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Buoncristiani NA, Malone G, Stone WJ, Arnett S, Schafer MA, Tolusso DV. The Validity of Perceptual Recovery Status on Monitoring Recovery During a High-Intensity Back-Squat Session. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:242-248. [PMID: 38134896 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Adaptations to resistance training and subsequent performance can be undermined by inadequate interset recovery. Methods typically used to monitor recovery were developed for longitudinal use, making them time-inefficient within singular exercise bouts. If valid, perceptual recovery status (PRS) may be used as an efficient and inexpensive assessment tool to monitor individual recovery. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the validity of PRS on monitoring recovery during a high-intensity back-squat session. METHODS Ten healthy men participated in the 2-session study (separated by at least 48 h). Session 1 included anthropometrics, PRS familiarization, and a 1-repetition-maximum back squat. Session 2 included a high-intensity protocol (5 sets of 5 repetitions; 5-min interset recovery; 85% of 1-repetition maximum). PRS was obtained before the first set and during the last 30 seconds of each 5-minute recovery; rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also collected. A linear position transducer collected mean barbell velocity (MBV). Repeated-measures correlations assessed the common intraindividual relationships of PRS scores to intraset MBV and RPE, respectively. RESULTS A very large, positive correlation appeared between PRS and MBV (r [95% CI] = .778 [.613 to .878]; P < .0001). A large, negative correlation emerged between PRS and RPE (r [95% CI] = -.549 [-.737 to -.282]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that PRS can be a means for practitioners to monitor individualized recovery. PRS tracked well with RPE, strengthening its utility in a practitioner-based setting. Findings provide insight into the practicality of PRS for recovery monitoring. It could be used alongside other measures (eg, MBV and countermovement jump) to individually program and maintain performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Buoncristiani
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Grant Malone
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Whitley J Stone
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Scott Arnett
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Mark A Schafer
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Danilo V Tolusso
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
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Bright TE, Handford MJ, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes. Sports Med 2023; 53:1219-1254. [PMID: 37097414 PMCID: PMC10185653 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under. METHODS Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar's advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Bright
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth, PL6 8BH UK
| | - Matthew J. Handford
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Chichester University, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hughes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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Repeated Sprint Protocols With Standardized Versus Self-Selected Recovery Periods in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Can They Pace Themselves? A Replication Study. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2022; 34:193–201. [PMID: 35393370 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Replicating the studies of Gibson et al and Brownstein et al to assess performance, and physiological, and perceived variables during a repeated sprint protocol (RSP) with standardized versus self-selected recovery in youth soccer players. METHODS Nineteen male soccer players (age 13.1 [1.3] y) completed 2 separate RSPs. RSP1: 10 × 30-m sprints with 30-second recovery and RSP2: 10 × 30-m sprints interspersed with self-selected recovery periods. Mean time of both 10 × 30-m RSPs and self-selected recovery periods of RSP2 were assessed. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rates of perceived exertion were measured following RSPs. RESULTS RSP2 revealed longer recovery periods (RSP1: 30.0 [0.0] s; RSP2: 39.0 [7.7] s; P < .001; effect size d = 1.648) with shorter repeated sprint time (mean 30-m sprint time: RSP1: 4.965 [0.256] s; RSP2: 4.865 [0.227] s; P = .014; d = 0.414). Blood lactate concentration (P = .002-.005; d = 0.730-0.958), heart rate (P < .001; d = 1.353), and rates of perceived exertion (RSP1: 14.9 [1.9]; RSP2: 12.9 [2.1]; P = .016; d = 1.046) were higher following RSP1. CONCLUSION In contrast to the original studies, the present replication study demonstrated that self-selected recovery periods during a RSP leads to better repeated sprint performance compared with standardized recovery periods in youth soccer players. The better repeated sprint performance with individual recovery durations in RSP2 was achieved with less physiological and perceived effort.
