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Baze A, Wiss L, Horbal L, Biemel K, Asselin L, Richert L. Comparison of in vitro thyroxine (T4) metabolism between Wistar rat and human hepatocyte cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105763. [PMID: 38142784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays remain relatively new in exploring human relevance of liver, in particular nuclear receptor-mediated perturbations of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis seen in rodents, mainly in the rat. Consistent with in vivo data, we confirm that thyroid hormone thyroxine metabolism was 9 times higher in primary rat hepatocytes (PRH) than in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) cultured in a 2D sandwich (2Dsw) configuration. In addition, thyroxine glucuronide (T4-G) was by far the major metabolite formed in both species (99.1% in PRH and 69.7% in PHH) followed by thyroxine sulfate (T4-S, 0.7% in PRH and 18.1% in PHH) and triiodothyronine/reverse triiodothyronine (T3/rT3, 0.2% in PRH and 12.2% in PHH). After a 7-day daily exposure to orphan receptor-mediated liver inducers, T4 metabolism was strongly increased in PRH, almost exclusively through increased T4-G formation. These results were consistent with the inductions of glucuronosyltransferase Ugt2b1 and canalicular transporter Mrp2. PHH also responded to activation of the three nuclear receptors, with mainly induction of glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 and canalicular transporter MRP2. Despite this, T4 disappearance rate and secreted T4 metabolites were only slightly increased in PHH. Overall, our data highlight that cryopreserved hepatocytes in 2Dsw culture allowing long-term exposure and species comparison are of major interest in improving liver-mediated human safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Baze
- KaLy-Cell SAS, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France
| | - Lucille Wiss
- KaLy-Cell SAS, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France
| | - Liliia Horbal
- Pharmacelsus GmbH, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbrüken, Germany
| | - Klaus Biemel
- Pharmacelsus GmbH, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbrüken, Germany
| | - Laure Asselin
- KaLy-Cell SAS, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France
| | - Lysiane Richert
- KaLy-Cell SAS, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France; Zylan SAS, 8 rue de la Haute Corniche, 67210 Obernai, France.
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Li C, Wang KL, Hu JH, Su HB. Clinical manifestations and early effectiveness of methimazole in patients with graves' hyperthyroidism-related severe hepatic dysfunction. Scand J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:1514-1522. [PMID: 37545358 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2244107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) is often accompanied by mild to moderate liver injury, but severe hepatic dysfunction (SHD) is relatively rare. Whether patients with GH-related SHD can be treated with methimazole (MMI) remains controversial. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and to evaluate the role of low-dose MMI for such patients. METHODS 33 patients with GH-related SHD were selected for this retrospective study in the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2017 to July 2022. The clinical manifestations, therapeutic responses, and effectiveness of MMI were evaluated. RESULTS Systemic jaundice (100.0%), yellow urine (100.0%), fatigue (87.9%), and goiter (66.7%) were the main symptoms. Total bilirubin (TBIL) had no linear correlation with free triiodothyronine (FT3) (r = -0.023, p = .899), free thyroxine (FT4) (r = 0.111, p = .540), T3 (r = -0.144, p = .425), and T4 (r = 0.037, p = .837). On the 14th day after admission, FT3, FT4, T3, T4, TBIL, direct bilirubin (DBIL), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and international normalized ratio (INR) decreased compared with the baseline (p < .05). The decrease rates of FT3, FT4, T3, T4, TBIL, and DBIL in the MMI group were higher than those in the non-MMI group (p < .05). The improvement rate of the MMI group (77.8%) was higher than that of the non-MMI group (9.5%, p = .001). MMI treatment is an independent predictor affecting the early improvement of patients (OR = 0.022, p = .010). CONCLUSIONS The main clinical manifestations of patients with GH-related SHD were symptoms related to liver disease. Low-dose MMI was safe and effective for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Medical School, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Li Wang
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Medical School, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hua Hu
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Medical School, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Bin Su
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Medical School, Peking University, Beijing, China
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3
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Akane H, Toyoda T, Mizuta Y, Cho YM, Ide T, Kosaka T, Tajima H, Aoyama H, Ogawa K. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation for detecting changes in blood hormone levels caused by endocrine disruptors in a 28-day repeated-dose study in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1603-1617. [PMID: 35385133 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although measurements of blood hormone levels in rodent toxicological studies can provide important information on the mechanisms of toxicity and extrapolation to humans, there are several difficulties such as large individual differences and limited sample volume. To develop a more simplified method that does not depend solely on blood samples, we examined the possible application of immunohistochemistry for detecting endocrine disruptors in short-term studies. Aminotriazole (AMT), propylthiouracil (PTU), phenobarbital, aminoglutethimide (AGT), estradiol, and vitamin D3 were administered orally to 6-week-old male and female SD rats (five/group) for 28 days. Measurements of serum hormone