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Aragón-Vargas LF, Garzón-Mosquera JC, Montoya-Arroyo JA. Skimmed, Lactose-Free Milk Ingestion Postexercise: Rehydration Effectiveness and Gastrointestinal Disturbances Versus Water and a Sports Drink in Physically Active People. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38789098 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Postexercise hydration is fundamental to replace fluid loss from sweat. This study evaluated rehydration and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms for each of three beverages: water (W), sports drink (SD), and skimmed, lactose-free milk (SLM) after moderate-intensity cycling in the heat. Sixteen college students completed three exercise sessions each to lose ≈2% of their body mass. They drank 150% of body mass loss of the drink assigned in randomized order; net fluid balance, diuresis, and GI symptoms were measured and followed up for 3 hr after completion of fluid intake. SLM showed higher fluid retention (∼69%) versus W (∼40%; p < .001); SD (∼56%) was not different from SLM or W (p > .05). Net fluid balance was higher for SLM (-0.26 kg) and SD (-0.42 kg) than W (-0.67 kg) after 3 hr (p < .001), resulting from a significantly lower diuresis with SLM. Reported GI disturbances were mild and showed no difference among drinks (p > .05) despite ingestion of W (1,992 ± 425 ml), SD (1,999 ± 429 ml), and SLM (1,993 ± 426 ml) in 90 min. In conclusion, SLM was more effective than W for postexercise rehydration, showing greater fluid retention for the 3-hr follow-up and presenting with low-intensity GI symptoms similar to those with W and SD. These results confirm that SLM is an effective option for hydration after exercise in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Aragón-Vargas
- Human Movement Science Research Center (CIMOHU-UCR), University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Julián C Garzón-Mosquera
- Human Movement Science Research Center (CIMOHU-UCR), University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Johnny A Montoya-Arroyo
- Human Movement Science Research Center (CIMOHU-UCR), University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
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2
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Gross KN, Harty PS, Krieger JM, Mumford PW, Sunderland KL, Hagele AM, Kerksick CM. Milk or Kefir, in Comparison to Water, Do Not Enhance Running Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Master Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:717. [PMID: 38474845 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared flavored kefir (KFR) and flavored milk (MLK) as a recovery drink in endurance master athletes. Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, non-blinded crossover design, 11 males and females completed three testing visits whilst acutely ingesting either KFR, MLK, or water as a placebo (PLA). KFR supplementation occurred for 14 days before the KFR-testing day, followed by a 3-week washout period. Testing visits consisted of an exhausting-exercise (EE) bout, a 4-h rest period where additional carbohydrate feeding was provided, and a treadmill 5 km time trial (TT). The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) survey was assessed at four timepoints. Blood was collected at baseline and after the TT and was analyzed for I-FABP levels. No significant difference (PLA: 33:39.1 ± 6:29.0 min, KFR: 33:41.1 ± 5:44.4 min, and MLK: 33:36.2 ± 6:40.5 min, p = 0.99) was found between the groups in TT performance. The KFR GSRS total score was significantly lower than the PLA after EE (p = 0.005). No differences in I-FABP were observed between conditions. In conclusion, acute KFR supplementation did not impact TT performance or I-FABP levels but may have reduced subjective GI symptoms surrounding exercise when compared to MLK or PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Gross
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Joesi M Krieger
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Petey W Mumford
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Kyle L Sunderland
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Anthony M Hagele
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
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3
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Carbohydrates and Endurance Exercise: A Narrative Review of a Food First Approach. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061367. [PMID: 36986096 PMCID: PMC10054587 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplements such as bars, gels, drinks and powders have become ubiquitous as effective evidence-based CHO sources that improve endurance exercise performance. However, athletes are increasingly turning to more cost-effective ‘food-first’ approaches for CHO ingestion to improve exercise performance. Mixed CHO foods including cooked lentils, oats, honey, raisins, rice, and potatoes are all effective pre-exercise CHO food sources. Caution is advised when selecting some of these foods as a primary CHO source, as some athletes may be prone to gastrointestinal discomfort—especially regarding those foods where the quantities required for recommended CHO intake may be voluminous (e.g., potatoes). Palatability may be another barrier to the ingestion of some of these CHO-rich foods. Although most of these CHO-rich foods appear effective for exercise performance or recovery when consumed pre- and post-exercise, not all are viable to ingest during exercise due to difficulties in the quantities required, transport, and/or gastrointestinal discomfort. Raisins, bananas and honey may be particularly useful CHO foods for consumption during exercise, as they are easily transportable. Athletes should trial CHO food sources before, during and/or following training before implementation during competition.
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Nieman DC, Davison G, Mougios V, Wentz LM. Editorial: Nutrition and exercise immunology. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1147518. [PMID: 36819698 PMCID: PMC9929574 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1147518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Research Campus, Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States,*Correspondence: David C. Nieman ✉
| | - Glen Davison
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laurel M. Wentz
- Department of Nutrition and Healthcare Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
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5
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Gonçalves AC, Gaspar D, Flores-Félix JD, Falcão A, Alves G, Silva LR. Effects of Functional Phenolics Dietary Supplementation on Athletes' Performance and Recovery: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4652. [PMID: 35563043 PMCID: PMC9102074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify micronutrients or nutritional strategies capable of preventing, or at least, attenuating, exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress, and improving athlete performance. The reason is that most exercises induce various changes in mitochondria and cellular cytosol that lead to the generation of reactive species and free radicals whose accumulation can be harmful to human health. Among them, supplementation with phenolic compounds seems to be a promising approach since their chemical structure, composed of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups, gives them remarkable health-promoting properties, such as the ability to suppress inflammatory processes, counteract oxidative damage, boost the immune system, and thus, reduce muscle soreness and accelerate recovery. Phenolic compounds have also already been shown to be effective in improving temporal performance and reducing psychological stress and fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the effects of dietary phenolics on physical performance and recovery in athletes and sports practitioners. Overall, the reports show that phenolics exert important benefits on exercise-induced muscle damage as well as play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Dário Gaspar
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - José David Flores-Félix
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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6
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Berry CW, Murray B, Kenney WL. Scientific basis for a milk permeate-based sports drink – A critical review. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Molaeikhaletabadi M, Bagheri R, Hemmatinafar M, Nemati J, Wong A, Nordvall M, Namazifard M, Suzuki K. Short-Term Effects of Low-Fat Chocolate Milk on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Performance in Players on a Women's University Badminton Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063677. [PMID: 35329361 PMCID: PMC8954613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the short-term effects of low-fat chocolate milk (LFCM) consumption on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and performance in female badminton players. Seven female badminton players (23 ± 1 years; height: 163.8 ± 4.1 cm; body mass: 58.7 ± 0.9 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 week of LFCM (500 mL) or placebo (water, 500 mL) consumption in a crossover design. Participants consumed LFCM or water immediately after each training session during the 1-week intervention. Performance variables (aerobic power, anaerobic power, agility, explosive power, and maximum handgrip strength) were assessed at two separate time points: pre and post-intervention (after 1 week). In addition, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess DOMS before, immediately after, and at 24 and 48 h after each training session. There were significant time effects for aerobic power, upper body explosive power, minimum anaerobic power, and time to exhaustion (TTE), which significantly increased after LFCM consumption (p < 0.05). Moreover, relative and maximum lower body power significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while rating of perceived exertion (RPE) as well as DOMS in lower extremity muscles immediately after exercise significantly decreased after LFCM consumption compared to placebo (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in maximum anaerobic power, agility, and maximum handgrip strength (p > 0.05). LFCM, as a post-exercise beverage, may help speed recovery in female badminton players leading to increased aerobic, anaerobic, and strength performance indices, increased TTE, and decreased muscle soreness and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Molaeikhaletabadi
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hemmatinafar
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Javad Nemati
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department Health & Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA; (A.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Michael Nordvall
- Department Health & Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA; (A.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Maryam Namazifard
- Department of Health and Sports Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran;
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (K.S.)
