1
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Suthya AR, Wong CHY, Bourne JH. Diving head-first into brain intravital microscopy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372996. [PMID: 38817606 PMCID: PMC11137164 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue microenvironments during physiology and pathology are highly complex, meaning dynamic cellular activities and their interactions cannot be accurately modelled ex vivo or in vitro. In particular, tissue-specific resident cells which may function and behave differently after isolation and the heterogenous vascular beds in various organs highlight the importance of observing such processes in real-time in vivo. This challenge gave rise to intravital microscopy (IVM), which was discovered over two centuries ago. From the very early techniques of low-optical resolution brightfield microscopy, limited to transparent tissues, IVM techniques have significantly evolved in recent years. Combined with improved animal surgical preparations, modern IVM technologies have achieved significantly higher speed of image acquisition and enhanced image resolution which allow for the visualisation of biological activities within a wider variety of tissue beds. These advancements have dramatically expanded our understanding in cell migration and function, especially in organs which are not easily accessible, such as the brain. In this review, we will discuss the application of rodent IVM in neurobiology in health and disease. In particular, we will outline the capability and limitations of emerging technologies, including photoacoustic, two- and three-photon imaging for brain IVM. In addition, we will discuss the use of these technologies in the context of neuroinflammation.
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2
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Poorna R, Chen WW, Qiu P, Cicerone MT. Toward Gene-Correlated Spatially Resolved Metabolomics with Fingerprint Coherent Raman Imaging. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:5576-5587. [PMID: 37311254 PMCID: PMC10316396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has long been known to provide sufficient information to discriminate distinct cell phenotypes. Underlying this discriminating capability is that Raman spectra provide an overall readout of the metabolic profiles that change with transcriptomic activity. Robustly associating Raman spectral changes with the regulation of specific signaling pathways may be possible, but the spectral signals of interest may be weak and vary somewhat among individuals. Establishing a Raman-to-transcriptome mapping will thus require tightly controlled and easily manipulated biological systems and high-throughput spectral acquisition. We attempt to meet these requirements using broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (BCARS) microscopy to spatio-spectrally map the C. elegans hermaphrodite gonad in vivo at subcellular resolution. The C. elegans hermaphrodite gonad is an ideal model system with a sequential, continuous process of highly regulated spatiotemporal cellular events. We demonstrate that the BCARS spatio-spectral signatures correlate with gene expression profiles in the gonad, evincing that BCARS has potential as a spatially resolved omics surrogate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajas Poorna
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wei-Wen Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Peng Qiu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Marcus T. Cicerone
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Turrini L, Roschi L, de Vito G, Pavone FS, Vanzi F. Imaging Approaches to Investigate Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Brain Disease in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9833. [PMID: 37372981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish has become an essential model organism in modern biomedical research. Owing to its distinctive features and high grade of genomic homology with humans, it is increasingly employed to model diverse neurological disorders, both through genetic and pharmacological intervention. The use of this vertebrate model has recently enhanced research efforts, both in the optical technology and in the bioengineering fields, aiming at developing novel tools for high spatiotemporal resolution imaging. Indeed, the ever-increasing use of imaging methods, often combined with fluorescent reporters or tags, enable a unique chance for translational neuroscience research at different levels, ranging from behavior (whole-organism) to functional aspects (whole-brain) and down to structural features (cellular and subcellular). In this work, we present a review of the imaging approaches employed to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying functional, structural, and behavioral alterations of human neurological diseases modeled in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Turrini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Roschi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe de Vito
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for the Study of Complex Dynamics, University of Florence, Via Giovanni Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Giovanni Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Vanzi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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4
