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Shugar AL, Konger RL, Rohan CA, Travers JB, Kim YL. Mapping cutaneous field carcinogenesis of nonmelanoma skin cancer using mesoscopic imaging of pro-inflammation cues. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15076. [PMID: 38610095 PMCID: PMC11034840 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers remain the most widely diagnosed types of cancers globally. Thus, for optimal patient management, it has become imperative that we focus our efforts on the detection and monitoring of cutaneous field carcinogenesis. The concept of field cancerization (or field carcinogenesis), introduced by Slaughter in 1953 in the context of oral cancer, suggests that invasive cancer may emerge from a molecularly and genetically altered field affecting a substantial area of underlying tissue including the skin. A carcinogenic field alteration, present in precancerous tissue over a relatively large area, is not easily detected by routine visualization. Conventional dermoscopy and microscopy imaging are often limited in assessing the entire carcinogenic landscape. Recent efforts have suggested the use of noninvasive mesoscopic (between microscopic and macroscopic) optical imaging methods that can detect chronic inflammatory features to identify pre-cancerous and cancerous angiogenic changes in tissue microenvironments. This concise review covers major types of mesoscopic optical imaging modalities capable of assessing pro-inflammatory cues by quantifying blood haemoglobin parameters and hemodynamics. Importantly, these imaging modalities demonstrate the ability to detect angiogenesis and inflammation associated with actinically damaged skin. Representative experimental preclinical and human clinical studies using these imaging methods provide biological and clinical relevance to cutaneous field carcinogenesis in altered tissue microenvironments in the apparently normal epidermis and dermis. Overall, mesoscopic optical imaging modalities assessing chronic inflammatory hyperemia can enhance the understanding of cutaneous field carcinogenesis, offer a window of intervention and monitoring for actinic keratoses and nonmelanoma skin cancers and maximise currently available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Shugar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Raymond L. Konger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Pathology, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig A. Rohan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Dayton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Dayton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Young L. Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Majedy M, Das NK, Johansson J, Saager RB. Influence of optical aberrations on depth-specific spatial frequency domain techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:116003. [PMID: 36358008 PMCID: PMC9646941 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.11.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS) are emerging tools to non-invasively assess tissues. However, the presence of aberrations can complicate processing and interpretation. AIM This study develops a method to characterize optical aberrations when performing SFDI/S measurements. Additionally, we propose a post-processing method to compensate for these aberrations and recover arbitrary subsurface optical properties. APPROACH Using a custom SFDS system, we extract absorption and scattering coefficients from a reference phantom at 0 to 15 mm distances from the ideal focus. In post-processing, we characterize aberrations in terms of errors in absorption and scattering relative to the expected in-focus values. We subsequently evaluate a compensation approach in multi-distance measurements of phantoms with different optical properties and in multi-layer phantom constructs to mimic subsurface targets. RESULTS Characterizing depth-specific aberrations revealed a strong power law such as wavelength dependence from ∼40 to ∼10 % error in both scattering and absorption. When applying the compensation method, scattering remained within 1.3% (root-mean-square) of the ideal values, independent of depth or top layer thickness, and absorption remained within 3.8%. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a protocol that allows for instrument-specific characterization and compensation for the effects of defocus and chromatic aberrations on spatial frequency domain measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motasam Majedy
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nandan K. Das
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Johansson
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
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3
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Phan T, Rowland R, Ponticorvo A, Le BC, Sharif SA, Kennedy GT, Wilson RH, Durkin AJ. Quantifying the confounding effect of pigmentation on measured skin tissue optical properties: a comparison of colorimetry with spatial frequency domain imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210337GR. [PMID: 35324096 PMCID: PMC8942554 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.3.036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a wide-field diffuse optical imaging technique for separately quantifying tissue reduced scattering (μs ' ) and absorption (μa) coefficients at multiple wavelengths, providing wide potential utility for clinical applications such as burn wound characterization and cancer detection. However, measured μs ' and μa can be confounded by absorption from melanin in patients with highly pigmented