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8
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SYAFRIANI RS, MULYAWAN RM, APRIANTONO TA, ADNYANA IK. Effect of fresh cow milk and pasteurization milk toward lactate in soccer players accompanied by physical activity. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Loureiro LMR, de Melo Teixeira R, Pereira IGS, Reis CEG, da Costa THM. Effect of Milk on Muscle Glycogen Recovery and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Consumption of milk and dairy products in Iranian population; barriers and facilitators. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Liu KC, Wang JS, Hsu CY, Liu CH, Chen CP, Huang SC. Low-Frequency Vibration Facilitates Post-Exercise Cardiovascular Autonomic Recovery. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:431-437. [PMID: 34267582 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is important to use short breaks to accelerate post-exercise recovery in sports. Previous studies have revealed that vibration can reduce post-exercise muscle soreness. However, there is still high heterogeneity in the effects of vibration on cardiovascular autonomic activities, and most studies to date have focused on high-frequency vibration. This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-frequency lower-body vibration (LBV) on post-exercise changes in heart rate variability and peripheral arterial tone. Ten men and 9 women aged 20 to 25 were recruited for this study. Each subject visited the testing room three times with at least 2 days in between. Each time, the subject received one of the three different vibration frequencies (0, 5, and 15 Hz) in a random order in the sitting position for 10 minutes. LBV was performed immediately after a static standing (control) test and 3-min-step test. Heart rate variability and digital volume pulse wave were recorded during the vibration phase (V1: vibration 0-5 minutes; V2: 6-10 minutes) and the recovery phase (Rc1: recovery phase 11-15 minutes; Rc2: 16-20 minutes). The result of digital pulse wave analysis showed that the reflection index (RI) under 15 Hz decreased during V1. Heart rate of the 15-Hz group also decreased during Rc1 and Rc2. According to the analysis of heart rate variability, low-frequency power/high-frequency power (LF/HF) decreased and normalized high-frequency power (nHF) increased during V2, Rc1 and Rc2 under 15 Hz and, during Rc2 under 5 Hz vibration. This study confirmed that the application of low-frequency LBV after exercise can reduce peripheral vascular tone, accelerate heart rate recovery, decrease cardiac sympathetic nerve activity, and promote parasympathetic nerve activity. The effect was more pronounced at 15 Hz than at 5 Hz. The findings provide a method to accelerate cardiovascular autonomic recovery after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Cheng Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Shyan Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ya Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
| | - Carl Pc Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
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12
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da Silva CD, de Oliveira DR, Perrone ÍT, Fonseca CH, Garcia ES. Low-fat, lactose-free and leucine-enriched chocolate cow milk prototype: A preliminary study on sensorial acceptability and gastrointestinal complaints following exhaustive exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 33568169 PMCID: PMC7874447 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chocolate milk has gained recent scientific support as a recovery drink. However, it is known that high exercise-demand triggers gastrointestinal discomfort which continues post-exercise, thereby hindering this nutritional strategy. In addition, those who are lactose intolerant cannot benefit from a milk-based beverage. Thus, the aim of this preliminary study was to develop a low-fat, lactose-free, and leucine-enriched chocolate cow milk prototype (CML) representing nutrition-related recommendations for football players, as well as assess athletes' individual subjective outcomes for gastrointestinal complaints and sensorial acceptability in a field-based setting following strenuous team-sport physical demands. METHODS This study followed a single group and repeated-measured design with 10 football players (23 ± 2 yrs., 74 ± 14 kg, 174 ± 5 cm) who consumed CML following a 90-min football match simulation protocol (FMP). The total CML intake to achieve 0.150 g leucine·kg [BW]·h- 1 occurred in aliquots of 50, 30 and 20% at 0-, 45- and 75-min post-FMP, respectively. Athletes were evaluated by the prevalence, the type and severity (bloating, nausea, flatulence, and gastric reflux) of gastrointestinal complaints and sensorial acceptability (overall perception, appearance, consistency, and flavour) after drinking each aliquot in a 4-h recovery period. RESULTS The CML showed higher scores for "Product Acceptability Index" (88%) and sensorial acceptability (~ 8 in 9-point hedonic scale). Kendall's W with bootstrapped resample (95%CI) revealed agreement among respondents as "moderate" (overall perception, flavour) to "strong" (appearance, consistency) and with no significant agreement differences between rater response in the timeline analysis (0.57 up to 0.87; p > 0.05). Agresti-Caffo add-4 analysis (95% confidence interval, [95%CI]) revealed no differences in each time-point analysis versus baseline for athletes classified as having severe gastrointestinal symptoms, but confirmed concern with bloating (three athletes showed a transient response at 2-h and only one continued until 3-h; p = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that CML presents good taste and high acceptability by the sampled athletes. Thus, CML may be an alternative sport drink for immediate post-workout supplementation to overcome the energy deficit, offer co-ingested leucine, maintain palatability and adherence including lactose intolerance following a team sport-specific fatigue. TRIAL REGISTRATION RBR-2vmpz9 , 10/12/2019, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano D da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus: Governador Valadares, Rua Manoel Byrro, 241 - Vila Bretas, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-260, Brazil. .,School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Dirce R de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Life Sciences Institute of Life Sciences , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Campus Governador Valadares, MG, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Ítalo T Perrone
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Pharmaceutical Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Fonseca
- Pharmaceutical Department, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Garcia
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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The 4R's Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010103. [PMID: 33375691 PMCID: PMC7796021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-exercise recovery is a broad term that refers to the restoration of training capacity. After training or competition, there is fatigue accumulation and a reduction in sports performance. In the hours and days following training, the body recovers and performance is expected to return to normal or improve. ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed to identify studies and position declarations examining the relationship between nutrition and sports recovery. As an evidence-based framework, a 4R’s approach to optimizing post-exercise recovery was identified: (i) Rehydration—a fundamental process that will depend on the athlete, environment and sports event; (ii) Refuel—the consumption of carbohydrates is not only important to replenish the glycogen reserves but also to contribute to the energy requirements for the immune system and tissue reparation. Several bioengineered carbohydrates were discussed but further research is needed; (iii) Repair—post-exercise ingestion of high-quality protein and creatine monohydrate benefit the tissue growth and repair; and (iv) Rest—pre-sleep nutrition has a restorative effect that facilitates the recovery of the musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Nutritional consultancy based on the 4R’s is important for the wise stewardship of the hydration, feeding, and supplementation strategies to achieve a timely recovery.
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Abstract
Rehabilitation of dance injury should be a team-based approach lead by a medical practitioner with experience in both musculoskeletal medicine and dance specific demands. The rehabilitation protocol begins with a dance specific initial assessment, followed by injury management, progression of the rehabilitation program including dance specific movement, advancing to full independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Hrubes
- Rothman Orthopaedics, 645 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022, USA.
| | - Jennifer Janowski
- Athletico Physical Therapy, 24 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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15
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Sensory Analysis of Post-Exercise Coffee or Cocoa Milk Beverages for Endurance Athletes. BEVERAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages6040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beverage strategies with balanced carbohydrate and protein supply are important for athletes’ recovery. Cow’s milk with added bioactive compounds present in coffee and cocoa facilitates glucose metabolism and may help post-workout glycogen recovery. Home-prepared beverages are cost and nutritionally effective strategies. Thus, the objectives were: (1) To develop home-prepared beverages containing nonfat powdered milk and sugar combined with filtered coffee or cocoa powder in balanced amounts for recovery after endurance exercise; and (2) to perform sensory analysis. Sensory evaluation was conducted by an acceptance test, applying nine-point hedonic scale and descriptive analysis, using the check-all-that-apply method (CATA). McNemar’s test and logistic regression with the proportional odds model were employed. The sample included 44 triathletes and 56 runners, of both sexes, 31–70 years old. Both beverages were well accepted by runners and triathletes, with higher acceptance of the coffee beverage (odds ratio coffee vs cocoa 5.232, p=0.0038). There was no significant difference between acceptance of triathletes and runners for the two beverages. The descriptive sensory analysis (CATA) resulted in slightly different characterizations between the two beverages. Both beverages were well accepted and characterized by the athletes, who can supply different options of post-workout beverages according to individual tastes, composition, and characteristics.
