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Rice MS, Warburton DER, Gaytan-Gonzalez A, Jamnik VK, Kaufman K, Warburton DRD, Souster M, Bredin SSD. The relationship between off-ice testing and on-ice performance in male youth Ice hockey players. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1418713. [PMID: 39211914 PMCID: PMC11358090 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1418713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ice hockey demands a unique blend of physical fitness and skill, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing on-ice performance. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between off-ice and on-ice performance measures in male, youth, ice hockey players. Methods Eleven minor hockey players (Age = 9.8 ± 1.1 years) participated in two testing days: (1) off-ice and (2) on-ice assessments. Off-ice assessments included maximal aerobic power, anaerobic fitness, muscular strength (handgrip and single leg squat), muscular endurance (curl-ups and push-ups), muscular power (standing long jump and vertical jump), and 30 m sprinting speed and acceleration. On-ice testing included a 15.2 m maximum speed test, a 6.1 m acceleration test with a continuation into a 47.9 m top speed test, an agility cornering S turn test, and a shot velocity test. Results Twenty-four out of 33 off-ice variables were significantly correlated with at least one of the 11 on-ice performance variables. From those 24, 10 were included as predictors for at least one of the on-ice performance variables. Each model was composed of either one or two predictors, where the most common predictors were 30 m Run - Split (6.1 m) Sprint time and 30 m Run - Total (30 m) Sprint Max speed (included in four out of 11 models each). The prediction formulas R2 and coefficient of variation ranged from 0.63% to 0.96% and 1.2% to 15.3%, respectively. Discussion Diverse off-ice measures of aerobic fitness, anaerobic power, muscular strength, power, and endurance, and sprinting speed, acceleration, and agility are predictive of on-ice performance. The insights gained from this study contribute to the refinement of assessment protocols, fostering a comprehensive approach to optimizing player performance and potential. Understanding the connection between objective off-ice testing and on-ice performance can support tailored training programs and player development in male youth ice hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Rice
- Cognitive and Motor Learning (LEARN) Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, University of the Fraser Valley, Chilliwack, BC, Canada
| | - Darren E. R. Warburton
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alejandro Gaytan-Gonzalez
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Veronica K. Jamnik
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kai Kaufman
- Cognitive and Motor Learning (LEARN) Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Michael Souster
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon S. D. Bredin
- Cognitive and Motor Learning (LEARN) Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Vigh-Larsen JF, Junge N, Cialdella-Kam L, Tomás R, Young L, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Nybo L. Testing in Intermittent Sports-Importance for Training and Performance Optimization in Adult Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1505-1537. [PMID: 39004796 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Performance in intermittent sports relies on the interplay between multiple physiological systems determining the capacity to perform short explosive efforts as well as repeated intense actions with limited recovery over the course of an entire game. Testing should reflect these demands to allow for sport- and position-specific capacity analyses that eventually may translate into optimized training and improved performance. This may include individual load management and optimized training prescription, intensity targeting for specific positions or individual athletes, as well as benchmarking for monitoring of training progression and enhanced engagement of athletes. This review provides an overview of available tests in different exercise domains identified as relevant (from assessment of single explosive actions to intermittent endurance capacity), forming the basis for recommendations on how to compose a comprehensive yet feasible test battery that may be integrated into the seasonal competition and training plan. The test procedures should cover the performance spectrum of relevance for the individual athlete-also in team sports to account for positional differences. We emphasize the benefits of sport-specific tests, highlight parameters of importance for test standardization, and discuss how the applied test battery may be supplemented with secondary tests directed toward specific energy systems to allow for more in-depth analyses when required (e.g., in terms of an underperforming athlete). The synergy between testing and tracking of match performance (utilizing time-motion or global positioning systems) is highlighted, and although tracking cannot substitute for testing, combining the tools may provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological demands and performance during competition contextualized to the athletes' maximal exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicklas Junge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Lynn Cialdella-Kam
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol Avenida das Seleções, Oeiras, PORTUGAL
| | - Laura Young