levels revealed decreases in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the AMT and PTU groups, an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the AMT, PTU, and AGT groups, and an increase in adrenocorticotrophic hormone in the AGT group. Increased thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal gland weights; histopathological lesions, including follicular hypertrophy/hyperplasia, hypertrophy/vacuolation of anterior pituitary cells, and increased adrenocortical vacuolation were observed in association with the hormone level changes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decreased T4 level in the thyroid gland of the AMT and PTU groups and an increased area of TSH positive immunostaining in the pituitary gland of the AMT, PTU, and AGT groups, consistent with the changes in serum T4 and TSH levels, respectively. These results suggest that histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for T4 and TSH might be useful and sensitive methods of detecting thyroid dysfunction, and that combining organ weight measurements is a reliable parameter of detecting endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Akane
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mizuta
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ide
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kosaka
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tajima
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Aoyama
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
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4
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Deal CK, Volkoff H. Effects of thyroxine and propylthiouracil on feeding behavior and the expression of hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides and thyroid function in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Peptides 2021; 142:170578. [PMID: 34033875 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is poor evidence for an association between thyroidal state, feeding and appetite regulation in fish. We assessed how an altered thyroid state influences feeding behavior, food intake and expression of hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides (Klotho-α and Klotho-β; orexin, OX; cholecystokinin, CCK; agouti-related peptide, AgRP; cannabinoid receptor 1, CB1) in goldfish. We also measured the expressions of hypothalamic, pituitary and liver transcripts that regulate the thyroid [thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRH-R) type 1, thyroid stimulating hormone beta (TSHβ), deiodinases (DIO2, DIO3), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1), thyroid receptor alpha and beta (TRα, TRβ)], and circulating levels of total thyroxine (tT4) and total triiodothyronine (tT3). Goldfish were implanted with propylthiouracil (PTU) or T4 osmotic pumps for 12 days. T4- treatment increased feeding behavior but not food intake, increased central TSHβ and DIO2, and hepatic DIO2 transcript expression and increased central DIO3 mRNA. Under hyperthyroid conditions, hypothalamic Klotho and CCK expressions were downregulated, suggesting an increased metabolic state and a hypothalamic response to regulate energy balance. AgRP, OX and CB1 were not affected by T4 treatment. PTU had no effect on any of the parameters examined, suggesting it is not a sensitive thyroid inhibitor in fish. Overall, we show that unlike in mammals, hyperthyroid conditions in goldfish do not lead to an increased desire or need to consume food, furthering evidence for a weak link between the thyroid and appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole K Deal
- Departments of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Helene Volkoff
- Departments of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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5
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Plummer S, Beaumont B, Elcombe M, Wallace S, Wright J, Mcinnes EF, Currie RA, Cowie D. Species differences in phenobarbital-mediated UGT gene induction in rat and human liver microtissues. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:155-161. [PMID: 33473352 PMCID: PMC7803626 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Species differences in UGT induction could mediate thyroid cancer susceptibility. The effect of CAR activators on rat thyroid carcinogenesis could be partly explained by differential induction of Ugt 2b17. Human UGT changes would likely contribute less to species differences in T4 metabolism than rat UGT changes.
Species differences in hepatic metabolism of thyroxine (T4) by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) and susceptibility to thyroid hormone imbalance could underlie differences in thyroid carcinogenesis caused by hepatic enzyme inducers in rats and humans. To investigate this hypothesis we examined profiles of hepatic UGT induction by the prototypical CAR activator phenobarbital (PB) in rat and human liver 3D microtissues. The rationale for this approach was that 3D microtissues would generate data more relevant to humans. Rat and human liver 3D microtissues were exposed to PB over a range of concentrations (500 u M - 2000 u M) and times (24−96 hr). Microarray and proteomics analyses were performed on parallel samples to generate integrated differentially expressed gene (DEG) datasets. Bioinformatics analysis of DEG data, including CAR response element (CRE) sequence analysis of UGT promoters, was used to assess species differences in UGT induction relative to CAR-mediated transactivation potential. A higher proportion of human UGT promoters were found to contain consensus CREs compared to the rat homologs. UGTs 1a6, 2b17 and 2b37 were upregulated by PB in rat liver 3D microtissues, but unaltered in human liver 3D microtissues. By contrast, human UGTs 1A8, 1A10 and 2B10 showed higher levels of induction (RNA and /or protein) compared to the rat homologs. There was general concordance between the presence of CREs and the induction of UGT RNA. As UGT1A and 2B isoforms metabolise T4, these results suggest that differences in UGT induction could contribute to differential susceptibility to CAR-mediated thyroid carcinogenesis in rats and humans.