skin. This issue arises because epidermal melanin is highly absorbing for visible wavelengths and standard homogeneous light-tissue interaction models do not properly account for this complexity. Tristimulus colorimetry (which quantifies pigmentation using the L * "lightness" parameter) can provide a point of comparison between μa, μs ' , and skin pigmentation. AIM We systematically compare SFDI and colorimetry parameters to quantify confounding effects of pigmentation on measured skin μs ' and μa. We assess the correlation between SFDI and colorimetry parameters as a function of wavelength. APPROACH μs ' and μa from the palm and ventral forearm were measured for 15 healthy subjects with a wide range of skin pigmentation levels (Fitzpatrick types I to VI) using a Reflect RS® (Modulim, Inc., Irvine, California) SFDI instrument (eight wavelengths, 471 to 851 nm). L * was measured using a Chroma Meter CR-400 (Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Tokyo). Linear correlation coefficients were calculated between L * and μs ' and between L * and μa at all wavelengths. RESULTS For the ventral forearm, strong linear correlations between measured L * and μs ' values were observed at shorter wavelengths (R > 0.92 at ≤659 nm), where absorption from melanin confounded the measured μs ' . These correlations were weaker for the palm (R < 0.59 at ≤659 nm), which has less melanin than the forearm. Similar relationships were observed between L * and μa. CONCLUSIONS We quantified the effects of epidermal melanin on skin μs ' and μa measured with SFDI. This information may help characterize and correct pigmentation-related inaccuracies in SFDI skin measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinh Phan
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Rebecca Rowland
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Adrien Ponticorvo
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Binh Cong Le
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Seyed A. Sharif
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Gordon T. Kennedy
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Robert H. Wilson
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Health Policy Research Institute, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Anthony J. Durkin, ; Robert H. Wilson,
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Anthony J. Durkin, ; Robert H. Wilson,
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Robbins CM, Tabassum S, Baumhauer MF, Yang J, Antaki JF, Kainerstorfer JM. Two-layer spatial frequency domain imaging of compression-induced hemodynamic changes in breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:056005. [PMCID: PMC8145994 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.056005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Longitudinal tracking of hemodynamic changes in the breast has shown potential for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) outcome prediction. Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) could be suitable for frequent monitoring of shallow breast tumors, but strong sensitivity to superficial absorbers presents a challenge. Aim: We investigated the efficacy of a two-layer SFDI inverse model that accounts for varying melanin concentration in the skin to improve discrimination of optical properties of deep tissue of the breast. Approach: Hemodynamic changes in response to localized breast compression were measured in 13 healthy volunteers using a handheld SFDI device. Epidermis optical thickness was determined based on spectral fitting of the model output and used to calculate subcutaneous optical properties. Results: Optical properties from a homogeneous model yielded physiologically unreasonable absorption and scattering coefficients for highly pigmented volunteers. The two-layer model compensated for the effect of melanin and yielded properties in the expected range for healthy breast. Extracted epidermal optical thickness was higher for higher Fitzpatrick types. Compression induced a decrease in total hemoglobin consistent with tissue blanching. Conclusions: The handheld SFDI device and two-layer model show potential for imaging hemodynamic responses that potentially could help predict efficacy of NAC in patients of varying skin tones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance M. Robbins
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Syeda Tabassum
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Molly F. Baumhauer
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Physics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jason Yang
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - James F. Antaki
- Cornell University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Jana M. Kainerstorfer
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Carnegie Mellon University, Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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6