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Kloby Nielsen LL, Tandrup Lambert MN, Jeppesen PB. The Effect of Ingesting Carbohydrate and Proteins on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051483. [PMID: 32443678 PMCID: PMC7284704 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes participating in sporting events may be required to complete multiple training sessions a day or on successive days with a limited recovery time. Nutritional interventions that enhance the restoration of endogenous fuel stores (e.g., liver and muscle glycogen) and improve muscle damage repair have received a lot of attention. The purpose of this review is to investigate the effect of ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) and protein (PRO) on athletic performance. Studies were identified by searching the electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to examine the intervention efficacy. A total of 30 randomized controlled trials (RCT), comprising 43 trials and 326 participants in total, were included in this review. The meta-analysis showed an overall significant effect in Time-To-Exhaustion (TTE) and Time-Trial (TT) performance, when ingesting carbohydrates and proteins (CHO-PRO) compared to CHO-only (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0007, respectively). A subgroup analysis demonstrated a significant effect in TTE by ingesting CHO-PRO compared to CHO, when supplements were provided during and/or following an exercise bout. CHO-PRO significantly improved TTE compared to CHO-only, when a long-term recovery (i.e., ≥8 h) was implemented (p = 0.001). However, no effect was found when the recovery time was short-term (i.e., ≤8 h). No significant effect was observed when CHO-PRO and CHO-only supplements were isocaloric. However, a significant improved TTE was evident with CHO-PRO compared to CHO-only, when the supplements were matched for carbohydrate content (p < 0.00001). In conclusion, co-ingesting carbohydrates and proteins appears to enhance TTE and TT performance compared to CHO-only and presents a compelling alternate feeding strategy for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lina Kloby Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Sport Science, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | - Max Norman Tandrup Lambert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | - Per Bendix Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2815-1877
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Flynn S, Rosales A, Hailes W, Ruby B. Males and females exhibit similar muscle glycogen recovery with varied recovery food sources. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1131-1142. [PMID: 32215726 PMCID: PMC7181447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research has elucidated the impact of post-exercise carbohydrate nutrition and environmental conditions on muscle glycogen re-synthesis. However, research has minimally considered the implications of glycogen recovery in females and has mostly focused on commercial sport nutrition products. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varied mixed macronutrient feedings on glycogen recovery and subsequent exercise performance in both sexes. METHODS Males (n = 8) and females (n = 8) participated in a crossover study. Subjects completed a 90-min cycling glycogen depletion trial, then rested for 4 h. Two carbohydrate feedings (1.6 g kg-1) of either sport supplements or potato-based products were delivered at 0 and 2 h post-exercise. Muscle biopsies (glycogen) and blood samples (glucose, insulin) were collected during the recovery. Afterwards, subjects completed a 20 km cycling time trial. RESULTS There was no difference between sexes or trials for glycogen recovery rates (male: 7.9 ± 2.7, female: 8.2 ± 2.7, potato-based: 8.0 ± 2.5, sport supplement: 8.1 ± 3.1 mM kg wet wt-1 h-1, p > 0.05). Time trial performance was not different between diets (38.3 ± 4.4 and 37.8 ± 3.9 min for potato and sport supplement, respectively, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that food items, such as potato-based products, can be as effective as commercially marketed sports supplements when developing glycogen recovery oriented menus and that absolute carbohydrate dose feedings (g kg-1) can be effectively applied to both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Flynn
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, College of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, The University of Montana, McGill Hall, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Alejandro Rosales
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, College of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, The University of Montana, McGill Hall, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Walter Hailes
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, College of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, The University of Montana, McGill Hall, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Brent Ruby
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, College of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, The University of Montana, McGill Hall, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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Massaro M, Scoditti E, Carluccio MA, Kaltsatou A, Cicchella A. Effect of Cocoa Products and Its Polyphenolic Constituents on Exercise Performance and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Inflammation: A Review of Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1471. [PMID: 31261645 PMCID: PMC6683266 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of chocolate and, in particular, dark chocolate has been "rehabilitated" due to its high content of cocoa antioxidant polyphenols. Although it is recognized that regular exercise improves energy metabolism and muscle performance, excessive or unaccustomed exercise may induce cell damage and impair muscle function by triggering oxidative stress and tissue inflammation. The aim of this review was to revise the available data from literature on the effects of cocoa polyphenols on exercise-associated tissue damage and impairment of exercise performance. To this aim, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched with the following keywords: "intervention studies", "cocoa polyphenols", "exercise training", "inflammation", "oxidative stress", and "exercise performance". We selected thirteen randomized clinical trials on cocoa ingestion that involved a total of 200 well-trained athletes. The retrieved data indicate that acute, sub-chronic, and chronic cocoa polyphenol intake may reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress but not inflammation, while mixed results are observed in terms of exercise performance and recovery. The interpretation of available results on the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of cocoa polyphenols remains questionable, likely due to the variety of physiological networks involved. Further experimental studies are mandatory to clarify the role of cocoa polyphenol supplementation in exercise-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Massaro
- National Research Council-Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Nutrigenomic and Vascular Biology, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council-Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Nutrigenomic and Vascular Biology, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Maria Annunziata Carluccio
- National Research Council-Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Nutrigenomic and Vascular Biology, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Antonia Kaltsatou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala 42100, Greece
| | - Antonio Cicchella
- Department for Quality of Life Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
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Effect of ad libitum intake of lactose-free milk on subsequent performance of collegiate badminton athletes. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Barley OR, Chapman DW, Abbiss CR. The Current State of Weight-Cutting in Combat Sports-Weight-Cutting in Combat Sports. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E123. [PMID: 31117325 PMCID: PMC6572325 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In combat sports, athletes are divided into categories based on gender and body mass. Athletes attempt to compete against a lighter opponent by losing body mass prior to being weighed (i.e., 'weight-cutting'). The purpose of this narrative review was to explore the current body of literature on weight-cutting and outline gaps for further research. Methods of weight-loss include energy intake restriction, total body fluid reduction and pseudo extreme/abusive medical practice (e.g., diuretics). The influence of weight-cutting on performance is unclear, with studies suggesting a negative or no effect. However, larger weight-cuts (~5% of body mass in <24 h) do impair repeat-effort performance. It is unclear if the benefit from competing against a smaller opponent outweighs the observed reduction in physical capacity. Many mechanisms have been proposed for the observed reductions in performance, ranging from reduced glycogen availability to increased perceptions of fatigue. Athletes undertaking weight-cutting may be able to utilise strategies around glycogen, total body water and electrolyte replenishment to prepare for competition. Despite substantial discussion on managing weight-cutting in combat sports, no clear solution has been offered. Given the prevalence of weight-cutting, it is important to develop a deeper understanding of such practices so appropriate advice can be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Barley
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Dale W Chapman
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
- Performance Support-Physiology and Nutrition, New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW 2127, Australia.
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
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Born KA, Dooley EE, Cheshire PA, McGill LE, Cosgrove JM, Ivy JL, Bartholomew JB. Chocolate Milk versus carbohydrate supplements in adolescent athletes: a field based study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:6. [PMID: 30755234 PMCID: PMC6373093 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to translate laboratory-based research on beverage-based supplements to a naturalistic, field setting in adolescent athletes. To this end, we tested the effects of two commercially-available drinks on strength in a field-based setting with both male and female high school athletes completing a summer training program. METHODS One hundred and three high school athletes completed the study (M age = 15.3, SD = 1.2; 70.9% male; 37.9% Afr. Amer.). Measures included a composite strength score (bench press + squat). Participants completed 1 week of pre- and post-testing, and 4 days per week of strength and conditioning training for 5 weeks. Participants were randomly-assigned to receive either CM or CHO immediately post-exercise. RESULTS A 2 (group) × 2 (time) repeated measures ANOVA showed there was a significant main effect on time for increase in the composite strength score (p = .002, ŋp2 = .18). There was a significant interaction of composite strength score between groups, (p = .04, ŋp2 = .08). The CM group (12.3% increase) had significantly greater improvements in composite strength from pre- to post-test than CHO (2.7% increase). There were no differences in these results based on demographic variables. CONCLUSION This is the first study comparing the impact of CM and CHO on athletic outcomes in an adolescent population in a field-based environment. CM had a more positive effect on strength development and should be considered an appropriate post-exercise recovery supplement for adolescents. Future research will benefit from longer study durations with larger numbers of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Born
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Mail Stop D3700, Austin, TX, 78712-1204, USA
| | - Erin E Dooley
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Mail Stop D3700, Austin, TX, 78712-1204, USA
| | - P Andy Cheshire
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Mail Stop D3700, Austin, TX, 78712-1204, USA
| | - Lauren E McGill
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Mail Stop D3700, Austin, TX, 78712-1204, USA
| | - Jonathon M Cosgrove
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Mail Stop D3700, Austin, TX, 78712-1204, USA
| | - John L Ivy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Mail Stop D3700, Austin, TX, 78712-1204, USA
| | - John B Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Mail Stop D3700, Austin, TX, 78712-1204, USA.
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Cocoa flavanol effects on markers of oxidative stress and recovery after muscle damage protocol in elite rugby players. Nutrition 2018; 62:47-51. [PMID: 30826599 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Strenuous exercise can impair athletic performance due to muscular inflammation and oxidative stress. Antioxidants such as cocoa flavanols have been used as a supplement to prevent oxidative stress; however, the benefits of dietary antioxidants for athletic performance after muscle soreness (MS) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cocoa flavanols after a MS inducing protocol. METHODS In a randomized, double-blinded design, 13 male collegiate rugby players consumed either chocolate milk (CHOC) or chocolate milk with additional cocoa flavanols (CocoaCHOC) during a 7-d loading phase. MS was induced by a drop jump protocol on day 5 of the intervention. Athlete performance was assessed with vertical-jump and yo-yo tests and subjective measures of soreness 5 d before and 2 d post-MS protocol. Urinary markers of oxidative stress (isoprostanes) were assessed before and 48 h post-MS. RESULTS No changes were observed between the groups over time for isometric torque (P = .63), vertical jump performance (P = .39), and yo-yo testing (P = .57) between the trials. No interaction was found in isoprostanes levels between the trials (CocoaCHOC baseline: 88 ± 0.38 pg/mL and 48 h post-MS: 81 ± 0.53 pg/mL; P = .82; and CHOC baseline: 98 ± 0.96 pg/mL and 48 h post-MS: 96 ± 0.38 pg/mL; P = .59). No main effect (treatment × time; P = .58) was observed for isoprostanes. Although not significant, the CocoaCHOC group ran 97 meters further than the CHOC group in the yo-yo test. CONCLUSIONS Cocoa flavanols added to a post-exercise recovery beverage for 7 d has no oxidative stress or athletic performance benefits.