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Li AA, Makris SL, Marty MS, Strauss V, Gilbert ME, Blacker A, Zorrilla LM, Coder PS, Hannas B, Lordi S, Schneider S. Practical considerations for developmental thyroid toxicity assessments: What's working, what's not, and how can we do better? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:111-136. [PMID: 31018155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs; T3 and T4) play a role in development of cardiovascular, reproductive, immune and nervous systems. Thus, interpretation of TH changes from rodent studies (during pregnancy, in fetuses, neonates, and adults) is critical in hazard characterization and risk assessment. A roundtable session at the 2017 Society of Toxicology (SOT) meeting brought together academic, industry and government scientists to share knowledge and different perspectives on technical and data interpretation issues. Data from a limited group of laboratories were compiled for technical discussions on TH measurements, including good practices for reliable serum TH data. Inter-laboratory historical control data, derived from immunoassays or mass spectrometry methods, revealed: 1) assay sensitivities vary within and across methodologies; 2) TH variability is similar across animal ages; 3) laboratories generally achieve sufficiently sensitive TH quantitation levels, although issues remain for lower levels of serum TH and TSH in fetuses and postnatal day 4 pups; thus, assay sensitivity is critical at these life stages. Best practices require detailed validation of rat serum TH measurements across ages to establish assay sensitivity and precision, and identify potential matrix effects. Finally, issues related to data interpretation for biological understanding and risk assessment were discussed, but their resolution remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby A Li
- Exponent Inc., 1010 14th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94114, USA.
| | - Susan L Makris
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW 8623R, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - M Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Volker Strauss
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health Environmental Effects Research Lab, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD B105 05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Ann Blacker
- Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, RTP, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - Pragati S Coder
- Charles River Laboratories, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 1407 George Road, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA.
| | - Bethany Hannas
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Sheri Lordi
- Charles River Laboratories International, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA.
| | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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7
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Gao WF, Li YX, Zhang WH, Tao R, Yin TT, Wang YJ, Liu LN, Fu ZW, Li SN, Liu NR, Zhang H, Liu G, Zhao LZ, Zhang XP, Zhang CZ. Comparison of the inhibition potential of parthenolide and micheliolide on various UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1158-1163. [PMID: 30484368 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1544383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parthenolide (PTL) and micheliolide (MCL) are sesquiterpene lactones with similar structures, and both of them have been reported to exhibit multiple biochemical and pharmacological activities. This study aims to investigate the inhibition of these two compounds on the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). In vitro incubation mixture for recombinant UGTs-catalyzed glucuronidation metabolism of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) was utilized to investigate the inhibition potential. Inhibition kinetics (including inhibition type and parameters) were determined, and in silico docking was employed to elucidate the inhibition difference between PTL and MCL on UGT1A1. MCL showed no inhibition toward all the UGT isoforms, and PTL showed strong inhibition toward UGT1A1. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PTL on the activity of UGT1A1 was determined to be 64.4 μM. Inhibition kinetics determination showed that PTL exerted noncompetitive inhibition toward UGT1A1, and the inhibition kinetic constant (Ki) was determined to be 12.1 μM. In silico docking method has been employed to show that hydrogen bonds between PTL and the activity cavity of UGT1A1 contributed to the stronger inhibition of PTL on the activity of UGT1A1 than MCL. In conclusion, PTL can more easily induce drug-drug interaction (DDI) with clinical drugs mainly undergoing UGT1A1-catalyzed glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Gao
- a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Yi-Xuan Li
- a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China.,b Department of Clinical Science of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin , China
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Ran Tao
- c Basic Medical College, Hebei North University , Hebei , China
| | - Ting-Ting Yin
- b Department of Clinical Science of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin , China
| | - Yi-Jia Wang
- d Department of Pathology , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Li-Na Liu
- a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Zhi-Wei Fu
- e Department of Toxicology School of Public Health , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Sai-Nan Li
- e Department of Toxicology School of Public Health , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Nai-Rong Liu
- e Department of Toxicology School of Public Health , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Heng Zhang
- f Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Guang Liu