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Zhou Y, Liu E, Müller H, Cui B. Optical Electrophysiology: Toward the Goal of Label-Free Voltage Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10482-10499. [PMID: 34191488 PMCID: PMC8514153 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Measuring and monitoring the electrical signals transmitted between neurons is key to understanding the communication between neurons that underlies human perception, information processing, and decision-making. While electrode-based electrophysiology has been the gold standard, optical electrophysiology has opened up a new area in the past decade. Voltage-dependent fluorescent reporters enable voltage imaging with high spatial resolution and flexibility to choose recording locations. However, they exhibit photobleaching as well as phototoxicity and may perturb the physiology of the cell. Label-free optical electrophysiology seeks to overcome these hurdles by detecting electrical activities optically, without the incorporation of exogenous fluorophores in cells. For example, electrochromic optical recording detects neuroelectrical signals via a voltage-dependent color change of extracellular materials, and interferometric optical recording monitors membrane deformations that accompany electrical activities. Label-free optical electrophysiology, however, is in an early stage, and often has limited sensitivity and temporal resolution. In this Perspective, we review the recent progress to overcome these hurdles. We hope this Perspective will inspire developments of label-free optical electrophysiology techniques with high recording sensitivity and temporal resolution in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, S285 ChEM-H/Wu Tsai Neuroscience Research Complex, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Erica Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, S285 ChEM-H/Wu Tsai Neuroscience Research Complex, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Holger Müller
- Department of Physics, University of California, 366 LeConte Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, S285 ChEM-H/Wu Tsai Neuroscience Research Complex, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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5
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Sun CK, Wu PJ, Chen ST, Su YH, Wei ML, Wang CY, Gao HC, Sung KB, Liao YH. Slide-free clinical imaging of melanin with absolute quantities using label-free third-harmonic-generation enhancement-ratio microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3009-3024. [PMID: 32637238 PMCID: PMC7316008 DOI: 10.1364/boe.391451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The capability to image the 3D distribution of melanin in human skin in vivo with absolute quantities and microscopic details will not only enable noninvasive histopathological diagnosis of melanin-related cutaneous disorders, but also make long term treatment assessment possible. In this paper, we demonstrate clinical in vivo imaging of the melanin distribution in human skin with absolute quantities on mass density and with microscopic details by using label-free third-harmonic-generation (THG) enhancement-ratio microscopy. As the dominant absorber in skin, melanin provides the strongest THG nonlinearity in human skin due to resonance enhancement. We show that the THG-enhancement-ratio (erTHG) parameter can be calibrated in vivo and can indicate the melanin mass density. With an unprecedented clinical imaging resolution, our study revealed erTHG-microscopy's unique capability for long-term treatment assessment and direct clinical observation of melanin's micro-distribution to shed light into the unknown pathway and regulation mechanism of melanosome transfer and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jhe Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tse Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Liang Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Cheng Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Bing Sung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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6
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Lin K, Liao Y, Wei M, Sun C. Comparative analysis of intrinsic skin aging between Caucasian and Asian subjects by slide-free in vivo harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960063. [PMID: 31747129 PMCID: PMC7894538 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypical and functional differences in the intrinsic skin aging process of individuals between Caucasians and Asians have generated considerable interest in dermatology and cosmetic industry. Most of the studies focused on the stratum corneum, and in some other studies inter-individual differences overwhelms the racial difference. None of the studies comparatively analyzes the difference from the histopathological point of view. Here we report our harmonic generation microscopy study to analyze the difference of intrinsic aging between Caucasian and Asian skin from a histopathological point of view. As a result, the cellular and nuclear areas of basal cells in Caucasian subjects were found to increase at the same rate as the Asian subjects, ideal for scoring age. The maximum thickness of the viable epidermis, the dermal papilla (DP) volume per unit area and the depth of the DP zone in Caucasians were found to decrease at faster rates than those in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan‐Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and BioinformaticsNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Hua Liao
- Department of DermatologyNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Liang Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and BioinformaticsNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Kuang Sun
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and BioinformaticsNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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7