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Relationship between Variations in the Accumulated Workload and the Change of Direction Ability in Elite Young Soccer Players. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between training workload (WL) parameters with variations in the change of direction (COD) in under-16 soccer players. Methods: Twenty-seven under-16 elite soccer players were daily monitored for their WL across 15 weeks during the competitive soccer season. Additionally, players were assessed two times for anthropometric measures (weight, height, sitting height and leg length), COD performance (modified 505 test) and maturity offset measured using the peak height velocity (PHV). Results: A correlational analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variation in COD performance and accumulated WL parameters. Moreover, a regression analysis was executed to explain the variations in the percentage of COD performance considering the accumulated WL parameters and PHV of the season (r = 0.93; p ≤ 0.01) and training monotony during the early-season (r = 0.53; p ≤ 0.05). There were associations between the acute workload during the start of the season and the COD during the end of the season (r = 0.47; p ≤ 0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that 55% of the variation in COD performance between the early and end of season could be explained by the acute or chronic WL, training monotony or strain and the PHV. Conclusions: This information might be useful for practitioners and coaches aiming to improve the COD performance in youth soccer players during an entire competitive season.
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Malina RM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Martinho DV, Sousa-e-Siva P, Figueiredo AJ, Cumming SP, Králík M, Kozieł SM. Observed and predicted ages at peak height velocity in soccer players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254659. [PMID: 34310636 PMCID: PMC8312932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate predicted maturity offset (time before age at PHV) and age at PHV (chronological age [CA] minus maturity offset) in a longitudinal sample of 58 under-13 club level soccer players in central Portugal for whom ages at PHV were estimated with the SITAR model. Two maturity offset prediction equations were applied: the original equation which requires CA sitting height, estimated leg length, height and weight, and a modified equation which requires CA and height. Predicted maturity offset increased, on average, with CA at prediction throughout the age range considered, while variation in predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV within CA groups was considerably reduced compared to variation in observed ages at offset and at PHV. Predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV were consistently later than observed maturity offset and age at PHV among early maturing players, and earlier than observed in late maturing players. Both predicted offset and ages at PHV with the two equations were, on average, later than observed among players maturing on time. Intra-individual variation in predicted ages at PHV with each equation was considerable. The results for soccer players were consistent with similar studies in the general population and two recent longitudinal studies of soccer players. The results question the utility of predicted maturity offset and age at PHV as valid indicators of maturity timing and status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa-e-Siva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslav Králík
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
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Souissi MA, Souissi H, Elghoul Y, Masmoudi L, Trabelsi O, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Information Processing and Technical Knowledge Contribute to Self-Controlled Video Feedback for Children Learning the Snatch Movement in Weightlifting. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1785-1805. [PMID: 33910395 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211011728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our aim in this study was to examine, via technical performance analysis and speed of execution, whether information processing and technical knowledge help explain learning benefits of self-controlled video feedback in children's weightlifting performance. We randomized 24 children (aged 10 to 12 years) into self-controlled (SC) and yoked (YK) feedback groups. Learners underwent test sessions one week before (pre-test) and one day after (post-test) six weightlifting training sessions. During each test session, we recorded kinematic parameters of snatch performance using Kinovea version 0.8.15 software. After the learning sessions, the SC group improved on most kinematic parameters (e.g., the horizontal displacement of the bar between the first and the second pulls [MDXV = 25.42%, SD = 18.96, p = 0.003) and the maximum height reached by the bar (MHMV = 5.51%, SD = 7.71, p < 0.05)], while the YK group improved only on the DxV (MDXV = 19.08%, SD = 24.68, p < 0.05). In addition, the SC group showed a more advanced phase of cognitive processing compared to the YK group, and the SC group showed a superior improvement in their technical knowledge level (p < 0.001) compared to the YK group (p < 0.05). Thus, key elements to correcting motor errors in children's weightlifting through self-controlled feedback were improvements in information processing and technical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelkader Souissi
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Education and Continuous Training, Virtual University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Souissi
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Sfax University, Tunisia
| | - Yousri Elghoul
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Sfax University, Tunisia
| | - Liwa Masmoudi
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Sfax University, Tunisia
| | - Omar Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Sfax University, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, France
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Sfax University, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunisia
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Light N, Johnson A, Williams S, Smith N, Hale B, Thorborg K. Injuries in youth football and the relationship to player maturation: An analysis of time-loss injuries during four seasons in an English elite male football academy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1324-1334. [PMID: 33560529 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A better insight into injuries in elite-youth football may inform prevention strategies. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the frequency, incidence, and pattern of time-loss injuries in an elite male football academy, exploring injuries in relation to age and maturation status. Across four consecutive playing seasons, playing exposure and injuries to all academy players (U'9 to U'21) were recorded by club medical staff. Maturation status at the time of injury was also calculated for players competing in U'13 to U'16 aged squads. Time-loss injury occurrence and maturation status at time of injury were the main outcome measures. A total of 603 time-loss injuries were recorded, from 190 different players. Playing exposure was 229 317 hours resulting in an overall injury rate of 2.4 p/1000 h, ranging from 0.7 p/1000 h (U'11) to 4.8 p/1000 h (U'21). Most injuries were traumatic in mechanism (73%). The most common injury location was the thigh (23%), and the most common injury type was muscle injury (29%) combining to provide the most common injury diagnosis; thigh muscle injury (17%). In U'13-U'16 players, a higher number of injuries to early-maturing players were observed in U'13-U'14 players, while more injuries to U'15-U'16 players occurred when classed as "on-time" in maturity status. Maturation status did not statistically relate to injury pattern; however, knee bone (not-fracture) injuries peaked in U'13 players while hip/groin muscle injuries peaked in U'15 players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Light
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Adam Johnson
- Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Neal Smith
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Beverley Hale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Drury B, Clarke H, Moran J, Fernandes JFT, Henry G, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: A Survey of Perceptions and Current Practices by Strength and Conditioning Coaches. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:21. [PMID: 33670687 PMCID: PMC8006255 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training (ERT) in youth is advocated for aiding performance and injury risk. However, research investigating the applied practices of ERT in youth is in its infancy. In this study, we surveyed the perceptions and practices of practitioners utilizing ERT in youth to provide an understanding of its current application in practice. METHODS Sixty-four strength and conditioning coaches completed an online survey reporting their current use of ERT in youth using both open and closed questions. RESULTS Coaches deemed the inclusion of ERT important in youth with its inclusion based upon factors such as maturation status, training age and strength levels. Coaches also displayed an awareness of the physiological responses to eccentric exercise in youth compared to adults. ERT was primarily used for injury prevention, with the majority of coaches using body-weight and tempo exercises. Furthermore, utilizing eccentric hamstrings exercises was reported as highly important. The frequency of ERT tended to increase in older age groups and coaches mainly prescribed self-selected rest intervals. Finally, the need for further research into the training guidelines of ERT in youth was highlighted, in which coaches require more information on how maturation influences training adaptations and the fatigue-recovery responses. CONCLUSION Coaches emphasized the importance of including ERT for both performance and injury prevention factors in youth although further research is required to generate practical guidelines for coaches in order to support its inclusion within practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK; (H.C.); (J.F.T.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Hannah Clarke
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK; (H.C.); (J.F.T.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - John F. T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK; (H.C.); (J.F.T.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Greg Henry
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK; (H.C.); (J.F.T.F.); (G.H.)
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
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Reis MAMD, Almeida MB. The role of somatic maturation in the tactical effectiveness, efficiency and variability of young soccer players. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1743165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antônio Mattos Dos Reis
- Laboratory of Study and Research in Performance in Exercise and Sport, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- School Upper of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bezerra Almeida
- Laboratory of Study and Research in Performance in Exercise and Sport, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
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The Moderating Role of Recovery Durations in High-Intensity Interval-Training Protocols. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:859–867. [PMID: 31146621 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Over recent years, multiple studies have tried to optimize the exercise intensity and duration of work intervals in high-intensity-interval training (HIIT) protocols. Although an optimal work interval is of major importance to facilitate training adaptations, an optimal HIIT protocol can only be achieved with an adequate recovery interval separating work bouts. Surprisingly, little research has focused on the acute responses and long-term impact of manipulating recovery intervals in HIIT sessions. This invited commentary therefore aimed to review and discuss the current literature and increase the understanding of the moderating role of recovery durations in HIIT protocols. Conclusion: The acute responses to manipulations in recovery durations in repeated-sprint training (RST), sprint interval training (SIT), and aerobic interval training (AIT) protocols have recently begun to receive scientific interest. However, limited studies have manipulated only the recovery duration in RST, SIT, or AIT protocols to analyze the role of recovery durations on long-term training adaptations. In RST and SIT, longer recovery intervals (≥80 s) facilitate higher workloads in subsequent work intervals (compared with short recovery intervals), while potentially lowering the aerobic stimulus of the training session. In AIT, the total physiological strain endured per training protocol appears not to be moderated by the recovery intervals, unless the recovery duration is too short. This invited commentary highlights that further empirical evidence on a variety of RST, SIT, and AIT protocols and in exercise modalities other than cycling is needed.
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