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Lomazzi M. Nutrition for European Elite Fencers: A Practical Tool for Coaches and Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:1104. [PMID: 38674795 PMCID: PMC11055078 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to create a comprehensive, innovative, and pragmatic resource to guide elite fencers and coaches in making strategic nutritional choices to enhance performance and facilitate recovery. The literature review identified only 12 articles specifically addressing the topic of nutrition for fencers. Thus, the recommendations provided in this review derive also from articles dealing with similar sports, such as martial arts, and from investigations with European elite fencers and their coaches. For elite fencers, it is suggested to consume daily 7-11 g/kg of body weight (BW) of carbohydrates and 1.5-2 g/kg of BW of proteins and allocate 25% to 30% of the total energy intake to essential fats, with a specific focus on omega-3 fatty acids. The timing of meals, ideally within one hour after exertion, plays a pivotal role in restoring glycogen reserves and preventing injuries. The intake of leucine, creatine, omega-3, collagen, and vitamins C and D is proposed as a strategy for injury recovery. It is worth acknowledging that even when personalized plans are provided, implementation can be challenging, especially during competitions and training camps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lomazzi
- Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Allen N, Kelly S, Lanfear M, Reynolds A, Clarke R, Mountjoy ML, Wyon M, Wolman R. Relative energy deficiency in dance (RED-D): a consensus method approach to REDs in dance. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001858. [PMID: 38463191 PMCID: PMC10921540 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) is a potentially severe, challenging, broad-spectrum syndrome with potential negative health and performance outcomes. The numerous research publications and International Olympic Committee consensus statements relating to REDs testify to the challenges faced in early identification or screening, diagnosis and management. Like sport, dance, in its simplest form, can be identified as an activity resulting in physiological energy demands and, as such, requires appropriate energy availability concerning energy expenditures. However, the specificity of physiological and psychological demands in dance must be considered when considering REDs. An environment where physical activity can exceed 30 hours per week and where culture may instil a value that thinness is required puts dancers at increased risk for REDs. The purpose of this study was to provide dance-specific guidance dance on this complex condition. An RAND/UCLA Delphi Panel method with nominal group technique was used to review the literature from REDs to evaluate how it may relate to dance. In addition to the EP, which was assembled from a multidisciplinary background with expertise in REDs and multiple genres of dance, six focus groups were commissioned. Four of the focus groups were drawn from the EP members and two additional focus groups formed by dancers and artistic leaders. These panels were used to guide the development of a RED-D diagnosis pathway, management plan and risk stratification and return to dance pathway. The dance-specific pathways are designed to be a practical tool for guiding and supporting clinicians managing RED-D. Furthermore, this paper represents an important focus of this area in dance and serves to stimulate discussion and further research within the sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Allen
- Medical, Birmingham Royal Ballet, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shane Kelly
- National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, Birmingham, UK
- Ballet Healthcare, Royal Ballet Company, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Wyon
- National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, Birmingham, UK
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
| | - Roger Wolman
- National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, Birmingham, UK
- University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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Martín-Rodríguez A, Belinchón-deMiguel P, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Martínez-Guardado I, Villanueva-Tobaldo CV, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Advances in Understanding the Interplay between Dietary Practices, Body Composition, and Sports Performance in Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:571. [PMID: 38398895 PMCID: PMC10892519 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dietary practices of athletes play a crucial role in shaping their body composition, influencing sports performance, training adaptations, and overall health. However, despite the widely acknowledged significance of dietary intake in athletic success, there exists a gap in our understanding of the intricate relationships between nutrition, body composition, and performance. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that many athletes fail to adopt optimal nutritional practices, which can impede their potential achievements. In response, this Special Issue seeks to gather research papers that delve into athletes' dietary practices and their potential impacts on body composition and sports performance. Additionally, studies focusing on interventions aimed at optimizing dietary habits are encouraged. This paper outlines the key aspects and points that will be developed in the ensuing articles of this Special Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Nutrition, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, C. Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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Gibson-Smith E, Storey R, Michael M, Ranchordas M. Nutrition knowledge, weight loss practices, and supplement use in senior competition climbers. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1277623. [PMID: 38299180 PMCID: PMC10827858 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1277623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sport climbing has gained increased scientific attention, including studies investigating the dietary habits and nutritional requirements of climbers; however, significant gaps in the literature remain. An assessment of nutritional knowledge, weight loss for competition, and supplement use has not been previously reported in senior competition climbing athletes. Methods Fifty climbers (26 male, 24 female; BMI 21.6 ± 1.9; 23.7 ± 5.2 years) participated in the study. Participants answered a 72-item questionnaire, comprised of demographic data and three main sections to assess general and sports nutrition knowledge, weight loss strategies, and supplement use. Results The mean nutrition knowledge score was 'average', with considerable individual variation (53.5 ± 11.1 %). There were no significant sex differences in the general (GNK) or sport (SNK) nutrition knowledge scores, or effect of age. Significantly higher knowledge was demonstrated by national vs. international athletes for the GNK scores (11.09 ± 1.58 vs. 9.58 ± 1.75; p = 0.028). Participants scored well in questions concerning protein, carbohydrates, alcohol, and supplements, and conversely, performed poorly in hydration and micronutrient related questions. Less than one-fifth of respondents had access to a dietitian. Forty-six percent of males and 38% of female climbers reported intentional weight loss for competition on at least one occasion. Of those, ~76% reported utilizing concerning practices, including methods that conform with disordered eating and/or eating disorders, dehydration, vomiting, and misuse of laxatives. Approximately 65% of athletes reported using at least one nutritional supplement in the previous 6 months, with 44% reporting multiple supplement use. There was no significant difference in supplement use between sexes or competition level. Discussion Due to the established importance of nutritional intake on athlete health and performance, educational support should be employed to improve knowledge in climbers and address shortcomings. Moreover, intentional weight loss for climbing competition is common, with most athletes achieving ~3-8% body weight loss over ≥2 weeks. It is crucial that professionals working with competitive climbers are vigilant in identifying athletes at risk of concerning weight management and establish referral pathways to the appropriate specialist services. High quality intervention trials to assess the efficacy of ergogenic aids in climbing remains inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Gibson-Smith
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, College of Health, Wellbeing and Lifestyle, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Storey
- Sport Industry Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Lifestyle, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mayur Ranchordas
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, College of Health, Wellbeing and Lifestyle, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Lehmann L, Giacomoni M, Del Sordo G, Raymond JJ, Duché P, Margaritis I. Energy and Macronutrient Intakes in Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:3-16. [PMID: 37956875 DOI: 10.1055/a-2108-5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of differences in energy and macronutrient intakes between young athletes and non-athletes, considering age, gender and sport characteristics. The study included original research articles that compared energy and macronutrient intakes of 8 to 18-year-old athletes to non-athletes. Mean difference (MD) meta-analyses were performed to quantify energy and macronutrient intake differences between athletes and non-athletes. Eighteen observational studies were included. Results revealed that the energy and carbohydrate consumption of athletes was higher than that of non-athletes (MD=4.65kcal/kg/d, p<0.01 and MD=1.65% of total energy intake, p<0.01, respectively). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant effect of total training time on the observed mean differences between athletes and non-athletes. As practice time increased, the differences between athletes and non-athletes increased for carbohydrate and decreased for protein. Sport type analysis revealed a higher protein intake by mixed sport athletes compared to endurance and power sports. Analyses also indicated an age effect: the older the athletes, the smaller the differences between athletes and non-athletes for energy intake. However, the methods used to match groups and estimate dietary intakes forced us to moderate the results. More rigorous research methods are needed to define the dietary intakes of athletes and non-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lehmann
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon - Campus de La Garde, Toulon, France
| | - Magali Giacomoni
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon - Campus de La Garde, Toulon, France
| | - Giovanna Del Sordo
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon - Campus de La Garde, Toulon, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Raymond
- Laboratoire IAPS, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Toulon - La Seyne-sur-Mer, Toulon, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon - Campus de La Garde, Toulon, France
