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Liu Z, Zhang M, Hao Y, Hu W, Zhu W, Wang H, Li L. Application of surface-modified functional packaging in food storage: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13343. [PMID: 38629458 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Innovations in food packaging systems could meet the evolving needs of the market; emerging concepts of non-migrating technologies reduce the negative migration of preservatives from packaging materials, extend shelf life, and improve food quality and safety. Non-migratory packaging activates the surface of inert materials through pretreatment to generate different active groups. The preservative is covalently grafted with the resin of the pretreated packaging substrate through the graft polymerization of the monomer and the coupling reaction of the polymer chain. The covalent link not only provides the required surface properties of the material for a long time but also retains the inherent properties of the polymer. This technique is applied to the processing for durable, stable, and easily controllable packaging widely. This article reviews the principles of various techniques for packaging materials, surface graft modification, and performance characterization of materials after grafting modification. Potential applications in the food industry and future research trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai, China
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Liu J, Han Z, An L, Ghanizadeh H, Wang A. Evaluation of immobilized microspheres of Clonostachys rosea on Botrytis cinerea and tomato seedlings. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122217. [PMID: 37423183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a popular vegetable crop which is widely cultivated around the world. However, the production of tomatoes is threatened by several phytopathogenic agents, including gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers.). Biological control using fungal agents such as Clonostachys rosea plays a pivotal role in managing gray mold. However, these biological agents can negatively be influenced by environmental factors. However, immobilization is a promising approach to tackle this issue. In this research, we used a nontoxic chemical material, sodium alginate as a carrier to immobilize C. rosea. For this, sodium alginate microspheres were prepared using sodium alginate prior to embedding C. rosea. The results showed that C. rosea was successfully embedded in sodium alginate microspheres, and immobilization enhanced the stability of the fungi. The embedded C. rosea was able to suppress the growth of gray mold efficiently. In addition, the activity of stress related enzymes, peroxidase superoxidase dismutase and polyphenol oxidation was promoted in tomatoes treated with the embedded C. rosea. By measuring photosynthetic efficiency, it was noted that the embedded C. rosea has positive impacts on tomato plants. Taken together, these results indicate that immobilization of C. rosea improved its stability without detrimentally affecting its efficiency on gray mold suppression and tomato growth. The results of this research can be used as a basis for research and development of new immobilized biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengyuan Han
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lidong An
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hossein Ghanizadeh
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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Jing L, Cheng C, Wang B, Wang S, Xie R, Xia H, Wang D. Controlled Iodine Phase Transfer of Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Instant but Sustained Disinfection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:597-609. [PMID: 36578100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Freestanding membranes of CuCl2-implanted TpPa covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were mechanochemically produced. The resulting membrane had a high I2 adsorption capacity (566.78 g·mol-1) in cyclohexane, which corresponds to 2.2I2 per unit cell with 1.3I2 immobilized on 3Cl- ions (60%) and 0.9 on 3N atoms (40%). Upon being placed in aqueous media, the membrane released 61.1% of its loaded I2 mainly by its Cl- ions within 10 min and the remaining 38.9% mainly from its N atoms within about 5 h. Thanks to that, the COF membranes loaded with 1.5 mg of I2 could be repetitively utilized to kill about 108 CFU/mL E. coli in 0.5-3 min at least five times, after which the membranes could retain their bactericidal activity for 4 h against 108 CFU/mL E. coli. This highlights the promising application of I2-loaded TpPa-CuCl2 COF membranes for instant and sustained disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Chongling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou325035, China
| | - Renguo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Haibing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China
| | - Dayang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
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Selvamani V, Kadian S, Detwiler DA, Zareei A, Woodhouse I, Qi Z, Peana S, Alcaraz AM, Wang H, Rahimi R. Laser-Assisted Nanotexturing and Silver Immobilization on Titanium Implant Surfaces to Enhance Bone Cell Mineralization and Antimicrobial Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4014-4027. [PMID: 35312330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great advancement and wide use of titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys in different orthopedic implants, device-related infections remain the major complication in modern orthopedic and trauma surgery. Most of these infections are often caused by both poor antibacterial and osteoinductive properties of the implant surface. Here, we have demonstrated a facile two-step laser nanotexturing and immobilization of silver onto the titanium implants to improve both cellular integration and antibacterial properties of Ti surfaces. The required threshold laser processing power for effective nanotexturing and osseointegration was systematically determined by the level of osteoblast cells mineralized on the laser nanotextured Ti (LN-Ti) surfaces using a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Nd:YAG, wavelength of 1.06 μm). Laser processing powers above 24 W resulted in the formation of hierarchical nanoporous structures (average pore 190 nm) on the Ti surface with a 2.5-fold increase in osseointegration as compared to the pristine Ti surface. Immobilization of silver nanoparticles onto the LN-Ti surface was conducted by dip coating in an aqueous silver ionic solution and subsequently converted to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using a low power laser-assisted photocatalytic reduction process. Structural and surface morphology analysis via XRD and SEM revealed a uniform distribution of Ag and the formation of an AgTi-alloy interface on the Ti surface. The antibacterial efficacy of the LN-Ti with laser immobilized silver (LN-Ti/LI-Ag) was tested against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The LN-Ti/LI-Ag surface was observed to have efficient and stable antimicrobial properties for over 6 days. In addition, it was found that the LN-Ti/LI-Ag maintained a cytocompatibility and bone cell mineralization property similar to the LN-Ti surface. The differential toxicity of the LN-Ti/LI-Ag between bacterial and cellular species qualifies this approach as a promising candidate for novel rapid surface modification of biomedical metal implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Selvamani
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Sachin Kadian
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | | | - Amin Zareei
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Ian Woodhouse
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Zhimin Qi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Samuel Peana
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alejandro M Alcaraz
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
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Surface Functionalization of Ureteral Stents-Based Polyurethane: Engineering Antibacterial Coatings. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051676. [PMID: 35268903 PMCID: PMC8910958 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of polyurethane (PU) ureteral stents usually leads to severe and challenging clinical complications. As such, there is an increasing demand for an effective response to this unmet medical challenge. In this study, we offer a strategy based on the functionalization of PU stents with chitosan-fatty acid (CS-FA) derivatives to prevent bacterial colonization. Three different fatty acids (FAs), namely stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), and linoleic acid (LinA), were successfully grafted onto chitosan (CS) polymeric chains. Afterwards, CS-FA derivatives-based solutions were coated on the surface of PU stents. The biological performance of the modified PU stents was evaluated against the L929 cell line, confirming negligible cytotoxicity of the developed coating formulations. The antibacterial potential of coated PU stents was also evaluated against several microorganisms. The obtained data indicate that the base material already presents an adequate performance against Staphylococcus aureus, which slightly improved with the coating. However, the performance of the PU stents against Gram-negative bacteria was markedly increased with the surface functionalization approach herein used. As a result, this study reveals the potential use of CS-FA derivatives for surface functionalization of ureteral PU stents and allows for conjecture on its successful application in other biomedical devices.