- f Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Li-Zhong Zhao
- a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Xi-Peng Zhang
- a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Chun-Ze Zhang
- a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
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Hirashima R, Michimae H, Takemoto H, Sasaki A, Kobayashi Y, Itoh T, Tukey RH, Fujiwara R. Induction of the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 during the Perinatal Period Can Cause Neurodevelopmental Toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:265-74. [PMID: 27413119 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticonvulsants can increase the risk of developing neurotoxicity in infants; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated to date. Thyroxine [3,5,3',5'-l-tetraiodothyronine (T4)] plays crucial roles in the development of the central nervous system. In this study, we hypothesized that induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)-an enzyme involved in the metabolism of T4-by anticonvulsants would reduce serum T4 levels and cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. Exposure of mice to phenytoin during both the prenatal and postnatal periods significantly induced UGT1A1 and decreased serum T4 levels on postnatal day 14. In the phenytoin-treated mice, the mRNA levels of synaptophysin and synapsin I in the hippocampus were lower than those in the control mice. The thickness of the external granule cell layer was greater in phenytoin-treated mice, indicating that induction of UGT1A1 during the perinatal period caused neurodevelopmental disorders. Exposure to phenytoin during only the postnatal period also caused these neurodevelopmental disorders. A T4 replacement attenuated the increase in thickness of the external granule cell layer, indicating that the reduced T4 was specifically associated with the phenytoin-induced neurodevelopmental disorder. In addition, these neurodevelopmental disorders were also found in the carbamazepine- and pregnenolone-16-α-carbonitrile-treated mice. Our study is the first to indicate that UGT1A1 can control neurodevelopment by regulating serum T4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Hirashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Aya Sasaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
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9
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Bock KW. Roles of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in clearance and homeostasis of endogenous substrates, and functional implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:77-82. [PMID: 25937523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are major phase II enzymes in the drug metabolism system. Despite major advances in characterization of UGT gene family members, their role in clearance and homeostasis of endogenous substrates is insufficiently understood. Endobiotic substrates including bilirubin, serotonin, eicosanoids, steroid hormones, bile acids, thyroxine and fat-soluble vitamins A and D are discussed. Species- and tissue/cell-dependent regulation of UGT expression by ligand-activated transcription factors is often involved in endobiotic homeostasis. However, roles of particular UGTs are often difficult to delineate since they function together with other enzymes and transporters. Better knowledge of endobiotic UGT substrates and consequences of their conjugation may help to understand evolutionary conserved UGT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Walter Bock
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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10
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Ramírez J, Mirkov S, House LK, Ratain MJ. Glucuronidation of OTS167 in Humans Is Catalyzed by UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:928-35. [PMID: 25870101 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OTS167 is a potent maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase inhibitor undergoing clinical testing as antineoplastic agent. We aimed to identify the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in OTS167 metabolism, study the relationship between UGT genetic polymorphisms and hepatic OTS167 glucuronidation, and investigate the inhibitory potential of OTS167 on UGTs. Formation of a single OTS167-glucuronide (OTS167-G) was observed in pooled human liver (HLM) (Km = 3.4 ± 0.2 µM), intestinal microsomes (HIM) (Km = 1.7 ± 0.1 µM), and UGTs. UGT1A1 (64 µl/min/mg) and UGT1A8 (72 µl/min/mg) exhibited the highest intrinsic clearances (CLint) for OTS167, followed by UGT1A3 (51 µl/min/mg) and UGT1A10 (47 µl/min/mg); UGT1A9 was a minor contributor. OTS167 glucuronidation in HLM was highly correlated with thyroxine glucuronidation (r = 0.91, P < 0.0001), SN-38 glucuronidation (r = 0.79, P < 0.0001), and UGT1A1 mRNA (r = 0.72, P < 0.0001). Nilotinib (UGT1A1 inhibitor) and emodin (UGT1A8 and UGT1A10 inhibitor) exhibited the highest inhibitory effects on OTS167-G formation in HLM (68%) and HIM (47%). We hypothesize that OTS167-G is an N-glucuronide according to mass spectrometry. A significant association was found between rs6706232 and reduced OTS167-G formation (P = 0.03). No or weak UGT inhibition (range: 0-21%) was observed using clinically relevant OTS167 concentrations (0.4-2 µM). We conclude that UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 are the main UGTs responsible for hepatic formation of OTS167-G. Intestinal UGT1A1, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10 may contribute to first-pass OTS167 metabolism after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Snezana Mirkov
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Larry K House
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark J Ratain