- American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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Roczniok R, Stastny P, Novak D, Opath L, Terbalyan A, Musalek M. The Relation of On-Ice and Off-Ice Performance at Two Different Performance Levels in Youth Ice-Hockey Players. J Hum Kinet 2024; 93:193-203. [PMID: 39132412 PMCID: PMC11307188 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/187238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ice hockey requires two levels of specific agility, involving different abilities, where the level of agility and their constraints might vary by the performance level. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the relationship level between on-ice and off-ice change of directional speed (COD) of youth hockey players at two performance levels. The study was conducted during the hockey season, including U16 elite players (n = 40) and U16 sub-elite players (n = 23). Both groups performed specific on-ice fitness tests (4-m acceleration, 30-m sprint, and 6 x 54-m tests, an on-ice Illinois agility test with and without a puck) and off-ice tests consisting of non-arm swing countermovement jumps (CMJs), broad jumps, and pull-ups. Pearson correlation showed that the acceleration performance of elite players was related to the CMJ (r = -0.46) and the broad jump (r = -0.31). Sub-elite players showed stronger dependence of the 30-m sprint on the CMJ (r = -0.77) and the broad jump (r = -0.43), the relation of pulls ups (r = -0.62) and the CMJ (r = -0.50) to the 6 x 54-m test, yet no association to acceleration. Elite players differ between off-ice and on-ice performance constraints, where their skating sprint is less related to their vertical and horizontal take-off abilities than in sub-elite players. Sub-elite players' off-ice power determines their sprint and repeated sprint performance. COD performance of elite and sub-elite players is based on different conditioning constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roczniok
- Sports Science Institute, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Novak
- Sports Science Institute, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Lukas Opath
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Artur Terbalyan
- Sports Science Institute, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Martin Musalek
- Sports Science Institute, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Keiner M, Kierot M, Stendahl M, Brauner T, Suchomel TJ. Maximum Strength and Power as Determinants of Match Skating Performance in Elite Youth Ice Hockey Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1090-1094. [PMID: 38335067 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Keiner, M, Kierot, M, Stendahl, M, Brauner, T, and Suchomel, TJ. Maximum strength and power as determinants of match skating performance in elite youth ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1090-1094, 2024-Maximum strength has a strong influence on speed-strength performances such as sprints and jumps. Important for sports practice is whether these findings are also reflected in game performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the influence of maximum strength and power performance on linear on-ice skating performance in testing and during game play. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 24 highly trained male youth ice hockey players participated. Jump performances (countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jumps), maximum strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM] squat and isometric trap bar pull [ITBP]), and on-ice linear sprints (15 m [LS15], 30 m [LS30], flying 15 m [FLY15]) were measured. Match performances (among others: peak skating speed) were collected of 4 regular league games using a local positioning system. Correlation coefficient and explained variance were calculated ( ρ ≤ 0.05). Correlations between maximum strength and jump with on-ice linear sprint performance showed 1-35% explained variance. Correlations between "off ice" test (CMJ, relative 1RM) and game data (peak skating speed) showed 22-30% explained variance, respectively, while ITBP and DJ missed significant level. Between linear sprint and game performance showed 15-59% explained variance. In this study, a clear influence of 1RM in squatting and CMJ performance on on-ice linear sprint as well as in-game peak skating speed was observed. These findings show that strength and jumping performance can be valuable tests within a comprehensive test battery and indicate the relevance of strength and jumping tasks within the regular exercise program to improve in-game skating performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Keiner
- Department of Exercise Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Martin Kierot
- Department of Exercise Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
- Department of Strength and Conditioning, ZSC/GCK Lions Ice-Hockey, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Stendahl
- Department of Strength and Conditioning, ZSC/GCK Lions Ice-Hockey, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Brauner
- Department of Biomechanics, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany; and
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin
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Huard Pelletier V, Lemoyne J. Perceived competence in ice hockey and its associations with relative age, early sport specialization, and players' position. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1336529. [PMID: 38333060 PMCID: PMC10850288 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1336529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ice hockey is a sport that has gained much attention in recent times, particularly concerning the development of young players. In the domain of youth sport development, one significant factor that must be considered is the perceived competence of players. This variable is closely linked to positive psychological outcomes and sustained practice. However, there is a lack of understanding about how other important developmental factors such as age, early sport specialization, players' position and relative age affect players' perceived competence. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the relationships between these developmental factors, perceived ice hockey competence and a global measure of perceived sport competence. Methods Data was drawn from 971 players (14.78 ± 1.61 mean age), who completed on-line questionnaires, from which we conducted path analyses involving all variables. Results Younger players tend to display higher perceived competence scores than older players. Additionally, players who opted to specialize earlier also reported higher perceived competence. Furthermore, forwards and defensemen had differing perceptions of their competence, which was in line with their respective roles on the ice. The study also showed relative age effects, in which players who were born earlier relative to the selection period tend to perceive themselves more advantageously in three components of perceived competence. Discussion Based on these findings, several recommendations are proposed for coaches and decision-makers to encourage the positive development of ice hockey players. The study highlights that ice hockey-specific competencies are influenced by various factors, such as early sport specialization, relative age effect, player age, and position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huard Pelletier
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey de l’UQTR, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Lemoyne
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey de l’UQTR, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Geneau MC, Tsai MC, Agar-Newman D, Geneau DJ, Klimstra M, James LP. The Relationship Between Lower-Body Force-Time Variables and Skating Performance in Female Ice Hockey Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1427-1434. [PMID: 37739401 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ice hockey is a team invasion sport characterized by repeated high-intensity skating efforts, technical and tactical skill, physical contact, and collisions requiring considerable levels of muscular strength. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between lower-body vertical force-time metrics and skating qualities in subelite female ice hockey players. METHODS A cross-sectional cohort design was employed utilizing 14 athletes (body mass = 66.7 [1.8] kg; height = 171.6 [6.2] cm; age = 21.1 [1.7] y). The relationships between metrics of lower-body strength collected from a drop jump, squat jump, countermovement jump, loaded countermovement jump, and an isometric squat and 4 skating qualities collected from a linear sprint, repeated sprint test, and a multistage aerobic test were evaluated. RESULTS The regression models revealed a positive relationship between relative peak force in the isometric squat and skating multistage aerobic test performance (r2 = .388; P = .017) and a positive relationship between repeated-sprint ability and eccentric mean force during the loaded countermovement jump (r2 = .595; P = .001). No significant relationships were observed between strength metrics and skating acceleration or maximal velocity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that skating ability is most affected by relative isometric strength in female ice hockey players. It is recommended that practitioners focus training on tasks that improve relative force output. It is also recommended that isometric relative peak force be used as a monitoring metric for this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Geneau
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Kinesiology, School of Exercise Science, Physical Health and Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel J Geneau
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Kinesiology, School of Exercise Science, Physical Health and Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marc Klimstra
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Kinesiology, School of Exercise Science, Physical Health and Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lachlan P James
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Krajcigr M, Bahenský P, Vobr R, Marko D, Grosicki GJ. Relationship between body composition and anaerobic power with inter-limb difference dependence in Czech elite ice hockey players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1043-1050. [PMID: 37428100 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ice hockey includes symmetrical as well as asymmetrical movements. As such, possible difference in mass and strength, as well as performance variables, may be observed between limbs. METHODS We examined the relation between body composition and lower extremity anaerobic power in Czech elite ice hockey players with the inter-limb difference dependence. In total, 168 ice hockey players (age = 20.81, Q1 = 18.24, Q3 = 28.75) underwent body composition measurement and Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) leg was established. A Wilcoxon Signed Rank was used. The difference between the dominant and non-dominant lower extremities was evaluated using the dimensionless analysis and by setting the value for the dominant leg at 100%. RESULTS The difference in muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), and WAnT outcome variables (MP, RAP, MP5sP) between the right and left leg was greater than the difference between D and ND leg. Less total body fat mass (TBFM) and more total body muscle mass (TBMM) and lower extremities muscle mass (LEMM) were associated with higher WAnT outcome values. The dimensionless analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between almost all variables. CONCLUSIONS More TBMF and LEMM and less TBFM was better for WAnT. The difference between the right and left leg was greater than the difference between D and ND leg. If there is a difference between MM and FM of lower limbs than there could be difference between the power of lower limbs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Krajcigr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic -