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Combining microscopy assays of bacteria-surface interactions to better evaluate antimicrobial polymer coatings. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0224121. [PMID: 35108075 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02241-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Validation of the antimicrobial performance of contact-killing polymer surfaces through experimental determination of bacterial adhesion or viability is essential for their targeted development and application. However, there is not yet a consensus on a single most appropriate evaluation method or procedure. Combining and benchmarking previously reported assays could reduce the significant variation and misinterpretation of efficacy data obtained from different methods. In this work, we systematically investigated the response of bacteria cells to anti-adhesive and antiseptic polymer coatings by combining (i) bulk solution-based, (ii) thin-film spacer-based and (iii) direct contact assays. In addition, we evaluated the studied assays using a five-point scoring framework that highlights key areas for improvement. Our data suggest that combined microscopy assays provide a more comprehensive representation of antimicrobial performance, thereby helping to identify effective types of antibacterial polymer coatings. Importance We present and evaluate a combination of methods for validating the efficacy of antimicrobial surfaces. Antimicrobial surfaces/coatings based on contact-killing components can be instrumental to functionalise a wide range of products. However, there is not yet a consensus on a single, most appropriate method to evaluate their performance. By combining three microscopy methods, we were able to discern contact killing effects at the single cell level that were not detectable by conventional bulk microbiological analyses. The developed approach is considered advantageous for the future targeted development of robust and sustainable antimicrobial surfaces.
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Fonseca S, Cayer MP, Ahmmed KMT, Khadem-Mohtaram N, Charette SJ, Brouard D. Characterization of the Antibacterial Activity of an SiO2 Nanoparticular Coating to Prevent Bacterial Contamination in Blood Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010107. [PMID: 35052984 PMCID: PMC8773057 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological innovations and quality control processes within blood supply organizations have significantly improved blood safety for both donors and recipients. Nevertheless, the risk of transfusion-transmitted infection remains non-negligible. Applying a nanoparticular, antibacterial coating at the surface of medical devices is a promising strategy to prevent the spread of infections. In this study, we characterized the antibacterial activity of an SiO2 nanoparticular coating (i.e., the “Medical Antibacterial and Antiadhesive Coating” [MAAC]) applied on relevant polymeric materials (PM) used in the biomedical field. Electron microscopy revealed a smoother surface for the MAAC-treated PM compared to the reference, suggesting antiadhesive properties. The antibacterial activity was tested against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in accordance with ISO 22196. Bacterial growth was significantly reduced for the MAAC-treated PVC, plasticized PVC, polyurethane and silicone (90–99.999%) in which antibacterial activity of ≥1 log reduction was reached for all bacterial strains tested. Cytotoxicity was evaluated following ISO 10993-5 guidelines and L929 cell viability was calculated at ≥90% in the presence of MAAC. This study demonstrates that the MAAC could prevent bacterial contamination as demonstrated by the ISO 22196 tests, while further work needs to be done to improve the coating processability and effectiveness of more complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra Fonseca
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, 1070, Avenue des Sciences-de-la-Vie, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada; (S.F.); (M.-P.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Marie-Pierre Cayer
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, 1070, Avenue des Sciences-de-la-Vie, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada; (S.F.); (M.-P.C.)
| | | | | | - Steve J. Charette
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Danny Brouard
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, 1070, Avenue des Sciences-de-la-Vie, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada; (S.F.); (M.-P.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Maliuchenko LI, Nikolaev NS, Pchelova NN, Nikolaevich Efimov D, Preobrazhenskaia EV, Emelianov VU. Linear-Chain Nanostructured Carbon with a Silver Film Plated on Metal Components Has a Promising Effect for the Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. OSTEOLOGY 2021; 1:238-246. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/osteology1040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Due to the aging of the world population, the number of joint diseases, along with the number of arthroplasties, has increased, simultaneously increasing the amount of complications, including periprosthetic joint infection (PPI). In this study, to combat a PPI, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of the new composite cover for titanium implants, silver-doped carbyne-like carbon (S-CLC) film. Methods: The first assay investigated the antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and releasing of silver ions from S-CLC films into growth media covered with S-CLC with a thickness of 1, 2, and 4 mm. The second assay determined the direct antibacterial properties of the S-CLC film’s surface against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, or P. aeruginosa. The third assay studied the formation of microbial biofilms of S. aureus or P. aeruginosa on the S-CLC coating. Silver-doped carbyne-like carbon (S-CLC)-covered or titanium plates alone were used as controls. Results: S-CLC films, compared to controls, prevented P. aeruginosa growth on 1 mm thickness agar; had direct antimicrobial properties against S. aureus, E. faecalis, and P. aeruginosa; and could prevent P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Conclusions: S-CLC films on the Ti surface could successfully fight the most common infectious agent in PPI, and prevented biofilm formation.
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Bertani R, Bartolozzi A, Pontefisso A, Quaresimin M, Zappalorto M. Improving the Antimicrobial and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins via Nanomodification: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:5426. [PMID: 34500859 PMCID: PMC8434237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview on the preparation of multifunctional epoxies, with improved antimicrobial activity and enhanced mechanical properties through nanomodification. In the first section, we focus on the approaches to achieve antimicrobial activity, as well as on the methods used to evaluate their efficacy against bacteria and fungi. Relevant application examples are also discussed, with particular reference to antifouling and anticorrosion coatings for marine environments, dental applications, antimicrobial fibers and fabrics, and others. Subsequently, we discuss the mechanical behaviors of nanomodified epoxies with improved antimicrobial properties, analyzing the typical damage mechanisms leading to the significant toughening effect of nanomodification. Some examples of mechanical properties of nanomodified polymers are provided. Eventually, the possibility of achieving, at the same time, antimicrobial and mechanical improvement capabilities by nanomodification with nanoclay is discussed, with reference to both nanomodified epoxies and glass/epoxy composite laminates. According to the literature, a nanomodified epoxy can successfully exhibit antibacterial properties, while increasing its fracture toughness, even though its tensile strength may decrease. As for laminates-obtaining antibacterial properties is not followed by improved interlaminar properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bertani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Bartolozzi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Pontefisso
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.Q.)
| | - Marino Quaresimin
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.Q.)
| | - Michele Zappalorto
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.Q.)
