1
|
Biswas D, Roy S, Vasudevan S. Biomedical Application of Photoacoustics: A Plethora of Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1900. [PMID: 36363921 PMCID: PMC9692656 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The photoacoustic (PA) technique is a non-invasive, non-ionizing hybrid technique that exploits laser irradiation for sample excitation and acquires an ultrasound signal generated due to thermoelastic expansion of the sample. Being a hybrid technique, PA possesses the inherent advantages of conventional optical (high resolution) and ultrasonic (high depth of penetration in biological tissue) techniques and eliminates some of the major limitations of these conventional techniques. Hence, PA has been employed for different biomedical applications. In this review, we first discuss the basic physics of PA. Then, we discuss different aspects of PA techniques, which includes PA imaging and also PA frequency spectral analysis. The theory of PA signal generation, detection and analysis is also detailed in this work. Later, we also discuss the major biomedical application area of PA technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Biswas
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, HP, India
| | - Swarup Roy
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, HP, India
| | - Srivathsan Vasudevan
- Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol 453552, MP, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang JM, Ghim CM. Photoacoustic Tomography Opening New Paradigms in Biomedical Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1310:239-341. [PMID: 33834440 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6064-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
After the emergence of the ultrasound, X-ray CT, PET, and MRI, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is now in the phase of its exponential growth, with its expected full maturation being another form of mainstream clinical imaging modality. By combining the high contrast benefit of optical imaging and the high-resolution deep imaging capability of ultrasound, PAT can provide unprecedented anatomical image contrasts at clinically relevant depths as well as enable the use of a variety of functional and molecular imaging information, which is not possible with conventional imaging modalities. With these strengths, PAT has achieved numerous breakthroughs in various biomedical applications and also provided new technical platforms that may be able to resolve unmet issues in clinics. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the development of PAT technology for several major biomedical applications and provide an approximate projection of the future of PAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Mo Yang
- Center for Photoacoustic Medical Instruments, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol-Min Ghim
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen W, Wang L, Zhu S, Yu S, Cai C, Yi W, Zhu Q. A dicyanoisophorone-based, near-infrared, lysosome-targeting pH sensor with an extremely large Stokes shift. Anal Biochem 2020; 596:113609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
4
|
Brown E, Brunker J, Bohndiek SE. Photoacoustic imaging as a tool to probe the tumour microenvironment. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/7/dmm039636. [PMID: 31337635 PMCID: PMC6679374 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a complex cellular ecosystem subjected to chemical and physical signals that play a role in shaping tumour heterogeneity, invasion and metastasis. Studying the roles of the TME in cancer progression would strongly benefit from non-invasive visualisation of the tumour as a whole organ in vivo, both preclinically in mouse models of the disease, as well as in patient tumours. Although imaging techniques exist that can probe different facets of the TME, they face several limitations, including limited spatial resolution, extended scan times and poor specificity from confounding signals. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging modality, currently in clinical trials, that has the potential to overcome these limitations. Here, we review the biological properties of the TME and potential of existing imaging methods that have been developed to analyse these properties non-invasively. We then introduce PAI and explore the preclinical and clinical evidence that support its use in probing multiple features of the TME simultaneously, including blood vessel architecture, blood oxygenation, acidity, extracellular matrix deposition, lipid concentration and immune cell infiltration. Finally, we highlight the future prospects and outstanding challenges in the application of PAI as a tool in cancer research and as part of a clinical oncologist's arsenal. Summary: This Review details the potential of photoacoustic imaging to visualise features of the tumour microenvironment such as blood vessels, hypoxia, fibrosis and immune infiltrate to provide unprecedented insight into tumour biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Joanna Brunker
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hai P, Imai T, Xu S, Zhang R, Aft RL, Zou J, Wang LV. High-throughput, label-free, single-cell photoacoustic microscopy of intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:381-391. [PMID: 30936431 PMCID: PMC6544054 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity, which is manifested in almost all of the hallmarks of cancer, including the significantly altered metabolic profiles of cancer cells, represents a challenge to effective cancer therapy. High-throughput measurements of the metabolism of individual cancer cells would allow direct visualization and quantification of intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity, yet the throughputs of current measurement techniques are limited to about 120 cells per hour. Here, we show that single-cell photoacoustic microscopy can reach throughputs of approximately 12,000 cells per hour by trapping single cells with blood in an oxygen-diffusion-limited high-density microwell array and by using photoacoustic imaging to measure the haemoglobin oxygen change (that is, the oxygen consumption rate) in the microwells. We demonstrate the capability of this label-free technique by performing high-throughput single-cell oxygen-consumption-rate measurements of cultured cells and by imaging intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity in specimens from patients with breast cancer. High-throughput single-cell photoacoustic microscopy of oxygen consumption rates should enable the faster characterization of intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Toru Imai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca L Aft