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Roberts J, Dugdale-Duwell D, Lillis J, Pinto JM, Willmott A, Yeshurun S, Mor M, Souren T. The efficacy of a home-use metabolic device (Lumen) in response to a short-term low and high carbohydrate diet in healthy volunteers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2185537. [PMID: 36862060 PMCID: PMC9987730 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2185537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on stoichiometric assumptions, and real-time assessment of expired carbon dioxide (%CO2) and flow rate, the Lumen device provides potential for consumers/athletes to monitor metabolic responses to dietary programs outside of laboratory conditions. However, there is a paucity of research exploring device efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate Lumen device response to: i) a high-carbohydrate meal under laboratory conditions, and ii) a short-term low- or high-carbohydrate diet in healthy volunteers. METHODS Following institutional ethical approval, 12 healthy volunteers (age: 36 ± 4 yrs; body mass: 72.1 ± 3.6 kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.02 m) performed Lumen breath and Douglas bag expired air measures under fasted laboratory conditions and at 30 and 60 min after a high-carbohydrate (2 g·kg-1) meal, along with capilliarized blood glucose assessment. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, with ordinary least squares regression used to assess the model between Lumen expired carbon dioxide percentage (L%CO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). In a separate phase, 27 recreationally active adults (age: 42 ± 2 yrs; body mass: 71.9 ± 1.9 kg; height: 1.72 ± 0.02 m) completed a 7-day low- (~20% of energy intake [EI]; LOW) or high-carbohydrate diet (~60% of EI; HIGH) in a randomized, cross-over design under free-living conditions. L%CO2 and derived Lumen Index (LI) were recorded daily across morning (fasted and post-breakfast) and evening (pre/post meal, pre-bed) periods. Repeated measures ANOVA were employed for main analyses, with Bonferroni post-hoc assessment applied (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Following the carbohydrate test-meal, L%CO2 increased from 4.49 ± 0.05% to 4.80 ± 0.06% by 30 min, remaining elevated at 4.76 ± 0.06% by 60 min post-feeding (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.74). Similarly, RER increased by 18.1% from 0.77 ± 0.03 to 0.91 ± 0.02 by 30 min post-meal (P = 0.002). When considering peak data, regression analysis demonstrated a significant model effect between RER and L%CO2 (F = 5.62, P = 0.03, R2 = 0.20). Following main dietary interventions, no significant interactions (diet × day) were found. However, main diet effects were evident across all time-points assessed, highlighting significant differences for both L%CO2 and LI between LOW and HIGH conditions (P < 0.003). For L%CO2, this was particularly noted under fasted (4.35 ± 0.07 vs. 4.46 ± 0.06%, P = 0.001), pre-evening meal (4.35 ± 0.07 vs. 4.50 ± 0.06%, P < 0.001), and pre-bed time-points (4.51 ± 0.08 vs. 4.61 ± 0.06%, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that a portable, home-use metabolic device (Lumen) detected significantly increased expired %CO2 in response to a high-carbohydrate meal, and may be useful in tracking mean weekly changes to acute dietary carbohydrate modifications. Additional research is warranted to further determine the practical and clinical efficacy of the Lumen device in applied compared to laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dirk Dugdale-Duwell
- Occupational and Environmental Physiology Group, Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Joseph Lillis
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jorge Marques Pinto
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ash Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Tjeu Souren
- Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,School of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dolan E, Koehler K, Areta J, Longman DP, Pontzer H. Energy constraint and compensation: Insights from endurance athletes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 285:111500. [PMID: 37557979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The Constrained Model of Total Energy Expenditure predicts that increased physical activity may not influence total energy expenditure, but instead, induces compensatory energetic savings in other processes. Much remains unknown, however, about concepts of energy expenditure, constraint and compensation in different populations, and it is unclear whether this model applies to endurance athletes, who expend very large amounts of energy during training and competition. Furthermore, it is well-established that some endurance athletes consciously or unconsciously fail to meet their energy requirements via adequate food intake, thus exacerbating the extent of energetic stress that they experience. Within this review we A) Describe unique characteristics of endurance athletes that render them a useful model to investigate energy constraints and compensations, B) Consider the factors that may combine to constrain activity and total energy expenditure, and C) Describe compensations that occur when activity energy expenditure is high and unmet by adequate energy intake. Our main conclusions are as follows: A) Higher activity levels, as observed in endurance athletes, may indeed increase total energy expenditure, albeit to a lesser degree than may be predicted by an additive model, given that some compensation is likely to occur; B) That while a range of factors may combine to constrain sustained high activity levels, the ability to ingest, digest, absorb and deliver sufficient calories from food to the working muscle is likely the primary determinant in most situations and C) That energetic compensation that occurs in the face of high activity expenditure may be primarily driven by low energy availability i.e., the amount of energy available for all biological processes after the demands of exercise have been met, and not by activity expenditure per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jose Areta
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. https://twitter.com/jlAreta
| | - Daniel P Longman
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. https://twitter.com/danny_longman
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. https://twitter.com/HermanPontzer
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Nemati J, Hemmatinafar M, Niknam A, Nikahd M, Zeighami N, Imanian B, Safari K, Jahaniboushehri N, Suzuki K. Effects of Different Doses of Caffeine Supplementation on Collegiate Male Volleyball Players' Specific Performance and Skills: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4049. [PMID: 37764832 PMCID: PMC10536286 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The improvement of performance and skill indices of volleyball players can affect their success rate. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of acute caffeine supplementation of varied doses on collegiate volleyball players' specific performance and skills. METHOD This research was a randomized, double-blind, crossover design study in which 15 male volleyball players aged 18 to 25 years participated voluntarily. Participants were randomly placed in three different conditions, including 3 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body weight (C3), 6 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body weight (C6), and a placebo (PLA) with a one-week wash-out period between exercise trials. The supplement was taken 60 min before each exercise session. Ball throwing, hand movement speed, agility, Sargent's jump and handgrip, and attacking and serving skill tests were measured and analyzed to check the performance and skill of the volleyball players. RESULTS This study showed a significant increase in agility test in C6 compared with the PLA condition (p = 0.02). Additionally, there was a significant improvement in Sargent's jump in C6 compared with PLA (p = 0.00) and C6 compared with the C3 condition (p = 0.00). Also, attacking skill significantly increased in C3 compared with PLA (p = 0.00) and C6 compared with the PLA condition (p = 0.00). In addition, there was a significant increase in serving skill for C6 compared with PLA (p = 0.00) and C3 (p = 0.00). However, there were no significant differences in hand movement speed (p = 0.06), left handgrip (p = 0.85), right handgrip (p = 0.47), or medicine ball throwing (p = 0.22) between the three conditions. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the findings of the current study suggested that a higher dose of caffeine compared with a lower dose may be more effective in movements requiring lower-body explosive power and the ability to change direction. Also, according to the findings, it seems that caffeine can lead to the improvement of complex skills, such as serving and attacking in volleyball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Nemati
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hemmatinafar
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Alireza Niknam
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nikahd
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Narjes Zeighami
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Babak Imanian
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Kousar Safari
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Nima Jahaniboushehri
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
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Kettunen O, Mikkonen R, Mursu J, Linnamo V, Ihalainen JK. Carbohydrate intake in young female cross-country skiers is lower than recommended and affects competition performance. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1196659. [PMID: 37528891 PMCID: PMC10388101 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1196659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose (1) To evaluate if energy availability (EA), macronutrient intake and body composition change over four training periods in young, highly trained, female cross-country skiers, and (2) to clarify if EA, macronutrient intake, body composition, and competition performance are associated with each other in this cohort. Methods During a one-year observational study, 25 female skiers completed 3-day food and training logs during four training periods: preparation, specific preparation, competition, and transition periods. A body composition measurement (bioimpedance analyzer) was performed at the end of the preparation, specific preparation, and competition periods. Competition performance was determined by International Ski Federation (FIS) points gathered from youth national championships. Results EA (36-40 kcal·kg FFM-1·d-1) and carbohydrate (CHO) intake (4.4-5.1 g·kg-1·d-1) remained similar, and at a suboptimal level, between training periods despite a decrease in exercise energy expenditure (p = 0.002) in the transition period. Higher EA (r = -0.47, p = 0.035) and CHO intake (r = -0.65, p = 0.002) as well as lower FM (r = 0.60, p = 0.006) and F% (r = 0.57, p = 0.011) were associated with lower (better) FIS-points. CHO intake was the best predictor of distance competition performance (R2 = 0.46, p = 0.004). Conclusions Young female cross-country skiers had similar EA and CHO intake over four training periods. Both EA and CHO intake were at suboptimal levels for performance and recovery. CHO intake and body composition are important factors influencing competition performance in young female cross-country skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oona Kettunen
- Sports Technology Unit Vuokatti, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Ritva Mikkonen
- Sports Technology Unit Vuokatti, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Jaakko Mursu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Sports Technology Unit Vuokatti, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johanna K. Ihalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Sandbakk Ø, Pyne DB, McGawley K, Foster C, Talsnes RK, Solli GS, Millet GP, Seiler S, Laursen PB, Haugen T, Tønnessen E, Wilber R, van Erp T, Stellingwerff T, Holmberg HC, Bucher Sandbakk S. The Evolution of World-Class Endurance Training: The Scientist's View on Current and Future Trends. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-5. [PMID: 37369366 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite sport is continuously evolving. World records keep falling and athletes from a longer list of countries are involved. PURPOSE This commentary was designed to provide insights into present and future trends associated with world-class endurance training based on the perspectives, experience, and knowledge of an expert panel of 25 applied sport scientists. RESULTS The key drivers of development observed in the past 10-15 years were related to (1) more accessible scientific knowledge for coaches and athletes combined with (2) better integration of practical and scientific exchange across multidisciplinary perspectives within professionalized elite athlete support structures, as well as (3) utilization of new technological advances. Based on these perspectives, we discerned and exemplified the main trends in the practice of endurance sports into the following categories: better understanding of sport-specific demands; improved competition execution; larger, more specific, and more precise training loads; improved training quality; and a more professional and healthier lifestyle. The main areas expected to drive future improvements were associated with more extensive use of advanced technology for monitoring and prescribing training and recovery, more precise use of environmental and nutritional interventions, better understanding of athlete-equipment interactions, and greater emphasis on preventing injuries and illnesses. CONCLUSIONS These expert insights can serve as a platform and inspiration to develop new hypotheses and ideas, encourage future collaboration between researchers and sport practitioners, and, perhaps most important, stimulate curiosity and further collaborative studies about the training, physiology, and performance of endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Sandbakk
- Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,Norway
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT,Australia
| | - Kerry McGawley
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Center, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund,Sweden
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI,USA
| | - Rune Kjøsen Talsnes
- Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,Norway
| | - Guro Strøm Solli
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Trondheim,Norway
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Bodø,Switzerland
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand,Norway
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Sports Performance and Athlete Development Environments (SPADE), University of Agder, Kristiansand,Norway
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland,New Zealand
| | - Thomas Haugen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo,Norway
| | - Espen Tønnessen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo,Norway
| | - Randy Wilber
- United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO,USA
| | - Teun van Erp
- Division of Movement Science and Exercise Therapy (MSET), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg,South Africa
| | | | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå,Sweden
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,Canada
| | - Silvana Bucher Sandbakk
- Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,Norway
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11
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Blumkaitis J, Schmuttermair A, Wahl P, Haller N. Unraveling the mystery of isocaloric endurance training - Influence of exercise modality, biological sex, and physical fitness. Metabolism 2023; 144:155582. [PMID: 37169172 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sedentary lifestyle with low energy expenditure (EE) is associated with chronic diseases and mortality. Barriers such as "lack of time" or "lack of motivation" are common reasons why physical exercise is neglected in the general population. To optimize EE in the time available, time-efficient but also enjoyable types of exercise are required. We therefore used an isocaloric approach to systematically investigate the effects of six different endurance exercise modalities on metabolic, mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and subjective variables in relation to biological sex and physical fitness. METHODS Out of 104, 92 healthy participants (21 recreationally trained and 18 trained females, 25 recreationally trained and 28 trained males) were subjected to physiological exercise testing to determine the exercise intensities for six exercise modalities, i.e., three different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols (5 × 4 min, 15 × 1 min, 30 × 30 sec intervals), threshold (THR), speed endurance production (SEP), and low-intensity training (LIT). One of three HIIT sessions served as the reference for the subsequent isocaloric exercise modalities which were completed in randomized order. Metabolic and mechanical variables, i.e., EE during exercise, time to isocaloric EE (Tiso), relative and absolute fat contribution, post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), mechanical energy, as well as cardiorespiratory and subjective variables, i.e., heart rate, oxygen uptake response, rating of perceived exertion, and enjoyment were assessed. Data were analyzed using a 6 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS All three versions of HIIT and THR achieved the same EE during exercise for the same training duration. We found that LIT had a 1.6-fold (p < 0.001) and SEP a 1.3-fold (p < 0.001) longer Tiso compared to HIIT with no effects of biological sex (p = 0.42, pη2 = 0.01) or physical fitness (p = 0.09, pη2 = 0.04). There was a main effect of exercise modality on EPOC (p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.76) with highest values for HIIT 30 × 30 (p = 0.032) and lowest for LIT (p < 0.001). The highest relative and absolute amounts of fatty acids were measured during LIT (p < 0.001), and the lowest values were obtained during HIIT modalities. HIIT 30 × 30 was the most enjoyable version of HIIT (p = 0.007), while THR was the least enjoyable exercise modality (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION HIIT modalities are time-saving and enjoyable, regardless of sex and physical fitness. The results illustrate the relationship between exercise modality and metabolic, physiological, and subjective responses, and are thus of great interest to healthy individuals seeking time-saving and enjoyable exercise options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leonhard Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Blumkaitis
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuttermair
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Longman DP, Dolan E, Wells JCK, Stock JT. Patterns of energy allocation during energetic scarcity; evolutionary insights from ultra-endurance events. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 281:111422. [PMID: 37031854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Exercise physiologists and evolutionary biologists share a research interest in determining patterns of energy allocation during times of acute or chronic energetic scarcity.. Within sport and exercise science, this information has important implications for athlete health and performance. For evolutionary biologists, this would shed new light on our adaptive capabilities as a phenotypically plastic species. In recent years, evolutionary biologists have begun recruiting athletes as study participants and using contemporary sports as a model for studying evolution. This approach, known as human athletic palaeobiology, has identified ultra-endurance events as a valuable experimental model to investigate patterns of energy allocation during conditions of elevated energy demand, which are generally accompanied by an energy deficit. This energetic stress provokes detectable functional trade-offs in energy allocation between physiological processes. Early results from this modelsuggest thatlimited resources are preferentially allocated to processes which could be considered to confer the greatest immediate survival advantage (including immune and cognitive function). This aligns with evolutionary perspectives regarding energetic trade-offs during periods of acute and chronic energetic scarcity. Here, we discuss energy allocation patterns during periods of energetic stress as an area of shared interest between exercise physiology and evolutionary biology. We propose that, by addressing the ultimate "why" questions, namely why certain traits were selected for during the human evolutionary journey, an evolutionary perspective can complement the exercise physiology literature and provide a deeper insight of the reasons underpinning the body's physiological response to conditions of energetic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Longman
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jay T Stock
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, United Kingdom; Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Carey CC, Doyle L, Lucey A. Nutritional priorities, practices and preferences of athletes and active individuals in the context of new product development in the sports nutrition sector. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1088979. [PMID: 36824582 PMCID: PMC9942779 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1088979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sports nutrition is a rapidly growing sector with increasing demand for evidence-based nutritional products to support competitive and healthy lifestyles. The product development process for novel foods should rely heavily on end-user engagement to facilitate future success, however there is a dearth of published information available. An understanding of the practices and self-reported nutritional priorities of athletes and active individuals is required for the development of new food products, facilitating evidence-based product formulation. Methods Participants were at least 18 years of age, actively participating in competitive sport or structured physical activity on at least two occasions per week. Participants were asked to undertake a comprehensive online survey assessing their nutritional practice, perceived nutritional priorities and preferences for product characteristics. Questions were developed on the basis of critical evaluation of the current scientific literature and the hosting of two scoping focus group sessions with prospective end-users. Results 405 individuals (29 ± 9 years) completed this questionnaire. 295 participants reported active participation in competitive sport while the remaining 110 participants undertook structured physical activity exclusively. When asked to rank their top three most sought-after product claims in sports nutrition, "enhanced muscular recovery" was the most prioritised receiving 101 first choice preferences (25%) and 295 top 3 preferences. Fifty-eight percent of participants reported taking nutritional supplements. Caffeine containing functional foods (excluding caffeine supplements) were the most commonly used functional food group. A very low incidence of functional food usage was reported otherwise. When asked to rank the importance of various food product attributes, "nutritional profile" was ranked as the most important with rating of 3.37 ± 0.7 out of 4 followed by "taste" and "accessibility". Whole food nutritional products received the most first preference selections and most top 3 selections when presented with a number of popular performance and recovery products on the market. Conclusions The transition towards a food first approach in sports nutrition is vital for athletes and active individuals to achieve their goals; with the development of evidence-based functional foods, particularly with a focus on muscle recovery, endurance, and strength enhancement at the forefront for new food product design and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C. Carey
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorna Doyle
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Alice Lucey
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Correspondence: Alice Lucey
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Dietary Intake, Body Composition and Performance of Professional Football Athletes in Slovenia. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010082. [PMID: 36615739 PMCID: PMC9824422 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to examine the nutritional status of professional Slovenian football players. This study aimed to analyze the dietary intake of elite football players during their preparation phase of the season and to investigate whether there is a relationship between energy and macronutrient intake with body composition and physical performance. Twenty-three footballers completed a three-day dietary and physical activity diary and underwent body composition measurements via bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). Fifteen participants also took part in the Cooper treadmill test to assess their physical performance in correlation with their nutritional intake. Football players had an energy intake that was significantly too low for their needs, reflecting low energy availability. The average carbohydrate (CHO) intake was below the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) recommendations, i.e., <4 g CHO/kg body weight (BW). Additionally, players had adequate intakes of protein and fat, and inadequate intakes of saturated fat, fiber, calcium and vitamin D. There was a positive correlation between protein intake and lean body mass. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between body fat mass and carbohydrate intake as well as between performance with the percentage of energy intake from fat. Results of this study highlight what aspects of nutrition might be improved upon in professional football players to maximize performance, longevity and body composition of athletes, as well as the necessity of a nutritionist role in this process.