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic -
| | - Petr Bahenský
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Vobr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Marko
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Sports Motor Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, Physical Training and Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory J Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA, USA
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Ehlen QT, Costello JP, Wagner JD, Cohen JL, Baker LC, Rizzo MG, Kaplan LD. The Effects of Modified Game Schedules on Injury Rates in the National Hockey League (NHL). Cureus 2023; 15:e46898. [PMID: 37841980 PMCID: PMC10569235 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many professional sports leagues such as the National Hockey League (NHL) made significant changes to their schedules and operating procedures. Changes included a modified 2019-2020 playoff format, the removal of the 2020-2021 preseason, and condensed game schedules. Though these modifications were made in an effort to protect players from COVID-19, they resulted in decreased training time and preparation. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of these changes on the rate of player injuries in the NHL both after the resumption of the midseason stoppage and during the subsequent seasons. Hypothesis/purpose Changes to the NHL schedule amid the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant increase in player injury rates. Methods NHL injuries were obtained from an NHL injury database for the 2018-2019 through the 2021-2022 seasons. The date of injury, date of return, injury description, player age, and player position were recorded. Injury rates were calculated as the number of total athlete injuries per 1000 game exposures (GEs). The primary outcome was the injury proportion ratio (IPR) when comparing the injury rates of the post-COVID-19 season with baseline seasons. Secondary measures analyzed injuries based on age, anatomic location, month in the season, position, length of injury, season-ending injuries, and recurring injuries. Results A total of 4604 injuries were recorded between 2018 and 2022. The modified 2019-2020 playoffs had significantly higher rates of injury (IPR = 1.84, 95% confidence interval {CI} = 1.36-2.49) with more game exposures per week. The 2020-2021 season had significantly higher rates of overall player injury compared to baseline seasons (IPR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.09-1.30) and also had a higher rate of season-ending injuries (IPR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.38-2.11). Most injuries occurred in the first few months of the 2020-2021 season. There was no significant difference in injury rate based on age group and no significant difference in the average length of injury between seasons. Conclusion Increases in injury rates could be due to decreased offseason training between seasons, the elimination of preseason games, and increased game density. Decreasing typical training timelines and eliminating the preseason to rapidly return to normal competition after unexpected events (pandemics, lockdowns, etc.) may pose a risk to player safety in the NHL. These findings should be considered before future schedule changes in professional hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn T Ehlen
- Orthopedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Joseph P Costello
- Orthopedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Jaxon D Wagner
- Orthopedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Jacob L Cohen
- Orthopedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Lauren C Baker
- Orthopedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Michael G Rizzo
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Lee D Kaplan
- Sports Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
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Bournival M, Martini G, Trudeau F, Lemoyne J. The science and art of testing in ice hockey: a systematic review of twenty years of research. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1252093. [PMID: 37841888 PMCID: PMC10569309 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1252093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ice hockey is a complex sport requiring multiple athletic and technical attributes. Considering the variety of tests developed, on-ice testing protocols have been created to measure the physiological and mechanical attributes associated with performance. To our knowledge, a lack of technical resources exists to help stakeholders opt for on-ice protocols from among those developed. It becomes crucial for researchers and practitioners to select relevant and context-specific procedures. This systematic review of the literature outlines an inventory of the on-ice tests that have been used in the domain of ice hockey research over the last twenty years, and summarize protocols mostly used in major athletic components. Methods A search was performed on three databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus) by following the PRISMA guidelines. Specific keywords were selected to find publications using on-ice testing protocols in the methodology. Four aspects of athletic attributes were used to categorize the protocols: aerobic