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Carmona-Ribeiro AM, Araújo PM. Antimicrobial Polymer-Based Assemblies: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5424. [PMID: 34063877 PMCID: PMC8196616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An antimicrobial supramolecular assembly (ASA) is conspicuous in biomedical applications. Among the alternatives to overcome microbial resistance to antibiotics and drugs, ASAs, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and polymers (APs), provide formulations with optimal antimicrobial activity and acceptable toxicity. AMPs and APs have been delivered by a variety of carriers such as nanoparticles, coatings, multilayers, hydrogels, liposomes, nanodisks, lyotropic lipid phases, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc. They have similar mechanisms of action involving adsorption to the cell wall, penetration across the cell membrane, and microbe lysis. APs, however, offer the advantage of cheap synthetic procedures, chemical stability, and improved adsorption (due to multipoint attachment to microbes), as compared to the expensive synthetic routes, poor yield, and subpar in vivo stability seen in AMPs. We review recent advances in polymer-based antimicrobial assemblies involving AMPs and APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
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New Functionalized Macroparticles for Environmentally Sustainable Biofilm Control in Water Systems. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040399. [PMID: 33917084 PMCID: PMC8067768 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) depends on biocidal agents to control the operating costs associated to biofouling, although this implies the discharge of undesired chemicals into the aquatic environment. Therefore, a system providing pre-treated water free of biocides arises as an interesting solution to minimize the discharge of chemicals while enhancing RO filtration performance by inactivating bacteria that could form biofilms on the membrane system. This work proposes a pretreatment approach based on the immobilization of an industrially used antimicrobial agent (benzalkonium chloride—BAC) into millimetric aluminum oxide particles with prior surface activation with DA—dopamine. The antimicrobial efficacy of the functionalized particles was assessed against Escherichia coli planktonic cells through culturability and cell membrane integrity analysis. The results showed total inactivation of bacterial cells within five min for the highest particle concentration and 100% of cell membrane damage after 15 min for all concentrations. When reusing the same particles, a higher contact time was needed to reach the total inactivation, possibly due to partial blocking of immobilized biocide by dead bacteria adhering to the particles and to the residual leaching of biocide. The overall results support the use of Al2O3-DA-BAC particles as antimicrobial agents for sustainable biocidal applications in continuous water treatment systems.
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Kurt MŞ, Arslan ME, Yazici A, Mudu İ, Arslan E. Tribological, biocompatibility, and antibiofilm properties of tungsten-germanium coating using magnetron sputtering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:6. [PMID: 33471227 PMCID: PMC7817579 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, borosilicate glass and 316 L stainless steel were coated with germanium (Ge) and tungsten (W) metals using the Magnetron Sputtering System. Surface structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of uncoated and coated samples were examined using SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and tribometer. The XRD results showed that WGe2 chemical compound observed in (110) crystalline phase and exhibited a dense structure. According to the tribological analyses, the adhesion strength of the coated deposition on 316 L was obtained 32.8 N, and the mean coefficient of friction was around 0.3. Biocompatibility studies of coated metallic biomaterials were analyzed on fibroblast cell culture (Primary Dermal Fibroblast; Normal, Human, Adult (HDFa)) in vitro. Hoescht 33258 fluorescent staining was performed to investigate the cellular density and chromosomal abnormalities of the HDFa cell line on the borosilicate glasses coated with germanium-tungsten (W-Ge). Cell viabilities of HDFa cell line on each surface (W-Ge coated borosilicate glass, uncoated borosilicate glass, and cell culture plate surface) were analyzed by using (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay. The antibiofilm activity of W-Ge coated borosilicate glass showed a significant reduction effect on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) adherence compared to control groups. In the light of findings, tungsten and germanium, which are some of the most common industrial materials, were investigated as biocompatible and antimicrobial surface coatings and recommended as bio-implant materials for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Şükrü Kurt
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Enes Arslan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Yazici
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İlkan Mudu
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Arslan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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13
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Müller A, Fessele C, Zuber F, Rottmar M, Maniura-Weber K, Ren Q, Guex AG. Gallium Complex-Functionalized P4HB Fibers: A Trojan Horse to Fight Bacterial Infection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Müller
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Fessele
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Zuber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rottmar
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anne Géraldine Guex
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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14
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Dalchand N, Cui Q, Geiger FM. Electrostatics, Hydrogen Bonding, and Molecular Structure at Polycation and Peptide:Lipid Membrane Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:21149-21158. [PMID: 31889444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycation and peptide-modified surfaces represent opportunities for developing potentially novel biocidal materials in a growing effort to combat bacterial resistance to traditional bactericides. It is well-known that the positive charge of these compounds is crucial to their function in biofouling prevention and as antimicrobials; however, methods for quantifying the number of positive charges on surface-bound polycations and peptides are necessary to predict, control, and optimize the design and therefore the utility of these compounds. This Spotlight on Applications reports on such an approach that combines second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), and atomistic simulations to obtain mechanistic insight into polycation-membrane interactions using supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) as our model system. We find that at high surface coverage, the large polycations we surveyed feature a considerably smaller percentage of ionization when compared to the smaller polycations and peptides. At these high charge densities, we suspect a pKa shift of the charged groups to lower charge-charge repulsion as well as the formation of a looplike conformation such that less monomeric units form contact-ion pairs with the bilayer. Our sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy results complement our understanding of the polycation-membrane interaction. At a high density of the polycation poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), second-order spectral line shapes are consistent with the expulsion of interfacial water molecules possibly due to contact-ion pair formation between PAH and the lipid bilayer. This finding could be essential for understanding the underlying first steps of cell lysis and penetration by polycations and should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dalchand
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60660, United States
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15
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Biological properties of novel polysuccinimide derivatives synthesized via quaternary ammonium grafting. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Sánchez-Milla M, Gómez R, Pérez-Serrano J, Sánchez-Nieves J, de la Mata FJ. Functionalization of silica with amine and ammonium alkyl chains, dendrons and dendrimers: Synthesis and antibacterial properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Polymer brushes prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) and their antifouling properties. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Abstract
Food and beverage industries operate their production units under stringent hygiene standards to verify high-quality products. However, the presence of biofilms can cause hygienic problems in the industries in the case of pathogenic organisms. Microorganisms can form biofilms, which are resistant to cleaning and disinfection. Microorganisms in biofilms are closely packed in a matrix that acts as a barrier to cleaning and disinfection. Biofilms are observed in processing equipment and open surfaces, resulting in food safety problems or weakening of production efficiency. This review provides a recap of the biofouling process, including the production mechanisms and control techniques of microbial adhesion. Microbial adhesion and colonization are the sine qua non of the establishment of bacterial pathogenesis and this report focuses on their prevention.