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15
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Główka N, Nowaczyk PM, Laszczak A, Gogojewicz A, Suliburska J. Do Triathletes Periodize Their Diet and Do Their Mineral Content, Body Composition and Aerobic Capacity Change during Training and Competition Periods? Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010006. [PMID: 36615663 PMCID: PMC9824709 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The triathlon is a demanding endurance multisport, which may strongly affect the nutritional status of athletes. The aim of this study was to find whether there are any differences in energy value and nutrient intake, body mass and body composition, aerobic performance and hair mineral status between training and competition periods and to assess whether there is a link between hair mineral content and physical capacity and nutrition. This observational study covered 20 triathletes aged 32 ± 7 years. The results of our study indicated performance improvement during the competition period (longer time to exhaustion (p = 0.025) and lower maximal oxygen uptake at the ventilatory threshold (%VO2max_VT; p = 0.047)). However, no differences were recorded in nutrition and body composition between two training vs. competition periods. There was a significant depletion in hair iron content during the competition period (p = 0.010). Furthermore, there were significant relationships between hair calcium content and absolute maximal oxygen uptake and %VO2max_VT during the training period. It is necessary to introduce nutritional education in the group of triathletes focused on exercise-oriented nutritional periodization following the requirements of the training and competition periods, thus preventing the risk of nutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Główka
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Laszczak
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Gogojewicz
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
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16
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Li X, Li T, Zeng Y. MONITORING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICES IN THE SYSTEMATIC TRAINING OF SPRINTERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228062022_0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction This paper studies physiological and biochemical indicators in the systematic training of sprinters. This paper analyzes the data measured during the athletes’ training process and studies the detailed data of their physical functions. Objective This study aimed to find a link between exercise data and biochemical indicator data in sprinter athletes. By analyzing the data from this article, the researchers were able to find the optimal training program for the athletes. Methods High-intensity aerobic training tests were performed with statistical analysis of various physiological and biochemical indicators. Results Hemoglobin data were shown to be highly sensitive to intensity. The researchers found that long-term high-load training in athletes can lead to physical fatigue. This fatigue production is positively correlated with the intensity of the training load. Conclusion There is a strong positive correlation between biochemical and physiological indicators on performance levels in sprinter athletes. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results.
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17
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Dunne DM, Lefevre-Lewis C, Cunniffe B, Impey SG, Tod D, Close GL, Morton JP, Murphy R. Athlete experiences of communication strategies in applied sports nutrition and future considerations for mobile app supportive solutions. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:911412. [PMID: 36172339 PMCID: PMC9512279 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.911412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AimThis study aimed to explore athletes' experiences and opinions of communication strategies in applied sports nutrition, as well as capture suggestions for future mobile app supportive solutions.MethodsA qualitative approach was used for this research. Data was generated from semi-structured focus groups (n = 9) with a purposive sample of 41 (male = 24, female = 17) full time professional athletes (mean age 24 ± 4.59) from five sports (football, rugby union, athletics, cycling, and boxing). Data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsThe analysis identified four higher order themes and five sub themes. Athletes appear dissatisfied with the levels of personalization in the nutrition support they receive. Limited practitioner contact time was suggested as a contributing factor to this problem. Athletes acknowledged the usefulness of online remote nutrition support and reported a desire for more personalized technology that can tailor support to their individual needs.ConclusionAthletes experienced a hybrid human-computer approach that combines in-person and remote digital methods to communicate with and receive information from practitioners. Mobile technology may now afford sports nutritionists with new opportunities to develop scalable solutions to support practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mark Dunne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: David Mark Dunne
| | | | - Brian Cunniffe
- Department of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel George Impey
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - David Tod
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Leonard Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Murphy
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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18
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Lambert V, Carbuhn A, Culp A, Ketterly J, Twombley B, White D. Interassociation Consensus Statement on Sports Nutrition Models for the Provision of Nutrition Services From Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Collegiate Athletics. J Athl Train 2022; 57:717-732. [PMID: 36356618 PMCID: PMC9661935 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0157.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Collegiate athletic programs are increasingly adding nutrition services to interdisciplinary sports medicine and sports performance departments in response to scientific evidence highlighting nutrition's integral role in supporting athletic performance and overall health. Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) specializing in sports dietetics (ie, sports RDNs) and credentialed Board-certified Specialists in Sports Dietetics (CSSDs) are the preferred nutrition service providers for these programs. Their extensive training and proficiency in medical nutrition therapy, education and behavioral counseling, food-service management, exercise physiology, physical performance, and administration, as defined by the "Standards of Practice and "Standards of Professional Performance" for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Sports Nutrition and Human Performance," make these practitioners uniquely qualified to deliver the breadth of care required in the collegiate setting. Therefore, this document, guided by a multidisciplinary panel, introduces 4 sports nutrition models through which any collegiate athletic program can deliver sports RDN-directed nutrition services. In each model, the most effective staffing and scope of service are indicated and reviewed. In addition, recommended organizational structures for sports RDNs are provided that best support the delivery of the model's nutrition services in a variety of collegiate athletic programs and organizational settings. Lastly, future research initiatives and nutrition interventions to help improve the standard of care through these sport nutrition models are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Carbuhn
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Amy Culp
- Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jennifer Ketterly
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Dana White
- Athletic Training & Sports Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT
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Case Study: Improving Energy Status in a Wheelchair Athlete With Suppressed Resting Energy Expenditure. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1151-1154. [PMID: 35606095 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wheelchair athletes experience a reduction in fat-free mass due to the underlying condition and/or muscle disuse. This leads to a lower resting energy expenditure (REE), as well as a lower energy expenditure during exercise or daily activities. Traditional markers of low energy availability (LEA), including amenorrhea and low bone mineral density, are often inconclusive in wheelchair athletes. This case study provides data from a professional female wheelchair badminton player with multiple sclerosis who presented with a reduced measured-to-predicted REE ratio (REEratio), a common indicator of LEA in able-bodied athletes. Furthermore, a nutrition and exercise intervention was conducted to restore REE. METHODS REE and body composition were measured using indirect calorimetry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. The predicted REE of the REEratio was calculated using 2 separate approaches. An REEratio <0.9 was considered an indicator for LEA. A nutrition and exercise intervention was implemented to normalize REE and induce weight loss through increased meal frequency, a 200- to 400-kcal/d increase in energy intake, and added endurance exercise. RESULTS The athlete (33 y, 78 kg, 154 cm) initiallly showed an REEratio of 0.65 to 0.70, which increased to 1.00 to 1.09 after 1 year. The athlete lost 11.8 kg, almost exclusively (11 kg) in the form of fat mass. The athlete reported reduced fatigue and higher perceived fitness. CONCLUSION The nutrition and exercise intervention successfully restored energy status, induced sustainable weight loss, and reduced fatigue in a wheelchair athlete with multiple sclerosis with presumed LEA. Methods to assess LEA in this population require further validation.
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20
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Competitive Golf: How Longer Courses Are Changing Athletes and Their Approach to the Game. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091732. [PMID: 35565702 PMCID: PMC9104041 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional guidance for competitive golfers to improve performance is limited. Recommendations and study conclusions from older research used smaller golf courses compared to today and require a reevaluation of energy expenditure. This review identifies aerobic fitness, in addition to strength, as a key determinant of success. A novel nutritional approach that incorporates carbohydrate supplementation to support aerobic fitness without sacrificing the ability to build strength is presented since longer courses require more stamina. Strategies for training, competition, and recovery are outlined based on different skill levels. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines for carbohydrates, protein, and hydration intake are tailored specifically for competitive golf based on this approach. Putting requires precise movement and can be affected by fatigue. Nutritional studies in golf and similar sports that require focused movements are presented, exhibiting an improvement with adequate hydration and carbohydrate status and caffeine use. Competitive golf poses unique challenges to an athlete and commonly used ergogenic supplements that can improve performance in a variety of circumstances during training, competition, and while traveling are reviewed.
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21
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Yan X, Dunne DM, Impey SG, Cunniffe B, Lefevre CE, Mazorra R, Morton JP, Tod D, Close GL, Murphy R, Chakraborty B. A pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) protocol for developing an adaptive coaching intervention around a mobile application for athletes to improve carbohydrate periodization behavior. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 26:100899. [PMID: 35198794 PMCID: PMC8844798 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has recently been identified that manipulating carbohydrate availability around exercise activity can enhance training-induced metabolic adaptations. Despite this approach being accepted in the athletic populations, athletes do not systematically follow the guidelines. Digital environments appear to allow nutritionists to deliver this intervention at scale, reducing expensive human coaching time. Yet, digitally delivered dietary behavior change interventions for athletes and the coaching strategy to support them are still novel concepts within sports nutrition. Methods/design We aim to recruit 900 athletes across the UK. 500 athletes will be recruited to test the feasibility of a novel menu planner mobile application with coaching for 6 weeks. 250 athletes with pre-existing nutritionist support will also be recruited as control. We will then conduct a 4-week pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) with an additional 150 athletes. In the SMART, athletes will be given the application and additional coaching according to their engagement responses. The primary outcomes are the mobile application and coach uptake, retention, engagement, and success in attaining carbohydrate periodization behavior. Secondary outcomes are changes in goal, weight, carbohydrate periodization self-efficacy, and beliefs about consequences. Due to the high attrition nature of digital interventions, all quantitative analyses will be carried out based on both the intention-to-treat and per-protocol principles. Discussion This study will be the first to investigate improving carbohydrate periodization using a digital approach and tailored coaching strategies under this context. Foundational evidence from this study will provide insights into the feasibility of the digital approach.
