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Huang PC, Chaney EJ, Aksamitiene E, Barkalifa R, Spillman DR, Bogan BJ, Boppart SA. Biomechanical sensing of in vivo magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia-treated melanoma using magnetomotive optical coherence elastography. Theranostics 2021; 11:5620-5633. [PMID: 33897871 PMCID: PMC8058715 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MH) therapy is capable of thermally damaging tumor cells, yet a biomechanically-sensitive monitoring method for the applied thermal dosage has not been established. Biomechanical changes to tissue are known indicators for tumor diagnosis due to its association with the structural organization and composition of tissues at the cellular and molecular level. Here, by exploiting the theranostic functionality of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), we aim to explore the potential of using stiffness-based metrics that reveal the intrinsic biophysical changes of in vivo melanoma tumors after MH therapy. Methods: A total of 14 melanoma-bearing mice were intratumorally injected with dextran-coated MNPs, enabling MH treatment upon the application of an alternating magnetic field (AMF) at 64.7 kHz. The presence of the MNP heating sources was detected by magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT). For the first time, the elasticity alterations of the hyperthermia-treated, MNP-laden, in vivo tumors were also measured with magnetomotive optical coherence elastography (MM-OCE), based on the mechanical resonant frequency detected. To investigate the correlation between stiffness changes and the intrinsic biological changes, histopathology was performed on the excised tumor after the in vivo measurements. Results: Distinct shifts in mechanical resonant frequency were observed only in the MH-treated group, suggesting a heat-induced stiffness change in the melanoma tumor. Moreover, tumor cellularity, protein conformation, and temperature rise all play a role in tumor stiffness changes after MH treatment. With low cellularity, tumor softens after MH even with low temperature elevation. In contrast, with high cellularity, tumor softening occurs only with a low temperature rise, which is potentially due to protein unfolding, whereas tumor stiffening was seen with a higher temperature rise, likely due to protein denaturation. Conclusions: This study exploits the theranostic functionality of MNPs and investigates the MH-induced stiffness change on in vivo melanoma-bearing mice with MM-OCT and MM-OCE for the first time. It was discovered that the elasticity alteration of the melanoma tumor after MH treatment depends on both thermal dosage and the morphological features of the tumor. In summary, changes in tissue-level elasticity can potentially be a physically and physiologically meaningful metric and integrative therapeutic marker for MH treatment, while MM-OCE can be a suitable dosimetry technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chieh Huang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Edita Aksamitiene
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Bethany J. Bogan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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2
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Everett M, Magazzeni S, Schmoll T, Kempe M. Optical coherence tomography: From technology to applications in ophthalmology. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tilman Schmoll
- Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc. Dublin California USA
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Lu GJ, Chou LD, Malounda D, Patel AK, Welsbie DS, Chao DL, Ramalingam T, Shapiro MG. Genetically Encodable Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7823-7831. [PMID: 32023037 PMCID: PMC7685218 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained wide adoption in biological research and medical imaging due to its exceptional tissue penetration, 3D imaging speed, and rich contrast. However, OCT plays a relatively small role in molecular and cellular imaging due to the lack of suitable biomolecular contrast agents. In particular, while the green fluorescent protein has provided revolutionary capabilities to fluorescence microscopy by connecting it to cellular functions such as gene expression, no equivalent reporter gene is currently available for OCT. Here, we introduce gas vesicles, a class of naturally evolved gas-filled protein nanostructures, as genetically encodable OCT contrast agents. The differential refractive index of their gas compartments relative to surrounding aqueous tissue and their nanoscale motion enables gas vesicles to be detected by static and dynamic OCT. Furthermore, the OCT contrast of gas vesicles can be selectively erased in situ with ultrasound, allowing unambiguous assignment of their location. In addition, gas vesicle clustering modulates their temporal signal, enabling the design of dynamic biosensors. We demonstrate the use of gas vesicles as reporter genes in bacterial colonies and as purified contrast agents in vivo in the mouse retina. Our results expand the utility of OCT to image a wider variety of cellular and molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Li-dek Chou
- OCT Medical Imaging Inc., 9272 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Amit K. Patel
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Derek S. Welsbie
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel L. Chao
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Huang Y, Li M, Huang D, Qiu Q, Lin W, Liu J, Yang W, Yao Y, Yan G, Qu N, Tuchin VV, Fan S, Liu G, Zhao Q, Chen X. Depth-Resolved Enhanced Spectral-Domain OCT Imaging of Live Mammalian Embryos Using Gold Nanoparticles as Contrast Agent. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902346. [PMID: 31304667 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution and real-time visualization of the morphological changes during embryonic development are critical for studying congenital anomalies. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been used to investigate the process of embryogenesis. However, the structural visibility of the embryo is decreased with the depth due to signal roll-off and high light scattering. To overcome these obstacles, in this study, combined is a spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) with gold nanorods (GNRs) for 2D/3D imaging of live mouse embryos. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is used to confirm that GNRs can be effectively delivered to the embryos during ex vivo culture. OCT signal, image contrast, and penetration depth are all enhanced on the embryos with GNRs. These results show that after GNR treatment, more accurate spatial localization and better contrasting of the borders among organs can be observed on E9.5 and E10.5 mouse embryos. Furthermore, the strong optical absorbance of GNRs results in much clearer 3D images of the embryos, which can be used for calculating the heart areas and volumes of E9.5 and E10.5 embryos. These findings provide a promising strategy for monitoring organ development and detecting congenital structural abnormalities in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Minghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Doudou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenzhen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Youliang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guoliang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ning Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Science, Saratov, 410028, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Shanhui Fan
- College of Life Information Science and Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Organ Transplantation Institute, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Ring HC, Israelsen NM, Bang O, Haedersdal M, Mogensen M. Potential of contrast agents to enhance in vivo confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography in dermatology: A review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800462. [PMID: 30851078 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Distinction between normal skin and pathology can be a diagnostic challenge. This systematic review summarizes how various contrast agents, either topically delivered or injected into the skin, affect distinction between skin disease and normal skin when imaged by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal microscopy (CM). A systematic review of in vivo OCT and CM studies using exogenous contrast agents on healthy human skin or skin disease was performed. In total, nine CM studies and one OCT study were eligible. Four contrast agents aluminum chloride (AlCl) n = 2, indocyanine green (ICG) n = 3, sodium fluorescein n = 3 and acetic acid n = 1 applied to CM in variety of skin diseases. ICG, acetic acid and AlCl showed promise to increase contrast of tumor nests in keratinocyte carcinomas. Fluorescein and ICG enhanced contrast of keratinocytes and adnexal structures. In OCT of healthy skin gold nanoshells, increased contrast of natural skin openings. Contrast agents may improve delineation and diagnosis of skin cancers; ICG, acetic acid and AlCl have potential in CM and gold nanoshells facilitate visualization of adnexal skin structures in OCT. However, as utility of bedside optical imaging increases, further studies with robust methodological quality are necessary to implement contrast agents into routine dermatological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Ring