capacity, acceleration-speed, agility-change of direction and ability to repeat skating sprints. Analyses were conducted regarding four categories of observations: population under study, on-ice reported test(s), outcomes measures and main findings. Results A total of 107 articles were included, resulting in 55 on-ice tests related to the on-ice assessments of four major athletic components: aerobic capacity (n = 7), acceleration-speed (n = 6), agility and change of direction (n = 23) and repeated skating sprint ability (n = 19). Testing in male and older cohorts (≥16 years old) predominates, with a primary focus on the competitive amateur level. The selected tests were mainly designed for assessing on-ice physiological responses and fitness (n = 38), talent identification-team selection (n = 19), efficiency of interventions (n = 17) and validation purposes (n = 16). Conclusion A prevalence of on-ice skating tests to assess the ability to repeat intense efforts, agility, acceleration and speed components exists, which are relevant and linked to match requirement. The wealth of on-ice tests used in the literature reflects the need to adapt the on-ice evaluation process to the population, constraints, and goals. This review is a valid toolbox and can benefit for researchers and practitioners interested in testing hockey players from different levels, with a variety of aims and needs, by helping them to select the relevant procedures to their environment and practice context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bournival
- Laboratoire de recherche sur le hockey UQTR, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Gaëtan Martini
- Laboratoire de recherche sur le hockey UQTR, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - François Trudeau
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Lemoyne
- Laboratoire de recherche sur le hockey UQTR, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Lower Limb Skeletal Robustness Determines the Change of Directional Speed Performance in Youth Ice Hockey. J Hum Kinet 2023; 85:75-85. [PMID: 36643831 PMCID: PMC9808801 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors that influence the on-ice change of directional speed (COD) of ice hockey players remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine which off-ice and anthropometric variables determine hockey COD with and without a puck. Thirty-two elite ice hockey players (age: 17.64 ± 1.02 years, body height: 180 ± 7.5 cm, body mass: 76.4 ± 7.8 kg) performed squat jumps, broad jumps, countermovement jumps, and pull-ups and were assessed on agility office and on-ice, with and without a puck. Anthropometric characteristics were determined according to the modified somatotype method. A moderate correlation (r = 0.59-0.6) was observed among all agility tests, between on-ice agility with a puck and lower limb skeletal robustness (r = 0.45), and between on-ice agility with a puck and sit-and-reach scores (r = -0.50). Agility without a puck correlated with squat jump height (r = -0.36). Multiple regression analysis indicated that off-ice agility (β = 0.51) and skeletal robustness of the lower limbs (β = 0.35) determined (R2 = 0.41) on-ice agility with a puck. Players' COD was assessed by Illinois tests of agility off-ice and on-ice, with and without a puck; each of these tests moderately predicted the others, but differed in their physical constraints. Players with higher skeletal robustness used more strength and power to achieve COD performance, while players with lower skeletal robustness used techniques and skills to achieve COD, resulting in superior COD performance with a puck compared to stronger athletes. CODs with and without a puck are discrete skills requiring different abilities.
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11
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Association Between Physical Performance Tests and External Load During Scrimmages in Highly Trained Youth Ice Hockey Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:47-54. [PMID: 36470253 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between physical performance tests and on-ice external load from simulated games (scrimmages) in ice hockey. METHODS A total of 14 players completed a physical performance test battery consisting of 30-m sprint test-run and 30-m sprint test-skate (including 10-m split times and maximum speed), countermovement jump, standing long jump, bench press, pull-ups, and trap bar deadlift and participated in 4 scrimmages. External load variables from scrimmages included total distance; peak speed; slow (< 11.0 km/h), moderate (11.0-16.9 km/h), high (17.0-23.9 km/h), and sprint (> 24.0 km/h) speed skating distance; number of sprints; PlayerLoad™; number of high-intensity events (> 2.5 m/s); accelerations; decelerations; and changes of direction. Bayesian pairwise correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between physical performance tests and external load performance variables. RESULTS The results showed strong evidence (Bayes factor > 10) for associations between pull-ups and high-intensity events (τ = .61) and between maximum speed skate and peak speed (τ = .55). There was moderate evidence (Bayes factor >3 to <10) for 6 associations: both maximum speed skate (τ = .44) and countermovement jump (τ = .44) with sprint speed skating distance, countermovement jump with number of sprints (τ = .46), pull-ups with changes of direction (τ = .50), trap bar with peak speed (τ = .45), and body mass with total distance (τ = .49). CONCLUSION This study found physical performance tests to be associated with some of the external load variables from scrimmages. Nevertheless, the majority of correlations did not display meaningful associations, possibly being influenced by the selection of physical performance tests.