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Chakraborty S, Chen ST, Hsiao YT, Chiu MJ, Sun CK. Additive-color multi-harmonic generation microscopy for simultaneous label-free differentiation of plaques, tangles, and neuronal axons. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:571-585. [PMID: 32206388 PMCID: PMC7041468 DOI: 10.1364/boe.378447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multicolor fluorescence imaging has been widely used by neuroscientists to simultaneously observe different neuropathological features of the brain. However, these optical modalities rely on exogenous labeling. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a label-free additive-color multi-harmonic generation microscopy to elucidate, concurrently with different hues, Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological hallmarks: amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). By treating third harmonic generation (THG) and second harmonic generation (SHG) as two primary colors, our study can simultaneously label-free differentiate AD hallmarks by providing different additive colors between Aβ plaques, NFT, and neuronal axons, with weaker THG presentation from NFT in most places of the brain. Interestingly our pixel-based quantification and Pearson's correlation results further corroborated these findings. Our proposed label-free technique fulfills the unmet challenge in the clinical histopathology for stain-free slide-free differential visualization of neurodegenerative disease pathologies, with a sub-femtoliter resolution in a single image field-of-view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tse Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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8
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Liao YH, Su YH, Shih YT, Chen WS, Jee SH, Sun CK. In vivo third-harmonic generation microscopy study on vitiligo patients. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 25:1-13. [PMID: 31777224 PMCID: PMC7008507 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.014504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is known to provide strong third-harmonic generation (THG) contrast in human skin. With a high concentration in basal cell cytoplasm, THG contrast provided by melanin overshadows other THG sources in human skin studies. For better understanding of the THG signals in keratinocytes without the influence of melanin, an in vivo THG microscopy (THGM) study was first conducted on vitiliginous skin. As a result, the THG-brightness ratio between the melanin-lacking cytoplasm of basal cells and collagen fibers is about 1.106 at the dermal-epidermal junctions of vitiliginous skin, indicating high sensitivity of THGM for the presence of melanin. We further applied the in vivo THGM to assist evaluating the therapeutic outcome from the histopathological point of view for those showed no improvement under narrowband ultraviolet B therapy based on the seven-point Physician Global Assessment score. Our clinical study indicates the high potential of THGM to assist the histopathological assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of vitiligo treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Liao
- National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Su
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ta Shih
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shiang Chen
- National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwa Jee
- National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cathay General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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van Huizen LM, Kuzmin NV, Barbé E, van der Velde S, te Velde EA, Groot ML. Second and third harmonic generation microscopy visualizes key structural components in fresh unprocessed healthy human breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800297. [PMID: 30684312 PMCID: PMC7065644 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Real-time assessment of excised tissue may help to improve surgical results in breast tumor surgeries. Here, as a step towards this purpose, the potential of second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) microscopy is explored. SHG and THG are nonlinear optical microscopic techniques that do not require labeling of tissue to generate 3D images with intrinsic depth-sectioning at sub-cellular resolution. Until now, this technique had been applied on fixated breast tissue or to visualize the stroma only, whereas most tumors start in the lobules and ducts. Here, SHG/THG images of freshly excised unprocessed healthy human tissue are shown to reveal key breast components-lobules, ducts, fat tissue, connective tissue and blood vessels, in good agreement with hematoxylin and eosin histology. DNA staining of fresh unprocessed mouse breast tissue was performed to aid in the identification of cell nuclei in label-free THG images. Furthermore, 2- and 3-photon excited auto-fluorescence images of mouse and human tissue are collected for comparison. The SHG/THG imaging modalities generate high quality images of freshly excised tissue in less than a minute with an information content comparable to that of the gold standard, histopathology. Therefore, SHG/THG microscopy is a promising tool for real-time assessment of excised tissue during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M.G. van Huizen
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikolay V. Kuzmin
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne van der Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. te Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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10
