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Ember KJI, Ksantini N, Dallaire F, Sheehy G, Tran T, Dehaes M, Durand M, Trudel D, Leblond F. Liquid saliva-based Raman spectroscopy device with on-board machine learning detects COVID-19 infection in real-time. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39435472 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00729h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
With greater population density, the likelihood of viral outbreaks achieving pandemic status is increasing. However, current viral screening techniques use specific reagents, and as viruses mutate, test accuracy decreases. Here, we present the first real-time, reagent-free, portable analysis platform for viral detection in liquid saliva, using COVID-19 as a proof-of-concept. We show that vibrational molecular spectroscopy and machine learning (ML) detect biomolecular changes consistent with the presence of viral infection. Saliva samples were collected from 470 individuals, including 65 that were infected with COVID-19 (28 from hospitalized patients and 37 from a walk-in testing clinic) and 251 that had a negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. A further 154 were collected from healthy volunteers. Saliva measurements were achieved in 6 minutes or less and led to machine learning models predicting COVID-19 infection with sensitivity and specificity reaching 90%, depending on volunteer symptoms and disease severity. Machine learning models were based on linear support vector machines (SVM). This platform could be deployed to manage future pandemics using the same hardware but using a tunable machine learning model that could be rapidly updated as new viral strains emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J I Ember
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nassim Ksantini
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédérick Dallaire
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Sheehy
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Trang Tran
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dehaes
- Department of Radiology, Radio-oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CRCHUSJ), Montreal, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Internal Medicine service, Centre Hospitalier de l'Univsersité de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Leblond
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Liu J, Osadchy M, Wang Y, Wu Y, Li E, Hu X, Fang Y. Vibrational Spectroscopy Can Be Vulnerable to Adversarial Attacks. Anal Chem 2024; 96:16570-16580. [PMID: 39392227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Nondestructive detection methods based on vibrational spectroscopy have been widely used in many critical applications in a variety of fields such as the chemical industry, pharmacy, national defense, security, and so on. As these methods/applications rely on machine learning models for data analysis, studying the threats associated with adversarial examples in vibrational spectroscopy and defenses against them is of great importance. In this paper, we propose a novel adversarial method to attack vibrational spectroscopy, named SynPat, where synthetic peaks produced by a physical model are placed at key locations to form adversarial perturbations. Our new attack generates perturbations that successfully deceive machine learning models for Raman and infrared spectrum analysis while they blend much better into the spectra and hence are unnoticeable to human operators, unlike the existing state-of-the-art adversarial attacking methods, e.g., images and audio. We verified the superiority of the proposed SynPat by an imperceptibility test conducted by human experts and of defense experiments by an AI detector. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first thorough study on the robustness of vibrational spectroscopic techniques against adversarial samples and defense mechanisms. Our extensive experiments show that machine learning models for vibrational spectroscopy, including conventional and deep models for Raman or infrared classification and regression, are all vulnerable to adversarial perturbations and thus may pose serious security threats to our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Liu
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Margarita Osadchy
- Department of Computer Science, Haifa University, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yan Wang
- Visionmetric Ltd, Canterbury CT2 7FG, U.K
| | - Yingying Wu
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Enyi Li
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongchun Fang
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Ember K, Dallaire F, Plante A, Sheehy G, Guiot MC, Agarwal R, Yadav R, Douet A, Selb J, Tremblay JP, Dupuis A, Marple E, Urmey K, Rizea C, Harb A, McCarthy L, Schupper A, Umphlett M, Tsankova N, Leblond F, Hadjipanayis C, Petrecca K. In situ brain tumor detection using a Raman spectroscopy system-results of a multicenter study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13309. [PMID: 38858389 PMCID: PMC11164901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective brain tumor surgery aims to remove tumor tissue, not non-tumoral brain. This is a challenge since tumor cells are often not visually distinguishable from peritumoral brain during surgery. To address this, we conducted a multicenter study testing whether the Sentry System could distinguish the three most common types of brain tumors from brain tissue in a label-free manner. The Sentry System is a new real time, in situ brain tumor detection device that merges Raman spectroscopy with machine learning tissue classifiers. Nine hundred and seventy-six in situ spectroscopy measurements and colocalized tissue specimens were acquired from 67 patients undergoing surgery for glioblastoma, brain metastases, or meningioma to assess tumor classification. The device achieved diagnostic accuracies of 91% for glioblastoma, 97% for brain metastases, and 96% for meningiomas. These data show that the Sentry System discriminated tumor containing tissue from non-tumoral brain in real time and prior to resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ember