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19
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Barnes M, Feit C, Grant TA, Brisbois EJ. Antimicrobial polymer modifications to reduce microbial bioburden on endotracheal tubes and ventilator associated pneumonia. Acta Biomater 2019; 91:220-234. [PMID: 31022549 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hospital associated infections (HAIs), infections acquired by patients during care in a hospital, remain a prevalent issue in the healthcare field. These infections often occur with the use of indwelling medical devices, such as endotracheal tubes (ETTs), that can result in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). When examining the various routes of infection, VAP is associated with the highest incidence, rate of morbidity, and economic burden. Although ETTs are essential for the survival of patients requiring mechanical ventilation, their use comes with complications. The presence of an ETT in the airway impairs physiological host defense mechanisms for clearance of pathogens and provides a platform for oropharynx microorganism transport to the sterile tracheobronchial network. Antibiotics are administered to treat lower respiratory infections; however, they are not always effective and consequently can result in increased antibiotic resistance. Prophylactic approaches by altering the surface of ETTs to prevent the establishment and growth of bacteria have exhibited promising results. In addition, passive surface modifications that prevent bacterial establishment and growth, or active coatings that possess a bactericidal effect have also proven effective. In this review we aim to highlight the importance of preventing biofilm establishment on indwelling medical devices, focusing on ETTs. We will investigate successful antimicrobial modifications to ETTs and the future avenues that will ultimately decrease HAIs and improve patient care. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Infections that occur with indwelling medicals devices remain a constant concern in the medical field and can result in hospital-acquired infections. Specifically, ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) occurs with the use of an endotracheal tube (ETT). Infections often require use of antibiotics and can result in patient mortality. Our review includes a summary of the recent collective work of antimicrobial ETT modifications and potential avenues for further investigations in an effort to reduce VAP associated with ETTs. Polymer modifications with antibacterial nature have been developed and tested; however, a focus on ETTs is lacking and clinical availability of new antimicrobial ETT devices is limited. Our collective work shows the successful and prospective applications to the surfaces of ETTs that can support researchers and physicians to create safer medical devices.
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20
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Caschera A, Mistry KB, Bedard J, Ronan E, Syed MA, Khan AU, Lough AJ, Wolfaardt G, Foucher DA. Surface-attached sulfonamide containing quaternary ammonium antimicrobials for textiles and plastics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3140-3150. [PMID: 35518965 PMCID: PMC9059942 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10173f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the risks associated with healthcare-associated infections and the rise of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, there is an important need to control the proliferation of these factors in hospitals, retirement homes and other institutions. This work explores the development and application of a novel class of sulfonamide-based quaternary ammonium antimicrobial coatings, anchored to commercially and clinically relevant material surfaces. Synthesized in high yields (60–97%), benzophenone-anchored antimicrobials were spray-coated and UV grafted onto plastic surfaces, while silane-anchored variants were adhered to select textiles via dip-coating. Surface modified samples were characterised by advancing contact angle, anionic dye staining, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. After verifying coating quality through the above characterization methods, microbiological testing was performed on batch samples in conditions that simulate the natural inoculation of surfaces and objects (solid/air) and water containers (solid/liquid). Using the previously established Large Drop Inoculum (LDI) protocol at solid/air interfaces, all treated samples showed a full reduction (105–107 CFU) of viable Arthrobacter sp., S. aureus, and E. coli after 3 h of contact time. Additional testing of the walls of plastic LDPE vials treated with a UV-cured sulfonamide antimicrobial at a solid/liquid interface using the newly developed Large Reservoir Inoculum (LRI) protocol under static conditions revealed a complete kill (>106 reduction) of Gram-positive Arthrobacter sp., and a partial kill (>104 reduction) of Gram-negative E. coli within 24–48 h of contact. A series of surface attached silane or benzophenone sulfonamide quaternary ammonium antimicrobials show potent efficacy at solid/air and solid/liquid interfaces.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Caschera
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B-2K3
| | - Kamlesh B Mistry
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B-2K3
| | - Joseph Bedard
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B-2K3
| | - Evan Ronan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B-2K3
| | - Moiz A Syed
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B-2K3
| | - Aman U Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B-2K3
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Gideon Wolfaardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B-2K3 .,Stellenbosch University Water Institute Secretariat, Faculty of Natural Science, Stellenbosch University South Africa
| | - Daniel A Foucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B-2K3
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21
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Somayajula D, Agarwal A, Sharma AK, Pall AE, Datta S, Ghosh G. In Situ Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles within Hydrogel-Conjugated Membrane for Enhanced Antibacterial Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:665-674. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Somayajula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Ayushi Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Ajay K. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Ashley E. Pall
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Saurav Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Gargi Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
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22
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Naderi J, Giles C, Saboohi S, Griesser HJ, Coad BR. Surface-grafted antimicrobial drugs: Possible misinterpretation of mechanism of action. Biointerphases 2018; 13:06E409. [PMID: 30482023 PMCID: PMC6905654 DOI: 10.1116/1.5050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial surface coatings that act through a contact-killing mechanism (not diffusive release) could offer many advantages to the design of medical device coatings that prevent microbial colonization and infections. However, as the authors show here, to prevent arriving at an incorrect conclusion about their mechanism of action, it is essential to employ thorough washing protocols validated by surface analytical data. Antimicrobial surface coatings were fabricated by covalently attaching polyene antifungal drugs to surface coatings. Thorough washing (often considered to be sufficient to remove noncovalently attached molecules) was used after immobilization and produced samples that showed a strong antifungal effect, with a log 6 reduction in Candida albicans colony forming units. However, when an additional washing step using surfactants and warmed solutions was used, more firmly adsorbed compounds were eluted from the surface as evidenced by XPS and ToF-SIMS, resulting in reduction and complete elimination of in vitro antifungal activity. Thus, polyene molecules covalently attached to surfaces appear not to have a contact-killing effect, probably because they fail to reach their membrane target. Without additional stringent washing and surface analysis, the initial favorable antimicrobial testing results could have been misinterpreted as evidencing activity of covalently grafted polyenes, while in reality activity arose from desorbing physisorbed molecules. To avoid unintentional confirmation bias, they suggest that binding and washing protocols be analytically verified by qualitative/quantitative instrumental methods, rather than relying on false assumptions of the rigors of washing/soaking protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Naderi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Carla Giles
- Department of Primary Industries Parks Water and Environment Tasmania, Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, 165 Westbury Road, Prospect, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Solmaz Saboohi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Hans J Griesser
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Bryan R Coad
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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23
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Kratochvíl J, Kuzminova A, Kylián O. State-of-the-Art, and Perspectives of, Silver/Plasma Polymer Antibacterial Nanocomposites. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7030078. [PMID: 30126109 PMCID: PMC6164522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urgent need for innovative and effective antibacterial coatings in different fields seems to have triggered the development of numerous strategies for the production of such materials. As shown in this short overview, plasma based techniques arouse considerable attention that is connected with the possibility to use these techniques for the production of advanced antibacterial Ag/plasma polymer coatings with tailor-made functional properties. In addition, the plasma-based deposition is believed to be well-suited for the production of novel multi-functional or stimuli-responsive antibacterial films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kratochvíl
- Department of Macromolecular, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Physics Charles University, Prague 18000, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Kuzminova
- Department of Macromolecular, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Physics Charles University, Prague 18000, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Kylián
- Department of Macromolecular, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Physics Charles University, Prague 18000, Czech Republic.