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22
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Anderson L, Drust B, Close GL, Morton JP. Physical loading in professional soccer players: Implications for contemporary guidelines to encompass carbohydrate periodization. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1000-1019. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2044135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 6AF, UK
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 6AF, UK
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23
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Jonvik KL, King M, Rollo I, Stellingwerff T, Pitsiladis Y. New Opportunities to Advance the Field of Sports Nutrition. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:852230. [PMID: 35252862 PMCID: PMC8891369 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.852230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a relatively new discipline; with ~100 published papers/year in the 1990s to ~3,500+ papers/year today. Historically, sports nutrition research was primarily initiated by university-based exercise physiologists who developed new methodologies that could be impacted by nutrition interventions (e.g., carbohydrate/fat oxidation by whole body calorimetry and muscle glycogen by muscle biopsies). Application of these methods in seminal studies helped develop current sports nutrition guidelines as compiled in several expert consensus statements. Despite this wealth of knowledge, a limitation of the current evidence is the lack of appropriate intervention studies (e.g., randomized controlled clinical trials) in elite athlete populations that are ecologically valid (e.g., in real-life training and competition settings). Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of sports science technologies, methodologies, and innovations. Some of these recent advances are field-based, thus, providing the opportunity to accelerate the application of ecologically valid personalized sports nutrition interventions. Conversely, the acceleration of novel technologies and commercial solutions, especially in the field of biotechnology and software/app development, has far outstripped the scientific communities' ability to validate the effectiveness and utility of the vast majority of these new commercial technologies. This mini-review will highlight historical and present innovations with particular focus on technological innovations in sports nutrition that are expected to advance the field into the future. Indeed, the development and sharing of more “big data,” integrating field-based measurements, resulting in more ecologically valid evidence for efficacy and personalized prescriptions, are all future key opportunities to further advance the field of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Jonvik
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michelle King
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Yannis Pitsiladis
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Shirley MK, Longman DP, Elliott-Sale KJ, Hackney AC, Sale C, Dolan E. A Life History Perspective on Athletes with Low Energy Availability. Sports Med 2022; 52:1223-1234. [PMID: 35113390 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The energy costs of athletic training can be substantial, and deficits arising from costs unmet by adequate energy intake, leading to a state of low energy availability, may adversely impact athlete health and performance. Life history theory is a branch of evolutionary theory that recognizes that the way the body uses energy-and responds to low energy availability-is an evolved trait. Energy is a finite resource that must be distributed throughout the body to simultaneously fuel all biological processes. When energy availability is low, insufficient energy may be available to equally support all processes. As energy used for one function cannot be used for others, energetic "trade-offs" will arise. Biological processes offering the greatest immediate survival value will be protected, even if this results in energy being diverted away from others, potentially leading to their downregulation. Athletes with low energy availability provide a useful model for anthropologists investigating the biological trade-offs that occur when energy is scarce, while the broader conceptual framework provided by life history theory may be useful to sport and exercise researchers who investigate the influence of low energy availability on athlete health and performance. The goals of this review are: (1) to describe the core tenets of life history theory; (2) consider trade-offs that might occur in athletes with low energy availability in the context of four broad biological areas: reproduction, somatic maintenance, growth, and immunity; and (3) use this evolutionary perspective to consider potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Shirley
- Division of GI, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel P Longman
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Gunina LM, Shustov YB, Belenichev IF, Vysochina NL, Golovashchenko RV, Morozova O. Specialized nutrition for athletes: evaluation of ergogenic action using the principles of evidence-based medicine. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e76599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to form a balanced position regarding the ergogenic characteristics of new sports food products in the modern practice of training highly qualified athletes on the basis of clinical-experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of special purpose real food additives.
Materials and methods. Studies were carried out on laboratory animals (36 Wistar rats at the age of 3 months weighing 150–200 g and 16 Svetlogorsk mini-pigs) as well as on 102 high-qualified representatives of cyclic sports (all men aged 19–26) − members of national teams such as swimming (25), cross-country athletics (53), and skiing (24). As a control group, we studied 25 athletes of the same gender (all men), age and qualifications who received a placebo (starch capsules) for a long time during exercise. Placebo-controlled studies have been conducted on laboratory animals and athletes in compliance with the principles of bioethics.
Results. It has been established that in the experiment the application of a new specialized food product MioActiv has a positive effect on the physical performance of animals and delays the onset of fatigue, which significantly exceeds the corresponding characteristics in the placebo group. Athletes also showed an increase in speed when passing competitive distances by 18.7–21.4% (p < 0,05), as well as a significant increase in mental endurance indicators (p < 0,05). The approbation of the innovative pre-workout pharmacological nutrient complex Pre-Fuse also showed the high efficacy and safety of this product with a positive effect of increasing the performance and endurance of animals, as well as the parameters of mental performance of athletes in the main groups, in contrast to the data in the placebo control groups.
Conclusions. An analysis of the prescription components of new types of ergogenic sports nutrition and the presented results of preclinical and clinical studies conducted on the basis of the evidence-based medicine paradigm regarding the effectiveness of specialized products indicate the complex action of these funds on various aspects of both physical and mental performance. From the materials presented in the article, it can be seen that specialized sports nutrition products of an ergogenic orientation can provide significant assistance in increasing sports results.
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Bennett S, Tiollier E, Brocherie F, Owens DJ, Morton JP, Louis J. Three weeks of a home-based "sleep low-train low" intervention improves functional threshold power in trained cyclists: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260959. [PMID: 34855913 PMCID: PMC8639084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Sleep Low-Train Low” is a training-nutrition strategy intended to purposefully reduce muscle glycogen availability around specific exercise sessions, potentially amplifying the training stimulus via augmented cell signalling. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a 3-week home-based “sleep low-train low” programme and its effects on cycling performance in trained athletes. Methods Fifty-five trained athletes (Functional Threshold Power [FTP]: 258 ± 52W) completed a home-based cycling training program consisting of evening high-intensity training (6 × 5 min at 105% FTP), followed by low-intensity training (1 hr at 75% FTP) the next morning, three times weekly for three consecutive weeks. Participant’s daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake (6 g·kg-1·d-1) was matched but timed differently to manipulate CHO availability around exercise: no CHO consumption post- HIT until post-LIT sessions [Sleep Low (SL), n = 28] or CHO consumption evenly distributed throughout the day [Control (CON), n = 27]. Sessions were monitored remotely via power data uploaded to an online training platform, with performance tests conducted pre-, post-intervention. Results LIT exercise intensity reduced by 3% across week 1, 3 and 2% in week 2 (P < 0.01) with elevated RPE in SL vs. CON (P < 0.01). SL enhanced FTP by +5.5% vs. +1.2% in CON (P < 0.01). Comparable increases in 5-min peak power output (PPO) were observed between groups (P < 0.01) with +2.3% and +2.7% in SL and CON, respectively (P = 0.77). SL 1-min PPO was unchanged (+0.8%) whilst CON improved by +3.9% (P = 0.0144). Conclusion Despite reduced relative training intensity, our data demonstrate short-term “sleep low-train low” intervention improves FTP compared with typically “normal” CHO availability during exercise. Importantly, training was completed unsupervised at home (during the COVID-19 pandemic), thus demonstrating the feasibility of completing a “sleep low-train low” protocol under non-laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Daniel J. Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Brooke NK, Cosio-Lima L. Nutrition in Cycling. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2021; 33:159-172. [PMID: 34798997 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cycling is predominantly an endurance sport in which fuel utilization for energy production relies on the availability and delivery of oxygen to exercising muscle. Nutrition and training interventions to improve endurance performance are continually evolving, but ultimately, prescription should aim to generate improvements in cycling power and velocity while prioritizing athlete health and well-being. The wide range of cycling events and the different environments in which events take place pose a variety of nutrition-related challenges for cyclists. This review addresses some of these challenges and highlights recent advancements in nutrition for cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Kumar Brooke
- Department of Movement Sciences and Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway Building 782/220, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.
| | - Ludmila Cosio-Lima
- Department of Movement Sciences and Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway Building 782/220, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
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Nutritional Considerations for Para-Cycling Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9110154. [PMID: 34822353 PMCID: PMC8625771 DOI: 10.3390/sports9110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Para-cycling is a sport including athletes with different disabilities competing on the track and on the roads using bicycles, tandems, tricycles, and handbikes. Scientific literature in this special population is scarce, especially in the field of sports nutrition. This review summarizes the physiological aspects and demands of para-cycling. This information together with the existing literature on nutritional interventions in this population, helps to discuss the nutritional considerations. To date, only a limited amount of recommendations are available for this population. In most para-cycling athletes, a reduction in active muscle mass and consequently a reduction in resting energy expenditure occurs, except for visually impaired athletes. Furthermore, carbohydrate and protein intake and hydration, supplementation, heat, and weight loss need to be tailored to the disability-specific adaptations such as the reduced active muscle mass, neurogenic bladder, and bowel, a reduced metabolic cost during exercise, and a higher risk of micronutrient deficiency.