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Chocolate milk for recovery from exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:835-849. [PMID: 29921963 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Chocolate milk (CM) contains carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, as well as water and electrolytes, which may be ideal for post-exercise recovery. We systematically reviewed the evidence regarding the efficacy of CM compared to either water or other "sport drinks" on post-exercise recovery markers. SUBJECTS/METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar were explored up to April 2017 for controlled trials investigating the effect of CM on markers of recovery in trained athletes. RESULTS Twelve studies were included in the systematic review (2, 9, and 1 with high, fair and low quality, respectively) and 11 had extractable data on at least one performance/recovery marker [7 on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), 6 on time to exhaustion (TTE) and heart rate (HR), 4 on serum lactate, and serum creatine kinase (CK)]. The meta-analyses revealed that CM consumption had no effect on TTE, RPE, HR, serum lactate, and CK (P > 0.05) compared to placebo or other sport drinks. Subgroup analysis revealed that TTE significantly increases after consumption of CM compared to placebo [mean difference (MD) = 0.78 min, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27, 1.29, P = 0.003] and carbohydrate, protein, and fat-containing beverages (MD = 6.13 min, 95% CI: 0.11, 12.15, P = 0.046). Furthermore, a significant attenuation on serum lactate was observed when CM was compared with placebo (MD = -1.2 mmol/L, 95% CI: -2.06,-0.34, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION CM provides either similar or superior results when compared to placebo or other recovery drinks. Overall, the evidence is limited and high-quality clinical trials with more well-controlled methodology and larger sample sizes are warranted.
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Wan HY, Stickford JL, Dawkins EJ, Lindeman AK, Stager JM. Acute modulation in dietary behavior following glycogen depletion and postexercise supplementation in trained cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1326-1333. [PMID: 29894642 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of immediate postexercise dietary supplementation on the subsequent food consumption pattern and endurance exercise performance in physically trained individuals. On 2 occasions, trained male cyclists performed a glycogen-depleting exercise bout followed by a 2-h nutritional supplementation period, 28 h of free-living recovery, and a subsequent 40-km cycling time trial. During the 2-h postexercise supplementation, the subjects consumed equal volumes of reduced-fat chocolate milk (CM) or a sports beverage (SB) in a single-blind, randomized design. Thereafter, the cyclists maintained a food log during the free-living recovery period. Dietary and exercise performance parameters were compared between the treatment beverage visits. No differences in total caloric and macronutrient intakes were detected between the CM and SB trials over the course of the free-living recovery. However, a significant interaction (treatment × time) was detected for caloric and macronutrient intakes during the early phase of free-living recovery, such that significantly larger proportions were consumed shortly after SB as compared with CM. No difference was observed in completion time of the 40-km cycling time trial (CM: 66.9 ± 4.1 vs SB: 66.9 ± 3.7 min). Hence, the cyclists achieved similar levels of recovery during the prolonged, free-living period despite the different acute, postexercise nutrient intake rates. We suggest that given adequate time, athletes appear to subconsciously modify their food consumption in response to varied postexercise supplementation such that subsequent-day exercise performance is equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yu Wan
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jonathon L Stickford
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Emily J Dawkins
- b Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Alice K Lindeman
- b Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Joel M Stager
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Kord-Varkaneh H, Ghaedi E, Nazary-Vanani A, Mohammadi H, Shab-Bidar S. Does cocoa/dark chocolate supplementation have favorable effect on body weight, body mass index and waist circumference? A systematic review, meta-analysis and dose-response of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2349-2362. [PMID: 29553824 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1451820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cocoa and dark chocolate (DC) have been reported to be effective for health promotion; however the exact effect of cocoa/DC on anthropometric measures have not been yet defined. Methods: A comprehensive search to identify randomized clinical trials investigating the impact of cocoa/DC on body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) was performed up to December 2017. A meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed using random effects model to estimate pooled effect size. Fractional polynominal modeling was used to explore dose-response relationships. Results: A total of 35 RCTs investigated the effects of cocoa/DC on weight, BMI and WC were included. Meta-analysis did not suggest any significant effect of cocoa/DC supplementation on body weight (-0.108 kg, 95% CI -0.262, 0.046 P = 0.168), BMI (-0.014 kg/m2 95% CI -0.105, 0.077, P: 0.759,) and WC (0.025 cm 95% CI -0.083, 0.129, P = 0.640). Subgroup analysis revealed that that weight and BMI were reduced with cocoa/DC supplementation ≥ 30 g chocolate per day in trials between 4-8 weeks. Cocoa/DC consumption resulted in WC reduction in non-linear fashion (r = 0.042, P-nonlinearity = 0.008).Conclusion: Cocoa/DC supplementation does not reduce anthropometric measures significantly. However subgroup analysis regarding dose (≥ 30 g/day) and duration (between 4 to 8 weeks) revealed significant reduction of body weight and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- a Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- b Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Nazary-Vanani
- b Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- c Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran.,d Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- a Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020253. [PMID: 29473893 PMCID: PMC5852829 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of post-exercise recovery nutrition has been well described in recent years, leading to its incorporation as an integral part of training regimes in both athletes and active individuals. Muscle glycogen depletion during an initial prolonged exercise bout is a main factor in the onset of fatigue and so the replenishment of glycogen stores may be important for recovery of functional capacity. Nevertheless, nutritional considerations for optimal short-term (3–6 h) recovery remain incompletely elucidated, particularly surrounding the precise amount of specific types of nutrients required. Current nutritional guidelines to maximise muscle glycogen availability within limited recovery are provided under the assumption that similar fatigue mechanisms (i.e., muscle glycogen depletion) are involved during a repeated exercise bout. Indeed, recent data support the notion that muscle glycogen availability is a determinant of subsequent endurance capacity following limited recovery. Thus, carbohydrate ingestion can be utilised to influence the restoration of endurance capacity following exhaustive exercise. One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity beyond merely ingesting adequate carbohydrate is the co-ingestion of added protein. While numerous studies have been instigated, a consensus that is related to the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion in maximising muscle glycogen during short-term recovery and repeated exercise capacity has not been established. When considered collectively, carbohydrate intake during limited recovery appears to primarily determine muscle glycogen resynthesis and repeated exercise capacity. Thus, when the goal is to optimise repeated exercise capacity following short-term recovery, ingesting carbohydrate at an amount of ≥1.2 g kg body mass−1·h−1 can maximise muscle glycogen repletion. The addition of protein to carbohydrate during post-exercise recovery may be beneficial under circumstances when carbohydrate ingestion is sub-optimal (≤0.8 g kg body mass−1·h−1) for effective restoration of muscle glycogen and repeated exercise capacity.