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frédérick Dallaire
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Arthur Plante
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Guillaume Sheehy
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Leblond
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Constantinos Hadjipanayis
- Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Wu Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Gibson S, Osadchy M, Fang Y. Reconstructing Randomly Masked Spectra Helps DNNs Identify Discriminant Wavenumbers. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 2024; 46:3845-3861. [PMID: 38150338 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2023.3347617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Nondestructive detection methods, based on vibrational spectroscopy, are vitally important in a wide range of applications including industrial chemistry, pharmacy and national defense. Recently, deep learning has been introduced into vibrational spectroscopy showing great potential. Different from images, text, etc. that offer large labeled data sets, vibrational spectroscopic data is very limited, which requires novel concepts beyond transfer and meta learning. To tackle this, we propose a task-enhanced augmentation network (TeaNet). The key component of TeaNet is a reconstruction module that inputs randomly masked spectra and outputs reconstructed samples that are similar to the original ones, but include additional variations learned from the domain. These augmented samples are used to train the classification model. The reconstruction and prediction parts are trained simultaneously, end-to-end with back-propagation. Results on both synthetic and real-world datasets verified the superiority of the proposed method. In the most difficult synthetic scenarios TeaNet outperformed CNN by 17%. We visualized and analysed the neuron responses of TeaNet and CNN, and found that TeaNet's ability to identify discriminant wavenumbers was excellent compared to CNN. Our approach is general and can be easily adapted to other domains, offering a solution to more accurate and interpretable few-shot learning.
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Coelho BFO, Nunes SLP, de França CA, Costa DDS, do Carmo RF, Prates RM, Filho EFS, Ramos RP. On the feasibility of Vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning for real time SARS-CoV-2 detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123735. [PMID: 38064967 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by Covid-19 is still present around the world. Despite advances in combating the disease, such as vaccine development, identifying infected individuals is still essential to optimize the control of human-to-human transmission of the virus. The main technique for detecting the virus is the RT-PCR method, which, despite its high relative cost, has a high accuracy in detecting the coronavirus. Given this, a method capable of performing the identification quickly, accurately, and inexpensively is necessary. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the feasibility of a new technique for identifying SARS-CoV-2 through the use of optical spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared range (Vis-NIR) combined with machine learning algorithms. Spectral signals were obtained from nasopharyngeal swab samples previously analyzed using the RT-PCR method. The specimens were provided by the Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory of Covid-19 at Univasf. A total of 314 samples were analyzed, comprising 42 testing positive and 272 testing negative for Covid-19. Digital signal processing techniques, such as Savitzky-Golay filters and statistical methods were used to eliminate spurious elements from the original data and extract relevant features. Supervised machine learning algorithms such as SVM, Random Forest, and Naive Bayes classifiers were used to perform automatic sample identification. To evaluate the performance of the models, a 5-fold cross-validation technique was applied. With the proposed methodology, it was possible to achieve an accuracy of 75%, a sensitivity of 80%, and a specificity of 70%, in addition to an area under the ROC curve of 0.81, in the identification of nasopharyngeal swab samples from previously diagnosed individuals. From these results, it was possible to conclude that Vis-NIR spectroscopy is a promising, fast and relatively low cost technique to identify the SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Pereira Ramos
- Federal University of Sao Francisco Valley (Univasf), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Zamani E, Ksantini N, Sheehy G, Ember KJI, Baloukas B, Zabeida O, Trang T, Mahfoud M, Sapieha JE, Martinu L, Leblond F. Spectral effects and enhancement quantification in healthy human saliva with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver nanopillar substrates. Lasers Surg Med 2024; 56:206-217. [PMID: 38073098 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for biofluid applications is limited by low inelastic scattering contributions compared to the fluorescence background from biomolecules. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can increase Raman scattering signals, thereby offering the potential to reduce imaging times. We aimed to evaluate the enhancement related to the plasmonic effect and quantify the improvements in terms of spectral quality associated with SERS measurements in human saliva. METHODS Dried human saliva was characterized using spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and SERS. A fabrication protocol was implemented leading to the production of silver (Ag) nanopillar substrates by glancing angle deposition. Two different imaging systems were used to interrogate saliva from 161 healthy donors: a custom single-point macroscopic system and a Raman micro-spectroscopy instrument. Quantitative metrics were established to compare spontaneous RS and SERS measurements: the Raman spectroscopy quality factor (QF), the photonic count rate (PR), the signal-to-background ratio (SBR). RESULTS SERS measurements acquired with an excitation energy four times smaller than with spontaneous RS resulted in improved QF, PR values an order of magnitude larger and a SBR twice as large. The SERS enhancement reached 100×, depending on which Raman bands were considered. CONCLUSIONS Single-point measurement of dried saliva with silver nanopillars substrates led to reproducible SERS measurements, paving the way to real-time tools of diagnosis in human biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Zamani