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Petré H, Ovendal A, Westblad N, Ten Siethoff L, Psilander N. Physical Characteristics of Elite Male Bandy Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12337. [PMID: 36231635 PMCID: PMC9564452 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical characteristics of elite male bandy players have not been studied for the last 30 years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics of elite male bandy players with respect to playing positions. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 25 male bandy players from one of the highest-ranked bandy leagues in the world. Body weight, length, isometric mid-thigh pull, countermovement jump, squat jump, unilateral long jump, bilateral long jump, 15- and 30-m sprint, 15-m flying sprint, and VO2max were tested. Players were divided into forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Forwards had significantly (p = 0.012) higher relative VO2max than defenders (59.8 ± 4.3 compared to 53.0 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min). No significant differences for any of the other measurements were observed between positions. This is the first study to present the physical characteristics between playing positions in off- and on-ice tests for male bandy players competing at the highest level. Today's bandy players are heavier and have lower relative VO2max compared with players in the early 1990s. However, their work capacities have increased since their absolute VO2max is higher. These results provide benchmark values that can serve as a foundation for strength and conditioning professionals when designing future training programs.
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Lemoyne J, Brunelle JF, Huard Pelletier V, Glaude-Roy J, Martini G. Talent Identification in Elite Adolescent Ice Hockey Players: The Discriminant Capacity of Fitness Tests, Skating Performance and Psychological Characteristics. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:58. [PMID: 35447868 PMCID: PMC9026156 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of talent identification in ice hockey occurs during middle adolescence when players are selected to participate in "off-season" evaluation camps, where coaches observe their fitness levels and status of development. Recently, the Quebec ice hockey federation opted for a holistic approach by evaluating players based on three criteria: (1) fitness, (2) skating abilities and (3) personality traits and psychological assets. This study aimed to analyze the discriminant validity of a multi-dimensional talent identification testing protocol in competitive ice hockey. METHOD Data were collected from 160 adolescent hockey players who took part in Team Quebec summer evaluation camps. Off-ice fitness, skating abilities and psychological variables were measured on two consecutive days. Descriptive statistics, group comparisons (gender, positions) and discriminant analyses (selected versus non-selected) were performed. RESULTS No differences were observed among males in which selected players were similar to non-selected. Results from discriminant analyses also showed no discriminant function for male players. For females, selected players displayed higher fitness, on-ice agility and psychological characteristics. Nine performance markers were significantly discriminant. CONCLUSIONS A holistic evaluation protocol allows for the discrimination of selected and non-selected players in elite ice hockey. Developing more discriminant tests is a promising avenue of research in male ice hockey. Knowing the factors that are associated with team selection in competitive ice hockey allow to focus on the specific attributes to work with young promising players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lemoyne
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (V.H.P.); (G.M.)
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey de l’UQTR, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (J.-F.B.); (J.G.-R.)
| | - Jean-François Brunelle
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey de l’UQTR, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (J.-F.B.); (J.G.-R.)
- Service de l’Activité Physique et Sportive, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières [UQTR], 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Vincent Huard Pelletier
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (V.H.P.); (G.M.)
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey de l’UQTR, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (J.-F.B.); (J.G.-R.)
| | - Julien Glaude-Roy
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey de l’UQTR, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (J.-F.B.); (J.G.-R.)
- Service de l’Activité Physique et Sportive, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières [UQTR], 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Gaëtan Martini
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (V.H.P.); (G.M.)
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey de l’UQTR, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (J.-F.B.); (J.G.-R.)