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Zhang Z, Kuzmin NV, Groot ML, de Munck JC. Quantitative comparison of 3D third harmonic generation and fluorescence microscopy images. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201600256. [PMID: 28464543 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy is a label-free imaging technique that shows great potential for rapid pathology of brain tissue during brain tumor surgery. However, the interpretation of THG brain images should be quantitatively linked to images of more standard imaging techniques, which so far has been done qualitatively only. We establish here such a quantitative link between THG images of mouse brain tissue and all-nuclei-highlighted fluorescence images, acquired simultaneously from the same tissue area. For quantitative comparison of a substantial pair of images, we present here a segmentation workflow that is applicable for both THG and fluorescence images, with a precision of 91.3 % and 95.8 % achieved respectively. We find that the correspondence between the main features of the two imaging modalities amounts to 88.9 %, providing quantitative evidence of the interpretation of dark holes as brain cells. Moreover, 80 % bright objects in THG images overlap with nuclei highlighted in the fluorescence images, and they are 2 times smaller than the dark holes, showing that cells of different morphologies can be recognized in THG images. We expect that the described quantitative comparison is applicable to other types of brain tissue and with more specific staining experiments for cell type identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Physics and Medical Technology department, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolay V Kuzmin
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C de Munck
- Physics and Medical Technology department, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Kuzmin NV, Wesseling P, Hamer PCDW, Noske DP, Galgano GD, Mansvelder HD, Baayen JC, Groot ML. Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1889-904. [PMID: 27231629 PMCID: PMC4871089 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In brain tumor surgery, recognition of tumor boundaries is key. However, intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries by the neurosurgeon is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need for tools that provide the neurosurgeon with pathological information during the operation. We show that third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy provides label-free, real-time images of histopathological quality; increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and rarefaction of neuropil in fresh, unstained human brain tissue could be clearly recognized. We further demonstrate THG images taken with a GRIN objective, as a step toward in situ THG microendoscopy of tumor boundaries. THG imaging is thus a promising tool for optical biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Kuzmin
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. Wesseling
- Dept. of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. de Witt Hamer
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. P. Noske
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. D. Galgano
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. D. Mansvelder
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Baayen
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. L. Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Gavgiotaki E, Filippidis G, Kalognomou M, Tsouko AA, Skordos I, Fotakis C, Athanassakis I. Third Harmonic Generation microscopy as a reliable diagnostic tool for evaluating lipid body modification during cell activation: the example of BV-2 microglia cells. J Struct Biol 2014; 189:105-13. [PMID: 25486610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical processes have found widespread applications in fields ranging from fundamental physics to biomedicine. In this study, we attempted to evaluate cell activation by using the Third Harmonic Generation (THG) imaging microscopy as a new diagnostic tool. The BV-2 microglia cell line with or without activation by lipopolysaccharide was chosen as a representative biological model. The results showed that THG imaging could discriminate between the control versus activated state of BV-2 cells not only as to THG signal intensity but also as to THG signal area, while verifying once more that the majority of the intracellular detected signal corresponds to lipid bodies. Since THG imaging is a real time, non-destructive modality and does not require any prior cell processing and staining, the results presented here provide an important tool for normal versus activated cell discrimination, which could be proved very useful in the study of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gavgiotaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, Greece
| | - G Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - M Kalognomou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
| | - A A Tsouko
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, Greece
| | - I Skordos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
| | - C Fotakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, Greece
| | - I Athanassakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece.
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13
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Measuring microtubule polarity in spindles with second-harmonic generation. Biophys J 2014; 106:1578-87. [PMID: 24739157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial organization of microtubule polarity, and the interplay between microtubule polarity and protein localization, is thought to be crucial for spindle assembly, anaphase, and cytokinesis, but these phenomena remain poorly understood, in part due to the difficulty of measuring microtubule polarity in spindles. We develop and implement a method to nonperturbatively and quantitatively measure microtubule polarity throughout spindles using a combination of second-harmonic generation and two-photon fluorescence. We validate this method using computer simulations and by comparison to structural data on spindles obtained from electron tomography and laser ablation. This method should provide a powerful tool for studying spindle organization and function, and may be applicable for investigating microtubule polarity in other systems.