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nassim Ksantini
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Guillaume Sheehy
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Katherine J I Ember
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bill Baloukas
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Oleg Zabeida
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Tran Trang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Myriam Mahfoud
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Ludvik Martinu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Frédéric Leblond
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Lee S, Bi L, Chen H, Lin D, Mei R, Wu Y, Chen L, Joo SW, Choo J. Recent advances in point-of-care testing of COVID-19. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8500-8530. [PMID: 37999922 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microfluidic device miniaturization and system integration contribute to the development of portable, handheld, and smartphone-compatible devices. These advancements in diagnostics have the potential to revolutionize the approach to detect and respond to future pandemics. Accordingly, herein, recent advances in point-of-care testing (POCT) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using various microdevices, including lateral flow assay strips, vertical flow assay strips, microfluidic channels, and paper-based microfluidic devices, are reviewed. However, visual determination of the diagnostic results using only microdevices leads to many false-negative results due to the limited detection sensitivities of these devices. Several POCT systems comprising microdevices integrated with portable optical readers have been developed to address this issue. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, effective POCT strategies for COVID-19 based on optical detection methods have been established. They can be categorized into fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and wearable sensing. We introduced next-generation pandemic sensing methods incorporating artificial intelligence that can be used to meet global health needs in the future. Additionally, we have discussed appropriate responses of various testing devices to emerging infectious diseases and prospective preventive measures for the post-pandemic era. We believe that this review will be helpful for preparing for future infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Liyan Bi
- School of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Dong Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Bianzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Rongchao Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yixuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai 264003, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bianzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, South Korea
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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8
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Goulart ACC, Zângaro RA, Carvalho HC, Lednev IK, Silveira L. Diagnosing COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal secretion through Raman spectroscopy: a feasibility study. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:210. [PMID: 37698685 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific community has sought to develop fast and accurate techniques for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Raman spectroscopy is a promising technique for diagnosing COVID-19 through serum samples. In the present study, the diagnosis of COVID-19 through nasopharyngeal secretion has been proposed. Raman spectra from nasopharyngeal secretion samples (15 Control, negative and 12 COVID-19, positive, assayed by immunofluorescence antigen test) were obtained in triplicate in a dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 350 mW), accounting for a total of 80 spectra. Using principal component analysis (PCA) the main spectral differences between the Control and COVID-19 samples were attributed to N and S proteins from the virus in the COVID-19 group. Features assigned to mucin (serine, threonine and proline amino acids) were observed in the Control group. A binary model based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) differentiated COVID-19 versus Control samples with accuracy of 91%, sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100%. Raman spectroscopy has a great potential for becoming a technique of choice for rapid and label-free evaluation of nasopharyngeal secretion for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato Amaro Zângaro
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, R. Casa do Ator, 275, São Paulo, SP, 04546-001, Brazil
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estr. Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Henrique Cunha Carvalho
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estr. Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná - UTFPR, Via Marginal Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Bl. B, Campo Mourão, PR, 87301-899, Brazil
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany - SUNY, 1400 Washington Av., Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Landulfo Silveira
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, R. Casa do Ator, 275, São Paulo, SP, 04546-001, Brazil.
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estr. Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil.