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24
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Robertson J, Gizdavic-Nikolaidis M, Nieuwoudt MK, Swift S. The antimicrobial action of polyaniline involves production of oxidative stress while functionalisation of polyaniline introduces additional mechanisms. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5135. [PMID: 29967756 PMCID: PMC6026458 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) and functionalised polyanilines (fPANI) are novel antimicrobial agents whose mechanism of action was investigated. Escherichia coli single gene deletion mutants revealed that the antimicrobial mechanism of PANI likely involves production of hydrogen peroxide while homopolymer poly(3-aminobenzoic acid), P3ABA, used as an example of a fPANI, disrupts metabolic and respiratory machinery, by targeting ATP synthase and causes acid stress. PANI was more active against E. coli in aerobic, compared to anaerobic, conditions, while this was apparent for P3ABA only in rich media. Greater activity in aerobic conditions suggests involvement of reactive oxygen species. P3ABA treatment causes an increase in intracellular free iron, which is linked to perturbation of metabolic enzymes and could promote reactive oxygen species production. Addition of exogenous catalase protected E. coli from PANI antimicrobial action; however, this was not apparent for P3ABA treated cells. The results presented suggest that PANI induces production of hydrogen peroxide, which can promote formation of hydroxyl radicals causing biomolecule damage and potentially cell death. P3ABA is thought to act as an uncoupler by targeting ATP synthase resulting in a futile cycle, which precipitates dysregulation of iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, acid stress, and potentially the fatal loss of proton motive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Robertson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Choi G, Jeong GM, Oh MS, Joo M, Im SG, Jeong KJ, Lee E. Robust Thin Film Surface with a Selective Antibacterial Property Enabled via a Cross-Linked Ionic Polymer Coating for Infection-Resistant Medical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2614-2622. [PMID: 33435124 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of new antibacterial surfaces has become a primary strategy for preventing device-associated infections (DAIs). Although considerable progress has recently been made in reducing DAIs, current antibacterial coating methods are technically complex and do not allow selective bacterial killing. Here, we propose novel anti-infective surfaces made of a cross-linked ionic polymer film that achieve selective bacteria killing while simultaneously favoring the survival of mammalian cells. A one-step polymerization process known as initiated chemical vapor deposition was used to generate a cross-linked ionic polymer film from 4-vinylbenzyl chloride and 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate monomers in the vapor phase. In particular, the deposition process produced a polymer network with quaternary ammonium cross-linking sites, which provided the surface with an ionic moiety with an excellent antibacterial contact-killing property. This method confers substrate compatibility, which enables various materials to be coated with ionic polymer films for use in medical implants. Moreover, the ionic polymer-deposited surfaces supported the healthy growth of mammalian cells while selectively inhibiting bacterial growth in coculture models without any detectable cytotoxicity. Thus, the cross-linked ionic polymer-based antibacterial surface developed in this study can serve as an ideal platform for biomedical applications that require a highly sterile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Min Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Seok Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Munkyu Joo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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26
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Hernández-Ros JM, Sánchez-García L, Maly M, Verdú-Expósito C, Soliveri J, Javier de la Mata F, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J, Sánchez-Nieves J, Gómez R. Ammonium and guanidine carbosilane dendrimers and dendrons as microbicides. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Investigation of Polyaniline and a Functionalised Derivative as Antimicrobial Additives to Create Contamination Resistant Surfaces. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11030436. [PMID: 29547572 PMCID: PMC5873015 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial surfaces can be applied to break transmission pathways in hospitals. Polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3-aminobenzoic acid) (P3ABA) are novel antimicrobial agents with potential as non-leaching additives to provide contamination resistant surfaces. The activity of PANI and P3ABA were investigated in suspension and as part of absorbent and non-absorbent surfaces. The effect of inoculum size and the presence of organic matter on surface activity was determined. PANI and P3ABA both demonstrated bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in suspension and as part of an absorbent surface. Only P3ABA showed antimicrobial activity in non-absorbent films. The results that are presented in this work support the use of P3ABA to create contamination resistant surfaces.
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28
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Kiani F, Astani NA, Rahighi R, Tayyebi A, Tayebi M, Khezri J, Hashemi E, Rothlisberger U, Simchi A. Effect of graphene oxide nanosheets on visible light-assisted antibacterial activity of vertically-aligned copper oxide nanowire arrays. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 521:119-131. [PMID: 29558691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets on the antibacterial activity of CuO nanowire arrays under visible light irradiation is shown. A combined thermal oxidation/electrophoretic deposition technique was employed to prepare three-dimensional networks of graphene oxide nanosheets hybridized with vertically aligned CuO nanowires. With the help of standard antibacterial assays and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is shown that the light-activated antibacterial response of the hybrid material against gram-negative Escherichia coli is significantly improved as the oxide functional groups of the GO nanosheets are reduced. In order to explore the physicochemical mechanism behind this behavior, ab-initio simulations based on density functional theory were performed and the effect of surface functional groups and hybridization were elucidated. Supported by the experiments, a three-step photo-antibacterial based mechanism is suggested: (i) injection of an electron from CuO into rGO, (ii) localization of the excess electron on rGO functional groups, and (iii) release of reactive oxygen species lethal to bacteria. Activation of new photoactive and physical mechanisms in the hybrid system makes rGO-modified CuO nanowire coatings as promising nanostructure devices for antimicrobial applications in particular for dry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kiani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, PO Box: 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Ashari Astani
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rahighi
- Department of Research and Development, Sharif Ultrahigh Nanotechnologists (SUN) Company, P.O. Box: 13488-96394, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tayyebi
- Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, P.O. Box: 113658639, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Tayebi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 9177948944, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jafar Khezri
- National Research Center for Transgenic Mouse, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box: 14965-161, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Hashemi
- National Research Center for Transgenic Mouse, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box: 14965-161, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry (LCBC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abdolreza Simchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, PO Box: 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran.