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran Veterans Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu Q, Zhu R, Song J, Yang H, Chen X. Photoacoustic Imaging: Contrast Agents and Their Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805875. [PMID: 30556205 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging as a fast-developing imaging technique has great potential in biomedical and clinical applications. It is a noninvasive imaging modality that depends on the light-absorption coefficient of the imaged tissue and the injected PA-imaging contrast agents. Furthermore, PA imaging provides superb contrast, super spatial resolution, and high penetrability and sensitivity to tissue functional characteristics by detecting the acoustic wave to construct PA images. In recent years, a series of PA-imaging contrast agents are developed to improve the PA-imaging performance in biomedical applications. Here, recent progress of PA contrast agents and their biomedical applications are outlined. PA contrast agents are classified according to their components and function, and gold nanocrystals, gold-nanocrystal assembly, transition-metal chalcogenides/MXene-based nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, other inorganic imaging agents, small organic molecules, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles, and nonlinear PA-imaging contrast agents are discussed. The applications of PA contrast agents as biosensors (in the sensing of metal ions, pH, enzymes, temperature, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species) and in bioimaging (lymph nodes, vasculature, tumors, and brain tissue) are discussed in detail. Finally, an outlook on the future research and investigation of PA-imaging contrast agents and their significance in biomedical research is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jibin Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu S, Zhang R, Zheng Z, Zheng Y. Electromagnetic⁻Acoustic Sensing for Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3203. [PMID: 30248969 PMCID: PMC6210000 DOI: 10.3390/s18103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the theories and applications of electromagnetic⁻acoustic (EMA) techniques (covering light-induced photoacoustic, microwave-induced thermoacoustic, magnetic-modulated thermoacoustic, and X-ray-induced thermoacoustic) belonging to the more general area of electromagnetic (EM) hybrid techniques. The theories cover excitation of high-power EM field (laser, microwave, magnetic field, and X-ray) and subsequent acoustic wave generation. The applications of EMA methods include structural imaging, blood flowmetry, thermometry, dosimetry for radiation therapy, hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO₂) sensing, fingerprint imaging and sensing, glucose sensing, pH sensing, etc. Several other EM-related acoustic methods, including magnetoacoustic, magnetomotive ultrasound, and magnetomotive photoacoustic are also described. It is believed that EMA has great potential in both pre-clinical research and medical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Ruochong Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Zesheng Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng L, Ma G, Lin J, Huang P. Photoacoustic Probes for Molecular Detection: Recent Advances and Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800782. [PMID: 29873182 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging (PAI) is a noninvasive and nonionizing biomedical imaging modality that combines the advantages of optical imaging and ultrasound imaging. Based on PAI, photoacoustic detection (PAD) is an emerging approach that is involved with the interaction between PA probes and analytes resulting in the changes of photoacoustic signals for molecular detection with rich contrast, high resolution, and deep tissue penetration. This Review focuses on the recent development of PA probes in PAD. The following contents will be discussed in detail: 1) the construction of PA probes; 2) the applications and mechanisms of PAD to different types of analytes, including microenvironments, small biomolecules, or metal ions; 3) the challenges and perspectives of PA probes in PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leli Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Gongcheng Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jo J, Lee CH, Kopelman R, Wang X. In vivo quantitative imaging of tumor pH by nanosonophore assisted multispectral photoacoustic imaging. Nat Commun 2017; 8:471. [PMID: 28883396 PMCID: PMC5589864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes of physiological pH are correlated with several pathologies, therefore the development of more effective medical pH imaging methods is of paramount importance. Here, we report on an in vivo pH mapping nanotechnology. This subsurface chemical imaging is based on tumor-targeted, pH sensing nanoprobes and multi-wavelength photoacoustic imaging (PAI). The nanotechnology consists of an optical pH indicator, SNARF-5F, 5-(and-6)-Carboxylic Acid, encapsulated into polyacrylamide nanoparticles with surface modification for tumor targeting. Facilitated by multi-wavelength PAI plus a spectral unmixing technique, the accuracy of pH measurement inside the biological environment is not susceptible to the background optical absorption of biomolecules, i.e., hemoglobins. As a result, both the pH levels and the hemodynamic properties across the entire tumor can be quantitatively evaluated with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution in in vivo cancer models. The imaging technology reported here holds the potential for both research on and clinical management of a variety of cancers. Background optical absorption of several biomolecules impedes an effective in vivo pH imaging in tumors. Here, the authors developed a visible light-based in vivo pH mapping method by coupling photoacoustic imaging and pH-responsive modified nanoparticles that selectively target tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janggun Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Chang H Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Raoul Kopelman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deán-Ben XL, Gottschalk S, Mc Larney B, Shoham S, Razansky D. Advanced optoacoustic methods for multiscale imaging of in vivo dynamics. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2158-2198. [PMID: 28276544 PMCID: PMC5460636 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of dynamic functional and molecular events in an unperturbed in vivo environment is essential for understanding the complex biology of living organisms and of disease state and progression. To this end, optoacoustic (photoacoustic) sensing and imaging have demonstrated the exclusive capacity to maintain excellent optical contrast and high resolution in deep-tissue observations, far beyond the penetration limits of modern microscopy. Yet, the time domain is paramount for the observation and study of complex biological interactions that may be invisible in single snapshots of living systems. This review focuses on the recent advances in optoacoustic imaging assisted by smart molecular labeling and dynamic contrast enhancement approaches that enable new types of multiscale dynamic observations not attainable with other bio-imaging modalities. A wealth of investigated new research topics and clinical applications is further discussed, including imaging of large-scale brain activity patterns, volumetric visualization of moving organs and contrast agent kinetics, molecular imaging using targeted and genetically expressed labels, as well as three-dimensional handheld diagnostics of human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X L Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - S Gottschalk
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - B Mc Larney
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - S Shoham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - D Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin L, Zhang P, Xu S, Shi J, Li L, Yao J, Wang L, Zou J, Wang LV. Handheld optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:41002. [PMID: 27775746 PMCID: PMC5075719 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) offers label-free
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Song Xu
- Texas A&M University, Institute for Solid State Electronics, Electrical Engineering Department, 400 Bizzell Street, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Junhui Shi
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lidai Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jun Zou
- Texas A&M University, Institute for Solid State Electronics, Electrical Engineering Department, 400 Bizzell Street, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou Y, Yao J, Wang LV. Tutorial on photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:61007. [PMID: 27086868 PMCID: PMC4834026 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has become one of the fastest growing fields in biomedical optics. Unlike pure optical imaging, such as confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, PAT employs acoustic detection to image optical absorption contrast with high-resolution deep into scattering tissue. So far, PAT has been widely used for multiscale anatomical, functional, and molecular imaging of biological tissues. We focus on PAT’s basic principles, major implementations, imaging contrasts, and recent applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines rich optical absorption contrast with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound at depths in tissue. The high scalability of PAT has enabled anatomical imaging of biological structures ranging from organelles to organs. The inherent functional and molecular imaging capabilities of PAT have further allowed it to measure important physiological parameters and track critical cellular activities. Integration of PAT with other imaging technologies provides complementary capabilities and can potentially accelerate the clinical translation of PAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang JM, Li C, Chen R, Rao B, Yao J, Yeh CH, Danielli A, Maslov K, Zhou Q, Shung KK, Wang LV. Optical-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:918-32. [PMID: 25798315 PMCID: PMC4361445 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has become a major experimental tool of photoacoustic tomography, with unique imaging capabilities for various biological applications. However, conventional imaging systems are all table-top embodiments, which preclude their use in internal organs. In this study, by applying the OR-PAM concept to our recently developed endoscopic technique, called photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE), we created an optical-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy (OR-PAEM) system, which enables internal organ imaging with a much finer resolution than conventional acoustic-resolution PAE systems. OR-PAEM has potential preclinical and clinical applications using either endogenous or exogenous contrast agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Mo Yang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chiye Li
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ruimin Chen
- NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bin Rao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| | - Cheng-Hung Yeh
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| | - Amos Danielli
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
- Currently with the Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002,
Israel
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089,
USA
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089,
USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cash KJ, Li C, Xia J, Wang LV, Clark HA. Optical drug monitoring: photoacoustic imaging of nanosensors to monitor therapeutic lithium in vivo. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1692-8. [PMID: 25588028 PMCID: PMC4364417 DOI: 10.1021/nn5064858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine could revolutionize how primary care physicians treat chronic disease and how researchers study fundamental biological questions. To realize this goal, we need to develop more robust, modular tools and imaging approaches for in vivo monitoring of analytes. In this report, we demonstrate that synthetic nanosensors can measure physiologic parameters with photoacoustic contrast, and we apply that platform to continuously track lithium levels in vivo. Photoacoustic imaging achieves imaging depths that are unattainable with fluorescence or multiphoton microscopy. We validated the photoacoustic results that illustrate the superior imaging depth and quality of photoacoustic imaging with optical measurements. This powerful combination of techniques will unlock the ability to measure analyte changes in deep tissue and will open up photoacoustic imaging as a diagnostic tool for continuous physiological tracking of a wide range of analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Cash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chiye Li
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Heather A. Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding Author Correspondence to:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xia J, Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic tomography: principles and advances. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2015; 147:1-22. [PMID: 25642127 PMCID: PMC4311576 DOI: 10.2528/pier14032303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging imaging modality that shows great potential for preclinical research and clinical practice. As a hybrid technique, PAT is based on the acoustic detection of optical absorption from either endogenous chromophores, such as oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin, or exogenous contrast agents, such as organic dyes and nanoparticles. Because ultrasound scatters much less than light in tissue, PAT generates high-resolution images in both the optical ballistic and diffusive regimes. Over the past decade, the photoacoustic technique has been evolving rapidly, leading to a variety of exciting discoveries and applications. This review covers the basic principles of PAT and its different implementations. Strengths of PAT are highlighted, along with the most recent imaging results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yao J, Wang LV. Sensitivity of photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:87-101. [PMID: 25302158 PMCID: PMC4182819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on its high spatial resolution, deep penetration depth and excellent image contrast, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has grown tremendously since its first publication in 2005. Integrating optical excitation and acoustic detection, PAM has broken through both the optical diffusion and optical diffraction limits. PAM has 100% relative sensitivity to optical absorption (i.e., a given percentage change in the optical absorption coefficient yields the same percentage change in the photoacoustic amplitude), and its ultimate detection sensitivity is limited only by thermal noise. Focusing on the engineering aspects of PAM, this Review discusses the detection sensitivity of PAM, compares the detection efficiency of different PAM designs, and summarizes the imaging performance of various endogenous and exogenous contrast agents. It then describes representative PAM applications with high detection sensitivity, and outlines paths to further improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang JM, Li C, Chen R, Zhou Q, Shung KK, Wang LV. Catheter-based photoacoustic endoscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:066001. [PMID: 24887743 PMCID: PMC4041025 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.6.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a flexible shaft-based mechanical scanning photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE) system that can be potentially used for imaging the human gastrointestinal tract via the instrument channel of a clinical video endoscope. The development of such a catheter endoscope has been an important challenge to realize the technique's benefits in clinical settings. We successfully implemented a prototype PAE system that has a 3.2-mm diameter and 2.5-m long catheter section. As the instrument's flexible shaft and scanning tip are fully encapsulated in a plastic catheter, it easily fits within the 3.7-mm diameter instrument channel of a clinical video endoscope. Here, we demonstrate the intra-instrument channel workability and in vivo animal imaging capability of the PAE system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Mo Yang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, Street Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Chiye Li
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, Street Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Ruimin Chen
- University of Southern California, NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, Drive 130, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Qifa Zhou
- University of Southern California, NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, Drive 130, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- University of Southern California, NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, Drive 130, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, Street Louis, Missouri 63130
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ray A, Yoon HK, Koo Lee YE, Kopelman R, Wang X. Sonophoric nanoprobe aided pH measurement in vivo using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Analyst 2013; 138:3126-30. [PMID: 23598348 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Presented here is a novel method of in vivo pH sensing utilizing a hybrid optical imaging technique, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and pH sensitive polymeric nanoprobes. Nanoprobes with hydrophobic core containing a pH sensitive dye were synthesized and used to measure the pH level ex vivo first and then in vivo by performing experiments on a rat joint model, with an achieved precision of less than 0.1 pH units. The ability of the hydrophobic functional groups in the polyacrylamide matrix to shield the molecular dye from being affected by the proteins in the plasma, and prevent the dye from leaching out, is also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Ray
- Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2013; 7:10.1002/lpor.201200060. [PMID: 24416085 PMCID: PMC3887369 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a hybrid in vivo imaging technique that acoustically detects optical contrast via the photoacoustic effect. Unlike pure optical microscopic techniques, PAM takes advantage of the weak acoustic scattering in tissue and thus breaks through the optical diffusion limit (~1 mm in soft tissue). With its excellent scalability, PAM can provide high-resolution images at desired maximum imaging depths up to a few millimeters. Compared with backscattering-based confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography, PAM provides absorption contrast instead of scattering contrast. Furthermore, PAM can image more molecules, endogenous or exogenous, at their absorbing wavelengths than fluorescence-based methods, such as wide-field, confocal, and multi-photon microscopy. Most importantly, PAM can simultaneously image anatomical, functional, molecular, flow dynamic and metabolic contrasts in vivo. Focusing on state-of-the-art developments in PAM, this Review discusses the key features of PAM implementations and their applications in biomedical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang JM, Chen R, Favazza C, Yao J, Li C, Hu Z, Zhou Q, Shung KK, Wang LV. A 2.5-mm diameter probe for photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:23944-23953. [PMID: 23188360 PMCID: PMC3601641 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.023944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have created a 2.5-mm outer diameter integrated photo-acoustic and ultrasonic mini-probe which can be inserted into a standard video endoscope's instrument channel. A small-diameter focused ultrasonic transducer made of PMN-PT provides adequate signal sensitivity, and enables miniaturization of the probe. Additionally, this new endoscopic probe utilizes the same scanning mirror and micromotor-based built-in actuator described in our previous reports; however, the length of the rigid distal section of the new probe has been further reduced to ~35 mm. This paper describes the technical details of the mini-probe and presents experimental results that both quantify the imaging performance and demonstrate its in vivo imaging capability, which suggests that it could work as a mini-probe for certain clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Mo Yang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ruimin Chen
- NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, DRB 130, Los Angeles, California 90089,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Christopher Favazza
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| | - Chiye Li
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| | - Zhilin Hu
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, DRB 130, Los Angeles, California 90089,
USA
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- NIH Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, University Park, DRB 130, Los Angeles, California 90089,
USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yao J, Huang CH, Wang L, Yang JM, Gao L, Maslov KI, Zou J, Wang LV. Wide-field fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy based on a water-immersible MEMS scanning mirror. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:080505-1. [PMID: 23224156 PMCID: PMC3418511 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.8.080505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
By offering images with high spatial resolution and unique optical absorption contrast, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has gained increasing attention in biomedical research. Recent developments in OR-PAM have improved its imaging speed, but have to sacrifice either the detection sensitivity or field of view or both. We have developed a wide-field fast-scanning OR-PAM by using a water-immersible microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirror (MEMS-OR-PAM). In MEMS-OR-PAM, the optical and acoustic beams are confocally configured and simultaneously steered, which ensures the uniform detection sensitivity. A B-scan imaging speed as high as 400 Hz can be achieved over a 3 mm scanning range. Using the system, we imaged the flow dynamics of both red blood cells and carbon particles in a mouse ear in vivo. Presented results show that MEMS-OR-PAM could be a powerful tool for studying highly dynamic and time-sensitive biological phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Chih-Hsien Huang
- Texas A&M University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Lidai Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Joon-Mo Yang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Liang Gao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Konstantin I. Maslov
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Jun Zou
- Texas A&M University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, Washington University in St. Louis, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cadotte DW, Mariampillai A, Cadotte A, Lee KKC, Kiehl TR, Wilson BC, Fehlings MG, Yang VXD. Speckle variance optical coherence tomography of the rodent spinal cord: in vivo feasibility. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:911-919. [PMID: 22567584 PMCID: PMC3342196 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has the combined advantage of high temporal (µsec) and spatial (<10µm) resolution. These features make it an attractive tool to study the dynamic relationship between neural activity and the surrounding blood vessels in the spinal cord, a topic that is poorly understood. Here we present work that aims to optimize an in vivo OCT imaging model of the rodent spinal cord. In this study we image the microvascular networks of both rats and mice using speckle variance OCT. This is the first report of depth resolved imaging of the in vivo spinal cord using an entirely endogenous contrast mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Cadotte
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Adrian Mariampillai
- Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Adam Cadotte
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth K. C. Lee
- Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim-Rasmus Kiehl
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor X. D. Yang
- Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|