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Applegate MB, Spink SS, Roblyer D. Dual-DMD hyperspectral spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) using dispersed broadband illumination with a demonstration of blood stain spectral monitoring. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:676-688. [PMID: 33520393 PMCID: PMC7818964 DOI: 10.1364/boe.411976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a widefield diffuse optical measurement technique capable of generating 2D maps of sub-surface absorption and scattering in biological tissue. We developed a new hyperspectral SFDI instrument capable of collecting images at wavelengths from the visible to the near infrared. The system utilizes a custom-built monochromator with a digital micromirror device (DMD) that can dynamically select illumination wavelength bands from a broadband quartz tungsten halogen lamp, and a second DMD to provide spatially modulated sample illumination. The system is capable of imaging 10 wavelength bands in approximately 25 seconds. The spectral resolution can be varied from 12 to 30 nm by tuning the input slit width and the output DMD column width. We compared the optical property extraction accuracy between the new device and a commercial SFDI system and found an average error of 23% in absorption and 6% in scattering. The system was highly stable, with less than 5% variation in absorption and less than 0.2% variation in scattering across all wavelengths over two hours. The system was used to monitor hyperspectral changes in the optical absorption and reduced scattering spectra of blood exposed to air over 24 hours. This served as a general demonstration of the utility of this system, and points to a potential application for blood stain age estimation. We noted significant changes in both absorption and reduced scattering spectra over multiple discrete stages of aging. To our knowledge, these are the first measurement of changes in scattering of blood stains. This hyperspectral SFDI system holds promise for a multitude of applications in quantitative tissue and diffuse sample imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Applegate
- Boston University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Samuel S. Spink
- Boston University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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7
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Marks H, Bucknor A, Roussakis E, Nowell N, Kamali P, Cascales JP, Kazei D, Lin SJ, Evans CL. A paintable phosphorescent bandage for postoperative tissue oxygen assessment in DIEP flap reconstruction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabd1061. [PMID: 33355131 PMCID: PMC11206211 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flaps are common in plastic surgery to reconstruct large tissue defects in cases such as trauma or cancer. However, most tissue oximeters used for monitoring ischemia in postoperative flaps are bulky, wired devices, which hinder direct flap observation. Here, we present the results of a clinical trial using a previously untried paintable transparent phosphorescent bandage to assess the tissue's partial pressure of oxygen (pO2). Statistical analysis revealed a strong relationship (P < 0.0001) between the rates of change of tissue oxygenation measured by the bandage and blood oxygen saturation (%stO2) readings from a standard-of-care ViOptix near-infrared spectroscopy oximeter. In addition, the oxygen-sensing bandage showed no adverse effects, proved easy handling, and yielded bright images across all skin tones with a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. This demonstrates the feasibility of using phosphorescent materials to monitor flaps postoperatively and lays the groundwork for future exploration in other tissue oxygen sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Marks
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alexandra Bucknor
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roussakis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas Nowell
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Parisa Kamali
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Cascales
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Darya Kazei
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samuel J Lin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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8
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Ying ZX, Zhao YB, Li D, Shang YL, Chen B, Jia WC. The influence of morphological distribution of melanin on parameter selection in laser thermotherapy for vascular skin diseases. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:901-917. [PMID: 31701386 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Port wine stains (PWSs) are congenital vascular malformations that progressively darken and thicken with age. Currently, laser therapy is the most effective way in clinical management of PWS. It is known that skin pigmentation (melanin content) affects the radiant exposure that can be safely applied to treat PWS. However, the effect of melanin distribution in the epidermis on the maximum safe radiant exposure has not been studied previously. In this study, 10 different morphological distributions of melanin were proposed according to the formation and migration characteristics of melanin, and the two-scale heat transfer model was employed to investigate the influence of melanin distribution on the threshold radiant exposure of epidermis and blood vessels. The results show that melanin distributions do have a strong effect on laser parameter selection. When uniform melanin distribution is assumed, the threshold radiant exposure to damage a typical PWS blood vessel (50 μm diameter) is 8.62 J/cm2 lower than that to injure epidermis. The optimal pulse duration is 1-5 ms for a typical PWS blood vessel of 50 μm when melanin distribution is taken into consideration. PWS blood vessels covered by non-uniformly distributed melanin are more likely to have poor response to laser treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X Ying
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Y B Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - D Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Y L Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - B Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - W C Jia