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Ziegler K, Tumova S, Kerimi A, Williamson G. Cellular asymmetric catalysis by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8 shows functional localization to the basolateral plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7622-33. [PMID: 25586184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are highly expressed in liver, intestine and kidney, and catalyze the glucuronic acid conjugation of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. Using recombinant human UGT isoforms, we show that glucuronic acid conjugation of the model substrate, (-)-epicatechin, is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A8 and UGT1A9. In HepG2 cells, pretreatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids increased substrate glucuronidation. In the intestinal Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture model, overall relative glucuronidation rates were much higher than in HepG2 cells, and (-)-epicatechin was much more readily conjugated when applied to the basolateral side of the cell monolayer. Under these conditions, 95% of the conjugated product was effluxed back to the site of application, and none of the other phase 2-derived metabolites followed this distribution pattern. HT29-MTX cells contained >1000-fold higher levels of UGT1A8 mRNA than Caco-2 or HepG2 cells. Gene expression of UGT1A8 increased after treatment of cells with docosahexaenoic acid, as did UGT1A protein levels. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting showed the presence of UGT1A in the basal and lateral parts of the plasma membrane of HT29-MTX cells. These results suggest that some of the UGT1A8 enzyme is not residing in the endoplasmic reticulum but spans the plasma membrane, resulting in increased accessibility to compounds outside the cell. This facilitates more efficient conjugation of substrate and is additionally coupled with rapid efflux by functionally associated basolateral transporters. This novel molecular strategy allows the cell to carry out conjugation without the xenobiotic entering into the interior of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ziegler
- From the Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarka Tumova
- From the Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- From the Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Williamson
- From the Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Santoro AB, Vargens DD, Barros Filho MDC, Bulzico DA, Kowalski LP, Meirelles RMR, Paula DP, Neves RRS, Pessoa CN, Struchine CJ, Suarez-Kurtz G. Effect of UGT1A1, UGT1A3, DIO1 and DIO2 polymorphisms on L-thyroxine doses required for TSH suppression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 78:1067-75. [PMID: 24910925 PMCID: PMC4243881 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the impact of genetic polymorphisms in uridine 5'-glucuronosylytansferases UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 and iodothyronine-deiodinases types 1 and 2 on levothyroxine (T4 ; 3,5,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) dose requirement for suppression of thyrotropin (TSH) secretion in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). METHODS Patients (n = 268) submitted to total thyroidectomy and ablation by (131) I, under T4 therapy for at least 6 months were recruited in three public institutions in Brazil. Multivariate regression modelling was applied to assess the association of T4 dosing with polymorphisms in UGT1A1 (rs8175347), UGT1A3 (rs3806596 and rs1983023), DIO1 (rs11206244 and rs2235544) and DIO2 (rs225014 and rs12885300), demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS A regression model including UGT1A haplotypes, age, gender, body weight and serum TSH concentration accounted for 39% of the inter-individual variation in the T4 dosage. The association of T4 dose with UGT1A haplotype is attributed to reduced UGT1A1 expression and T4 glucuronidation in liver of carriers of low expression UGT1A1 rs8175347 alleles. The DIO1 and DIO2 genotypes had no influence of T4 dosage. CONCLUSION UGT1A haplotypes associate with T4 dosage in DTC patients, but the effect accounts for only 2% of the total variability and recommendation of pre-emptive UGT1A genotyping is not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Santoro
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de CâncerRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela D Vargens
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de CâncerRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel A Bulzico
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Nacional de CâncerRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia, AC Camargo Cancer CenterSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M R Meirelles
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz CapriglioneRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Paula
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de JaneiroSeropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo R S Neves
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz CapriglioneRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cencita N Pessoa
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Nacional de CâncerRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio J Struchine