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 9, 2400 København NV, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels M Israelsen
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Bang
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 9, 2400 København NV, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Mogensen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 9, 2400 København NV, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Kubelick KP, Snider EJ, Ethier CR, Emelianov S. Photoacoustic properties of anterior ocular tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 31115200 PMCID: PMC6992976 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.5.056004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Clinical imaging techniques for the anterior segment of the eye provide excellent anatomical information, but molecular imaging techniques are lacking. Molecular photoacoustic imaging is one option to address this need, but implementation requires use of contrast agents to distinguish molecular targets from background photoacoustic signals. Contrast agents are typically selected based on a priori knowledge of photoacoustic properties of tissues. However, photoacoustic properties of anterior ocular tissues have not been studied yet. Herein, anterior segment anatomy and corresponding photoacoustic signals were analyzed in brown and blue porcine eyes ex vivo. Measured photoacoustic spectra were compared to known optical absorption spectra of endogenous chromophores. In general, experimentally measured photoacoustic spectra matched expectations based on absorption spectra of endogenous chromophores reported in the literature, and similar photoacoustic spectra were observed in blue and brown porcine eyes. However, unique light-tissue interactions at the iris modified photoacoustic signals from melanin. Finally, we demonstrated how the measured PA spectra established herein can be used for one application of molecular PA imaging, detecting photoacoustically labeled stem cells in the anterior segment for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey P. Kubelick
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Eric J. Snider
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - C. Ross Ethier
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Stanislav Emelianov
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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7
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Marjanovic M, Nguyen FT, Ahmad A, Huang PC, Suslick KS, Boppart SA. Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Seeded Microspheres for Magnetomotive and Multimodal Imaging. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2019; 25:7101314. [PMID: 30880897 PMCID: PMC6413528 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2018.2856582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles have been developed as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as therapeutic agents in magnetic hyperthermia. They have also recently been demonstrated as contrast and elastography agents in magnetomotive optical coherence tomography and elastography (MM-OCT and MM-OCE, respectively). Protein-shell microspheres containing suspensions of these magnetic nanoparticles in lipid cores, and with functionalized outer shells for specific targeting, have also been demonstrated as efficient contrast agents for imaging modalities such as MM-OCT and MRI, and can be easily modified for other modalities such as ultrasound, fluorescence, and luminescence imaging. By leveraging the benefits of these various imaging modalities with the use of only a single agent, a magnetic microsphere, it becomes possible to use a widefield imaging method (such as MRI or small animal fluorescence imaging) to initially locate the agent, and then use MM-OCT to obtain dynamic contrast images with cellular level morphological resolution. In addition to multimodal contrast-enhanced imaging, these microspheres could serve as drug carriers for targeted delivery under image guidance. Although the preparation and surface modifications of protein microspheres containing iron oxide nanoparticles has been previously described and feasibility studies conducted, many questions regarding their production and properties remain. Since the use of multifunctional microspheres could have high clinical relevance, here we report a detailed characterization of their properties and behavior in different environments to highlight their versatility. The work presented here is an effort for the development and optimization of nanoparticle-based microspheres as multi-modal contrast agents that can bridge imaging modalities on different size scales, especially for their use in MM-OCT and MRI imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marjanovic
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Freddy T Nguyen
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. He is now with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. He is now with Texas Instruments.
| | - Pin-Chieh Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Kenneth S Suslick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Bioengineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA (phone: 217-244-7479; fax: 217-333-5833; )
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8
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Leitgeb RA, Baumann B. Multimodal Optical Medical Imaging Concepts Based on Optical Coherence Tomography. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2018; 6. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Chen W, Du C, Pan Y. Cerebral capillary flow imaging by wavelength-division-multiplexing swept-source optical Doppler tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800004. [PMID: 29603668 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Swept-source-based optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) has demonstrated the unique advantages for fast imaging rate and long imaging distance; however, limited axial resolution and complex phase noises restrict swept-source optical Doppler tomography (SS-ODT) for quantitative capillary blood flow imaging in the deep cortices. Here, the wavelength-dividing-multiplexing optical Doppler tomography (WDM-ODT) method that divides a single interferogram into multiple phase-correlated interferograms is proposed to effectively enhance the sensitivity for cerebral capillary flow imaging. Both flow phantom and in vivo mouse brain imaging studies show that WDM-ODT is able to significantly suppress background phase noise and image cerebral capillary flow down to the vessel size of 5.6 μm. Comparison between the wavelength-division-multiplexing SS-ODT and the spectral-domain ultrahigh-resolution ODT (uODT) reveals that SS-ODT outpaces uODT by extending the capillary flow imaging depth to 1.6 mm in mouse cortex. Thus, for the first time, quantitative capillary flow imaging is demonstrated using SS-ODT in the deep cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Congwu Du
- Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yingtian Pan
- Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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10
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Huang PC, Chaney EJ, Shelton RL, Boppart SA. Magnetomotive Displacement of the Tympanic Membrane Using Magnetic Nanoparticles: Toward Enhancement of Sound Perception. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 65:2837-2846. [PMID: 29993404 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2819649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel hearing-aid scheme using magnetomotive nanoparticles (MNPs) as transducers in the tympanic membrane (TM) is proposed, aiming to noninvasively and directly induce a modulated vibration on the TM. METHODS In this feasibility study, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were applied on ex vivo rat TM tissues and allowed to diffuse over ∼2 h. Subsequently, magnetic force was exerted on the MNP-laden TM via a programmable electromagnetic solenoid to induce the magnetomotion. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), along with its phase-sensitive measurement capabilities, was utilized to visualize and quantify the nanometer-scale vibrations generated on the TM tissues. RESULTS The magnetomotive displacements induced on the TM were significantly greater than the baseline vibration of the TM without MNPs. In addition to a pure frequency tone, a chirped excitation and the corresponding spectroscopic response were also successfully generated and obtained. Finally, visualization of volumetric TM dynamics was achieved. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the effectiveness of magnetically inducing vibrations on TMs containing iron oxide nanoparticles, manipulating the amplitude and the frequency of the induced TM motions, and the capability of assessing the magnetomotive dynamics via OCT. SIGNIFICANCE The results demonstrated here suggest the potential use of this noninvasive magnetomotive approach in future hearing aid applications. OCT can be utilized to investigate the magnetomotive dynamics of the TM, which may either enhance sound perception or magnetically induce the perception of sound without the need for acoustic speech signals.