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14
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Pu Y, Psaltis D. Seeing through turbidity with harmonic holography [Invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:567-578. [PMID: 23385895 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to see inside the body noninvasively is indispensable in modern biology and medicine. Optical approaches to such abilities are of rapidly growing interest because of their nonionizing nature and low cost. However, the problem of opacity due to the optical turbidity of tissues must be addressed before optical means become practical. Harmonic holography amalgamates the capability of holographic phase conjugation with the contrast-forming mechanism of second-harmonic generation, which provides a unique opportunity for imaging through a turbid medium. In this review we give accounts of the effort of imaging through turbid media using harmonic holographic phase conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Pu
- Laboratory of Optics, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Gregg CL, Butcher JT. Quantitative in vivo imaging of embryonic development: opportunities and challenges. Differentiation 2012; 84:149-62. [PMID: 22695188 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are critically important for a mechanistic understanding of embryonic morphogenesis. For decades, visualizing these rapid and complex multidimensional events has relied on projection images and thin section reconstructions. While much insight has been gained, fixed tissue specimens offer limited information on dynamic processes that are essential for tissue assembly and organ patterning. Quantitative imaging is required to unlock the important basic science and clinically relevant secrets that remain hidden. Recent advances in live imaging technology have enabled quantitative longitudinal analysis of embryonic morphogenesis at multiple length and time scales. Four different imaging modalities are currently being used to monitor embryonic morphogenesis: optical, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Each has its advantages and limitations with respect to spatial resolution, depth of field, scanning speed, and tissue contrast. In addition, new processing tools have been developed to enhance live imaging capabilities. In this review, we analyze each type of imaging source and its use in quantitative study of embryonic morphogenesis in small animal models. We describe the physics behind their function, identify some examples in which the modality has revealed new quantitative insights, and then conclude with a discussion of new research directions with live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Gregg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Kyvelidou C, Tserevelakis GJ, Filippidis G, Ranella A, Kleovoulou A, Fotakis C, Athanassakis I. Following the course of pre-implantation embryo patterning by non-linear microscopy. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Label-free 3D visualization of cellular and tissue structures in intact muscle with second and third harmonic generation microscopy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28237. [PMID: 22140560 PMCID: PMC3225396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Second and Third Harmonic Generation (SHG and THG) microscopy is based on optical effects which are induced by specific inherent physical properties of a specimen. As a multi-photon laser scanning approach which is not based on fluorescence it combines the advantages of a label-free technique with restriction of signal generation to the focal plane, thus allowing high resolution 3D reconstruction of image volumes without out-of-focus background several hundred micrometers deep into the tissue. While in mammalian soft tissues SHG is mostly restricted to collagen fibers and striated muscle myosin, THG is induced at a large variety of structures, since it is generated at interfaces such as refraction index changes within the focal volume of the excitation laser. Besides, colorants such as hemoglobin can cause resonance enhancement, leading to intense THG signals. We applied SHG and THG microscopy to murine (Mus musculus) muscles, an established model system for physiological research, to investigate their potential for label-free tissue imaging. In addition to collagen fibers and muscle fiber substructure, THG allowed us to visualize blood vessel walls and erythrocytes as well as white blood cells adhering to vessel walls, residing in or moving through the extravascular tissue. Moreover peripheral nerve fibers could be clearly identified. Structure down to the nuclear chromatin distribution was visualized in 3D and with more detail than obtainable by bright field microscopy. To our knowledge, most of these objects have not been visualized previously by THG or any label-free 3D approach. THG allows label-free microscopy with inherent optical sectioning and therefore may offer similar improvements compared to bright field microscopy as does confocal laser scanning microscopy compared to conventional fluorescence microscopy.