- Beckman Laser Institution and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
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9
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Travers JB, Poon C, Bihl T, Rinehart B, Borchers C, Rohrbach DJ, Borchers S, Trevino J, Rubin M, Donnelly H, Kellawan K, Carpenter L, Bahl S, Rohan C, Muennich E, Guenthner S, Hahn H, Rkein A, Darst M, Mousdicas N, Cates E, Sunar U. Quantifying skin photodamage with spatial frequency domain imaging: statistical results. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4676-4683. [PMID: 31565518 PMCID: PMC6757479 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the change in optical properties and vascular parameters to characterize skin tissue from mild photodamage to actinic keratosis (AK) with comparison to a published photodamage scale. Multi-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) measurements were performed on the dorsal forearms of 55 adult subjects with various amounts of photodamage. Dermatologists rated the levels of photodamage based upon the photographs in blinded fashion to allow comparison with SFDI data. For characterization of statistical data, we used artificial neural networks. Our results indicate that optical and vascular parameters can be used to quantify photodamage and can discriminate between the stages as low, medium, and high grades, with the best performance of ∼70%, ∼76% and 80% for characterization of low- medium- and high-grade lesions, respectively. Ultimately, clinicians can use this noninvasive approach for risk assessment and frequent monitoring of high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45428, USA
| | - Chien Poon
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Trevor Bihl
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Benjamin Rinehart
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Christina Borchers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rohrbach
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Samia Borchers
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Julian Trevino
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Max Rubin
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Heidi Donnelly
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Karl Kellawan
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Lydia Carpenter
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Shalini Bahl
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Craig Rohan
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Elizabeth Muennich
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | | | - Holly Hahn
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Ali Rkein
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Marc Darst
- Charlotte Dermatology, Charlotte, NC 28277, USA
| | - Nico Mousdicas
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cates
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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10
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Petitdidier N, Koenig A, Gerbelot R, Grateau H, Gioux S, Jallon P. Contact, high-resolution spatial diffuse reflectance imaging system for skin condition diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 30426730 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.11.115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (srDRS) is a well-established technique for noninvasive, in vivo characterization of tissue optical properties toward diagnostic applications. srDRS has a potential for depth-resolved analysis of tissue, which is desired in various clinical situations. However, current fiber-based and photodiode-based systems have difficulties achieving this goal due to challenges in sampling the reflectance with a high enough resolution. We introduce a compact, low-cost architecture for srDRS based on the use of a multipixel imaging sensor and light-emitting diodes to achieve lensless diffuse reflectance imaging in contact with the tissue with high spatial resolution. For proof-of-concept, a prototype device, involving a commercially available complementary metal-oxide semiconductor coupled with a fiber-optic plate, was fabricated. Diffuse reflectance profiles were acquired at 645 nm at source-to-detector separations ranging from 480 μm to 4 mm with a resolution of 16.7 μm. Absorption coefficients (μa) and reduced scattering coefficients (μs') of homogeneous tissue-mimicking phantoms were measured with 4.2 ± 3.5 % and 7.0 ± 4.6 % error, respectively. The results obtained confirm the potential of our approach for quantitative characterization of tissue optical properties in contact imaging modality. This study is a first step toward the development of low-cost, wearable devices for skin condition diagnosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Petitdidier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
- Lab. des sciences de l'Ingénieur, de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie, France
- Univ. de Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvain Gioux
- Lab. des sciences de l'Ingénieur, de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie, France
- Univ. de Strasbourg, France
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11