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Kim CS, Ingato D, Wilder-Smith P, Chen Z, Kwon YJ. Stimuli-disassembling gold nanoclusters for diagnosis of early stage oral cancer by optical coherence tomography. NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:3. [PMID: 29399435 PMCID: PMC5785591 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A key design consideration in developing contrast agents is obtaining distinct, multiple signal changes in diseased tissue. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been developed as contrast agents due to their strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This study aims to demonstrate that stimuli-responsive plasmonic Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) can be used as a contrast agent for optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting early-stage cancer. Au NPs were clustered via acid-cleavable linkers to synthesize Au NCs that disassemble under mildly acidic conditions into individual Au NPs, simultaneously diminishing SPR effect (quantified by scattering intensity) and increasing Brownian motion (quantified by Doppler variance). The acid-triggered morphological and accompanying optico-physical property changes of the acid-disassembling Au NCs were confirmed by TEM, DLS, UV/Vis, and OCT. Stimuli-responsive Au NCs were applied in a hamster check pouch model carrying early-stage squamous carcinoma tissue. The tissue was visualized by OCT imaging, which showed reduced scattering intensity and increased Doppler variance in the dysplastic tissue. This study demonstrates the promise of diagnosing early-stage cancer using molecularly programmable, inorganic nanomaterial-based contrast agents that are capable of generating multiple, stimuli-triggered diagnostic signals in early-stage cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575 USA
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Dominique Ingato
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575 USA
| | - Petra Wilder-Smith
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575 USA
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 147 Bison Modular, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3900 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 132 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Tang P, Jiang X, Wang Y, Chen H, Zhang YS, Gao P, Wang H, Li X, Zhou J. Plasmonic Nanoprobe of (Gold Triangular Nanoprism Core)/(Polyaniline Shell) for Real-Time Three-Dimensional pH Imaging of Anterior Chamber. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9758-9766. [PMID: 28809545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) molecular imaging enables the study of biological processes in both living and nonviable systems at the molecular level and has a high potential on early diagnosis. In conjunction with specific molecular probes, optical coherent tomography (OCT) is a promising imaging modality to provide 3D molecular features at the tissue level. In this study, we introduced (gold triangular nanoprism core)/(polyaniline shell) nanoparticles (GTNPs@PANI) as an OCT contrast agent and pH-responsive nanoprobe for 3D imaging of pH distribution. These core/shell nanoparticles possessed significantly different extinction and scattering properties in acidic and basic microenvironments. The switch of the optical features of the nanoparticles upon pH change was reversible, and the response time was less than 1.0 s. The nanoprobe successfully indicated the acid regions of a mimic tumor from the basic region in a gelatin-based phantom under OCT imaging. As a demonstration of practical applications, real-time 3D OCT imaging of pH and lactic acid in the anterior chamber of a fish eye was realized by GTNPs@PANI nanoparticles. Using GTNPs@PANI nanoparticles as the contrast probes for OCT imaging, noninvasive and real-time molecular imaging in both living and nonviable systems at the microscale can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth M. Vijayan
- Polymer Science Division, BMT Wing; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram 695012 Kerala India
| | - Jayabalalan Muthu
- Polymer Science Division, BMT Wing; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram 695012 Kerala India
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14
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Abstract
In vivo imaging, which enables us to peer deeply within living subjects, is producing tremendous opportunities both for clinical diagnostics and as a research tool. Contrast material is often required to clearly visualize the functional architecture of physiological structures. Recent advances in nanomaterials are becoming pivotal to generate the high-resolution, high-contrast images needed for accurate, precision diagnostics. Nanomaterials are playing major roles in imaging by delivering large imaging payloads, yielding improved sensitivity, multiplexing capacity, and modularity of design. Indeed, for several imaging modalities, nanomaterials are now not simply ancillary contrast entities, but are instead the original and sole source of image signal that make possible the modality's existence. We address the physicochemical makeup/design of nanomaterials through the lens of the physical properties that produce contrast signal for the cognate imaging modality-we stratify nanomaterials on the basis of their (i) magnetic, (ii) optical, (iii) acoustic, and/or (iv) nuclear properties. We evaluate them for their ability to provide relevant information under preclinical and clinical circumstances, their in vivo safety profiles (which are being incorporated into their chemical design), their modularity in being fused to create multimodal nanomaterials (spanning multiple different physical imaging modalities and therapeutic/theranostic capabilities), their key properties, and critically their likelihood to be clinically translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ronain Smith
- Stanford University , 3155 Porter Drive, #1214, Palo Alto, California 94304-5483, United States
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- The James H. Clark Center , 318 Campus Drive, First Floor, E-150A, Stanford, California 94305-5427, United States
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15
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Oldenburg AL, Blackmon RL, Sierchio JM. Magnetic and Plasmonic Contrast Agents in Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 22:6803913. [PMID: 27429543 PMCID: PMC4941814 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2016.2553084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained widespread application for many biomedical applications, yet the traditional array of contrast agents used in incoherent imaging modalities do not provide contrast in OCT. Owing to the high biocompatibility of iron oxides and noble metals, magnetic and plasmonic nanoparticles, respectively, have been developed as OCT contrast agents to enable a range of biological and pre-clinical studies. Here we provide a review of these developments within the past decade, including an overview of the physical contrast mechanisms and classes of OCT system hardware addons needed for magnetic and plasmonic nanoparticle contrast. A comparison of the wide variety of nanoparticle systems is also presented, where the figures of merit depend strongly upon the choice of biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Oldenburg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, and the Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 USA
| | - Richard L. Blackmon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 USA
| | - Justin M. Sierchio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 USA
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16
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Huang PC, Pande P, Ahmad A, Marjanovic M, Spillman DR, Odintsov B, Boppart SA. Magnetomotive Optical Coherence Elastography for Magnetic Hyperthermia Dosimetry Based on Dynamic Tissue Biomechanics. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 22:6802816. [PMID: 28163565 PMCID: PMC5289667 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2015.2505147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used in many diagnostic and therapeutic biomedical applications over the past few decades to enhance imaging contrast, steer drugs to targets, and treat tumors via hyperthermia. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical biomedical imaging modality that relies on the detection of backscattered light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissue. MNPs have been utilized as imaging contrast and perturbative mechanical agents in OCT in techniques called magnetomotive OCT (MM-OCT) and magnetomotive elastography (MM-OCE), respectively. MNPs have also been independently used for magnetic hyperthermia treatments, enabling therapeutic functions such as killing tumor cells. It is well known that the localized tissue heating during hyperthermia treatments result in a change in the biomechanical properties of the tissue. Therefore, we propose a novel dosimetric technique for hyperthermia treatment based on the viscoelasticity change detected by MM-OCE, further enabling the theranostic function of MNPs. In this paper, we first review the basic principles and applications of MM-OCT, MM-OCE, and magnetic hyperthermia, and present new preliminary results supporting the concept of MM-OCE-based hyperthermia dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chieh Huang
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and the Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ( )
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ( )
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ( )
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and the Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ( )
| | - Darold R Spillman
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ( )
| | - Boris Odintsov
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ( )
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA (phone: 217-333-8598; fax: 217-333-5833; )
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17
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Wang BL, Jiang C, Li K, Liu YH, Xie Y, Yu XQ. Molecular engineering of a dual emission near-infrared ratiometric fluorophore for the detection of pH at the organism level. Analyst 2016; 140:4608-15. [PMID: 26016813 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00551e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared ratiometric fluorophore (NIR-HBT) was rationally designed and constructed by expanding both the excitation and emission wavelength of the classical ratiometric fluorophore 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol (HBT) into the near-infrared region. The NIR-HBT was easily synthesized by incorporating the HBT module into the hemicyanine skeleton and showed evident NIR ratiometric fluorophore characteristics. Further application of the new fluorophore for pH detection demonstrated that NIR-HBT possesses superior overall analytical performance and NIR-HBT was successfully applied for detection of acidosis caused by inflammation in living animal tissue, which indicated the potential application value of NIR-HBT in biological imaging and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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18