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9
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Bido AT, Ember KJI, Trudel D, Durand M, Leblond F, Brolo AG. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva by a low-cost LSPR-based sensor. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:3955-3966. [PMID: 37530390 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00853c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started more than 3 years ago, but the containment of the spread is still a challenge. Screening is imperative for informed decision making by government authorities to contain the spread of the virus locally. The access to screening tests is disproportional, due to the lack of access to reagents, equipment, finances or because of supply chain disruptions. Low and middle-income countries have especially suffered with the lack of these resources. Here, we propose a low cost and easily constructed biosensor device based on localized surface plasmon resonance, or LSPR, for the screening of SARS-CoV-2. The biosensor device, dubbed "sensor" for simplicity, was constructed in two modalities: (1) viral detection in saliva and (2) antibody against COVID in saliva. Saliva collected from 18 patients were tested in triplicates. Both sensors successfully classified all COVID positive patients (among hospitalized and non-hospitalized). From the COVID negative patients 7/8 patients were correctly classified. For both sensors, sensitivity was determined as 100% (95% CI 79.5-100) and specificity as 87.5% (95% CI 80.5-100). The reagents and equipment used for the construction and deployment of this sensor are ubiquitous and low-cost. This sensor technology can then add to the potential solution for challenges related to screening tests in underserved communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Tuckmantel Bido
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Katherine J I Ember
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- CHUM Research Center, Internal Medicine Service of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Univsersité de Montréal (CHUM), Canada
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandre G Brolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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10
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John P, Vasa NJ, Zam A. Optical Biosensors for the Diagnosis of COVID-19 and Other Viruses-A Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2418. [PMID: 37510162 PMCID: PMC10378272 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main aim of this review is to emphasize the capabilities of various optical techniques to facilitate not only the timely and effective diagnosis of the virus but also to apply its potential toward therapy in the field of virology. This review paper categorizes the potential optical biosensors into the three main categories, spectroscopic-, nanomaterial-, and interferometry-based approaches, used for detecting various types of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Various classifications of spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed in the first part. The second aspect highlights advances related to nanomaterial-based optical biosensors, while the third part describes various optical interferometric biosensors used for the detection of viruses. The tremendous progress made by lab-on-a-chip technology in conjunction with smartphones for improving the point-of-care and portability features of the optical biosensors is also discussed. Finally, the review discusses the emergence of artificial intelligence and its applications in the field of bio-photonics and medical imaging for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The review concludes by providing insights into the future perspectives of optical techniques in the effective diagnosis of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline John
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nilesh J Vasa
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Azhar Zam
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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11
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Rebrosova K, Bernatová S, Šiler M, Mašek J, Samek O, Ježek J, Kizovsky M, Holá V, Zemanek P, Růžička F. Rapid Identification of Pathogens Causing Bloodstream Infections by Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Tweezers. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0002823. [PMID: 37078868 PMCID: PMC10269886 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00028-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for the "Holy Grail" in clinical diagnostic microbiology-a reliable, accurate, low-cost, real-time, easy-to-use method-has brought up several methods with the potential to meet these criteria. One is Raman spectroscopy, an optical, nondestructive method based on the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light. The current study focuses on the possible use of Raman spectroscopy for identifying microbes causing severe, often life-threatening bloodstream infections. We included 305 microbial strains of 28 species acting as causative agents of bloodstream infections. Raman spectroscopy identified the strains from grown colonies, with 2.8% and 7% incorrectly identified strains using the support vector machine algorithm based on centered and uncentred principal-component analyses, respectively. We combined Raman spectroscopy with optical tweezers to speed up the process and captured and analyzed microbes directly from spiked human serum. The pilot study suggests that it is possible to capture individual microbial cells from human serum and characterize them by Raman spectroscopy with notable differences among different species. IMPORTANCE Bloodstream infections are among the most common causes of hospitalizations and are often life-threatening. To establish an effective therapy for a patient, the timely identification of the causative agent and characterization of its antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance profiles are essential. Therefore, our multidisciplinary team of microbiologists and physicists presents a method that reliably, rapidly, and inexpensively identifies pathogens causing bloodstream infections-Raman spectroscopy. We believe that it might become a valuable diagnostic tool in the future. Combined with optical trapping, it offers a new approach where the microorganisms are individually trapped in a noncontact way by optical tweezers and investigated by Raman spectroscopy directly in a liquid sample. Together with the automatic processing of measured Raman spectra and comparison with a database of microorganisms, it makes the whole identification process almost real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Rebrosova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Bernatová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šiler