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De Carvalho FG, Galan BSM, Santos PC, Pritchett K, Pfrimer K, Ferriolli E, Papoti M, Marchini JS, de Freitas EC. Taurine: A Potential Ergogenic Aid for Preventing Muscle Damage and Protein Catabolism and Decreasing Oxidative Stress Produced by Endurance Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:710. [PMID: 28979213 PMCID: PMC5611412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of taurine and chocolate milk supplementation on oxidative stress and protein metabolism markers, and aerobic parameters in triathletes. Methods: A double-blind, crossover study was conducted with 10 male triathletes, aged 30.9 ± 1.3 year, height 1.79 ± 0.01 m and body weight 77.45 ± 2.4 kg. Three grams of taurine and 400 ml of chocolate milk (TAUchoc), or a placebo (chocolate milk) (CHOC) was ingested post exercise for 8 weeks. Oxidative stress marker levels, and 24 h urinary nitrogen, creatinine, and urea excretion were measured before and after 8 weeks of training and supplementation with TAUchoc or CHOC. A maximal incremental running test on a treadmill was performed in order to evaluate aerobic parameters: Vmax, heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: TAUchoc treatment during the 8 weeks resulted in increased taurine plasma levels (PRE 201.32 ± 29.03 μmol/L and POST 234.36 ± 35.51 μmol/L, p = 0.01), decreased malondialdehyde levels (19.4%, p = 0.03) and urinary nitrogen excretion (−33%, p = 0.03), and promoted positive nitrogen balance (p = 0.01). There were no changes in reduced glutathione (TAUchoc PRE 0.72 ± 0.08 mmol/L and POST 0.83 ± 0.08 mmol/L; CHOC PRE 0.69 ± 0.08 mmol/L and POST 0.81 ± 0.06 mmol/L), vitamin E plasma levels (TAUchoc PRE 33.99 ± 2.52 μmol/L and 35.95 ± 2.80 μmol/L and CHOC PRE 31.48 ± 2.12 μmol/L and POST 33.77 ± 3.64 μmol/L), or aerobic parameters, which were obtained in the last phase of the maximal incremental running test (Vmax TAUchoc PRE 13 ± 1.4 km/h and POST 13.22 ± 1.34 km/h; CHOC PRE 13.11 ± 2.34 km/h and POST 13.11 ± 2.72 km/h), the heart rate values were TAUchoc PRE 181.89 ± 24.18 bpm and POST 168.89 ± 46.56 bpm; CHOC PRE 181.56 ± 2.14 bpm and POST 179.78 ± 3.4 bpm, and the RPE were TAUchoc PRE 8.33 ± 2.4 AU and POST 9.1 ± 2.1 AU; CHOC PRE 8.11 ± 4.94 AU and POST 8.78 ± 2.78 AU). Conclusion: Taurine supplementation did not improve aerobic parameters, but was effective in increasing taurine plasma levels and decreasing oxidative stress markers, which suggests that taurine may prevent oxidative stress in triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia G De Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversitySao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan S M Galan
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversitySao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila C Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversitySao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Pritchett
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Health Sciences, Central Washington UniversityEllensburg, WA, United States
| | - Karina Pfrimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ferriolli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Júlio S Marchini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ellen C de Freitas
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversitySao Paulo, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
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Racey M, Bransfield J, Capello K, Field D, Kulak V, Machmueller D, Preyde M, Newton G. Barriers and Facilitators to Intake of Dairy Products in Adolescent Males and Females With Different Levels of Habitual Intake. Glob Pediatr Health 2017; 4:2333794X17694227. [PMID: 28540345 PMCID: PMC5433667 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x17694227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dairy products and alternatives can contribute to overall good health including positive body composition and decreased adiposity; however, these foods are grossly underconsumed by youth, and worldwide, almost 25% of children are overweight or obese. Objective: The study investigated the barriers and facilitators toward dairy consumption by Grade 7 youth. Methods: Thirty 50-minute, audio-recorded focus groups were conducted with 134 students in eight Grade 7 classes across 5 elementary schools. Focus groups were led by trained facilitators in the elementary schools and participants were separated based on dairy consumption and gender. Recorded data were transcribed and thematically analyzed using qualitative analysis software to identify themes related to barriers and facilitators to dairy product intake by each gender. Results: Factors considered important by males and females across different levels of habitual intake include personal knowledge about dairy products and misconceptions regarding dairy foods and their associated health benefits; food characteristics, including taste; personal behaviors such as habits or routines including dairy products; social environments including parental and peer influence; physical environments factors such as availability and skipping meals; and the convenience of dairy products. Interestingly, only males noted sports as a positive influence for dairy product intake. Also, there were differences in the way males and females perceived dining out as affecting their dairy intake. Conclusion: Results suggest several potential factors that nutrition education interventions aiming to increase dairy consumption could target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Racey
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - David Field
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Köhne JL, Ormsbee MJ, McKune AJ. The effects of a multi-ingredient supplement on markers of muscle damage and inflammation following downhill running in females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:44. [PMID: 27924138 PMCID: PMC5123227 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of a multi-ingredient performance supplement (MIPS) on markers of inflammation and muscle damage, perceived soreness and lower limb performance are unknown in endurance-trained female athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of MIPS (NO-Shotgun®) pre-loaded 4 weeks prior to a single-bout of downhill running (DHR) on hsC-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-6, creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness, lower limb circumferences and performance. METHOD Trained female runners (n = 8; 29 ± 5.9 years) (VO2max: ≥ 50 ml-1.kg-1.min-1, midfollicular phase (7-11 days post-menses) were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner into two groups: MIPS (n = 4) ingested one serving of NO Shotgun daily for 28 days prior to DHR and 30 min prior to all post-testing visits; Control (CON) (n = 4) consumed an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo in an identical manner to MIPS. hsCRP, IL-6, CK, perceived soreness, limb circumferences, and performance measures (flexibility, squat jump peak power) were tested on 5 occasions; immediately before (PRE), immediately post-DHR, 24, 48 and 72 h post-DHR. RESULTS There were main effects of time for CK (p = 0.05), pain pressure threshold (right tibialis anterior (p = 0.010), right biceps femoris (p = 0.01), and left iliotibial band (ITB) (p = 0.05) across all time points), and maximum squat jump power (p = 0.04). Compared with 24 h post-DHR, maximum squat jump power was significantly lower at 48 h post-DHR (p = 0.05). Lower body perceived soreness was significantly increased at 24 h (p = 0.02) and baseline to 48 h (p = 0.02) post DHR. IL-6 peaked immediately post-DHR (p = 0.03) and hsCRP peaked at 24 h post-DHR (p = 0.06). Calculation of effect sizes indicated a moderate attenuation of hsCRP in MIPS at 72 h post-DHR. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of MIPS for 4 weeks prior to a single bout of DHR attenuated inflammation three days post, but did not affect perceived soreness and muscle damage markers in endurance trained female runners following a single bout of DHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Köhne
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa ; Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa ; Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA ; Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Köhne JL, Ormsbee MJ, McKune AJ. Supplementation Strategies to Reduce Muscle Damage and Improve Recovery Following Exercise in Females: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4040051. [PMID: 29910299 PMCID: PMC5968901 DOI: 10.3390/sports4040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) caused by unaccustomed or strenuous exercise can result in reduced muscle force, increased muscle soreness, increased intramuscular proteins in the blood, and reduced performance. Pre- and post-exercise optimal nutritional intake is important to assist with muscle-damage repair and reconditioning to allow for an accelerated recovery. The increased demand for training and competing on consecutive days has led to a variety of intervention strategies being used to reduce the negative effects of EIMD. Nutritional intervention strategies are largely tested on male participants, and few report on sex-related differences relating to the effects of the interventions employed. This review focuses on nutritional intervention strategies employed to negate the effects of EIMD, focussing solely on females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Köhne
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa.
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa.
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA.
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa.
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA.
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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31
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Hatchett A, Berry C, Oliva C, Wiley D, St Hilaire J, LaRochelle A. A Comparison between Chocolate Milk and a Raw Milk Honey Solution's Influence on Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4010018. [PMID: 29910267 PMCID: PMC5968944 DOI: 10.3390/sports4010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation sought to examine the effect that a chocolate milk solution (CMS) and a raw milk solution (RMS) had on lower extremity induced delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). Twenty trained male participants completed a set of questionnaires, prior to completing a lower extremity DOMS protocol, to determine the level of discomfort and functional limitations. Once the DOMS protocol was completed, participants were randomly assigned to either the CM or RM group. Once assigned, participants ingested 240 mL of the respective solution and completed the same set of questionnaires immediately post, 24-, 48- and 72-h post DOMS protocol. Additionally, for 10 days post-ingestion participants were contacted to learn if any negative effects were experienced as a result of ingesting either solution. Both groups reported an increase in lower extremity discomfort at each data collection interval post-DOMS protocol (post, 24-, 48- and 72-h). Participants assigned to the RM group reported high discomfort post and a relative decline in discomfort from immediately post-DOMS protocol to 72-h post. The RMS group reported substantially less discomfort at 72-h when compared to the CMS group. Ingestion of a raw milk solution immediately post strength exercise can substantially reduce the level of self-reported discomfort associated with DOMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hatchett
- Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, NH 03461, USA.
| | - Christopher Berry
- Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, NH 03461, USA.
| | - Claudia Oliva
- Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, NH 03461, USA.
| | - Douglas Wiley
- Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, NH 03461, USA.
| | - Jacob St Hilaire
- Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, NH 03461, USA.
| | - Alex LaRochelle
- Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, NH 03461, USA.