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Kim J, Ahmad A, Li J, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Suslick KS, Boppart SA. Intravascular magnetomotive optical coherence tomography of targeted early-stage atherosclerotic changes in ex vivo hyperlipidemic rabbit aortas. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:109-16. [PMID: 25688525 PMCID: PMC4996077 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of an intravascular magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (IV-MM-OCT) system used with targeted protein microspheres to detect early-stage atherosclerotic fatty streaks/plaques. Magnetic microspheres (MSs) were injected in vivo in rabbits, and after 30 minutes of in vivo circulation, excised ex vivo rabbit aorta samples specimens were then imaged ex vivo with our prototype IV-MM-OCT system. The alternating magnetic field gradient was provided by a unique pair of external custom-built electromagnetic coils that modulated the targeted magnetic MSs. The results showed a statistically significant MM-OCT signal from the aorta samples specimens injected with targeted MSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsik Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Joanne Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Kenneth S. Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Corresponding author: , Phone: +01 217 333 8598, Fax: +01 217 333 5833
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19
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Qiu F, Huang Y, Zhu X. Fluorescent Unimolecular Conjugated Polymeric Micelles for Biological Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Institute of Technology; 100 Haiquan Road Shanghai 201418 P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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20
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Huang CC, Chang PY, Liu CL, Xu JP, Wu SP, Kuo WC. New insight on optical and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoclusters promising for near infrared theranostic applications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12689-97. [PMID: 26151814 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been devoted to the development of a new biophotonic system using near infrared (NIR) nano-agents for non-invasive cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we developed a simple synthesis reaction of ligands, hydrazine, and iron(ii) chloride to fabricate Fe3O4 cluster-structured nanoparticles (CNPs) with interesting NIR photonics and high magnetization (Ms: 98.3 emu g(-1) and proton relaxivity r2: 234.6 mM(-1) s(-1)). These Fe3O4 CNPs exhibited optical absorption and reflection over all wavelengths, showing a U-shape absorption band with a low absorbance at a range of 750-950 nm and a progressive evolution in the second near infrared region. Strengthening of the scattering effect by incubating Fe3O4 CNPs with HeLa cells was observed when optical contrast enhancement was performed in an optical coherence tomography (OCT) microscope system with a laser light source at 860 nm. Using a 1064 nm laser at a low power density (380 mW cm(-2)) to excite the Fe3O4 CNPs (375 ppm[Fe]) led to a rise in the water temperature from 25 °C to 58 °C within 10 min. Finally, we present the first example of magnetomotive OCT cellular imaging combined with enhanced photothermal therapy using Fe3O4 CNPs and applying a magnetic field, which is promising for preclinical and clinical trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Huang
- Department of Photonics, Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan, Taiwan.
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21
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Fortune B. In vivo imaging methods to assess glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:139-53. [PMID: 26048475 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to summarize the most common imaging methods currently applied for in vivo assessment of ocular structure in animal models of experimental glaucoma with an emphasis on translational relevance to clinical studies of the human disease. The most common techniques in current use include optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. In reviewing the application of these and other imaging modalities to study glaucomatous optic neuropathy, this article is organized into three major sections: 1) imaging the optic nerve head, 2) imaging the retinal nerve fiber layer and 3) imaging retinal ganglion cell soma and dendrites. The article concludes with a brief section on possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, 1225 NE Second Avenue, Portland, OR 97232, USA.
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22
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Edmunds KJ, Gargiulo P. Imaging Approaches in Functional Assessment of Implantable Myogenic Biomaterials and Engineered Muscle Tissue. Eur J Transl Myol 2015; 25:4847. [PMID: 26913149 PMCID: PMC4749010 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2015.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine utilize implantable biomaterials and engineered tissues to regenerate damaged cells or replace lost tissues. There are distinct challenges in all facets of this research, but functional assessments and monitoring of such complex environments as muscle tissues present the current strategic priority. Many extant methods for addressing these questions result in the destruction or alteration of tissues or cell populations under investigation. Modern advances in non-invasive imaging modalities present opportunities to rethink some of the anachronistic methods, however, their standard employment may not be optimal when considering advancements in myology. New image analysis protocols and/or combinations of established modalities need to be addressed. This review focuses on efficacies and limitations of available imaging modalities to the functional assessment of implantable myogenic biomaterials and engineered muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Edmunds
- Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering, University of Reykjavík
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering, University of Reykjavík
- University Hospital Landspítali, Reykjavík, Iceland
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23
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Jia Y, Liu G, Gordon AY, Gao SS, Pechauer AD, Stoddard J, McGill TJ, Jayagopal A, Huang D. Spectral fractionation detection of gold nanorod contrast agents using optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:4212-25. [PMID: 25836459 PMCID: PMC4394760 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.004212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the proof of concept of a novel Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography contrast mechanism using gold nanorod contrast agents and a spectral fractionation processing technique. The methodology detects the spectral shift of the backscattered light from the nanorods by comparing the ratio between the short and long wavelength halves of the optical coherence tomography signal intensity. Spectral fractionation further divides the halves into sub-bands to improve spectral contrast and suppress speckle noise. Herein, we show that this technique can detect gold nanorods in intralipid tissue phantoms. Furthermore, cellular labeling by gold nanorods was demonstrated using retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239,
USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239,
USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Andrew Y. Gordon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
USA
| | - Simon S. Gao
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239,
USA
| | - Alex D. Pechauer
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239,
USA
| | - Jonathan Stoddard
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239,
USA
| | - Trevor J. McGill
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239,
USA
| | - Ashwath Jayagopal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239,
USA
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24
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Grabtchak S, Montgomery LG, Pang B, Wang Y, Zhang C, Li Z, Xia Y, Whelan WM. Interstitial diffuse radiance spectroscopy of gold nanocages and nanorods in bulk muscle tissues. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1307-20. [PMID: 25709450 PMCID: PMC4335609 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s79246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiance spectroscopy was applied to the interstitial detection of localized inclusions containing Au nanocages or nanorods with various concentrations embedded in porcine muscle phantoms. The radiance was quantified using a perturbation approach, which enabled the separation of contributions from the porcine phantom and the localized inclusion, with the inclusion serving as a perturbation probe of photon distributions in the turbid medium. Positioning the inclusion at various places in the phantom allowed for tracking of photons that originated from a light source, passed through the inclusion's location, and reached a detector. The inclusions with high extinction coefficients were able to absorb nearly all photons in the range of 650-900 nm, leading to a spectrally flat radiance signal. This signal could be converted to the relative density of photons incident on the inclusion. Finally, the experimentally measured quantities were expressed via the relative perturbation and arranged into the classical Beer-Lambert law that allowed one to extract the extinction coefficients of various types of Au nanoparticles in both the transmission and back reflection geometries. It was shown that the spatial variation of perturbation could be described as 1/r dependence, where r is the distance between the inclusion and the detector. Due to a larger absorption cross section, Au nanocages produced greater perturbations than Au nanorods of equal particle concentration, indicating a better suitability of Au nanocages as contrast agents for optical measurements in turbid media. Individual measurements from different inclusions were combined into detectability maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Grabtchak
- Department of Physics, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Physics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Logan G Montgomery
- Department of Physics, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- The Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William M Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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25
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Magnetomotive optical coherence tomography for the assessment of atherosclerotic lesions using αvβ3 integrin-targeted microspheres. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:36-43. [PMID: 23907212 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the early-stage fatty streaks/plaques detection using magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT) in conjunction with αvβ3 integrin-targeted magnetic microspheres (MSs). The targeting of functionalized MSs was investigated by perfusing ex vivo aortas from an atherosclerotic rabbit model in a custom-designed flow chamber at physiologically relevant pulsatile flow rates and pressures. PROCEDURES Aortas were extracted and placed in a flow chamber. Magnetic MS contrast agents were perfused through the aortas and MM-OCT, fluorescence confocal, and bright field microscopy were performed on the ex vivo aorta specimens for localizing the MSs. RESULTS The results showed a statistically significant and stronger MM-OCT signal (3.30 ± 1.73 dB) from the aorta segment perfused with targeted MSs, compared with the nontargeted MSs (1.18 ± 0.94 dB) and control (0.78 ± 0.41 dB) aortas. In addition, there was a good co-registration of MM-OCT signals with confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Early-stage fatty streaks/plaques have been successfully detected using MM-OCT in conjunction with αvβ3 integrin-targeted magnetic MSs.