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18
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Tsai MR, Chen SY, Shieh DB, Lou PJ, Sun CK. In vivo optical virtual biopsy of human oral mucosa with harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:2317-28. [PMID: 21833368 PMCID: PMC3149529 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies on human skin indicated that in vivo multi-harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) can achieve sub-micron resolution for histopathological analysis with a high penetration depth and leave no energy or photodamages in the interacted tissues. It is thus highly desired to apply HGM for in vivo mucosa histopathological diagnosis. In this paper, the first in vivo optical virtual biopsy of human oral mucosa by using epi-HGM is demonstrated. We modified an upright microscope to rotate the angle of objective for in vivo observation. Our clinical study reveals the capability of HGM to in vivo image cell distributions in human oral mucosa, including epithelium and lamina propria with a high penetration depth greater than 280 μm and a high spatial resolution better than 500 nm. We also found that the third-harmonic-generation (THG) contrast on nucleus depends strongly on its thicknesses, in agreement with a numerical simulation. Besides, 4% acetic acid was found to be able to enhance the THG contrast of nucleus in oral mucosa, while such enhancement was found to decay due to the metabolic clearance of the contrast enhancer by the oral mucosa. Our clinical study indicated that, the combined epi-THG and epi-second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy is a promising imaging tool for in vivo noninvasive optical virtual biopsy and disease diagnosis in human mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rung Tsai
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medical and Department of Stomatology, Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, and Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Device Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Inst. of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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19
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Label-free live brain imaging and targeted patching with third-harmonic generation microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5970-5. [PMID: 21444784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018743108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to visualize neurons inside living brain tissue is a fundamental requirement in neuroscience and neurosurgery. Especially the development of a noninvasive probe of brain morphology with micrometer-scale resolution is highly desirable, as it would provide a noninvasive approach to optical biopsies in diagnostic medicine. Two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (2PLSM) is a powerful tool in this regard, and has become the standard for minimally invasive high-resolution imaging of living biological samples. However, while 2PLSM-based optical methods provide sufficient resolution, they have been hampered by the requirement for fluorescent dyes to provide image contrast. Here we demonstrate high-contrast imaging of live brain tissue at cellular resolution, without the need for fluorescent probes, using optical third-harmonic generation (THG). We exploit the specific geometry and lipid content of brain tissue at the cellular level to achieve partial phase matching of THG, providing an alternative contrast mechanism to fluorescence. We find that THG brain imaging allows rapid, noninvasive label-free imaging of neurons, white-matter structures, and blood vessels simultaneously. Furthermore, we exploit THG-based imaging to guide micropipettes towards designated neurons inside live tissue. This work is a major step towards label-free microscopic live brain imaging, and opens up possibilities for the development of laser-guided microsurgery techniques in the living brain.
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20
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Khairy K, Keller PJ. Reconstructing embryonic development. Genesis 2011; 49:488-513. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Chang CF, Yu CH, Sun CK. Multi-photon resonance enhancement of third harmonic generation in human oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:678-85. [PMID: 20583034 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells require excessive oxygen and nutrition to support their rapid growth, so angiogenesis and decrease of blood oxygen are often associated with areas of cancer development. Current technologies for blood oxygen measurement, however, do not possess high spatial resolution and therefore cannot be used to detect small tumors in their early stage. In this paper, we studied the third harmonic generation (THG) spectra of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin in the 1170-1365 nm region, which is strongly influenced by the multi-photon resonance effect, especially around the Soret transition band. Our spectroscopic results thus indicate the high potential of THG spectroscopic microscopy for oxygen depletion level measurement of a single red blood cell in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Feng Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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22