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Antibacterial and anti-biofouling coating on hydroxyapatite surface based on peptide-modified tannic acid. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:136-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Porosa L, Caschera A, Bedard J, Mocella A, Ronan E, Lough AJ, Wolfaardt G, Foucher DA. UV-Curable Contact Active Benzophenone Terminated Quaternary Ammonium Antimicrobials for Applications in Polymer Plastics and Related Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27491-27503. [PMID: 28777541 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of UV active benzophenone ([C6H5COC6H4-O-(CH2)n-N+Me2R][X-]; 4, R = C12H25, n = 3, X- = Br-; 5a-c, R = C18H37, n = 3, X- = Cl-, Br-, I-; 6a-c, R = C18H37, n = 4, X- = Cl-, Br-, I-; 7a-c, R = C18H37, n = 6, X- = Cl-, Br-, I-) terminated C12 and C18 quaternary ammonium salts (QACs) were prepared by thermal or microwave-driven Menshutkin protocols of the appropriate benzophenone alkyl halide (1a-c, 2a-c, 3a-c) with the corresponding dodecyl- or octadecyl N,N-dimethylamine. All new compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, HRMS spectrometry, and, in one instance (4), by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Representative C12 and C18 benzophenone QACs were formulated into 1% (w/v) water or water/ethanol-based aerosol spray coatings and then UV-cured onto plastic substrates (polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyether ether ketone) with exposure to low to moderate doses of UV (20-30 J cm-2). Confirmation as to the presence of the coatings was detected by advancing water contact angle measurements, which revealed a more hydrophilic surface after coating. Further confirmation was gained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and bromophenol blue staining, all of which showed the presence of the attached quaternary ammonium molecule. Analysis of surfaces treated with the C18 benzophenone 5b by atomic force microscopy and surface profilometry revealed a coating thickness of ∼350 nm. The treated samples along with controls were then evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive (Arthrobacter sp., Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria at a solid/air interface using the large drop inoculum protocol; this technique gave no evidence for cell adhesion after a 3 h time frame. These antimicrobial materials show promise for their use as coatings on plastic biomedical devices with the aim of preventing biofilm formation and preventing the spread of hospital acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Porosa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Alexander Caschera
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Joseph Bedard
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Amanda Mocella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Evan Ronan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gideon Wolfaardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Stellenbosch University Water Institute Secretariat, Faculty of Natural Science, Stellenbosch Central , Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Daniel A Foucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
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Correa JP, Molina V, Sanchez M, Kainz C, Eisenberg P, Massani MB. Improving ham shelf life with a polyhydroxybutyrate/polycaprolactone biodegradable film activated with nisin. Food Packag Shelf Life 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Singha P, Locklin J, Handa H. A review of the recent advances in antimicrobial coatings for urinary catheters. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:20-40. [PMID: 27916738 PMCID: PMC5316300 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
More than 75% of hospital-acquired or nosocomial urinary tract infections are initiated by urinary catheters, which are used during the treatment of 15-25% of hospitalized patients. Among other purposes, urinary catheters are primarily used for draining urine after surgeries and for urinary incontinence. During catheter-associated urinary tract infections, bacteria travel up to the bladder and cause infection. A major cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infection is attributed to the use of non-ideal materials in the fabrication of urinary catheters. Such materials allow for the colonization of microorganisms, leading to bacteriuria and infection, depending on the severity of symptoms. The ideal urinary catheter is made out of materials that are biocompatible, antimicrobial, and antifouling. Although an abundance of research has been conducted over the last forty-five years on the subject, the ideal biomaterial, especially for long-term catheterization of more than a month, has yet to be developed. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances (over the past 10years) in developing antimicrobial materials for urinary catheters and to outline future requirements and prospects that guide catheter materials selection and design. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This review article intends to provide an expansive insight into the various antimicrobial agents currently being researched for urinary catheter coatings. According to CDC, approximately 75% of urinary tract infections are caused by urinary catheters and 15-25% of hospitalized patients undergo catheterization. In addition to these alarming statistics, the increasing cost and health related complications associated with catheter associated UTIs make the research for antimicrobial urinary catheter coatings even more pertinent. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the history, the latest progress in development of the coatings and a brief conjecture on what the future entails for each of the antimicrobial agents discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Singha
- School of Materials, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jason Locklin
- School of Materials, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Hitesh Handa
- School of Materials, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Jain R, Faith NG, Milkowski A, Nelson K, Busche D, Lynn DM, Czuprynski CJ, Abbott NL. Using Chemoattractants to Lure Bacteria to Contact-Killing Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5698-702. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jain
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Nancy G. Faith
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Andrew Milkowski
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1675 Observatory Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Kevin Nelson
- Bemis Company, Inc.; 2301 Industrial Drive Neenah WI 54956 USA
| | - David Busche
- Bemis Company, Inc.; 2301 Industrial Drive Neenah WI 54956 USA
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Charles J. Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
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34
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Jain R, Faith NG, Milkowski A, Nelson K, Busche D, Lynn DM, Czuprynski CJ, Abbott NL. Using Chemoattractants to Lure Bacteria to Contact-Killing Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jain
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Nancy G. Faith
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Andrew Milkowski
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1675 Observatory Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Kevin Nelson
- Bemis Company, Inc.; 2301 Industrial Drive Neenah WI 54956 USA
| | - David Busche
- Bemis Company, Inc.; 2301 Industrial Drive Neenah WI 54956 USA
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Charles J. Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
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35
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Tawakkal IS, Cran MJ, Bigger SW. Release of thymol from poly(lactic acid)-based antimicrobial films containing kenaf fibres as natural filler. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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36
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Junter GA, Thébault P, Lebrun L. Polysaccharide-based antibiofilm surfaces. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:13-25. [PMID: 26555378 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface treatment by natural or modified polysaccharide polymers is a promising means to fight against implant-associated biofilm infections. The present review focuses on polysaccharide-based coatings that have been proposed over the last ten years to impede biofilm formation on material surfaces exposed to bacterial contamination. Anti-adhesive and bactericidal coatings are considered. Besides classical hydrophilic coatings based on hyaluronic acid and heparin, the promising anti-adhesive properties of the algal polysaccharide ulvan are underlined. Surface functionalization by antimicrobial chitosan and derivatives is extensively surveyed, in particular chitosan association with other polysaccharides in layer-by-layer assemblies to form both anti-adhesive and bactericidal coatings. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Bacterial contamination of surfaces, leading to biofilm formation, is a major problem in fields as diverse as medicine, first, but also food and cosmetics. Many prophylactic strategies have emerged to try to eliminate or reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on surfaces of materials exposed to bacterial contamination, in particular implant materials. Polysaccharides are widely distributed in nature. A number of these natural polymers display antibiofilm properties. Hence, surface treatment by natural or modified polysaccharides is a promising means to fight against implant-associated biofilm infections. The present manuscript is an in-depth look at polysaccharide-based antibiofilm surfaces that have been proposed over the last ten years. This review, which is a novelty compared to published literature, will bring well documented and updated information to readers of Acta Biomaterialia.