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26
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Ferber S, Baabur-Cohen H, Blau R, Epshtein Y, Kisin-Finfer E, Redy O, Shabat D, Satchi-Fainaro R. Polymeric nanotheranostics for real-time non-invasive optical imaging of breast cancer progression and drug release. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Au KM, Lu Z, Matcher SJ, Armes SP. Anti-biofouling conducting polymer nanoparticles as a label-free optical contrast agent for high resolution subsurface biomedical imaging. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8925-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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28
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Gregg CL, Butcher JT. Translational paradigms in scientific and clinical imaging of cardiac development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 99:106-20. [PMID: 23897595 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most prevalent congenital disease, with 45% of deaths resulting from a congenital defect due to a cardiac malformation. Clinically significant CHD permit survival upon birth, but may become immediately life threatening. Advances in surgical intervention have significantly reduced perinatal mortality, but the outcome for many malformations is bleak. Furthermore, patients living while tolerating a CHD often acquire additional complications due to the long-term systemic blood flow changes caused by even subtle anatomical abnormalities. Accurate diagnosis of defects during fetal development is critical for interventional planning and improving patient outcomes. Advances in quantitative, multidimensional imaging are necessary to uncover the basic scientific and clinically relevant morphogenetic changes and associated hemodynamic consequences influencing normal and abnormal heart development. Ultrasound is the most widely used clinical imaging technology for assessing fetal cardiac development. Ultrasound-based fetal assessment modalities include motion mode (M-mode), two dimensional (2D), and 3D/4D imaging. These datasets can be combined with computational fluid dynamics analysis to yield quantitative, volumetric, and physiological data. Additional imaging modalities, however, are available to study basic mechanisms of cardiogenesis, including optical coherence tomography, microcomputed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Each imaging technology has its advantages and disadvantages regarding resolution, depth of penetration, soft tissue contrast considerations, and cost. In this review, we analyze the current clinical and scientific imaging technologies, research studies utilizing them, and appropriate animal models reflecting clinically relevant cardiogenesis and cardiac malformations. We conclude with discussing the translational impact and future opportunities for cardiovascular development imaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Gregg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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29
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Vielreicher M, Schürmann S, Detsch R, Schmidt MA, Buttgereit A, Boccaccini A, Friedrich O. Taking a deep look: modern microscopy technologies to optimize the design and functionality of biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130263. [PMID: 23864499 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on modern nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) methods that are increasingly being used in the field of tissue engineering (TE) to image tissue non-invasively and without labelling in depths unreached by conventional microscopy techniques. With NLOM techniques, biomaterial matrices, cultured cells and their produced extracellular matrix may be visualized with high resolution. After introducing classical imaging methodologies such as µCT, MRI, optical coherence tomography, electron microscopy and conventional microscopy two-photon fluorescence (2-PF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging are described in detail (principle, power, limitations) together with their most widely used TE applications. Besides our own cell encapsulation, cell printing and collagen scaffolding systems and their NLOM imaging the most current research articles will be reviewed. These cover imaging of autofluorescence and fluorescence-labelled tissue and biomaterial structures, SHG-based quantitative morphometry of collagen I and other proteins, imaging of vascularization and online monitoring techniques in TE. Finally, some insight is given into state-of-the-art three-photon-based imaging methods (e.g. coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, third harmonic generation). This review provides an overview of the powerful and constantly evolving field of multiphoton microscopy, which is a powerful and indispensable tool for the development of artificial tissues in regenerative medicine and which is likely to gain importance also as a means for general diagnostic medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vielreicher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Paul-Gordan-Strasse 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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Kim J, Ahmad A, Boppart SA. Dual-coil magnetomotive optical coherence tomography for contrast enhancement in liquids. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:7139-7147. [PMID: 23546097 PMCID: PMC3635698 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.007139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT) is a functional extension of OCT which utilizes magnetically responsive materials that are modulated by an external magnetic field for contrast enhancement and for elastography to assess the structural and viscoelastic properties of the surrounding tissues. Traditionally, magnetomotive contrast relies on the interaction between the displacement of magnetic particles induced by an external magnetic field and the micro-environmental restoring (elastic) force acting on the particles. When the restoring force from a sample containing magnetic particles is weak or non-existent, the MM-OCT signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can degrade significantly. We have developed a novel solenoid configuration to enable MM-OCT imaging in samples that do not have an elastic restoring force, such as liquids. This coil configuration may potentially enable real-time MM-OCT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsik Kim
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Internal Medicine, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
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Menon JU, Jadeja P, Tambe P, Vu K, Yuan B, Nguyen KT. Nanomaterials for photo-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:152-66. [PMID: 23471164 PMCID: PMC3590585 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-based diagnosis and treatment methods are gaining prominence due to increased spatial imaging resolution, minimally invasive modalities involved as well as localized treatment. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed and used in photo-based therapeutic applications. While some nanomaterials have inherent photo-based imaging capabilities, others including polymeric NPs act as nanocarriers to deliver various fluorescent dyes or photosensitizers for photoimaging and therapeutic applications. These applications can vary from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and optical imaging to photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy. Materials commonly used for development of photo-based NPs ranges from metal-based (gold, silver and silica) to polymer-based (chitosan, dextran, poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)). Recent research has paved the way for multi-modal 'theranostic' (a combination of therapy and diagnosis) nano-carriers capable of active targeting using cell-specific ligands and carrying multiple therapeutic and imaging agents for accurate diagnosis and controlled drug delivery. This review summarizes the different materials used today to synthesize photo-based NPs, their diagnostic and therapeutic applications as well as the current challenges faced in bringing these novel nano-carriers into clinical practices.