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Maghsoudi Z, Shiranian A, Askai G, Ghaisvand R. Effect of various kinds of beverages on stress oxidative, F 2 isoprostane, serum lipid and blood glucose of elite taekwondo players. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2016; 21:470-474. [PMID: 27904629 PMCID: PMC5114790 DOI: 10.4103/1735-9066.193392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes' recovery is important in improving their performance. Nutritional strategies can be effective in enhancing recovery rate. Choosing the best food items in appropriate intervals can play effective roles in resynthesis of fuels and recovery of muscle injury. Beverage micro and macronutrient content are helpful in fuel restoration. In this study, we assess the effects of various kinds of beverages on oxidative stress, muscle injury, and metabolic risk factors in taekwondo players. MATERIALS AND METHODS This quasi-experimental study was performed on 21 taekwondo players of Isfahan. After collecting fasting blood, they performed runningbased anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Blood lactate was tested again and participants were divided into 3 intervention groups, that is, receiving 500 cc dough, non-alcoholic beer, and chocolate milk at 4 day intervals. After a 2-h recovery period, blood sampling was repeated. Elites consumed other beverages in later phases. Dietary intake and fasting triglyceride, cholesterol, blood sugar, lactate dehydrogenase, and F2-isoprostane concentrations were determined. Data were analyzed with a simple repeated-measures test and post-hoc tests using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. RESULTS Data showed that cholesterol levels non-significantly decreased after intervention. Triglyceride level was lower after taking dough and carbohydrate replacement drink. Blood glucose concentration increased after intervention periods, however, this increase was significant only after non-alcoholic beverage consumption. Lactate dehydrogenase levels reduced after all cycles, however, F2-isoprostane level showed no significant change. There was not significant change in lactate dehydrogenase and F2-isoprostane levels. CONCLUSIONS Non-alcoholic beer consumption can reduce lactate dehydrogenase concentration; however, it leads to blood sugar increase. Moreover, dough consumption significantly reduced triglyceride level in taekwondo players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Maghsoudi
- Department of Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ashfin Shiranian
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askai
- Department of Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghaisvand
- Department of Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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33
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Papacosta E, Nassis GP, Gleeson M. Effects of acute postexercise chocolate milk consumption during intensive judo training on the recovery of salivary hormones, salivary SIgA, mood state, muscle soreness, and judo-related performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1116-22. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of postexercise chocolate milk (CM) or water (W) consumption during 5 days of intensive judo training with concomitant weight loss on salivary cortisol and testosterone, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and judo-related performance. Twelve trained male judo athletes engaged in 5 days of intensive judo training followed by a simulated judo competition, on 2 separate training weeks 14 days apart. The athletes consumed 1000 mL of W (week 1) or CM (week 2) immediately post-training. During both weeks, athletes were instructed to “make weight” for the upcoming competition. Performance in timed push-ups and the Special Judo Fitness Test improved by 14.6% and 6.8%, respectively, at the end of the training week with CM consumption (both p < 0.001). Decreased salivary cortisol (p < 0.01) and a trend for an increased salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio (p = 0.07) were also observed midweek in the CM condition. Saliva flow rate was higher during the week with CM intake compared with W intake (p < 0.001). DOMS (p < 0.001) and mood disturbance (p < 0.0001) increased after the first day of training in the W condition but not in the CM condition. Salivary testosterone and SIgA responses were similar between treatments (p > 0.05). Body mass decreased by 1.9% in the W condition and by 1.1% in the CM condition, with no significant difference between treatments. This study indicates that postexercise CM consumption during short-term intensive judo training enhances aspects of recovery without affecting intentional weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Papacosta
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - George P. Nassis
- National Sports Medicine Programme–Excellence in Football Project, Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Hospital, Aspetar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Nongonierma AB, FitzGerald RJ. Bioactive properties of milk proteins in humans: A review. Peptides 2015; 73:20-34. [PMID: 26297879 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that milk protein consumption has benefits in terms of promoting human health. This review assesses the intervention studies which have evaluated potential health enhancing effects in humans following the ingestion of milk proteins. The impact of milk protein ingestion has been studied to asses their satiating, hypotensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and insulinotropic properties as well as their impact on morphological modifications (e.g., muscle and fat mass) in humans. Consistent health promoting effects appear to have been observed in certain instances (i.e., muscle protein synthesis, insulinotropic and hypotensive activity). However, controversial outcomes have also been reported (i.e., antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties). Several factors including interindividual differences, the timing of protein ingestion as well as the potency of the active components may explain these differences. In addition, processing conditions have been reported, in certain instances, to affect milk protein structure and therefore modify their bioactive potential. It is thought that the health promoting properties of milk proteins are linked to the release of bioactive peptides (BAPs) during gastrointestinal digestion. There is a need for further research to develop a more in-depth understanding on the possible mechanisms involved in the observed physiological effects. In addition, more carefully controlled and appropriately powered human intervention studies are required to demonstrate the health enhancing properties of milk proteins in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B Nongonierma
- Department of Life Sciences and Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Richard J FitzGerald
- Department of Life Sciences and Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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35
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O'Brien KV, Stewart LK, Forney LA, Aryana KJ, Prinyawiwatkul W, Boeneke CA. The effects of postexercise consumption of a kefir beverage on performance and recovery during intensive endurance training. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7446-9. [PMID: 26298752 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether kefir accentuates the positive health benefits assessed by measures in fitness, body composition, or both, as a measure of cardiovascular disease risk as well as the biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP). Sixty-seven adult males and females aged 18 to 24 yr were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: (1) endurance training + control beverage, (2) endurance training +kefir beverage,(3) active control + control beverage, or (4) active control + kefir beverage. The exercise groups completed 15 wk of structured endurancetraining while the active control groups maintained their usual exercise routine. Additionally, each group was assigned to either a kefir or a calorie/macronutrient matched placebo beverage that was consumed twice per week. No significant interactions were found among groups with respect to outcome variables with the exception of serum CRP. The endurance training was effective in improving 1.5-mile (2.41 km) times and kefir supplementation may have been a factor in attenuating the increase in CRP that was observed over the course of the intervention period. This preliminary study suggests that kefir may be involved in improving the risk profile for cardiovascular disease as defined by CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V O'Brien
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803.
| | - L K Stewart
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley 80639
| | - L A Forney
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge 70808
| | - K J Aryana
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803
| | - W Prinyawiwatkul
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
| | - C A Boeneke
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803
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36
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Morato PN, Rodrigues JB, Moura CS, e Silva FGD, Esmerino EA, Cruz AG, Bolini HMA, Amaya-Farfan J, Lollo PCB. Omega-3 enriched chocolate milk: A functional drink to improve health during exhaustive exercise. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Li XE, Drake M. Sensory Perception, Nutritional Role, and Challenges of Flavored Milk for Children and Adults. J Food Sci 2015; 80:R665-70. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng E. Li
- Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center; North Carolina State Univ; Raleigh 27695 NC U.S.A
| | - MaryAnne Drake
- Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center; North Carolina State Univ; Raleigh 27695 NC U.S.A
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38
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Tucker MA, Ganio MS, Adams JD, Brown LA, Ridings CB, Burchfield JM, Robinson FB, McDermott JL, Schreiber BA, Moyen NE, Washington TA, Bermudez AC, Bennett MP, Buyckx ME. Hydration Status over 24-H Is Not Affected by Ingested Beverage Composition. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:318-27. [PMID: 25789444 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.933684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the 24-h hydration status of healthy, free-living, adult males when given various combinations of different beverage types. METHODS Thirty-four healthy adult males participated in a randomized, repeated-measures design in which they consumed: water only (treatment A), water+cola (treatment B), water+diet cola (treatment C), or water+cola+diet cola+orange juice (treatment D) over a sedentary 24-h period across four weeks of testing. Volumes of fluid were split evenly between beverages within each treatment, and when accounting for food moisture content and metabolic water production, total fluid intake from all sources was equal to 35 ± 1 ml/kg body mass. Urine was collected over the 24-h intervention period and analyzed for osmolality (Uosm), volume (Uvol) and specific gravity (USG). Serum osmolality (Sosm) and total body water (TBW) via bioelectrical impedance were measured after the 24-h intervention. RESULTS 24-h hydration status was not different between treatments A, B, C, and D when assessed via Uosm (590 ± 179; 616 ± 242; 559 ± 196; 633 ± 222 mOsm/kg, respectively) and Uvol (1549 ± 594; 1443 ± 576; 1690 ± 668; 1440 ± 566 ml) (all p > 0.05). A -difference in 24-h USG was observed between treatments A vs. D (1.016 ± 0.005 vs. 1.018 ± 0.007; p = 0.049). There were no differences between treatments at the end of the 24-h with regard to Sosm (291 ± 4; 293 ± 5; 292 ± 5; 293 ± 5 mOsm/kg, respectively) and TBW (43.9 ± 5.9; 43.8 ± 6.0; 43.7 ± 6.1; 43.8 ± 6.0 kg) (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the beverage combination consumed, there were no differences in providing adequate hydration over a 24-h period in free-living, healthy adult males. This confirms that beverages of varying composition are equally effective in hydrating the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Tucker
- a Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas
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Rumbold P, Shaw E, James L, Stevenson E. Milk consumption following exercise reduces subsequent energy intake in female recreational exercisers. Nutrients 2015; 7:293-305. [PMID: 25569624 PMCID: PMC4303840 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of skimmed milk as a recovery drink following moderate-vigorous cycling exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake in healthy, female recreational exercisers. Utilising a randomised cross-over design, nine female recreational exercisers (19.7 ± 1.3 years) completed a V̇O2peak test followed by two main exercise trials. The main trials were conducted following a standardised breakfast. Following 30 min of moderate-vigorous exercise (65% V̇O2peak), either 600 mL of skimmed milk or 600 mL of orange drink (475 mL orange juice from concentrate, 125 mL water), which were isoenergetic (0.88 MJ), were ingested, followed 60 min later with an ad libitum pasta meal. Absolute energy intake was reduced 25.2% ± 16.6% after consuming milk compared to the orange drink (2.39 ± 0.70 vs. 3.20 ± 0.84 MJ, respectively; p = 0.001). Relative energy intake (in relation to the energy content of the recovery drinks and energy expenditure) was significantly lower after milk consumption compared to the orange drink (1.49 ± 0.72 vs. 2.33 ± 0.90 MJ, respectively; p = 0.005). There were no differences in AUC (× 1 h) subjective appetite parameters (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) between trials. The consumption of skimmed milk following 30 min of moderate-vigorous cycling exercise reduces subsequent energy intake in female recreational exercisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Rumbold
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Emily Shaw
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Lewis James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TT, UK.