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo CruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Richardson VM, Ferguson SS, Sey YM, DeVito MJ. In vitrometabolism of thyroxine by rat and human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:391-403. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.847990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Tripathi SP, Bhadauriya A, Patil A, Sangamwar AT. Substrate selectivity of human intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): in silico and in vitro insights. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:231-52. [PMID: 23461702 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.767345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current drug development process aims to produce safe, effective drugs within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Phase II metabolism (glucuronidation) can affect drug action and pharmacokinetics to a considerable extent and so its studies and prediction at initial stages of drug development are very imperative. Extensive glucuronidation is an obstacle to oral bioavailability because the first-pass glucuronidation [or premature clearance by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)] of orally administered agents frequently results in poor oral bioavailability and lack of efficacy. Modeling of new chemical entities/drugs for UGTs and their kinetic data can be useful in understanding the binding patterns to be used in the design of better molecules. This review concentrates on first-pass glucuronidation by intestinal UGTs, including their topology, expression profile, and pharmacogenomics. In addition, recent advances are discussed with respect to substrate selectivity at the binding pocket, structural requirements, and mechanism of enzyme actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
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Murk AJ, Rijntjes E, Blaauboer BJ, Clewell R, Crofton KM, Dingemans MML, Furlow JD, Kavlock R, Köhrle J, Opitz R, Traas T, Visser TJ, Xia M, Gutleb AC. Mechanism-based testing strategy using in vitro approaches for identification of thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1320-46. [PMID: 23453986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone (TH) system is involved in several important physiological processes, including regulation of energy metabolism, growth and differentiation, development and maintenance of brain function, thermo-regulation, osmo-regulation, and axis of regulation of other endocrine systems, sexual behaviour and fertility and cardiovascular function. Therefore, concern about TH disruption (THD) has resulted in strategies being developed to identify THD chemicals (THDCs). Information on potential of chemicals causing THD is typically derived from animal studies. For the majority of chemicals, however, this information is either limited or unavailable. It is also unlikely that animal experiments will be performed for all THD relevant chemicals in the near future for ethical, financial and practical reasons. In addition, typical animal experiments often do not provide information on the mechanism of action of THDC, making it harder to extrapolate results across species. Relevant effects may not be identified in animal studies when the effects are delayed, life stage specific, not assessed by the experimental paradigm (e.g., behaviour) or only occur when an organism has to adapt to environmental factors by modulating TH levels. Therefore, in vitro and in silico alternatives to identify THDC and quantify their potency are needed. THDC have many potential mechanisms of action, including altered hormone production, transport, metabolism, receptor activation and disruption of several feed-back mechanisms. In vitro assays are available for many of these endpoints, and the application of modern '-omics' technologies, applicable for in vivo studies can help to reveal relevant and possibly new endpoints for inclusion in a targeted THDC in vitro test battery. Within the framework of the ASAT initiative (Assuring Safety without Animal Testing), an international group consisting of experts in the areas of thyroid endocrinology, toxicology of endocrine disruption, neurotoxicology, high-throughput screening, computational biology, and regulatory affairs has reviewed the state of science for (1) known mechanisms for THD plus examples of THDC; (2) in vitro THD tests currently available or under development related to these mechanisms; and (3) in silico methods for estimating the blood levels of THDC. Based on this scientific review, the panel has recommended a battery of test methods to be able to classify chemicals as of less or high concern for further hazard and risk assessment for THD. In addition, research gaps and needs are identified to be able to optimize and validate the targeted THD in vitro test battery for a mechanism-based strategy for a decision to opt out or to proceed with further testing for THD.
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Affiliation(s)
- AlberTinka J Murk
- Wageningen University, Sub-department of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Association of the UGT1A1-53(TA)n polymorphism with L-thyroxine doses required for thyrotropin suppression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011; 21:341-3. [PMID: 21317830 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283448d19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable interindividual variation in L-thyroxine [3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine (T4)] dose required for thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) suppression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. To investigate whether uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)-mediated T4 glucuronidation in liver affects T4 dose, we genotyped 101 patients for the common UGT1A1-53(TA)n polymorphism and compared T4 doses among patients having zero (5/6 and 6/6 genotypes), one (6/7 genotype), or two (7/7 and 7/8 genotypes) copies of the low-expression (TA)7 and (TA)8 alleles. A significant trend for decreasing T4 dose with increasing number of copies of (TA)7 and (TA)8 (P=0.037) and significant difference in T4 dose across the UGT1A1-53(TA)n genotypes (P=0.048) were observed, despite considerable overlap of T4 doses among different genotypes. These results are consistent with reduced T4 glucuronidation in patients with low-expression (TA)7 and (TA)8 alleles and provide the first evidence for association between UGT1A1-53(TA)n and T4-dose requirement for thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression in a natural clinical setting.