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Angelo JP, Chen SJ, Ochoa M, Sunar U, Gioux S, Intes X. Review of structured light in diffuse optical imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-20. [PMID: 30218503 PMCID: PMC6676045 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical imaging probes deep living tissue enabling structural, functional, metabolic, and molecular imaging. Recently, due to the availability of spatial light modulators, wide-field quantitative diffuse optical techniques have been implemented, which benefit greatly from structured light methodologies. Such implementations facilitate the quantification and characterization of depth-resolved optical and physiological properties of thick and deep tissue at fast acquisition speeds. We summarize the current state of work and applications in the three main techniques leveraging structured light: spatial frequency-domain imaging, optical tomography, and single-pixel imaging. The theory, measurement, and analysis of spatial frequency-domain imaging are described. Then, advanced theories, processing, and imaging systems are summarized. Preclinical and clinical applications on physiological measurements for guidance and diagnosis are summarized. General theory and method development of tomographic approaches as well as applications including fluorescence molecular tomography are introduced. Lastly, recent developments of single-pixel imaging methodologies and applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Angelo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Sensor Science Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Joseph P. Angelo, E-mail: ; Sez-Jade Chen, E-mail:
| | - Sez-Jade Chen
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Joseph P. Angelo, E-mail: ; Sez-Jade Chen, E-mail:
| | - Marien Ochoa
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Wright State University, Department of Biomedical Industrial and Human Factor Engineering, Dayton, Ohio, United States
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Intes
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
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Saager RB, Baldado ML, Rowland RA, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. Method using in vivo quantitative spectroscopy to guide design and optimization of low-cost, compact clinical imaging devices: emulation and evaluation of multispectral imaging systems. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 29633609 PMCID: PMC5890028 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.4.046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
With recent proliferation in compact and/or low-cost clinical multispectral imaging approaches and commercially available components, questions remain whether they adequately capture the requisite spectral content of their applications. We present a method to emulate the spectral range and resolution of a variety of multispectral imagers, based on in-vivo data acquired from spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS). This approach simulates spectral responses over 400 to 1100 nm. Comparing emulated data with full SFDS spectra of in-vivo tissue affords the opportunity to evaluate whether the sparse spectral content of these imagers can (1) account for all sources of optical contrast present (completeness) and (2) robustly separate and quantify sources of optical contrast (crosstalk). We validate the approach over a range of tissue-simulating phantoms, comparing the SFDS-based emulated spectra against measurements from an independently characterized multispectral imager. Emulated results match the imager across all phantoms (<3 % absorption, <1 % reduced scattering). In-vivo test cases (burn wounds and photoaging) illustrate how SFDS can be used to evaluate different multispectral imagers. This approach provides an in-vivo measurement method to evaluate the performance of multispectral imagers specific to their targeted clinical applications and can assist in the design and optimization of new spectral imaging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Melissa L. Baldado
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Rowland
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
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Saager RB, Dang AN, Huang SS, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. Portable (handheld) clinical device for quantitative spectroscopy of skin, utilizing spatial frequency domain reflectance techniques. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:094302. [PMID: 28964218 PMCID: PMC5589466 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (SFDS) is a technique for quantifying in-vivo tissue optical properties. SFDS employs structured light patterns that are projected onto tissues using a spatial light modulator, such as a digital micromirror device. In combination with appropriate models of light propagation, this technique can be used to quantify tissue optical properties (absorption, μa, and scattering, μs', coefficients) and chromophore concentrations. Here we present a handheld implementation of an SFDS device that employs line (one dimensional) imaging. This instrument can measure 1088 spatial locations that span a 3 cm line as opposed to our original benchtop SFDS system that only collects a single 1 mm diameter spot. This imager, however, retains the spectral resolution (∼1 nm) and range (450-1000 nm) of our original benchtop SFDS device. In the context of homogeneous turbid media, we demonstrate that this new system matches the spectral response of our original system to within 1% across a typical range of spatial frequencies (0-0.35 mm-1). With the new form factor, the device has tremendously improved mobility and portability, allowing for greater ease of use in a clinical setting. A smaller size also enables access to different tissue locations, which increases the flexibility of the device. The design of this portable system not only enables SFDS to be used in clinical settings but also enables visualization of properties of layered tissues such as skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf B Saager