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Tserevelakis G, Filippidis G, Krmpot A, Vlachos M, Fotakis C, Tavernarakis N. Imaging Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis by third-harmonic generation microscopy. Micron 2010; 41:444-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Chang CF, Chen HC, Chen MJ, Liu WR, Hsieh WF, Hsu CH, Chen CY, Chang FH, Yu CH, Sun CK. Direct backward third-harmonic generation in nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:7397-406. [PMID: 20389762 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.007397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Direct-backward third harmonic generation (DBTHG) has been regarded as negligible or even inexistent due to the large value of wave-vector mismatch. In the past, BTHG signals were often interpreted as back-reflected or back-scattered forward-THG (FTHG). In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that backward third harmonic waves can be directly generated, and that their magnitude can be comparable with FTHG in nanostructures. Experimental data of DBTHG from ZnO thin films, CdSe quantum dots and Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles agree well with simulation results based on the Green's function. An integral equation was also derived for fast computation of DBTHG in nano films. Our investigation suggests that DBTHG can be a potentially powerful tool in nano-science research, especially when combined with FTHG measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Feng Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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24
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Chen SY, Wu HY, Sun CK. In vivo harmonic generation biopsy of human skin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:060505. [PMID: 20059236 DOI: 10.1117/1.3269676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to in vivo image deep tissues noninvasively with a high resolution is strongly required for optical virtual biopsy. Higher harmonic generation microscopy, combined with second- and third-harmonic generation microscopies, is applied to 17 Asian volunteers' forearm skin. After continuous observation for 30 min, no visible damage was found. Our study proves that harmonic generation biopsy (HGB) is able to satisfy the safety requirement and to provide high penetrability (approximately 300 microm) and submicron resolution all at the same time and is a promising tool for future virtual biopsy of skin diseases. In contrast to a previous study on fixed human skin specimens, a much improved penetrability and much reduced resolution-degradation versus depth are found in this in vivo examination.
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25
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Psilodimitrakopoulos S, Petegnief V, Soria G, Amat-Roldan I, Artigas D, Planas AM, Loza-Alvarez P. Estimation of the effective orientation of the SHG source in primary cortical neurons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:14418-25. [PMID: 19654849 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.014418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we provide, for the first time to our knowledge, the effective orientation of the SHG source in cultured cortical neuronal processes in vitro. This is done by the use of the polarization sensitive second harmonic generation (PSHG) imaging microscopy technique. By performing a pixel-level resolution analysis we found that the SHG dipole source has a distribution of angles centered at thetae =33.96 degrees , with a bandwidth of Deltathetae = 12.85 degrees . This orientation can be related with the molecular geometry of the tubulin heterodimmer contained in microtubules.
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26
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Lee JH, Chen SY, Yu CH, Chu SW, Wang LF, Sun CK, Chiang BL. Noninvasive in vitro and in vivo assessment of epidermal hyperkeratosis and dermal fibrosis in atopic dermatitis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:014008. [PMID: 19256696 DOI: 10.1117/1.3077182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by hyperkeratosis of epidermis and fibrosis within dermis in chronic skin lesions. Thus far, the histology of skin lesions has been evaluated only by examination of excised specimens. A noninvasive in vivo tool is essential to evaluate the histopathological changes during the clinical course of AD. We used Cr:forsterite laser-based multimodality nonlinear microscopy to analyze the endogenous molecular signals, including third-harmonic generation (THG), second-harmonic generation (SHG), and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) from skin lesions in AD. Significant differences in thickness of epidermis and stratum corneum (SC), and modified degrees of fibrosis in dermis (measured by THG signals and SHG signals, respectively), are clearly demonstrated in in vitro studies. Increased TPF levels are positively associated with the levels of the THG signals from the SC. Our in vitro observations of histological changes are replicated in the in vivo studies. These findings were reproducible in skin lesions from human AD. For the first time, we demonstrate the feasibility of preclinical applications of Cr:forsterite laser-based nonlinear microscopy. Our findings suggest that the optical signatures of THG, TPF, and SHG can be used as molecular markers to assess the pathophysiological process of AD and the effects of local treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Hong Lee
- National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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27