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mašek
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ota Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ježek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kizovsky
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Holá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Zemanek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Růžička
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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Berus SM, Nowicka AB, Wieruszewska J, Niciński K, Kowalska AA, Szymborski TR, Dróżdż I, Borowiec M, Waluk J, Kamińska A. SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119706. [PMID: 37298658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the intrinsic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based approach coupled with chemometric analysis was adopted to establish the biochemical fingerprint of SARS-CoV-2 infected human fluids: saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs. The numerical methods, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine classification (SVMC), facilitated the spectroscopic identification of the viral-specific molecules, molecular changes, and distinct physiological signatures of pathetically altered fluids. Next, we developed the reliable classification model for fast identification and differentiation of negative CoV(-) and positive CoV(+) groups. The PLS-DA calibration model was described by a great statistical value-RMSEC and RMSECV below 0.3 and R2cal at the level of ~0.7 for both type of body fluids. The calculated diagnostic parameters for SVMC and PLS-DA at the stage of preparation of calibration model and classification of external samples simulating real diagnostic conditions evinced high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for saliva specimens. Here, we outlined the significant role of neopterin as the biomarker in the prediction of COVID-19 infection from nasopharyngeal swab. We also observed the increased content of nucleic acids of DNA/RNA and proteins such as ferritin as well as specific immunoglobulins. The developed SERS for SARS-CoV-2 approach allows: (i) fast, simple and non-invasive collection of analyzed specimens; (ii) fast response with the time of analysis below 15 min, and (iii) sensitive and reliable SERS-based screening of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia M Berus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ariadna B Nowicka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Wieruszewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Niciński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta A Kowalska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz R Szymborski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Dróżdż
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Maciej Borowiec
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kamińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Zhang Q, Zhao L, Qi G, Zhang X, Tian C. Raman and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques for detection of coronavirus (COVID-19): a mini review. Front Chem 2023; 11:1193030. [PMID: 37273513 PMCID: PMC10232992 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1193030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus pandemic has been a huge jeopardy to human health in various systems since it outbroke, early detection and prevention of further escalation has become a priority. The current popular approach is to collect samples using the nasopharyngeal swab method and then test for RNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction, which suffers from false-positive results and a longer diagnostic time scale. Alternatively, various optical techniques, namely, optical sensing, spectroscopy, and imaging shows a great promise in virus detection. In this mini review, we briefly summarize the development progress of vibrational spectroscopy techniques and its applications in the detection of SARS-CoV family. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy received increasing appreciation in bio-analysis for their speediness, accuracy and cost-effectiveness in detection of SARS-CoV. Further, an account of emerging photonics technologies of SARS-CoV-2 detection and future possibilities is also explained. The progress in the field of vibrational spectroscopy techniques for virus detection unambiguously show a great promise in the development of rapid photonics-based devices for COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqi Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Guoliang Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xiaoru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
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14
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Jin X, Xue L, Ye S, Cheng W, Hou JJ, Hou L, Marsh JH, Sun M, Liu X, Xiong J, Ni B. Asymmetric parameter enhancement in the split-ring cavity array for virus-like particle sensing. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1216-1227. [PMID: 36950230 PMCID: PMC10026587 DOI: 10.1364/boe.483831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative detection of virus-like particles under a low concentration is of vital importance for early infection diagnosis and water pollution analysis. In this paper, a novel virus detection method is proposed using indirect polarization parametric imaging method combined with a plasmonic split-ring nanocavity array coated with an Au film and a quantitative algorithm is implemented based on the extended Laplace operator. The attachment of viruses to the split-ring cavity breaks the structural symmetry, and such asymmetry can be enhanced by depositing a thin gold film on the sample, which allows an asymmetrical plasmon mode with a large shift of resonance peak generated under transverse polarization. Correspondingly, the far-field scattering state distribution encoded by the attached virus exhibits a specific asymmetric pattern that is highly correlated to the structural feature of the virus. By utilizing the parametric image sinδ to collect information on the spatial photon state distribution and far-field asymmetry with a sub-wavelength resolution, the appearance of viruses can be detected. To further reduce the background noise and enhance the asymmetric signals, an extended Laplace operator method which divides the detection area into topological units and then calculates the asymmetric parameter is applied, enabling easier determination of virus appearance. Experimental results show that the developed method can provide a detection limit as low as 56 vp/150µL on a large scale, which has great potential in early virus screening and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jin
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Co-first authors
| | - Lu Xue
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Co-first authors
| | - Shengwei Ye