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Chiarlitti NA, Crozier M, Insogna JA, Reid RER, Delisle-Houde P. Longitudinal Physiological and Fitness Evaluations in Elite Ice Hockey: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2963-2979. [PMID: 34387221 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chiarlitti, NA, Crozier, M, Insogna, JA, Reid, RER, and Delisle-Houde, P. Longitudinal physiological and fitness evaluations in elite ice hockey: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2963-2979, 2021-Ice hockey has greatly evolved since the last review article was published more than 25 years ago. Although players still combine anaerobic and aerobic conditioning, the pace of the game has greatly increased. Players are faster, stronger, and more agile than their predecessors; however, an important emphasis is now placed on maximizing player performance for the play-offs. For the coaching staff, strength and conditioning coaches, and players, an emphasis on mitigating fitness and physiologic losses throughout the season would be beneficial, given the intimate relationship they share with on-ice performance. This systematic review of the literature outlines the current knowledge concerning longitudinal changes in relation to fitness, body composition, and physiologic parameters across an elite hockey season. The search of 4 large scientific databases (i.e., Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) yielded 4,049 items, which, after removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulted in 23 published scientific articles to be included in this review. The wide span of literature (1956-2020) made inferences difficult giving the degree to which the game of ice hockey has changed; however, more recent research points to an aerobic deconditioning pattern and increased fatigue throughout the season in a specific group of elite hockey players (i.e., university athletes) while showing that ice hockey can lead to many possible histological adaptations. Ultimately, tracking, identifying, and developing methods to mitigate potential negative longitudinal changes will be imperative to influencing individual and team performance in the later parts of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell Crozier
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica A Insogna
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Québec, Canada ; and
| | - Ryan E R Reid
- Department of Human Kinetics, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Patrick Delisle-Houde
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Québec, Canada ; and
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Secomb JL, Dascombe BJ, Nimphius S. Importance of Joint Angle-Specific Hip Strength for Skating Performance in Semiprofessional Ice Hockey Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2599-2603. [PMID: 34431485 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Secomb, JL, Dascombe, BJ, and Nimphius, S. Importance of joint angle-specific hip strength for skating performance in semiprofessional ice hockey athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2599-2603, 2021-Ice hockey athletes with faster sprint acceleration and change-of-direction (COD) skating performance possess a competitive advantage. However, it is unknown whether joint angle-specific hip strength, in combination with measures known to relate to skating performance (e.g., countermovement jump [CMJ]), better explains skating performance. The purpose of this research was to determine whether hip strength in joint angles specific to skating positions and CMJ performance explains sprint skating acceleration and COD performance. Thirteen semiprofessional male hockey (26.7 ± 6.7 years; 88.4 ± 18.1 kg; 181.9 ± 5.4 cm) athletes were assessed for CMJ performance, hip abduction and adduction strength, 10-m sprint skating acceleration, and COD (505) performance. Linear multiple regressions to predict skating acceleration and COD performance were calculated with variables chosen based on functional justification and magnitude of correlation. Hip abductor relative peak force (rPF) at 25° of hip abduction and CMJ rPF explained 46.0% (adjusted) of variance in sprint acceleration performance (F[2,12] = 6.18, p = 0.02). Countermovement jump peak eccentric velocity, adductor rPF at 50° of hip abduction, and difference in abductor rPF between 50° and 25° of hip abduction explained 85.0% (adjusted) of the variance in 505 time (F[3,12] = 22.8, p < 0.001). Hip strength at joint angles functionally relevant to skating (e.g., at 25° and 50°), in combination with relevant CMJ variables, explained large and very large amounts of variance in sprint skating acceleration and COD performance in this cohort. The inclusion of joint angle-specific hip strength profiling to a physical performance testing battery may provide practitioners with more specific knowledge on the strength of the hip through abduction range of motion, which may affect skating performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh L Secomb
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia.,The Priority Research Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Newcastle Northstars Ice Hockey Club, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Benjamin J Dascombe
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia.,The Priority Research Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Ferland PM, Marcotte-L'Heureux V, Roy P, Carey VD, Charron J, Lagrange S, Leone M, Comtois AS. Maximal Oxygen Consumption Requirements in Professional North American Ice Hockey. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1586-1592. [PMID: 33555827 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ferland, P-M, Marcotte-L'Heureux, V, Roy, P, Carey, V, Charron, J, Lagrange, S, Leone, M, and Comtois, AS. Maximal oxygen consumption requirements in professional North American ice hockey. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1586-1592, 2021-This study was designed to measure preseason on-ice relative V̇o2max of professional ice-hockey players (n = 101 National Hockey League [NHL], 42 American Hockey League [AHL], 4 East Coast Hockey League [ECHL], and 15 Canadian Hockey League [CHL]) throughout 17 years and compare it between generations, league level, and position, and to verify if it was related to season and NHL career statistics. Relative V̇o2max was measured on ice with a portable metabolic analyzer (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome) with full hockey equipment, except for the helmet with either the Skating Multistage Aerobic Test or the 30-15 intermittent ice test tests. Relative V̇o2max results from both tests were compared between players of the same generation with an independent-samples T-test and were not significantly different. A one-way analysis of variance and post hoc pairwise tests were performed to detect significant differences between groups. Pearson correlations (two-tailed) were also performed between selected variables. All statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results show that there are no significant differences for relative V̇o2max between generations (2001-2003 vs. 2006 vs. 2015-2017), league level (NHL vs. AHL vs. ECHL vs. CHL), and position (winger, center, and defense), other than the ECHL being lower. There are also no significant relationships between V̇o2max values and hockey season and NHL career statistics. Thus, the results show that there is a minimal relative V̇o2max requirement to play North American ice hockey at the elite level (55.9 ± 5.2 ml·kg-1·min-1; n = 162). Future research should be directed toward comparing V̇o2max of elite and amateur ice-hockey players to confirm the minimal relative V̇o2max requirement to play North American ice hockey at the elite level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marc Ferland
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Viviane Marcotte-L'Heureux
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Philippe Roy
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Vincent D Carey
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Jérémie Charron
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Sébastien Lagrange
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Mario Leone
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Steve Comtois
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
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Donskov AS, Brooks JS, Dickey JP. Reliability of the Single-Leg, Medial Countermovement Jump in Youth Ice Hockey Players. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9050064. [PMID: 34068061 PMCID: PMC8152474 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate performance tests are critical for documenting training, fatigue and injury-related changes. Functional performance testing can provide quantitative information on specialized sport movements. The single-leg, medial countermovement jump is an objective measure of frontal plane force, velocity and power, and is particularly applicable for ice hockey players given that ice skating involves applying lateral forces. This study assessed the short-term reliability (10 days) of the single-leg, medial countermovement jump performed by ten competitive male youth ice hockey players. Each participant performed three right and three left maximal single-leg, medial countermovement jumps from force plates. Measured variables included lateral and vertical takeoff velocity, lateral and vertical maximal force, maximal force above bodyweight, lateral and vertical peak concentric power, average concentric power, and average concentric power during the last 100 ms of push-off. Relative reliability was quantified by intraclass correlations. Absolute reliability and the smallest real difference were also calculated. The single-leg, medial countermovement jump had moderate-to-excellent test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.50-0.98) for all twelve variables of interest. These results suggest that the single-leg, medial countermovement jump is a reliable test for assessing frontal plane force, velocity and power in ice hockey players, and is a valid functional performance test for this population given the similarity to ice skating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Donskov
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 357, Canada; (J.S.B.); (J.P.D.)
- Donskov Strength and Conditioning, 7061 Huntley Rd, Columbus, OH 43229, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeffrey S. Brooks
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 357, Canada; (J.S.B.); (J.P.D.)
| | - James P. Dickey
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 357, Canada; (J.S.B.); (J.P.D.)
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Perez J, Guilhem G, Hager R, Brocherie F. Mechanical determinants of forward skating sprint inferred from off- and on-ice force-velocity evaluations in elite female ice hockey players. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:192-203. [PMID: 32241241 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1751304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the correlations between players' mechanical capacities determined during off- and on-ice tests. Whole body force-velocity relationships were assessed in elite female ice hockey players (n = 17) during jumping [squat jump (SJ)], running (5 and 30 m) and skating (5 and 40 m) sprint tasks. Mechanical capacities estimates include relative maximal theoretical force (F0rel), velocity (V0), power (Pmaxrel), slope of the linear relationship between force relative to body mass and velocity (SFVrel), maximal horizontal component of the ground reaction force to the corresponding resultant force (RFmax) and minimal rate of decrease of this ratio (DRF). On-ice mechanical capacities (F0rel, Pmaxrel, RFmax and DRF) largely-to-very largely correlated with 40-m skating split time (r ranging from 0.82 for DRF to -0.91 for Pmaxrel; p < 0.001). Performance variables (SJ height, 30-m running and 40-m forward skating split time) and Pmaxrel demonstrated the largest associations between jumping, running and skating tasks (r ranging from -0.81 for 30-m sprint running time to 0.92 for SJ height; p < 0.001). Small (V0, SFVrel, DRF and force-velocity deficit) to very large (Pmaxrel) correlations (r ranging from 0.58 to 0.72; p < 0.05) were obtained between mechanical variables inferred from off- and on-ice force-velocity tests. The capacity to generate high amounts of horizontal power and effective horizontal force during the first steps on the ice is paramount for forward skating sprint performance. Mechanical capacities determined during forward skating sprint could be considered in ice hockey testing to identify fitness and/or technical/training requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Perez
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.,French Ice Hockey Federation, Cergy, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Robin Hager
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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