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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McLellan TM, Pasiakos SM, Lieberman HR. Effects of protein in combination with carbohydrate supplements on acute or repeat endurance exercise performance: a systematic review. Sports Med 2014; 44:535-50. [PMID: 24343835 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein supplements are consumed frequently by athletes and recreationally active adults for various reasons, including improved exercise performance and recovery after exercise. Yet, far too often, the decision to purchase and consume protein supplements is based on marketing claims rather than available evidence-based research. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to provide a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the literature that tested the hypothesis that protein supplements, when combined with carbohydrate, directly enhance endurance performance by sparing muscle glycogen during exercise and increasing the rate of glycogen restoration during recovery. The analysis was used to create evidence statements based on an accepted strength of recommendation taxonomy. DATA SOURCES English language articles were searched with PubMed and Google Scholar using protein and supplements together with performance, exercise, competition, and muscle, alone or in combination as keywords. Additional articles were retrieved from reference lists found in these papers. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria specified recruiting healthy active adults less than 50 years of age and evaluating the effects of protein supplements in combination with carbohydrate on endurance performance metrics such as time-to-exhaustion, time-trial, or total power output during sprint intervals. The literature search identified 28 articles, of which 26 incorporated test metrics that permitted exclusive categorization into one of the following sections: ingestion during an acute bout of exercise (n = 11) and ingestion during and after exercise to affect subsequent endurance performance (n = 15). The remaining two articles contained performance metrics that spanned both categories. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS All papers were read in detail and searched for experimental design confounders such as energy content of the supplements, dietary control, use of trained or untrained participants, number of subjects recruited, direct measures of muscle glycogen utilization and restoration, and the sensitivity of the test metrics to explain the discrepant findings. RESULTS Our evidence statements assert that when carbohydrate supplementation was delivered at optimal rates during or after exercise, protein supplements provided no further ergogenic effect, regardless of the performance metric used. In addition, the limited data available suggested recovery of muscle glycogen stores together with subsequent rate of utilization during exercise is not related to the potential ergogenic effect of protein supplements. LIMITATIONS Many studies lacked ability to measure direct effects of protein supplementation on muscle metabolism through determination of muscle glycogen, kinetic assessments of protein turnover, or changes in key signaling proteins, and therefore could not substantiate changes in rates of synthesis or degradation of protein. As a result, the interpretation of their data was often biased and inconclusive since they lacked ability to test the proposed underlying mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS When carbohydrate is delivered at optimal rates during or after endurance exercise, protein supplements appear to have no direct endurance performance enhancing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M McLellan
- TM McLellan Research Inc, Stouffville, 25 Dorman Drive, ON, Stouffville, L4A 8A7, Canada,
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41
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Sudsa-Ard K, Kijboonchoo K, Chavasit V, Chaunchaiyakul R, Nio AQX, Lee JKW. Lactose-free milk prolonged endurance capacity in lactose intolerant Asian males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:49. [PMID: 25374482 PMCID: PMC4220048 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies on Caucasian volunteers have proven that milk is an effective recovery drink for athletes. Such benefit, however, cannot be directly applied to the lactose-intolerant Asian population. This study investigated the effects of ingesting water (WT), sports drink (SPD) and lactose-free milk (LFM) on cycling capacity. Methods Ten healthy young men completed 3 randomized experimental trials. Each trial consisted of an intermittent glycogen depleting session, a 2 h recovery period during which they ingested the test drink, followed by cycling at 70% of their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) to volitional exhaustion. Each trial was separated by at least one week. Results There were no complaints or symptoms of lactose intolerance during any of the trials. The cycling periods were different (p < 0.05) amongst the 3 trials, namely, lactose-free milk (LFM; 69.6 ± 14.0 min), sports drink (SPD; 52.1 ± 11.6 min), and water (WT; 36.0 ± 11.1 min), respectively. The VO2 and VCO2 of LFM (30 ± 4 and 29 ± 4 ml/kg/min) were lower (p < 0.05) than that of SPD (34 ± 4 and 34 ± 4 ml/kg/min) and WT (35 ± 4 and 33 ± 5 ml/kg/min). There were no differences (p = 0.45) in VO2 and VCO2 between SPD and WT. Mean rating of perceived exertion was lowest in LFM (14 ± 5; p < 0.05), while no difference was found between the other two trials (SPD: 16 ± 4 and WT: 16 ± 4; p = 0.18). Conclusion Lactose-free milk is likely to be an effective recovery drink for enhancing subsequent cycling capacity in lactose intolerant Asian males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriyot Sudsa-Ard
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Kallaya Kijboonchoo
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Visith Chavasit
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | | | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Peschek K, Pritchett R, Bergman E, Pritchett K. The effects of acute post exercise consumption of two cocoa-based beverages with varying flavanol content on indices of muscle recovery following downhill treadmill running. Nutrients 2013; 6:50-62. [PMID: 24362706 PMCID: PMC3916848 DOI: 10.3390/nu6010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary flavanols have been associated with reduced oxidative stress, however their efficacy in promoting recovery after exercise induced muscle damage is unclear. This study examined the effectiveness of acute consumption of cocoa-flavanols on indices of muscle recovery including: subsequent exercise performance, creatine kinase, muscle tenderness, force, and self-perceived muscle soreness. Eight endurance-trained athletes (VO2max 64.4 ± 7.6 mL/kg/min) completed a downhill running protocol to induce muscle soreness, and 48-h later completed a 5-K (kilometer) time trial. Muscle recovery measurements were taken at PRE, 24 h-POST, 48 h-POST, and POST-5K. Participants consumed 1.0 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight of a randomly assigned beverage (CHOC: 0 mg flavanols vs. CocoaCHOC: 350 mg flavanols per serving) immediately after the downhill run and again 2 h later. The same protocol was repeated three weeks later with the other beverage. An ANOVA revealed no significant difference (p = 0.97) between trials for 5 K completion time (CHOC 1198.3 ± 160.6 s, CocoaCHOC 1195.5 ± 148.8 s). No significant difference was found for creatine kinase (CK) levels (p = 0.31), or muscle soreness (p = 0.21) between groups over time. These findings suggest that the acute addition of cocoa flavanols to low-fat chocolate milk offer no additional recovery benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kelly Pritchett
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Health Science, Central Washington University, 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA.
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Sousa M, Teixeira VH, Soares J. Dietary strategies to recover from exercise-induced muscle damage. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:151-63. [PMID: 24180469 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.849662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustive or unaccustomed intense exercise can cause exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and its undesirable consequences may decrease the ability to exercise and to adhere to a training programme. This review briefly summarises the muscle damage process, focusing predominantly on oxidative stress and inflammation as contributing factors, and describes how nutrition may be positively used to recover from EIMD. The combined intake of carbohydrates and proteins and the use of antioxidants and/or anti-inflammatory nutrients within physiological ranges are interventions that may assist the recovery process. Although the works studying food instead of nutritional supplements are very scarce, their results seem to indicate that food might be a favourable option as a recovery strategy. To date, the only tested foods were milk, cherries, blueberries and pomegranate with promising results. Other potential solutions are foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, antioxidants and/or anti-inflammatory nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sousa
- Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação, Formação, Intervenção e Inovação em Desporto (CIFI2D)
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McLellan TM. Protein supplementation for military personnel: a review of the mechanisms and performance outcomes. J Nutr 2013; 143:1820S-1833S. [PMID: 24027180 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.176313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein supplement use is common among athletes, active adults, and military personnel. This review provides a summary of the evidence base that either supports or refutes the ergogenic effects associated with different mechanisms that have been proposed to support protein supplementation. It was clear that if carbohydrate delivery was optimal either during or after an acute bout of exercise that additional protein will not increase exercise capacity. Evidence was also weak to substantiate use of protein supplements to slow the increase in brain serotonin and onset of central fatigue. It was also evident that additional research is warranted to test whether the benefits of protein supplements for enhancing recovery of fluid balance after exercise will affect subsequent work in the heat. In contrast, with repeated exercise, use of protein supplementation was associated with reductions in muscle soreness and often a faster recovery of muscle function due to reductions in protein degradation. There was also good supportive evidence for long-term benefits of protein supplementation for gains in muscle mass and strength through accelerated rates of protein synthesis, as long as the training stimulus was of sufficient intensity, frequency, and duration. However, studies have not examined the impact of protein supplements under the combined stress of a military environment that includes repeated bouts of exercise with little opportunity for feeding and recovery, lack of sleep, and exposure to extreme environments. Both additional laboratory and field research is warranted to help provide evidence-based guidance for the choice of protein supplements to enhance soldier performance.