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - An N Dang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Samantha S Huang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Kristen M Kelly
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Anthony J Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
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Travers JB, Poon C, Rohrbach DJ, Weir NM, Cates E, Hager F, Sunar U. Noninvasive mesoscopic imaging of actinic skin damage using spatial frequency domain imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3045-3052. [PMID: 28663925 PMCID: PMC5480448 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
For prevention and accurate intervention planning, it is crucial to predict if lesions will progress towards cancer. In this study, we investigated the change in optical properties and vascular parameters to characterize skin tissue from mild photodamage to actinic keratosis (AK). Multi-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) measurements were performed on three patients with clinically normal skin, as well as pre-cancerous actinic keratosis lesions. Our results indicate that there exist significant differences in both optical and vascular parameters between these patients, and that these parameters can be early biomarkers of neoplasia. Ultimately, clinicians can use this noninvasive approach for frequent monitoring of high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45428, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Chien Poon
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Daniel J. Rohrbach
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Nathan M. Weir
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cates
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Faye Hager
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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Torabzadeh M, Park IY, Bartels RA, Durkin AJ, Tromberg BJ. Compressed single pixel imaging in the spatial frequency domain. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:30501. [PMID: 28300272 PMCID: PMC5352911 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed compressed sensing single pixel spatial frequency domain imaging (cs-SFDI) to characterize tissue optical properties over a wide field of view ( 35 ?? mm × 35 ?? mm ) using multiple near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths simultaneously. Our approach takes advantage of the relatively sparse spatial content required for mapping tissue optical properties at length scales comparable to the transport scattering length in tissue ( l tr ? 1 ?? mm ) and the high bandwidth available for spectral encoding using a single-element detector. cs-SFDI recovered absorption ( ? a ) and reduced scattering ( ? s ? ) coefficients of a tissue phantom at three NIR wavelengths (660, 850, and 940 nm) within 7.6% and 4.3% of absolute values determined using camera-based SFDI, respectively. These results suggest that cs-SFDI can be developed as a multi- and hyperspectral imaging modality for quantitative, dynamic imaging of tissue optical and physiological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Torabzadeh
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Il-Yong Park
- Dankook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Randy A. Bartels
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, E-mail:
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Vasefi F, MacKinnon N, Saager R, Kelly KM, Maly T, Booth N, Durkin AJ, Farkas DL. Separating melanin from hemodynamics in nevi using multimode hyperspectral dermoscopy and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:114001. [PMID: 27830262 PMCID: PMC5103103 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.11.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the pattern and distribution of both melanocytes (pigment producing) and vasculature (hemoglobin containing) are important in distinguishing melanocytic proliferations. The ability to accurately measure melanin distribution at different depths and to distinguish it from hemoglobin is clearly important when assessing pigmented lesions (benign versus malignant). We have developed a multimode hyperspectral dermoscope (SkinSpect™) able to more accurately image both melanin and hemoglobin distribution in skin. SkinSpect uses both hyperspectral and polarization-sensitive measurements. SkinSpect’s higher accuracy has been obtained by correcting for the effect of melanin absorption on hemoglobin absorption in measurements of melanocytic nevi. In vivo human skin pigmented nevi (N=20) were evaluated with the SkinSpect, and measured melanin and hemoglobin concentrations were compared with spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS) measurements. We confirm that both systems show low correlation of hemoglobin concentrations with regions containing different melanin concentrations (R=0.13 for SFDS, R=0.07 for SkinSpect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fartash Vasefi
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Fartash Vasefi, E-mail: ; Daniel L. Farkas, E-mail:
| | - Nicholas MacKinnon
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
| | - Rolf Saager
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Tyler Maly
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Nicholas Booth
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Daniel L. Farkas
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Fartash Vasefi, E-mail: ; Daniel L. Farkas, E-mail:
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