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Lehtonen P, Sten T, Aitio O, Kurkela M, Vuorensola K, Finel M, Kostiainen R. Glucuronidation of racemic O-desmethyltramadol, the active metabolite of tramadol. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:523-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Richardson TA, Klaassen CD. Disruption of thyroid hormone homeostasis in Ugt1a-deficient Gunn rats by microsomal enzyme inducers is not due to enhanced thyroxine glucuronidation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:38-44. [PMID: 20655938 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal enzyme inducers (MEI) that increase UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are thought to increase glucuronidation of thyroxine (T(4)), thus reducing serum T(4), and subsequently increasing thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Ugt1a1 and Ugt1a6 mediate T(4) glucuronidation. Therefore, this experiment determined the involvement of Ugt1a enzymes in increased T(4) glucuronidation, decreased serum T(4), and increased TSH after MEI treatment. Male Wistar and Ugt1a-deficient Wistar (Gunn) rats were fed a control diet or diet containing pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN; 800 ppm), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC; 200 ppm), or Aroclor 1254 (PCB; 100 ppm) for 7 days. Serum T(4), triiodothyronine (T(3)), and TSH concentrations, hepatic T(4)/T(3) glucuronidation, and thyroid histology and follicular cell proliferation were investigated. PCN, 3-MC, and PCB treatments decreased serum T(4), whereas serum T(3) was maintained in both Gunn and Wistar rats (except for PCB treatment). TSH was increased in Wistar and Gunn rats after PCN (130 and 277%) or PCB treatment (72 and 60%). T(4) glucuronidation in Wistar rats was increased after PCN (298%), 3-MC (85%), and PCB (450%), but was extremely low in Gunn rats, and unchanged after MEI. T(3) glucuronidation was increased after PCN (121%) or PCB (58%) in Wistar rats, but only PCN increased T(3) glucuronidation in Gunn rats (43%). PCN treatment induced thyroid morphological changes and increased follicular cell proliferation in both strains. These data demonstrate that T(4) glucuronidation cannot be increased in Ugt1a-deficient Gunn rats. Thus, the decrease in serum T(4), increase in TSH, and increase in thyroid cell proliferation after MEI are not dependent on increased T(4) glucuronidation, and cannot be attributed to Ugt1a enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrilyn A Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Ennulat D, Walker D, Clemo F, Magid-Slav M, Ledieu D, Graham M, Botts S, Boone L. Effects of Hepatic Drug-metabolizing Enzyme Induction on Clinical Pathology Parameters in Animals and Man. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:810-28. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623310374332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme (DME) induction is an adaptive response associated with changes in preclinical species; this response can include increases in liver weight, hepatocellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and upregulated tissue expression of DMEs. Effects of DME induction on clinical pathology markers of hepatobiliary injury and function in animals as well as humans are not well established. This component of a multipart review of the comparative pathology of xenobiotically mediated induction of hepatic metabolizing enzymes reviews pertinent data from retrospective and prospective preclinical and clinical studies. Particular attention is given to studies with confirmation of DME induction and concurrent evaluation of liver and/or serum hepatobiliary marker enzyme activities and histopathology. These results collectively indicate that in the rat, when histologic findings are limited to hepatocellular hypertrophy, DME induction is not expected to be associated with consistent or substantive changes in serum or plasma activity of hepatobiliary marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyltransferase. In the dog and the monkey, published studies also do not demonstrate a consistent relationship across DME-inducing agents and changes in these clinical pathology parameters. However, increased liver alkaline phosphatase or gamma glutamyltransferase activity in dogs treated with phenobarbital or corticosteroids suggests that direct or indirect induction of select hepatobiliary injury markers can occur both in the absence of liver injury and independently of induction of DME activity. Although correlations between tissue and serum levels of these hepatobiliary markers are limited and inconsistent, increases in serum/plasma activities that are substantial or involve changes in other markers generally reflect hepatobiliary insult rather than DME induction. Extrahepatic effects, including disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, can also occur as a direct outcome of hepatic DME induction in humans and animals. Importantly, hepatic DME induction and associated changes in preclinical species are not necessarily predictive of the occurrence, magnitude, or enzyme induction profile in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Walker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, East Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark Graham
- AstraZeneca, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Laura Boone
- Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana, USA
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Kluge M, Riedl S, Uhr M, Schmidt D, Zhang X, Yassouridis A, Steiger A. Ghrelin affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in humans by increasing free thyroxine and decreasing TSH in plasma. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:1059-65. [PMID: 20423986 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin promotes a positive energy balance, e.g. by increasing food intake. Stimulation of the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis promotes a negative energy balance, e.g. by increasing energy expenditure. We therefore hypothesized that ghrelin suppresses the HPT axis in humans, counteracting its energy-saving effect. DESIGN AND METHODS In this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study, we determined secretion patterns of free triiodothyronine (fT(3)), free thyroxine (fT(4)), TSH, and thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) between 2000 and 0700 h in 20 healthy adults (10 males and 10 females, 25.3+/-2.7 years) receiving 50 microg ghrelin or placebo at 2200, 2300, 0000, and 0100 h. RESULTS FT(4) plasma levels were significantly higher after ghrelin administration than after placebo administration from 0000 h until 0620 h except for the time points at 0100, 0520, and 0600 h. TSH plasma levels were significantly lower from 0200 until the end of the study at 0700 h except for the time points at 0540, 0600, and 0620 h. The relative increase of fT(4) (area under the curve (AUC) 0130-0700 h (ng/dl x min): placebo: 1.31+/-0.03; ghrelin: 1.39+/-0.03; P=0.001) was much weaker than the relative decrease of TSH (AUC 0130-0700 h (mIU/ml x min): placebo: 1.74+/-0.12; ghrelin: 1.32+/-0.12; P=0.007). FT(3) and TBG were not affected. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report that ghrelin affects the HPT axis in humans. The early fT(4) increase was possibly induced by direct ghrelin action on the thyroid where ghrelin receptors have been identified. The TSH decrease might have been caused by ghrelin-mediated inhibition at hypothalamic level by feedback inhibition through fT(4), or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kluge
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, Munich, Germany.