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Veasey RC, Gonzalez JT, Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Stevenson EJ. Breakfast consumption and exercise interact to affect cognitive performance and mood later in the day. A randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2013; 68:38-44. [PMID: 23608698 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study assessed the interactive effect of breakfast and exercise on cognition and mood. Twelve active males completed four trials; no breakfast-rest, breakfast-rest, no breakfast-exercise or breakfast-exercise in a randomized, cross-over design. The trials consisted of; breakfast or fast, a 2h rest, exercise (treadmill run) or equivalent rest, a chocolate milk drink, a 90 min rest and an ad libitum lunch. Cognitive performance and mood were recorded frequently throughout each trial. Data was analysed as pre-exercise/rest, during and immediately post exercise/rest and post-drink. No effects were found prior to consumption of the drink. Post-drink, fasting before exercise increased mental fatigue compared to consuming breakfast before exercise and fasting before rest. Tension increased when breakfast was consumed at rest and when exercise was undertaken fasted compared to omitting breakfast before rest. Breakfast before rest decreased rapid visual information processing task speed and impaired Stroop performance. Breakfast omission improved Four Choice Reaction Time performance. To conclude, breakfast before exercise appeared beneficial for post-exercise mood even when a post-exercise snack was consumed. Exercise reversed post-breakfast cognitive impairment in active males.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Veasey
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear NE18ST, UK.
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Long D, Perry C, Unruh SA, Lewis N, Stanek-Krogstrand K. Personal food systems of male collegiate football players: a grounded theory investigation. J Athl Train 2012; 46:688-95. [PMID: 22488196 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-46.6.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Factors that affect food choices include the physical and social environments, quality, quantity, perceived healthfulness, and convenience. The personal food choice process was defined as the procedures used by athletes for making food choices, including the weighing and balancing of activities of daily life, physical well-being, convenience, monetary resources, and social relationships. OBJECTIVE To develop a theoretical model explaining the personal food choice processes of collegiate football players. DESIGN Qualitative study. SETTING National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II football program. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Fifteen football players were purposefully sampled to represent various positions, years of athletic eligibility, and ethnic backgrounds. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS For text data collection, we used predetermined, open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison method. The athletes' words were used to label and describe their interactions and experiences with the food choice process. Member checks and an external audit were conducted by a qualitative methodologist and a nutrition specialist, and the findings were triangulated with the current literature to ensure trustworthiness of the text data. RESULTS Time was the core category and yielded a cyclic graphic of a theoretical model for the food choice system. Planning hydration, macronutrient strategies, snacks, and healthful food choices emerged as themes. CONCLUSIONS The athletes planned meals and snacks around their academic and athletic schedules while attempting to consume foods identified as healthful. Healthful foods were generally lower in fat but high in preferred macronutrients. High-protein foods were the players' primary goal; carbohydrate consumption was secondary. The athletes had established plans to maintain hydration. Professionals may use these findings to implement educational programs on food choices for football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Long
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Recovery from cycling exercise: effects of carbohydrate and protein beverages. Nutrients 2012; 4:568-84. [PMID: 22852050 PMCID: PMC3407981 DOI: 10.3390/nu4070568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different carbohydrate-protein (CHO + Pro) beverages were compared during recovery from cycling exercise. Twelve male cyclists (VO(2peak): 65 ± 7 mL/kg/min) completed ~1 h of high-intensity intervals (EX1). Immediately and 120 min following EX1, subjects consumed one of three calorically-similar beverages (285-300 kcal) in a cross-over design: carbohydrate-only (CHO; 75 g per beverage), high-carbohydrate/low-protein (HCLP; 45 g CHO, 25 g Pro, 0.5 g fat), or low-carbohydrate/high-protein (LCHP; 8 g CHO, 55 g Pro, 4 g fat). After 4 h of recovery, subjects performed subsequent exercise (EX2; 20 min at 70% VO(2peak) + 20 km time-trial). Beverages were also consumed following EX2. Blood glucose levels (30 min after beverage ingestion) differed across all treatments (CHO > HCLP > LCHP; p < 0.05), and serum insulin was higher following CHO and HCLP ingestion versus LCHP. Peak quadriceps force, serum creatine kinase, muscle soreness, and fatigue/energy ratings measured pre- and post-exercise were not different between treatments. EX2 performance was not significantly different between CHO (48.5 ± 1.5 min), HCLP (48.8 ± 2.1 min) and LCHP (50.3 ± 2.7 min). Beverages containing similar caloric content but different proportions of carbohydrate/protein provided similar effects on muscle recovery and subsequent exercise performance in well-trained cyclists.
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Phillips SM, Van Loon LJC. Dietary protein for athletes: from requirements to optimum adaptation. J Sports Sci 2012; 29 Suppl 1:S29-38. [PMID: 22150425 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.619204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Opinion on the role of protein in promoting athletic performance is divided along the lines of how much aerobic-based versus resistance-based activity the athlete undertakes. Athletes seeking to gain muscle mass and strength are likely to consume higher amounts of dietary protein than their endurance-trained counterparts. The main belief behind the large quantities of dietary protein consumption in resistance-trained athletes is that it is needed to generate more muscle protein. Athletes may require protein for more than just alleviation of the risk for deficiency, inherent in the dietary guidelines, but also to aid in an elevated level of functioning and possibly adaptation to the exercise stimulus. It does appear, however, that there is a good rationale for recommending to athletes protein intakes that are higher than the RDA. Our consensus opinion is that leucine, and possibly the other branched-chain amino acids, occupy a position of prominence in stimulating muscle protein synthesis; that protein intakes in the range of 1.3-1.8 g · kg(-1) · day(-1) consumed as 3-4 isonitrogenous meals will maximize muscle protein synthesis. These recommendations may also be dependent on training status: experienced athletes would require less, while more protein should be consumed during periods of high frequency/intensity training. Elevated protein consumption, as high as 1.8-2.0 g · kg(-1) · day(-1) depending on the caloric deficit, may be advantageous in preventing lean mass losses during periods of energy restriction to promote fat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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LUNN WILLIAMR, PASIAKOS STEFANM, COLLETTO MEGANR, KARFONTA KIRSTINE, CARBONE JOHNW, ANDERSON JEFFREYM, RODRIGUEZ NANCYR. Chocolate Milk and Endurance Exercise Recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:682-91. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182364162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Spaccarotella KJ, Andzel WD. Building a beverage for recovery from endurance activity: a review. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 25:3198-204. [PMID: 21993044 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318212e52f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recovery beverages are commonly used by endurance and team-sport athletes during the time between exercise sessions. Practical recommendations on the optimal nutrient composition of these drinks and timing of their consumption are therefore needed. This article summarizes research to date on the use of recovery beverages after aerobic activities and provides the following recommendations for practitioners on the optimal formula and timing of use for endurance and team-sport athletes. Current evidence suggests that, to maximize glycogen resynthesis, athletes should consume about 1.2 g carbohydrate per kilogram body weight as glucose and sucrose immediately after exercise and each hour thereafter for 4-6 hours postexercise. Alternatively, they may consume 0.8 g·kg(-1)·h(-1) in combination with 0.4 g·kg(-1)·h(-1) amino acids or protein. Liquids provide valuable fluids for rehydration, and an ideal recovery beverage should not only contain carbohydrate and protein but also contain electrolytes, including about 0.3-0.7 g sodium·per liter fluid to help restore sodium lost through sweat. Commercial beverages with this type of nutrient composition are effective, and recent work indicates that chocolate milk may be as effective as or superior to these in promoting recovery. Research regarding the effects of specific types of amino acids and antioxidants on recovery is mixed; thus, further investigation is needed before specific recommendations about these nutrients can be made. Future studies that include women and athletes representing a variety of sports, ages, and training levels and that use consistent methodology will lead to a better understanding of the effects of postexercise intake on recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim J Spaccarotella
- Department of Physical Education, Recreation and Health, Kean University, Union, New Jersey, USA.
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