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König D, Kohl J, Jerger S, Centner C. Potential Relevance of Bioactive Peptides in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113997. [PMID: 34836255 PMCID: PMC8622853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are physiologically active peptides mostly derived from proteins following gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation or hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. It has been shown that bioactive peptides can be resorbed in their intact form and have repeatedly been shown to have a positive effect on health-related parameters such as hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, inflammation and oxidative stress. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that biologically active peptides could also play an important role in sports nutrition. Current studies have shown that bioactive peptides could have a positive impact on changes in body composition and muscular performance, reduce muscle damage following exercise and induce beneficial adaptions within the connective tissue. In the following overview, potential mechanisms as well as possible limitations regarding the sports-related effect of bioactive peptides and their potential mechanisms are presented and discussed. In addition, practical applications will be discussed on how bioactive peptides can be integrated into a nutritional approach in sports to enhance athletic performance as well as prevent injuries and improve the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel König
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz, 61150 Vienna, Austria
- Department for Nutritional Science, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, 61150 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-59130
| | - Jan Kohl
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Simon Jerger
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Beck KL, von Hurst PR, O'Brien WJ, Badenhorst CE. Micronutrients and athletic performance: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112618. [PMID: 34662692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimising nutrition intake is a key component for supporting athletic performance and supporting adaption to training. Athletes often use micronutrient supplements in order to correct vitamin and mineral deficiencies, improve immune function, enhance recovery and or to optimise their performance. The aim of this review was to investigate the recent literature regarding micronutrients (specifically iron, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, calcium) and their effects on physical performance. Over the past ten years, several studies have investigated the impacts of these micronutrients on aspects of athletic performance, and several reviews have aimed to provide an overview of current use and effectiveness. Currently the balance of the literature suggests that micronutrient supplementation in well-nourished athletes does not enhance physical performance. Excessive intake of dietary supplements may impair the body's physiological responses to exercise that supports adaptation to training stress. In some cases, micronutrient supplementation is warranted, for example, with a diagnosed deficiency, when energy intake is compromised, or when training and competing at altitude, however these micronutrients should be prescribed by a medical professional. Athletes are encouraged to obtain adequate micronutrients from a wellbalanced and varied dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Beck
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Pamela R von Hurst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Wendy J O'Brien
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Claire E Badenhorst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand, Private Bag 102904, North Shore, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
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Four Weeks of 16/8 Time Restrictive Feeding in Endurance Trained Male Runners Decreases Fat Mass, without Affecting Exercise Performance. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092941. [PMID: 34578819 PMCID: PMC8469445 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Time restricted Feeding (TRF) is a dietary pattern utilized by endurance athletes, but there is insufficient data regarding its effects on performance and metabolism in this population. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a 16/8 TRF dietary pattern on exercise performance in trained male endurance runners. Methods: A 4-week randomized crossover intervention was used to compare an 8-h TRF to a 12-h normal diet (ND) feeding window. Exercise training and dietary intake were similar across interventions. Runners completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan to assess body composition, a graded treadmill running test to assess substrate utilization, and ran a 10 km time trial to assess performance. Results: There was a significant decrease in fat mass in the TRF intervention (−0.8 ± 1.3 kg with TRF (p = 0.05), vs. +0.1 ± 4.3 kg with ND), with no significant change in fat-free mass. Exercise carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and blood lactate concentration were significantly lower with the TRF intervention (p ≤ 0.02). No significant changes were seen in exercise respiratory exchange ratio or 10 km time trial performance (−00:20 ± 3:34 min:s TRF vs. −00:36 ± 2:57 min:s ND). Conclusion: This investigation demonstrated that adherence to a 4-week 16/8 TRF dietary intervention decreased fat mass and maintained fat-free mass, while not affecting running performance, in trained male endurance runners.
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Commentaries on Viewpoint: Fragile bones of elite cyclists: to treat or not to treat? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:29-33. [PMID: 34181462 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00335.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Gonzalez JT, Wallis GA. Carb-conscious: the role of carbohydrate intake in recovery from exercise. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:364-371. [PMID: 33973552 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarized evidence on the role of carbohydrates in recovery from exercise within the context of acute and chronic effects on metabolism and performance. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies demonstrate that, in contrast to recovery of muscle glycogen stores, the recovery of liver glycogen stores can be accelerated by the co-ingestion of fructose with glucose-based carbohydrates. Three recent studies suggest this can extend time-to-exhaustion during endurance exercise tests. However, periodically restricting carbohydrate intakes during recovery from some training sessions to slow the recovery of liver and muscle glycogen stores may, over time, result in a modest increase in the ability to oxidize fat during exercise in a fasted state. Whether this periodized strategy translates into a performance advantage in the fed state remains to be clearly demonstrated. SUMMARY To maximize recovery of glycogen stores and the capacity to perform in subsequent endurance exercise, athletes should consider ingesting at least 1.2 g carbohydrate per kilogram body mass per hour - for the first few hours of recovery - as a mixture of fructose and glucose-based carbohydrates. However, if a goal is increased capacity for fat oxidation, athletes should consider restricting carbohydrate intakes during recovery from some key training sessions. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COCN/A15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Creatine is a popular and widely used ergogenic dietary supplement among athletes, for which studies have consistently shown increased lean muscle mass and exercise capacity when used with short-duration, high-intensity exercise. In addition to strength gains, research has shown that creatine supplementation may provide additional benefits including enhanced postexercise recovery, injury prevention, rehabilitation, as well as a number of potential neurologic benefits that may be relevant to sports. Studies show that short- and long-term supplementation is safe and well tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hall
- Sports Medicine, UConn Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship, Department of Orthopedics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Elizabeth Manetta
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut, St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Kristofer Tupper
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut, St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT
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Carbohydrate Considerations for Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072177. [PMID: 34202761 PMCID: PMC8308372 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paralympic movement is growing in popularity, resulting in increased numbers of athletes with a spinal cord injury (SCI) competing in various sport disciplines. Athletes with an SCI require specialized recommendations to promote health and to maximize performance, as evidenced by their metabolic and physiological adaptations. Nutrition is a key factor for optimal performance; however, scientifically supported nutritional recommendations are limited. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the importance of carbohydrates (CHO) for health and performance in athletes with an SCI. Factors possibly affecting CHO needs, such as muscle atrophy, reduced energy expenditure, and secondary complications are analyzed comprehensively. Furthermore, a model calculation for CHO requirements during an endurance event is provided. Along with assessing the effectiveness of CHO supplementation in the athletic population with SCI, the evaluation of their CHO intake from the available research supplies background to current practices. Finally, future directions are identified. In conclusion, the direct transfer of CHO guidelines from able-bodied (AB) athletes to athletes with an SCI does not seem to be reasonable. Based on the critical role of CHOs in exercise performance, establishing recommendations for athletes with an SCI should be the overall objective for prospective research.
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Turner O, Mitchell N, Ruddock A, Purvis A, Ranchordas M. Elite squash players nutrition knowledge and influencing factors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:46. [PMID: 34112186 PMCID: PMC8194110 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a reported mismatch between macronutrient consumption and contemporary macronutrient guidelines in elite standard squash players. Suboptimal dietary practices could be due to a lack of nutrition knowledge among players. Subsequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the sports nutrition knowledge of elite squash players through the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (NSKQ) and provide an indication of whether players require nutrition support to increase their nutrition knowledge. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed the nutrition knowledge of 77 elite squash players via the NSKQ over the period of June 2020 to August 2020. Results Players conveyed average nutrition knowledge with a mean NSKQ score of 48.78 ± 10.06 (56.07% ± 11.56%). There were no significant differences in NSKQ score between male and female players (p = .532). There was found to be a weak positive association between world ranking and NSKQ score (r = .208) and age and NSKQ score (r = .281). Players who had a relevant undergraduate degree (e.g. BSc Sport & Exercise Science) had significantly greater NSKQ score than players with no relevant qualifications (p = .022). Players who consulted a sports nutritionist to obtain their main source of nutrition information were shown to have significantly greater knowledge than those who acquired knowledge from a sports scientist (p = .01) or the internet / social media (p = .007). Conclusions Players should consult with a sports nutritionist to increase their sport nutrition knowledge. Future research should quantify the effectiveness of a nutritional education intervention at increasing nutrition knowledge in players. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00443-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Turner
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England. .,English Institute of Sport, Sheffield, England.
| | | | - Alan Ruddock
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
| | - Alison Purvis
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
| | - Mayur Ranchordas
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
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Nutrition Knowledge Is Associated with Energy Availability and Carbohydrate Intake in Young Female Cross-Country Skiers. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061769. [PMID: 34067303 PMCID: PMC8224650 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide information on energy availability (EA), macronutrient intake, nutritional periodization practices, and nutrition knowledge in young female cross-country skiers. A total of 19 skiers filled in weighted food and training logs before and during a training camp. Nutrition knowledge was assessed via a validated questionnaire. EA was optimal in 11% of athletes at home (mean 33.7 ± 9.6 kcal·kgFFM−1·d−1) and in 42% at camp (mean 40.3 ± 17.3 kcal·kgFFM−1·d−1). Most athletes (74%) failed to meet recommendations for carbohydrate intake at home (mean 5.0 ± 1.2 g·kg−1·d−1) and 63% failed to do so at camp (mean 7.1 ± 1.6 g·kg−1·d−1). The lower threshold of the pre-exercise carbohydrate recommendations was met by 58% and 89% of athletes while percentages were 26% and 89% within 1 h after exercise, at home and at camp, respectively. None of the athletes met the recommendations within 4 h after exercise. Nutrition knowledge was associated with EA at home (r = 0.52, p = 0.023), and with daily carbohydrate intake at home (r = 0.62, p = 0.005) and at camp (r = 0.52, p = 0.023). Carbohydrate intake within 1 and 4 h post-exercise at home was associated with better nutrition knowledge (r = 0.65, p = 0.003; r = 0.53, p = 0.019, respectively). In conclusion, young female cross-county skiers had difficulties meeting recommendations for optimal EA and carbohydrate intake. Better nutrition knowledge may help young athletes to meet these recommendations.