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Prabhulkar S, Matthews J, Rawal S, Awdeh RM. Molecular histopathology using gold nanorods and optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1192-200. [PMID: 23307958 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the novel application of a commercially available optical coherence tomography (OCT) system toward molecular histopathology using gold nanorod (GNR) linked antibodies as a functionalized contrast agent to evaluate ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). METHODS GNRs were synthesized and covalently attached to anti-glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) antibodies via carbodiimide chemistry. Three specimens from each of three distinct categories of human conjunctival tissue were selected for analysis, including conjunctiva without epithelial atypia (controls); conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ (CIS); and conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Tissue sections were incubated initially with GNR tagged anti-GLUT-1 antibodies and then with a fluorescent-tagged secondary antibody. Immunofluorescence and OCT imaging of the tissue was performed and the results were correlated to the light microscopic findings on traditional hemotoxyin and eosin stained sections. RESULTS No binding of the functionalized GNRs was observed within the epithelium of three normal conjunctiva controls. While immunofluorescence disclosed variable binding of the functionalized GNRs to atypical epithelial cells in all six cases of OSSN, the enhancement of the OCT signal in three cases of CIS was insufficient to distinguish these specimens from normal controls. In two of three cases of SCC, binding of functionalized GNRs was sufficient to produce an increased scattering effect on OCT in areas correlating to atypical epithelial cells which stained intensely on immunofluorescence imaging. Binding of functionalized GNRs was sufficient to produce an increased scattering effect on OCT in areas correlating to regions of erythrocytes and hemorrhage which stained intensely on immunofluorescence imaging within all nine tested samples. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the use of OCT for molecular histopathology using functionalized gold nanorods in the setting of OSSN. Our results suggest a threshold concentration of functionalized GNRs within tissue is required to achieve a detectable enhancement in scattering of the OCT signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Prabhulkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami-Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Mehta K, Zhang P, Yeo ELL, Kah JCY, Chen N. Dark-field circular depolarization optical coherence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1683-91. [PMID: 24049689 PMCID: PMC3771839 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a widely used structural imaging modality. To extend its application in molecular imaging, gold nanorods are widely used as contrast agents for OCM. However, they very often offer limited sensitivity as a result of poor signal to background ratio. Here we experimentally demonstrate that a novel OCM implementation based on dark-field circular depolarization detection can efficiently detect circularly depolarized signal from gold nanorods and at the same time efficiently suppress the background signals. This results into a significant improvement in signal to background ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh Mehta
- Optical Bioimaging Lab, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Blk E3A, 07-10, 117576 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Optical Bioimaging Lab, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Blk E3A, 07-10, 117576 Singapore
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Eugenia Li Ling Yeo
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Lab, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Blk E3A, 07-25, 117576 Singapore
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Lab, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Blk E3A, 07-25, 117576 Singapore
| | - Nanguang Chen
- Optical Bioimaging Lab, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Blk E3A, 07-10, 117576 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
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Gabriele Sandrian M, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Bilonick RA, Ling Y, Ishikawa H, Kagemann L, McKenna KC. Inflammatory response to intravitreal injection of gold nanorods. Br J Ophthalmol 2012; 96:1522-9. [PMID: 23087415 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the utility of gold nanorods (AuNRs) as a contrast agent for ocular optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Mice were intravitreally injected with sterile AuNRs coated with either poly(strenesulfate) (PSS-AuNRs) or anti-CD90.2 antibodies (Ab-AuNRs), and imaged using OCT. After 24 h, eyes were processed for transmission electron microscopy or rendered into single cell suspensions for flow cytometric analysis to determine absolute numbers of CD45(+) leukocytes and subsets (T cells, myeloid cells, macrophages, neutrophils). Generalised estimation equations were used to compare cell counts between groups. RESULTS PSS-AuNRs and Ab-AuNRs were visualised in the vitreous 30 min and 24 h post-injection with OCT. At 24 h, a statistically significant increase in leukocytes, comprised primarily of neutrophils, was observed in eyes that received either AuNR in comparison to eyes that received saline. The accumulation of leukocytes was equal in eyes given PSS-AuNR or Ab-AuNR. Endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice also showed ocular inflammation after injection with AuNRs, indicating that the inflammatory response was not due to lipopolysaccharide contamination of AuNRs. CONCLUSIONS Although AuNRs can be visualised in the eye using OCT, they can induce ocular inflammation, which limits their use as a contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gabriele Sandrian
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Pache C, Bocchio NL, Bouwens A, Villiger M, Berclaz C, Goulley J, Gibson MI, Santschi C, Lasser T. Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:21385-99. [PMID: 23037262 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.021385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We introduce photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy (poli-OCM), a volumetric imaging technique, which combines the depth sectioning of OCM with the high sensitivity of photothermal microscopy while maintaining the fast acquisition speed inherent to OCM. We report on the detection of single 40 nm gold particles with a 0.5 μm lateral and 2 μm axial resolution over a 50 μm depth of field and the three-dimensional localization of gold colloids within living cells. In combination with intrinsic sample contrast measured with dark-field OCM, poli-OCM offers a versatile platform for functional cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pache
- Laboratoire d’Optique Biom´edicale, Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Jung Y, Nichols AJ, Klein OJ, Roussakis E, Evans CL. Label-Free, Longitudinal Visualization of PDT Response In Vitro with Optical Coherence Tomography. Isr J Chem 2012; 52:728-744. [PMID: 23316088 PMCID: PMC3538822 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in creating and optimizing therapeutics in the fight against cancer is visualizing and understanding the microscale spatiotemporal treatment response dynamics that occur in patients. This is especially true for photodynamic therapy (PDT), where therapeutic optimization relies on understanding the interplay between factors such as photosensitizer localization and uptake, in addition to light dose and delivery rate. In vitro 3D culture systems that recapitulate many of the biological features of human disease are powerful platforms for carrying out detailed studies on PDT response and resistance. Current techniques for visualizing these models, however, often lack accuracy due to the perturbative nature of the sample preparation, with light attenuation complicating the study of intact models. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an ideal method for the long-term, non-perturbative study of in vitro models and their response to PDT. Monitoring the response of 3D models to PDT by time-lapse OCT methods promises to provide new perspectives and open the way to cancer treatment methodologies that can be translated towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yookyung Jung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
| | - Alexander J. Nichols
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
- Harvard University, Program in Biophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)
| | - Oliver J. Klein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
| | - Emmanuel Roussakis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
| | - Conor L. Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
- Harvard University, Program in Biophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)
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Targeted multifunctional multimodal protein-shell microspheres as cancer imaging contrast agents. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:17-24. [PMID: 21298354 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, protein-shell microspheres filled with a suspension of iron oxide nanoparticles in oil are demonstrated as multimodal contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT), and ultrasound imaging. The development, characterization, and use of multifunctional multimodal microspheres are described for targeted contrast and therapeutic applications. PROCEDURES A preclinical rat model was used to demonstrate the feasibility of the multimodal multifunctional microspheres as contrast agents in ultrasound, MM-OCT and MRI. Microspheres were functionalized with the RGD peptide ligand, which is targeted to α(v)β₃ integrin receptors that are over-expressed in tumors and atherosclerotic lesions. RESULTS These microspheres, which contain iron oxide nanoparticles in their cores, can be modulated externally using a magnetic field to create dynamic contrast in MM-OCT. With the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles, these agents also show significant negative T2 contrast in MRI. Using ultrasound B-mode imaging at a frequency of 30 MHz, a marked enhancement of scatter intensity from in vivo rat mammary tumor tissue was observed for these targeted protein microspheres. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results demonstrate multimodal contrast-enhanced imaging of these functionalized microsphere agents with MRI, MM-OCT, ultrasound imaging, and fluorescence microscopy, including in vivo tracking of the dynamics of these microspheres in real-time using a high-frequency ultrasound imaging system. These targeted oil-filled protein microspheres with the capacity for high drug-delivery loads offer the potential for local delivery of lipophilic drugs under image guidance.