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Cloutier M, Mantovani D, Rosei F. Antibacterial Coatings: Challenges, Perspectives, and Opportunities. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:637-652. [PMID: 26463723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial coatings are rapidly emerging as a primary component of the global mitigation strategy of bacterial pathogens. Thanks to recent concurrent advances in materials science and biotechnology methodologies, and a growing understanding of environmental microbiology, an extensive variety of options are now available to design surfaces with antibacterial properties. However, progress towards a more widespread use in clinical settings crucially depends on addressing the key outstanding issues. We review release-based antibacterial coatings and focus on the challenges and opportunities presented by the latest generation of these materials. In particular, we highlight recent approaches aimed at controlling the release of antibacterial agents, imparting multi-functionality, and enhancing long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cloutier
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Pavillon Pouliot, Local 1745-E, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - D Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Pavillon Pouliot, Local 1745-E, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - F Rosei
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 1650 Boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2 Canada; Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
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38
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Yatvin J, Gao J, Locklin J. Durable defense: robust and varied attachment of non-leaching poly"-onium" bactericidal coatings to reactive and inert surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:9433-42. [PMID: 24882521 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02803a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing antimicrobial coatings to eliminate biotic contamination is a critical need for all surfaces, including medical, industrial, and domestic materials. The wide variety of materials used in these fields, from natural polymers to metals, require coatings that not only are antimicrobial, but also contain different surface chemistries for covalent immobilization. Alkyl "-onium" salts are potent biocides that have defied bacterial resistance mechanisms when confined to an interface. In this feature article, we highlight the various methods used to covalently immobilize bactericidal polymers to different surfaces and further examine the mechanistic aspects of biocidal action with these surface bound poly"-onium" salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Yatvin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, 220 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA, USA.
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Seghal Kiran G, Nishanth Lipton A, Kennedy J, Dobson ADW, Selvin J. A halotolerant thermostable lipase from the marine bacterium Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02 with an ability to disrupt bacterial biofilms. Bioengineered 2015; 5:305-18. [PMID: 25482232 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.29898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A halotolerant thermostable lipase was purified and characterized from the marine bacterium Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02. This lipase displayed a high degree of stability over a wide range of conditions including pH, salinity, and temperature. It was optimally active at 30 °C and pH 8.0 respectively and was stable at higher temperatures (50-70 °C) and alkaline pH. The molecular mass of the lipase was approximately 31 kDa based on SDS-PAGE and MALDI-ToF fingerprint analysis. Conditions for enhanced production of lipase by Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02 were attained in response surface method-guided optimization with factors such as olive oil, sucrose, potassium chromate, and NaCl being evaluated, resulting in levels of 58.84 U/ml being achieved. The biofilm disruption potential of the PUMB02 lipase was evaluated and compared with a marine sponge metagenome derived halotolerant lipase Lpc53E1. Good biofilm disruption activity was observed with both lipases against potential food pathogens such as Bacillus cereus MTCC1272, Listeria sp. MTCC1143, Serratia sp. MTCC4822, Escherichia coli MTCC443, Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC1748, and Vibrio parahemolyticus MTCC459. Phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed very effective disruption of pathogenic biofilms. This study reveals that marine derived hydrolytic enzymes such as lipases may have potential utility in inhibiting biofilm formation in a food processing environment and is the first report of the potential application of lipases from the genus Oceanobacillus in biofilm disruption strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Seghal Kiran
- a Department of Food Science and Technology; Pondicherry University; Puducherry, India
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40
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Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of ZnO Containing Glasses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132709. [PMID: 26230940 PMCID: PMC4521915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A new family of non-toxic biocides based on low melting point (1250°C) transparent glasses with high content of ZnO (15–40wt%) belonging to the miscibility region of the B2O3-SiO2-Na2O-ZnO system has been developed. These glasses have shown an excellent biocide activity (logarithmic reduction >3) against Gram- (E. coli), Gram+ (S. aureus) and yeast (C. krusei); they are chemically stable in different media (distilled water, sea-like water, LB and DMEN media) as well as biocompatible. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by the Neutral Red Uptake using NIH-3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast cells) and the cell viability was >80%. These new glasses can be considered in several and important applications in the field of inorganic non-toxic biocide agents such as medical implants, surgical equipment, protective apparels in hospitals, water purifications systems, food packaging, food storages or textiles.
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41
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Qin GT, Lopez A, Santos C, McDermott AM, Cai CZ. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 on surfaces presenting carboxylate anions. Biomater Sci 2015. [PMID: 26222596 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the immune system in a wide range of organisms. They generally carry positive charges under physiological conditions, allowing them to accumulate on the negatively charged bacterial membrane as the first step of bactericidal action. The concentration range of AMPs necessary for rapid killing of bacteria tested in vitro is much higher than levels found at epithelial surfaces and body fluids in vivo, and close to the a level that is toxic to the host cells. It is likely that AMPs in vivo are localized and act cooperatively to enhance antimicrobial activity, while the global concentration is low thus demonstrating low toxicity to host cells. Herein we employed well-defined mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to localize LL-37, one of the most studied AMPs, via electrostatic interactions. We systematically varied the surface density of LL-37, and found that the immobilized AMPs not only attracted bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the surface, but also killed nearly all bacteria when above a threshold density. More significantly, the AMPs displayed low toxicity to human corneal epithelial cells. The results indicated that localization of AMPs on suitable polyanion substrates facilitated the bactericidal activity while minimizing the cytotoxicity of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
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42
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On the long term antibacterial features of silver-doped diamondlike carbon coatings deposited via a hybrid plasma process. Biointerphases 2015; 9:029013. [PMID: 24985217 DOI: 10.1116/1.4871435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental surfaces are increasingly recognized as important sources of transmission of hospital-acquired infections. The use of antibacterial surface coatings may constitute an effective solution to reduce the spread of contamination in healthcare settings, provided that they exhibit sufficient stability and a long-term antibacterial effect. In this study, silver-incorporated diamondlike carbon films (Ag-DLC) were prepared in a continuous, single-step plasma process using a hybrid, inductively coupled plasma reactor combined with a very-low-frequency sputtering setup. The average Ag concentration in the films, ranging from 0 to 2.4 at. %, was controlled by varying the sputtering bias on the silver target. The authors found that the activity of Escherichia coli was reduced by 2.5 orders of magnitude, compared with the control surface, after a 4-h contact with a 2.4 at. % Ag-DLC coating. The coatings displayed slow release kinetics, with a total silver ion release in the sub-ppb range after 4 h in solution, as measured by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectroscopy. This was confirmed by Kirby-Bauer diffusion tests, which showed limited diffusion of biocidal silver with a localized antibacterial effect. As a slow and continuous release is mandatory to ensure a lasting antibacterial effect, the newly developed Ag-DLC coatings appears as promising materials for environmental hospital surfaces.