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Shaw KA, Bertrand L, Deprez D, Ko J, Zello GA, Chilibeck PD. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on diet, fitness, and sedentary behaviour of elite para-athletes. Disabil Health J 2021; 14:101091. [PMID: 33715987 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic the 2020 Paralympic Games were postponed, impacting the athletes' competition schedule for the year. Due to the interrupted competition schedule and potentially decreased motivation, Paralympic athletes may be at risk for a highly disrupted training schedule, impacting their ability to prepare for the 2021 Games. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the training, diet, and fitness of Paralympic cyclists and triathletes. METHODS Twenty-four paracyclists and one paratriathlete (15 females and 10 males; age 37.6 ± 9.3 years) completed two incremental exercise tests to assess sport-specific fitness and reported their training volume and intensity for a specified week prior to the pandemic (February) and again in March, April, and May (during pandemic). Participants also reported their dietary intake and sedentary screen time prior to and during the pandemic. RESULTS The amount of time spent engaging in sedentary screen time increased from 4.5 to 6.1 h (p < .001). No effect of the pandemic was found for training volume (14.2 vs 12.5 h; p = .18), intensity (678 vs 650; p = .36), or dietary intake (p > .05). While fitness test duration was nominally increased for the second test (27.3 vs 27.9 min; p = .02), no difference was seen in fitness (average power output: 201 W vs 204 W; p = .5). CONCLUSION Time spent engaging in sedentary screen time activities increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but there were no differences in training, fitness, or dietary intake over a short-term (3 months), demonstrating the resilience of these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely A Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B5, Canada.
| | - Leandy Bertrand
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B5, Canada
| | - Dalton Deprez
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B5, Canada
| | - Jongbum Ko
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B5, Canada
| | - Gordon A Zello
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B5, Canada.
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Brady AJ, Langton HM, Mulligan M, Egan B. Effects of 8 wk of 16:8 Time-restricted Eating in Male Middle- and Long-Distance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:633-642. [PMID: 32796255 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eight weeks of time-restricted eating (TRE) in concert with habitual exercise training was investigated for effects on body composition, energy and macronutrient intakes, indices of endurance running performance, and markers of metabolic health in endurance athletes. METHODS Male middle- and long-distance runners (n = 23) were randomly assigned to TRE (n = 12) or habitual dietary intake (CON; n = 11). TRE required participants to consume all of their dietary intake within an 8-h eating window (so-called 16:8 TRE), but dietary patterns, food choices, and energy intake were ad libitum during this window. Participants continued their habitual training during the intervention period. Participants completed an incremental exercise test before (PRE) and after (POST) the 8-wk intervention for the assessment of blood lactate concentrations, running economy, and maximal oxygen uptake. Fasted blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations. Dietary intake was assessed at PRE, MID (week 4), and POST using a 4-d semiweighed food diary. RESULTS Seventeen participants (TRE, n = 10; CON, n = 7) completed the intervention. Training load did not differ between groups for the duration of the intervention period. TRE resulted in a reduction in body mass (mean difference of -1.92 kg, 95% confidence interval = -3.52 to -0.32, P = 0.022). Self-reported daily energy intake was lower in TRE at MID and POST (group-time interaction, P = 0.049). No effect of TRE was observed for oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, running economy, blood lactate concentrations, or heart rate during exercise, nor were there any effects on glucose, insulin, or triglyceride concentrations observed. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of 16:8 TRE in middle- and long-distance runners resulted in a decrease in body mass commensurate with a reduction in daily energy intake, but it did not alter indices of endurance running performance or metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Brady
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Henry M Langton
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
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Diet Quality of Elite Australian Athletes Evaluated Using the Athlete Diet Index. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010126. [PMID: 33396371 PMCID: PMC7823332 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While athletes’ nutrient intakes have been widely reported, few studies have assessed the diet quality of athletes. This is the first study to evaluate the diet quality of athletes using the purpose-built Athlete Diet Index (ADI). A convenience sample of 165 elite athletes from Australian sporting institutions completed the ADI online, with subsequent automated results provided to their respective accredited sports dietitians (ASDs). At the completion of athlete participation, ASDs (n = 12) responded to a range of survey items using a Likert scale (i.e., 1 = strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree) to determine the suitability of the ADI in practice. Differences in ADI scores for demographics and sport-specific variables were investigated using independent t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni multiple comparisons. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess the association between total scores and demographics. The mean total ADI score was 91.4 ± 12.2 (range 53–117, out of a possible 125). While there was no difference in total scores based on demographics or sport-specific variables; team sport athletes scored higher than individual sport athletes (92.7 vs. 88.5, p < 0.05). Athletes training fewer hours (i.e., 0–11 h/week) scored higher on Dietary Habits sub-scores compared with athletes training more hours (≥12 h/week; p < 0.05), suggesting that athletes who train longer may be at risk of a compromised dietary pattern or less than optimal nutrition practices that support training. Most (75%) ASDs surveyed strongly agreed with the perceived utility of the ADI for screening athletes and identifying areas for nutrition support, confirming its suitability for use in practice.
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Inside the Belly of a Beast: Individualizing Nutrition for Young, Professional Male Rugby League Players: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 31:73-89. [PMID: 33321472 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Professional rugby league (RL) football is a contact sport involving repeated collisions and high-intensity efforts; both training and competition involve high energy expenditure. The present review summarizes and critiques the available literature relating the physiological demands of RL to nutritional requirements and considers potential ergogenic supplements that could improve players' physical capacity, health, and recovery during the preparatory and competition phases of a season. Although there may not be enough data to provide RL-specific recommendations, the available data suggest that players may require approximately 6-8 g·kg-1·day-1 carbohydrate, 1.6-2.6 g·kg-1·day-1 protein, and 0.7-2.2 g·kg-1·day-1 fat, provided that the latter also falls within 20-35% of total energy intake. Competition nutrition should maximize glycogen availability by consuming 1-4 g/kg carbohydrate (∼80-320 g) plus 0.25 g/kg (∼20-30 g) protein, 1-4 hr preexercise for 80-120 kg players. Carbohydrate intakes of approximately 80-180 g (1.0-1.5 g/kg) plus 20-67 g protein (0.25-0.55 g/kg) 0-2 hr postexercise will optimize glycogen resynthesis and muscle protein synthesis. Supplements that potentially improve performance, recovery, and adaptation include low to moderate dosages of caffeine (3-6 mg/kg) and ∼300 mg polyphenols consumed ∼1 hr preexercise, creatine monohydrate "loading" (0.3 g·kg-1·day-1) and/or maintenance (3-5 g/day), and beta-alanine (65-80 mg·kg-1·day-1). Future research should quantify energy expenditures in young, professional male RL players before constructing recommendations.
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Książek A, Zagrodna A, Słowińska-Lisowska M. Assessment of the Dietary Intake of High-Rank Professional Male Football Players during a Preseason Training Week. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228567. [PMID: 33218191 PMCID: PMC7699180 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A well-balanced diet is one of the main factors that may play a supportive role in enhancing acute training stimuli in optimal training adaptation. The aim of the present study was to examine the energy and macro- and micronutrient intake including and excluding supplements among top-level Polish football players during one week of the general preparatory period. In addition, the study looked at whether athletes consume carbohydrates in recommended amounts, depending on the completed training sessions. A total of 26 professional football players were included in the study. The preseason dietary intake was assessed using a 7-day estimated food record. The energy value of the diet and the amounts of the dietary ingredients were assessed using the software Dieta 6.0. The average consumption of energy, vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate, and calcium was lower than recommendations, and average intake of sodium and potassium was higher than the norm in the diets of the athletes. The results of this study do not confirm the justification for adding protein preparations to diets of the studied players. Furthermore, football players dietary carbohydrate intake was relatively low in comparison to requirements based on training loads. Based on our results we conclude that further work is necessary to reinforce education about nutritional habits and adjust nutritional strategies to individual needs to enhance athletic performance.