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Krstajić N, Brown CTA, Dholakia K, Giardini ME. Tissue surface as the reference arm in Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:071305. [PMID: 22894466 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.071305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple method applicable to common-path Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in which the tissue surface is used as the reference arm. We propose using aluminium hydroxide powder as a potential tissue surface diffuser to allow wider application of this method. This technique allows one to avoid placing a reference arm reflective element, such as glass plate, on tissue, and intrinsically avoids both coherent and complex conjugate mirror artifacts associated with glass plates. Aluminium hydroxide can be sprayed onto tissue using spray nozzles commonly found in endoscopes. The sensitivity of the tissue reference arm common-path OCT image is 94 dB for a 50-[micro sign]s charge-coupled device integration time, and 97.5 dB for a 200-[micro sign]s CCD integration time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Krstajić
- University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Faraday Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH93JL, United Kingdom
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Gregg CL, Butcher JT. Quantitative in vivo imaging of embryonic development: opportunities and challenges. Differentiation 2012; 84:149-62. [PMID: 22695188 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are critically important for a mechanistic understanding of embryonic morphogenesis. For decades, visualizing these rapid and complex multidimensional events has relied on projection images and thin section reconstructions. While much insight has been gained, fixed tissue specimens offer limited information on dynamic processes that are essential for tissue assembly and organ patterning. Quantitative imaging is required to unlock the important basic science and clinically relevant secrets that remain hidden. Recent advances in live imaging technology have enabled quantitative longitudinal analysis of embryonic morphogenesis at multiple length and time scales. Four different imaging modalities are currently being used to monitor embryonic morphogenesis: optical, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Each has its advantages and limitations with respect to spatial resolution, depth of field, scanning speed, and tissue contrast. In addition, new processing tools have been developed to enhance live imaging capabilities. In this review, we analyze each type of imaging source and its use in quantitative study of embryonic morphogenesis in small animal models. We describe the physics behind their function, identify some examples in which the modality has revealed new quantitative insights, and then conclude with a discussion of new research directions with live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Gregg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Vakoc BJ, Fukumura D, Jain RK, Bouma BE. Cancer imaging by optical coherence tomography: preclinical progress and clinical potential. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:363-8. [PMID: 22475930 PMCID: PMC3560400 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen dramatic technological advances in the field of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. These advances have driven commercialization and clinical adoption in ophthalmology, cardiology and gastrointestinal cancer screening. Recently, an array of OCT-based imaging tools that have been developed for preclinical intravital cancer imaging applications has yielded exciting new capabilities to probe and to monitor cancer progression and response in vivo. Here, we review these results, forecast the future of OCT for preclinical cancer imaging and discuss its exciting potential to translate to the clinic as a tool for monitoring cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Vakoc
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Pansare V, Hejazi S, Faenza W, Prud'homme RK. Review of Long-Wavelength Optical and NIR Imaging Materials: Contrast Agents, Fluorophores and Multifunctional Nano Carriers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:812-827. [PMID: 22919122 PMCID: PMC3423226 DOI: 10.1021/cm2028367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The importance of long wavelength and near infra-red (NIR) imaging has dramatically increased due to the desire to perform whole animal and deep tissue imaging. The adoption of NIR imaging is also growing rapidly due to the availability of targeted biological agents for diagnosis and basic medical research that can be imaged in vivo. The wavelength range of 650-1450 nm falls in the region of the spectrum with the lowest absorption in tissue and therefore enables the deepest tissue penetration. This is the wavelength range we focus on with this review. To operate effectively the imaging agents must both be excited and must emit in this long-wavelength window. We review the agents used both for imaging by absorption, scattering, and excitation (such as fluorescence). Imaging agents comprise both aqueous soluble and insoluble species, both organic and inorganic, and unimolecular and supramolecular constructs. The interest in multi-modal imaging, which involves delivery of actives, targeting, and imaging, requires nanocarriers or supramolecular assemblies. Nanoparticles for diagnostics also have advantages in increasing circulation time and increased imaging brightness relative to single molecule imaging agents. This has led to rapid advances in nanocarriers for long-wavelength, NIR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Pansare
- Princeton University, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ 08544
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Au KM, Lu Z, Matcher SJ, Armes SP. Polypyrrole nanoparticles: a potential optical coherence tomography contrast agent for cancer imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:5792-5. [PMID: 22102372 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A near-infrared (NIR) absorbing contrast agent based on polypyrrole nanoparticles is described. Quantitative optical coherence tomography studies on tissue phantoms and Mie scattering calculations indicate their potential application for early-stage cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Man Au
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Yorkshire, UK
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Robles FE, Wilson C, Grant G, Wax A. Molecular imaging true-colour spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. NATURE PHOTONICS 2011; 5:744-747. [PMID: 23144652 PMCID: PMC3491993 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging holds a pivotal role in medicine due to its ability to provide invaluable insight into disease mechanisms at molecular and cellular levels. To this end, various techniques have been developed for molecular imaging, each with its own advantages and disadvantages(1-4). For example, fluorescence imaging achieves micrometre-scale resolution, but has low penetration depths and is mostly limited to exogenous agents. Here, we demonstrate molecular imaging of endogenous and exogenous chromophores using a novel form of spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. Our approach consists of using a wide spectral bandwidth laser source centred in the visible spectrum, thereby allowing facile assessment of haemoglobin oxygen levels, providing contrast from readily available absorbers, and enabling true-colour representation of samples. This approach provides high spectral fidelity while imaging at the micrometre scale in three dimensions. Molecular imaging true-colour spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (METRiCS OCT) has significant implications for many biomedical applications including ophthalmology, early cancer detection, and understanding fundamental disease mechanisms such as hypoxia and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E. Robles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Medical Physics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Christy Wilson
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Medical Physics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.W.
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Mehta KB, Chen N. Plasmonic chiral contrast agents for optical coherence tomography: numerical study. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:14903-14912. [PMID: 21934851 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.014903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a widely used morphological imaging modality. Various contrast agents, which change localized optical properties, are used to extend the applicability of OCT, where intrinsic contrast is not sufficient. In this paper we propose the use of a dual-rod gold nano-structure as a polarization sensitive contrast agent. Using numerical simulation, we demonstrated that the proposed structure has tunable chiral response. Enhanced cross-section due to Plasmon resonance in gold nanoparticles, along with the chiral behavior can provide enhanced detection sensitivity. The proposed contrast agents may extend the applicability of OCT to the problems that require the molecular contrast with enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh B Mehta
- Optical Bioimaging Lab, Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Blk E3A, 04-15, Singapore 117574, Singapore.
