Fei T, Fan WS, Li S, Yuan HF, Yan ZQ, Mo XM. Fabrication of modified dextran-gelatin in situ forming hydrogel and application in cartilage tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8346-8360. [PMID: 32262005 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels play a very important role in cartilage tissue engineering. Here, we oxidized dextran (Odex) and modified gelatin (Mgel) to fabricate a fast forming hydrogel without the addition of a chemical crosslinking agent. The dynamic gelling process was measured through rheological measurements. The microstructure was examined by lyophilizing to get porous scaffolds. Biological assessment was performed through CCK-8 assays by using synovium-derived mesenchymal cells (SMSCs) at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. In vivo evaluation for application in cartilage tissue engineering was performed 8 weeks after subcutaneous injection of SMSC-loaded Odex/Mgel hydrogels combined with TGF-β3 in the dorsa of nude mice. According to the results, a fast forming hydrogel was obtained by simply modifying dextran and gelatin. Moreover, the Odex/Mgel hydrogel exhibited good biocompatibility in cultures of SMSCs and a homogeneous distribution of live cells was achieved inside the hydrogels. After 8 weeks, newly formed cartilage was achieved in the dorsa of nude mice; no inflammatory reaction was observed and high production of GAGs was shown. The method provides a strategy for the design and fabrication of fast in situ forming hydrogels. The Odex/Mgel hydrogel could be used for the regeneration of cartilage in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Arzi B, Murphy MK, Leale DM, Vapniarsky-Arzi N, Verstraete FJM. The temporomandibular joint of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): part 1 - characterisation in health and disease. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 60:208-15. [PMID: 25451464 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterise the histologic, biomechanical and biochemical properties of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of California sea lions. In addition, we sought to identify structure-function relationships and to characterise TMJ lesions found in this species. DESIGN Temporomandibular joints from fresh cadaver heads (n=14) of California sea lions acquired from strandings were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The specimens were also evaluated for their mechanical and biochemical properties. Furthermore, if TMJ arthritic changes were present, joint characteristics were described and compared to healthy joints. RESULTS Five male and 9 female specimens demonstrated macroscopically normal fibrocartilaginous articular surfaces and fibrous discs in the TMJ. Out of the 9 female specimens, 4 specimens had TMJ lesions were seen either in the articular surface or the disc. Histologically, these pathologic specimens demonstrated subchondral bone defects, cartilage irregularities and inflammatory cell infiltrates. The normal TMJ discs did not exhibit significant direction dependence in tensile stiffness or strength in the rostrocaudal direction compared with the mediolateral direction among normal discs or discs from affected joints. The TMJ discs were not found to be anisotropic in tensile properties. This feature was further supported by randomly oriented collagen fibres as seen by electron microscopy. Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in biochemical composition of the discs dependent upon population. CONCLUSION The TMJ and its disc of the California sea lion exhibit similarities but also differences compared to other mammals with regards to structure-function relationships. A fibrous TMJ disc rich in collagen with minimal glycosaminoglycan content was characterised, and random fibre organisation was associated with isotropic mechanical properties in the central region of the disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - M K Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D M Leale
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - N Vapniarsky-Arzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - F J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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Tanaka E, Pelayo F, Kim N, Lamela MJ, Kawai N, Fernández-Canteli A. Stress relaxation behaviors of articular cartilages in porcine temporomandibular joint. J Biomech 2014; 47:1582-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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MacBarb RF, Makris EA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. A chondroitinase-ABC and TGF-β1 treatment regimen for enhancing the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered fibrocartilage. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:4626-34. [PMID: 23041782 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of functionally equivalent fibrocartilage remains elusive despite efforts to engineer tissues such as knee meniscus, intervertebral disc and temporomandibular joint disc. Attempts to engineer these structures often fail to create tissues with mechanical properties on a par with native tissue, resulting in constructs unsuitable for clinical applications. The objective of this study was to engineer a spectrum of biomimetic fibrocartilages representative of the distinct functional properties found in native tissues. Using the self-assembly process, different co-cultures of meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes were seeded into agarose wells and treated with the catabolic agent chondroitinase-ABC (C-ABC) and the anabolic agent transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) via a two-factor (cell ratio and bioactive treatment), full factorial study design. Application of both C-ABC and TGF-β1 resulted in a beneficial or positive increase in the collagen content of treated constructs compared to controls. Significant increases in both the collagen density and fiber diameter were also seen with this treatment, increasing these values by 32 and 15%, respectively, over control values. Mechanical testing found the combined bioactive treatment to synergistically increase the Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the engineered fibrocartilages compared to controls, with values reaching the lower spectrum of those found in native tissues. Together, these data demonstrate that C-ABC and TGF-β1 interact to develop a denser collagen matrix better able to withstand tensile loading. This study highlights a way to optimize the tensile properties of engineered fibrocartilage using a biochemical and a biophysical agent together to create distinct fibrocartilages with functional properties mimicking those of native tissue.
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