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Rothschild JA, Kilding AE, Plews DJ. What Should I Eat before Exercise? Pre-Exercise Nutrition and the Response to Endurance Exercise: Current Prospective and Future Directions. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113473. [PMID: 33198277 PMCID: PMC7696145 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary variables influencing the adaptive response to a bout of endurance training are exercise duration and exercise intensity. However, altering the availability of nutrients before and during exercise can also impact the training response by modulating the exercise stimulus and/or the physiological and molecular responses to the exercise-induced perturbations. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current knowledge of the influence of pre-exercise nutrition ingestion on the metabolic, physiological, and performance responses to endurance training and suggest directions for future research. Acutely, carbohydrate ingestion reduces fat oxidation, but there is little evidence showing enhanced fat burning capacity following long-term fasted-state training. Performance is improved following pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion for longer but not shorter duration exercise, while training-induced performance improvements following nutrition strategies that modulate carbohydrate availability vary based on the type of nutrition protocol used. Contrasting findings related to the influence of acute carbohydrate ingestion on mitochondrial signaling may be related to the amount of carbohydrate consumed and the intensity of exercise. This review can help to guide athletes, coaches, and nutritionists in personalizing pre-exercise nutrition strategies, and for designing research studies to further elucidate the role of nutrition in endurance training adaptations.
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Pickering C, Grgic J. A time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year. Nutrition 2020; 82:111046. [PMID: 33277148 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, with its performance-enhancing effects demonstrated across a variety of sports and exercise types. As a result of these ergogenic properties, caffeine is widely used by athletes at all levels around both competition and training. Caffeine exerts its performance benefits through a variety of mechanisms, each of which may be of increased importance at a given stage of training or competition. Additionally, regular caffeine use may diminish the performance-enhancing effects of a subsequent dose of caffeine. Recently, interest in the concept of nutritional periodization has grown. Here we propose a framework for the periodization of caffeine through the sporting year, balancing its training and competition performance-enhancing effects, along with the need to mitigate any negative effects of habituation. Furthermore, the regular use of caffeine within training may support the development of positive beliefs toward caffeine by athletes-potentially serving to enhance future performance through placebo and expectancy mechanisms-as well as allowing for the optimization of individual athlete caffeine strategies. Although future work is required to validate some of the suggestions made, the framework proposed here represents a starting point for athletes to maximize caffeine's performance benefits across the sporting year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ambegaonkar JP, Brown AF. Nutrition Periodization in Dancers. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2020; 32:65-73. [PMID: 33198899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dancers' energy demands fluctuate across the season. Accordingly, dancers should adapt their training and nutrition. Still, how to periodize nutrition in dancers remains unclear. This article aims to (1) introduce nutrition periodization and (2) provide recommendations for nutrition periodization in dancers. During preseason, dancers design, rehearse, and train. During in-season, dancers have one or more daily performances. During postseason, dancers rest and prepare for the next season. Nutrition periodization is the strategic and timed nutrient intake to meet varying seasonal energy demands. Overall, nutrition periodization can support dancers' training goals, enhance their performance, and support optimal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin P Ambegaonkar
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research and Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, 201-F, K Johnson Hall, MSN 4E5, 10890 George Mason Circle, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Ann F Brown
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, College of Education Health & Human Sciences, Physical Education Building 104, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2401, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Egger T, Flueck JL. Energy Availability in Male and Female Elite Wheelchair Athletes over Seven Consecutive Training Days. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113262. [PMID: 33113759 PMCID: PMC7693577 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Low energy availability (LEA) is a major problem as athletes often restrict their energy intake. It has been shown that LEA occurs often in female and endurance athletes and in athletes from weight-sensitive or aesthetic sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate energy availability (EA) in elite wheelchair athletes. Methods: Fourteen elite wheelchair athletes (8 males; 6 females) participated. Data were collected using a weighed seven-day food and training diary to estimate energy intake and exercise energy expenditure. Resting energy expenditure and body composition were measured, whereas energy balance (EB) was calculated. Results: Measured over 7 days, EA was significantly different (36.1 ± 6.7 kcal kg−1 FFM day−1) in male compared to female (25.1 ± 7.1 kcal kg−1 FFM day−1) athletes (p < 0.001). From all analyzed days, LEA occurred in 73% of the days in female athletes and in 30% of the days in male athletes. EB was positive in male athletes (+169.1 ± 304.5 kcal) and negative (−288.9 ± 304.8 kcal) in female athletes. Conclusions: A higher prevalence of LEA was found in female compared to male athletes. A higher energy intake would be recommended to meet energy needs and to maximize training adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Egger
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Joelle Leonie Flueck
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-41-939-6617
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Rothschild JA, Kilding AE, Plews DJ. Pre-Exercise Nutrition Habits and Beliefs of Endurance Athletes Vary by Sex, Competitive Level, and Diet. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:517-528. [PMID: 32926647 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1795950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the self-reported beliefs and practices relating to pre-exercise nutrition intake among endurance athletes of varying ages and competitive levels and examine differences based on sex, competitive level, and habitual dietary pattern. METHOD An anonymous online survey was circulated internationally in English and completed by 1950 athletes of varying competitive levels (51.0% female, mean age 40.9 years [range 18:78]). Survey questions included training background, determinants of pre-exercise nutrition intake and composition, and timing relative to exercise. RESULTS Prior to morning exercise, 36.4%, 36.0%, and 27.6% of athletes consumed carbohydrate-containing food/drinks before almost every workout, some of the time, and never/rarely, respectively, with significant effects of sex (p < 0.001, Cramer's V (ϕc) = 0.15) and competitive level (p < 0.001, ϕc = 0.09). Nutritional intake before exercise varied based on workout duration for 47.6% of athletes, with significant effects of sex (ϕc = 0.15) and habitual diet (ϕc = 0.19), and based on workout intensity for 39.1% of athletes, with significant effects of sex (ϕc = 0.13) and habitual diet (ϕc = 0.17, all p < 0.001). Additionally, 89.0% of athletes reported using at least some type of dietary supplement (including caffeine from coffee/tea) within 1 hour before exercise. CONCLUSIONS Overall, nearly all factors measured relating to pre-exercise nutrition intake varied by sex, competitive level, habitual dietary pattern, and/or intensity/duration of the training session and suggest a large number of athletes may not be following current recommendations for optimizing endurance training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Arent SM, Cintineo HP, McFadden BA, Chandler AJ, Arent MA. Nutrient Timing: A Garage Door of Opportunity? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071948. [PMID: 32629950 PMCID: PMC7400240 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient timing involves manipulation of nutrient consumption at specific times in and around exercise bouts in an effort to improve performance, recovery, and adaptation. Its historical perspective centered on ingestion during exercise and grew to include pre- and post-training periods. As research continued, translational focus remained primarily on the impact and outcomes related to nutrient consumption during one specific time period to the exclusion of all others. Additionally, there seemed to be increasing emphasis on outcomes related to hypertrophy and strength at the expense of other potentially more impactful performance measures. As consumption of nutrients does not occur at only one time point in the day, the effect and impact of energy and macronutrient availability becomes an important consideration in determining timing of additional nutrients in and around training and competition. This further complicates the confining of the definition of “nutrient timing” to one very specific moment in time at the exclusion of all other time points. As such, this review suggests a new perspective built on evidence of the interconnectedness of nutrient impact and provides a pragmatic approach to help frame nutrient timing more inclusively. Using this approach, it is argued that the concept of nutrient timing is constrained by reliance on interpretation of an “anabolic window” and may be better viewed as a “garage door of opportunity” to positively impact performance, recovery, and athlete availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (H.P.C.); (B.A.M.); (A.J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-803-576-8394
| | - Harry P. Cintineo
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (H.P.C.); (B.A.M.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Bridget A. McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (H.P.C.); (B.A.M.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Alexa J. Chandler
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (H.P.C.); (B.A.M.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Michelle A. Arent
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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Varaeva YR, Livantsova EN, Polenova NV, Kosyura SD, Nikitjuk DB, Starodubova AV. Characteristics of Blood Lipid Profiles of Professional Athletes: A Literature Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:98-102. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191213115232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity significantly affects lipid status. In this literature review, the specific features
of athletes blood lipid profiles were analysed. Professional athletes blood lipid status was found considerably
preferable compared to sex- and age-matched sedentary population. Regardless of endurance or power type of
sports activities, athletes perform lower levels of TC, LDL-C and TG and comparable or higher blood levels of
HDL-C. The differences in blood lipids levels and sports disciplines were introduced. Although there are much
more factors as diet, place of origin, training regime, and even genetic predisposition that should be taken into
consideration for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurgita R. Varaeva
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena N. Livantsova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V. Polenova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana D. Kosyura
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy B. Nikitjuk
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
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