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Hsieh CS, Ko CY, Chen SY, Liu TM, Wu JS, Hu CH, Sun CK. In vivo long-term continuous observation of gene expression in zebrafish embryo nerve systems by using harmonic generation microscopy and morphant technology. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:064041. [PMID: 19123687 DOI: 10.1117/1.3050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression plays an important role in embryo development and organ function. Previous studies have shown that harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) can be used as a fluorescence signal-independent, minimally invasive method with a subcellular 3-D resolution and a penetration depth in the order of millimeters for long-term continuous imaging of vertebrate embryos. We show that it is ideal to combine in vivo HGM with the morphant technology for minimally invasive, long-term continuous observation of gene expression in the nervous system of vertebrate embryos. Since second- and third-harmonic generations (SHG, THG) are virtual-state-transition-based systems that depend only on the structure of the organisms, they are not temporally limited by the expression of the fluorescence proteins. We successfully identified the expression of the zarnt2a and the hif-1alpha, 2alpha, and 3alpha genes in the nervous system of zebrafish embryos with specific knockdown genes by microscopically observing the embryos from the early stages of embryogenesis. The results from a combination of the two different modalities, i.e., SHG microscopy and THG microscopy, successfully revealed the weak cell adhesion, cell apoptosis, nerve formation reduction, and neural tube distortion in the morphant zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Shuen Hsieh
- National Taiwan University, Department of Electrical Engineering, and, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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28
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Hagmar J, Brackmann C, Gustavsson T, Enejder A. Image analysis in nonlinear microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2008; 25:2195-2206. [PMID: 18758545 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.25.002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to automatically extract quantitative data from nonlinear microscopy images is here explored, taking nonlinear and coherent effects into account. Objects of different degrees of complexity were investigated: theoretical images of spherical objects, experimentally collected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering images of polystyrene spheres in background-generating agar, well-separated lipid droplets in living yeast cells, and conglomerations of lipid droplets in living C. elegans nematodes. The in linear microscopy useful measure of full width at half-maximum (FWHM) was shown to provide inadequate measures of object size due to the nonlinear density dependence of the signal. Instead, the capability of four state-of-the-art image analysis algorithms was evaluated. Among these, local thresholding was found to be the widest applicable segmentation algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hagmar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg, Sweden
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29
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Chang CF, Chen CY, Chang FH, Tai SP, Chen CY, Yu CH, Tseng YB, Tsai TH, Liu IS, Su WF, Sun CK. Cell tracking and detection of molecular expression in live cells using lipid-enclosed CdSe quantum dots as contrast agents for epi-third harmonic generation microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:9534-48. [PMID: 18575520 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.009534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that lipid-enclosed CdSe quantum dots (LEQDs) can function as versatile contrast agents in epi-detection third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy for biological applications in vivo. With epi-THG intensities 20 times stronger than corresponding fluorescence intensities from the same LEQDs under the same conditions of energy absorption, such high brightness LEQDs were proved for the abilities of cell tracking and detection of specific molecular expression in live cancer cells. Using nude mice as an animal model, the distribution of LEQD-loaded tumor cells deep in subcutaneous tissues were imaged with high THG contrast. This is the first demonstration that THG contrast can be manipulated in vivo with nanoparticles. By linking LEQDs with anti-Her2 antibodies, the expression of Her2/neu receptors in live breast cancer cells could also be easily detected through THG. Compared with fluorescence modalities, the THG modality also provides the advantage of no photobleaching and photoblinkin g effects. Combined with a high penetration 1230 nm laser, these novel features make LEQDs excellent THG contrast agents for in vivo deep-tissue imaging in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Feng Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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30
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Yeh AT, Gibbs H, Hu JJ, Larson AM. Advances in Nonlinear Optical Microscopy for Visualizing Dynamic Tissue Properties in Culture. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:119-31. [DOI: 10.1089/teb.2007.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin T. Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Staion, Texas
| | - Holly Gibbs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Staion, Texas
| | - Jin-Jia Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Staion, Texas
| | - Adam M. Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Staion, Texas
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