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UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Polymorphisms Affect Atorvastatin Lactonization In Vitro and In Vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 87:65-73. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Regulation of sulfotransferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene expression by the PPARs. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:728941. [PMID: 19680455 PMCID: PMC2724710 DOI: 10.1155/2009/728941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During phase II metabolism, a substrate is rendered more hydrophilic through the covalent attachment of an endogenous molecule. The cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) families of enzymes account for the majority of phase II metabolism in humans and animals. In general, phase II metabolism is considered to be a detoxication process, as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates are more amenable to excretion and elimination than are the parent substrates. However, certain products of phase II metabolism (e.g., unstable sulfate conjugates) are genotoxic. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are particularly important regulators of SULT and UGT gene transcription. In metabolically active tissues, increasing evidence supports a major role for lipid-sensing transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), in the regulation of rodent and human SULT and UGT gene expression. This review summarizes current information regarding the regulation of these two major classes of phase II metabolizing enzyme by PPARs.
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Lecureux L, Dieter MZ, Nelson DM, Watson L, Wong H, Gemzik B, Klaassen CD, Lehman-McKeeman LD. Hepatobiliary Disposition of Thyroid Hormone in Mrp2-Deficient TR− Rats: Reduced Biliary Excretion of Thyroxine Glucuronide Does Not Prevent Xenobiotic-Induced Hypothyroidism. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:482-91. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ah YM, Kim YM, Kim MJ, Choi YH, Park KH, Son IJ, Kim SG. Drug-induced Hyperbilirubinemia and the Clinical Influencing Factors. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 40:511-37. [DOI: 10.1080/03602530802341133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Guo J, Liu A, Cao H, Luo Y, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB. Biotransformation of the chemopreventive agent 2',4',4-trihydroxychalcone (isoliquiritigenin) by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2104-12. [PMID: 18653743 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2',4',4-trihydroxychalcone (isoliquiritigenin), a chalcone found in licorice root and shallots, exhibits antioxidant, estrogenic, and antitumor activities. To complement our previous studies concerning the phase 1 metabolism of isoliquiritigenin, the phase 2 transformation of isoliquiritigenin by human hepatocytes and pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) was investigated using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and UV absorbance. Five glucuronides were detected corresponding to monoglucuronides of isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin, but no sulfate conjugates were observed. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in the formation of the major glucuronide conjugates were identified using recombinant human UGTs in combination with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 were the major enzymes responsible for the formation of the most abundant conjugate, isoliquiritigenin 4'-O-glucuronide (MG5), with Km values of 4.30+/-0.47 and 3.15+/-0.24 microM, respectively. UGT1A1 and UGT1A10 converted isoliquiritigenin to the next most abundant phase 2 metabolite, isoliquiritigenin 2'-O-glucuronide (MG4), with Km values of 2.98+/-0.8 and 25.8+/-1.3 microM, respectively. In addition, isoliquiritigenin glucuronides MG4 and MG5 were formed by pooled human intestine and kidney microsomes, respectively. Based on the in vitro determination of a 25.3-min half-life for isoliquiritigenin when incubated with HLMs, the intrinsic clearance of isoliquiritigenin was estimated to be 36.4 ml/min/kg. These studies indicate that isoliquiritigenin will be conjugated rapidly in the liver to form up to five monoglucuronides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
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