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43
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Coad BR, Lamont-Friedrich SJ, Gwynne L, Jasieniak M, Griesser SS, Traven A, Peleg AY, Griesser HJ. Surface coatings with covalently attached caspofungin are effective in eliminating fungal pathogens. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8469-8476. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have prepared surface coatings formulated with the antifungal drug caspofungin, an approved pharmaceutical lipopeptide compound of the echinocandin drug class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Coad
- Mawson Institute
- University of South Australia
- Australia
| | | | - Lauren Gwynne
- Mawson Institute
- University of South Australia
- Australia
- The University of Bath
- UK
| | | | | | - Ana Traven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Infectious Diseases
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Department of Microbiology
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Rodríguez HS, Hinestroza JP, Ochoa-Puentes C, Sierra CA, Soto CY. Antibacterial activity againstEscherichia coliof Cu-BTC (MOF-199) metal-organic framework immobilized onto cellulosic fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haendel S. Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Carrera 30 # 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá Colombia
| | - Juan P. Hinestroza
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Cristian Ochoa-Puentes
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Carrera 30 # 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá Colombia
| | - Cesar A. Sierra
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Carrera 30 # 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá Colombia
| | - Carlos Y. Soto
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Carrera 30 # 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá Colombia
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45
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Harding JL, Reynolds MM. Combating medical device fouling. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Iarikov DD, Kargar M, Sahari A, Russel L, Gause KT, Behkam B, Ducker WA. Antimicrobial Surfaces Using Covalently Bound Polyallylamine. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:169-76. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401440h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri D. Iarikov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §School of Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mehdi Kargar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §School of Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ali Sahari
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §School of Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lauren Russel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §School of Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Katelyn T. Gause
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §School of Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §School of Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - William A. Ducker
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §School of Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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47
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Coad BR, Kidd SE, Ellis DH, Griesser HJ. Biomaterials surfaces capable of resisting fungal attachment and biofilm formation. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:296-307. [PMID: 24211473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbial attachment onto biomedical devices and implants leads to biofilm formation and infection; such biofilms can be bacterial, fungal, or mixed. In the past 15 years, there has been an increasing research effort into antimicrobial surfaces but the great majority of these publications present research on bacteria, with some reports also testing resistance to fungi. Very few studies have focused exclusively on antifungal surfaces. However, with increasing recognition of the importance of fungal infections to human health, particularly related to infections at biomaterials, it would seem that the interest in antifungal surfaces is disproportionately low. In studies of both bacteria and fungi, fungi tend to be the minor focus with hypothesized antibacterial mechanisms of action often generalized to also explain the antifungal effect. Yet bacteria and fungi represent two Distinct biological Domains and possess substantially different cellular physiology and structure. Thus it is questionable whether these generalizations are valid. Here we review the scientific literature focusing on surface coatings prepared with antifungal agents covalently attached to the biomaterial surface. We present a critical analysis of generalizations and their evidence. This review should be of interest to researchers of "antimicrobial" surfaces by addressing specific issues that are key to designing and understanding antifungal biomaterials surfaces and their putative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Coad
- The Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Sarah E Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - David H Ellis
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Hans J Griesser
- The Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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Emerging rules for effective antimicrobial coatings. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 32:82-90. [PMID: 24176168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to colonize abiotic surfaces, bacteria and fungi undergo a profound change in their biology to form biofilms: communities of microbes embedded into a matrix of secreted macromolecules. Despite strict hygiene standards, biofilm-related infections associated with implantable devices remain a common complication in the clinic. Here, the application of highly dosed antibiotics is problematic in that the biofilm (i) provides a protective environment for microbes to evade antibiotics and/or (ii) can provide selective pressure for the evolution of antibiotic-resistant microbes. However, recent research suggests that effective prevention of biofilm formation may be achieved by multifunctional surface coatings that provide both non-adhesive and antimicrobial properties imparted by antimicrobial peptides. Such coatings are the subject of this review.
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Holmberg KV, Abdolhosseini M, Li Y, Chen X, Gorr SU, Aparicio C. Bio-inspired stable antimicrobial peptide coatings for dental applications. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8224-31. [PMID: 23791670 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel titanium coating that has applications for preventing infection-related implant failures in dentistry and orthopedics. The coating incorporates an antimicrobial peptide, GL13K, derived from parotid secretory protein, which has been previously shown to be bactericidal and bacteriostatic in solution. We characterized the resulting physicochemical properties, resistance to degradation, activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and in vitro cytocompatibility. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a pathogen associated with dental peri-implantitis, an inflammatory response to bacteria resulting in bone loss and implant failure. Our surface modifications obtained a homogeneous, highly hydrophobic and strongly anchored GL13K coating that was resistant to mechanical, thermochemical and enzymatic degradation. The GL13K coatings had a bactericidal effect and thus significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria compared to control surfaces. Finally, adequate proliferation of osteoblasts and human gingival fibroblasts demonstrated the GL13K coating's cytocompatibility. The robustness, antimicrobial activity and cytocompatibility of GL13K-biofunctionalized titanium make it a promising candidate for sustained inhibition of bacterial biofilm growth. This surface chemistry provides a basis for development of multifunctional bioactive surfaces to reduce patient morbidities and improve long-term clinical efficacy of metallic dental and orthopedic implants.
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Chudobova D, Nejdl L, Gumulec J, Krystofova O, Rodrigo MAM, Kynicky J, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Kopel P, Babula P, Adam V, Kizek R. Complexes of silver(I) ions and silver phosphate nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid and/or chitosan as promising antimicrobial agents for vascular grafts. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13592-614. [PMID: 23812079 PMCID: PMC3742205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are currently widely used to replace a variety of natural materials with respect to their favourable physical and chemical properties, and due to their economic advantage. One of the most important branches of application of polymers is the production of different products for medical use. In this case, it is necessary to face a significant disadvantage of polymer products due to possible and very common colonization of the surface by various microorganisms that can pose a potential danger to the patient. One of the possible solutions is to prepare polymer with antibacterial/antimicrobial properties that is resistant to bacterial colonization. The aim of this study was to contribute to the development of antimicrobial polymeric material ideal for covering vascular implants with subsequent use in transplant surgery. Therefore, the complexes of polymeric substances (hyaluronic acid and chitosan) with silver nitrate or silver phosphate nanoparticles were created, and their effects on gram-positive bacterial culture of Staphylococcus aureus were monitored. Stages of formation of complexes of silver nitrate and silver phosphate nanoparticles with polymeric compounds were characterized using electrochemical and spectrophotometric methods. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of complexes was determined using the methods of determination of growth curves and zones of inhibition. The results of this study revealed that the complex of chitosan, with silver phosphate nanoparticles, was the most suitable in order to have an antibacterial effect on bacterial culture of Staphylococcus aureus. Formation of this complex was under way at low concentrations of chitosan. The results of electrochemical determination corresponded with the results of spectrophotometric methods and verified good interaction and formation of the complex. The complex has an outstanding antibacterial effect and this effect was of several orders higher compared to other investigated complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Chudobova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
| | - Lukas Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Olga Krystofova
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Jindrich Kynicky
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Petr Babula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
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