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Weiqing Cheng
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jamie Jiangmin Hou
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lianping Hou
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John H. Marsh
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ming Sun
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jichuan Xiong
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Co-last authors
| | - Bin Ni
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Co-last authors
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15
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Sheehy G, Picot F, Dallaire F, Ember K, Nguyen T, Petrecca K, Trudel D, Leblond F. Open-sourced Raman spectroscopy data processing package implementing a baseline removal algorithm validated from multiple datasets acquired in human tissue and biofluids. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:025002. [PMID: 36825245 PMCID: PMC9941747 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.2.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Standardized data processing approaches are required in the field of bio-Raman spectroscopy to ensure information associated with spectral data acquired by different research groups, and with different systems, can be compared on an equal footing. AIM An open-sourced data processing software package was developed, implementing algorithms associated with all steps required to isolate the inelastic scattering component from signals acquired using Raman spectroscopy devices. The package includes a novel morphological baseline removal technique (BubbleFill) that provides increased adaptability to complex baseline shapes compared to current gold standard techniques. Also incorporated in the package is a versatile tool simulating spectroscopic data with varying levels of Raman signal-to-background ratios, baselines with different morphologies, and varying levels of stochastic noise. RESULTS Application of the BubbleFill technique to simulated data demonstrated superior baseline removal performance compared to standard algorithms, including iModPoly and MorphBR. The data processing workflow of the open-sourced package was validated in four independent in-human datasets, demonstrating it leads to inter-systems data compatibility. CONCLUSIONS A new open-sourced spectroscopic data pre-processing package was validated on simulated and real-world in-human data and is now available to researchers and clinicians for the development of new clinical applications using Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sheehy
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabien Picot
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédérick Dallaire
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine Ember
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tien Nguyen
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Department of Pathology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Leblond
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Pandey SK, Mohanta GC, Kumar V, Gupta K. Diagnostic Tools for Rapid Screening and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1200. [PMID: 36016088 PMCID: PMC9414050 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has severely impacted human health and the health management system globally. The ongoing pandemic has required the development of more effective diagnostic strategies for restricting deadly disease. For appropriate disease management, accurate and rapid screening and isolation of the affected population is an efficient means of containment and the decimation of the disease. Therefore, considerable efforts are being directed toward the development of rapid and robust diagnostic techniques for respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2. In this article, we have summarized the origin, transmission, and various diagnostic techniques utilized for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These higher-end techniques can also detect the virus copy number in asymptomatic samples. Furthermore, emerging rapid, cost-effective, and point-of-care diagnostic devices capable of large-scale population screening for COVID-19 are discussed. Finally, some breakthrough developments based on spectroscopic diagnosis that could revolutionize the field of rapid diagnosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Mizoram University (Central University), Aizawl 796004, India
| | - Girish C. Mohanta
- Materials Science and Sensor Applications, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India;
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India;
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Russel H. Morgan, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Lunter D, Klang V, Kocsis D, Varga-Medveczky Z, Berkó S, Erdő F. Novel aspects of Raman spectroscopy in skin research. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1311-1329. [PMID: 35837832 PMCID: PMC9545633 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The analytical technology of Raman spectroscopy has an almost 100‐year history. During this period, many modifications and developments happened in the method like discovery of laser, improvements in optical elements and sensitivity of spectrometer and also more advanced light detection systems. Many types of the innovative techniques appeared (e.g. Transmittance Raman spectroscopy, Coherent Raman Scattering microscopy, Surface‐Enhanced Raman scattering and Confocal Raman spectroscopy/microscopy). This review article gives a short description about these different Raman techniques and their possible applications. Then, a short statistical part is coming about the appearance of Raman spectroscopy in the scientific literature from the beginnings to these days. The third part of the paper shows the main application options of the technique (especially confocal Raman spectroscopy) in skin research, including skin composition analysis, drug penetration monitoring and analysis, diagnostic utilizations in dermatology and cosmeto‐scientific applications. At the end, the possible role of artificial intelligence in Raman data analysis and the regulatory aspect of these techniques in dermatology are briefly summarized. For the future of Raman Spectroscopy, increasing clinical relevance and in vivo applications can be predicted with spreading of non‐destructive methods and appearance with the most advanced instruments with rapid analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lunter
- University of Tübingen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Victoria Klang
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorottya Kocsis
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Varga-Medveczky
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary.,University of Tours EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Tours, France
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