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Camp AS, Ruggeri M, Munguba GC, Tapia ML, John SWM, Bhattacharya SK, Lee RK. Structural correlation between the nerve fiber layer and retinal ganglion cell loss in mice with targeted disruption of the Brn3b gene. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5226-32. [PMID: 21622702 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mice with a targeted disruption of Brn3b (knockout Brn3b(-/-)) undergo the loss of a majority of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) before birth. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) allows for the noninvasive examination of Brn3b(-/-) cellular loss in vivo. METHODS The central retinas of Brn3b(-/-) and phenotypically wild-type (Brn3b(+/+) and Brn3b(±)) mice were imaged by SD-OCT. The combined nerve fiber layer (NFL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) were manually segmented and thickness maps were generated. The results were confirmed by histologic and immunofluorescence cell counts of the RGC layer (RGCL) of the same retinas. RESULTS The combined NFL and IPL of the Brn3b(-/-) retinas were significantly thinner, and the histologic cell counts significantly lower, than those of the phenotypically wild-type retinas (paired t-test; P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). The combined NFL and IPL thickness and the histologic cell count correlated highly (R(2) = 0.9612). Immunofluorescence staining revealed significant RGC-specific loss in Brn3b(-/-) retinas (paired t-test; P < 0.01). The distribution of combined central NFL and IPL loss was not localized or sectorial. CONCLUSIONS The strong correlation between the combined layer thickness and histologic cell counts validates manual OCT segmentation as a method of monitoring cell loss in the RGCL. A retinal thickness map assessed if combined NFL and IPL thickness loss in Brn3b(-/-) eyes was topographically specific. Generalized RGC and combined NFL and IPL loss was observed in the Brn3b(-/-) retinas, in contrast to topographically specific RGC loss observed in glaucomatous DBA2/J eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Camp
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Park SC, Ritch R. High resolution in vivo imaging of the lamina cribrosa. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2011; 25:363-72. [PMID: 23960950 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa (LC) is considered to be the principal site of retinal ganglion cell axon injury in glaucoma. Imaging technology has steadily improved in recent years, allowing greater resolution of fine details of laminar structure. Histological studies have elucidated the details of LC structure, both in normal and glaucomatous eyes, but such studies are limited by smaller sample size, greater difficulty of conducting prospective studies, and possibility of altered tissue architecture during histologic processing. We reviewed the literature describing the LC in primate and human eyes using in vivo imaging devices and provided a brief explanation of the imaging technology and main results of the articles. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each imaging modality described, including optic disk photography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These modalities provide en face and/or cross-sectional images of the LC in vivo. Enhanced depth imaging OCT has recently led to important advances in imaging deeper structures of the posterior segment, including the LC. Adaptive optics has been adopted in CSLO and OCT imaging to correct for ocular aberration and has improved resolution and contrast of the LC images. Post-image processing techniques to compensate for light attenuation and enhance contrast in OCT images enabled better visualization of the LC beneath the neuroretinal rim, vascular structures, and scleral rim. Long-wavelength probe OCT has shown good visualization of the LC with improved penetration when combined with swept-source OCT. Contrast agents for enhanced visualization of selective target structures in OCT have been developed. All these technologies hold great promise for improved in vivo imaging of the LC and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung C Park
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY, USA
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48
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Marschall S, Sander B, Mogensen M, Jørgensen TM, Andersen PE. Optical coherence tomography-current technology and applications in clinical and biomedical research. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2699-720. [PMID: 21547430 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that provides real-time two- and three-dimensional images of scattering samples with micrometer resolution. By mapping the local reflectivity, OCT visualizes the morphology of the sample. In addition, functional properties such as birefringence, motion, or the distributions of certain substances can be detected with high spatial resolution. Its main field of application is biomedical imaging and diagnostics. In ophthalmology, OCT is accepted as a clinical standard for diagnosing and monitoring the treatment of a number of retinal diseases, and OCT is becoming an important instrument for clinical cardiology. New applications are emerging in various medical fields, such as early-stage cancer detection, surgical guidance, and the early diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases. OCT has also proven its value as a tool for developmental biology. The number of companies involved in manufacturing OCT systems has increased substantially during the last few years (especially due to its success in opthalmology), and this technology can be expected to continue to spread into various fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Marschall
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
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Lue N, Ganta S, Hammer DX, Mujat M, Stevens AE, Harrison L, Ferguson RD, Rosen D, Amiji M, Iftimia N. Preliminary evaluation of a nanotechnology-based approach for the more effective diagnosis of colon cancers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 5:1467-79. [PMID: 21128727 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The goal of this research was to develop and preliminarily test a novel technology and instrumentation that could help to significantly increase the diagnostic yield of current colon cancer screening procedures. This technology is based on a combined fluorescence-optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, and topical delivery of a cancer-targeting agent. MATERIALS & METHODS Gold colloid-adsorbed poly(ε-caprolactone) microparticles were labeled with a near-infrared dye, and functionalized with argentine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD peptide) to effectively target cancer tissue, and enhance fluorescence-imaging contrast. The RGD peptide recognizes the α(v)β(3)-integrin receptor, which is overexpressed by epithelial cancer cells. OCT was used under fluorescence guidance to visualize tissue morphology and, thus, to serve as a confirmatory tool for cancer presence. RESULTS A preliminary testing of this technology on human colon cancer cell lines, a mouse model of colon cancer, as well as human colon tissue specimens, was performed. Strong binding of microparticles to cancer cells and no binding to cells that do not significantly express integrins, such as mouse fibroblasts, was observed. Preferential binding to cancer tissue was also observed. Strong fluorescence signals were obtained from cancer tissue, owing to the efficient binding of the contrast agent. OCT imaging was capable of revealing clear differences between normal and cancer tissue. CONCLUSION A dual-modality imaging approach combined with topical delivery of a cancer-targeting contrast agent has been preliminarily tested for colon cancer diagnosis. Preferential binding of the contrast agent to cancer tissue allowed the cancer-suspicious locations to be highlighted and, thus, guided OCT imaging to visualize tissue morphology and determine tissue type. If successful, this multimodal approach might help to increase the sensitivity and the specificity of current colon cancer-screening procedures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyom Lue
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA
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Detection of magnetic particles in live DBA/2J mouse eyes using magnetomotive optical coherence tomography. Eye Contact Lens 2011; 36:346-51. [PMID: 21060257 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e3181f57c51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To demonstrate in vivo molecular imaging of the eye using spectral-domain magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MMOCT). METHODS A custom-built, high-speed, and high-resolution MMOCT was developed for imaging magnetic particle-coupled molecules in living mouse eyes by applying an external dynamic magnetic field gradient during optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning. The magnetomotive signals were tested in vitro by scanning magnetic beads embedded within an agarose gel (1.5%) and in vivo in the anterior segment of a mouse eye. RESULTS Cross-sectional OCT images of the gel and the anterior segment of the eye were acquired by regular OCT structural scanning. Magnetomotive optical coherence tomography signals were successfully captured in the agarose gel with embedded magnetic beads. The signals were captured in the anterior segment of the mouse eyes after injecting the beads. The signal was overlaid successfully onto the structural OCT image. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the ability to detect particles injected into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye using MMOCT. This suggests that MMOCT is effective for future live detection of molecular (protein) targets in various ocular diseases in mouse models.
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