1
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Wang E, Andrade MJ, Smith Q. Vascularized liver-on-a-chip model to investigate nicotine-induced dysfunction. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:064108. [PMID: 38155919 PMCID: PMC10754629 DOI: 10.1063/5.0172677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of physiologically relevant in vitro systems for simulating disease onset and progression and predicting drug metabolism holds tremendous value in reducing drug discovery time and cost. However, many of these platforms lack accuracy in replicating the tissue architecture and multicellular interactions. By leveraging three-dimensional cell culture, biomimetic soft hydrogels, and engineered stimuli, in vitro models have continued to progress. Nonetheless, the incorporation of the microvasculature has been met with many challenges, specifically with the addition of parenchymal cell types. Here, a systematic approach to investigating the initial seeding density of endothelial cells and its effects on interconnected networks was taken and combined with hepatic spheroids to form a liver-on-a-chip model. Leveraging this system, nicotine's effects on microvasculature and hepatic function were investigated. The findings indicated that nicotine led to interrupted adherens junctions, decreased guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 expression, impaired angiogenesis, and lowered barrier function, all key factors in endothelial dysfunction. With the combination of the optimized microvascular networks, a vascularized liver-on-a-chip was formed, providing functional xenobiotic metabolism and synthesis of both albumin and urea. This system provides insight into potential hepatotoxicity caused by various drugs and allows for assessing vascular dysfunction in a high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Melisa J. Andrade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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2
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Yalkinoglu Ö, Becker A, Krebs-Brown A, Vetter C, Lüpfert C, Perrin D, Heuer J, Biedert H, Hirt S, Bytyqi A, Bachmann A, Strotmann R. Assessment of the potential of the MET inhibitor tepotinib to affect the pharmacokinetics of CYP3A4 and P-gp substrates. Invest New Drugs 2023; 41:596-605. [PMID: 37415001 PMCID: PMC10447267 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-023-01378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Tepotinib is a highly selective, potent, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) inhibitor, approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer harboring MET exon 14 skipping alterations. The aims of this work were to investigate the potential for drug-drug interactions via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/5 or P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition. In vitro studies were conducted in human liver microsomes, human hepatocyte cultures and Caco-2 cell monolayers to investigate whether tepotinib or its major metabolite (MSC2571109A) inhibited or induced CYP3A4/5 or inhibited P-gp. Two clinical studies were conducted to investigate the effect of multiple dose tepotinib (500 mg once daily orally) on the single dose pharmacokinetics of a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate (midazolam 7.5 mg orally) and a P-gp substrate (dabigatran etexilate 75 mg orally) in healthy participants. Tepotinib and MSC2571109A showed little evidence of direct or time-dependent CYP3A4/5 inhibition (IC50 > 15 μM) in vitro, although MSC2571109A did show mechanism-based CYP3A4/5 inhibition. Tepotinib did not induce CYP3A4/5 activity in vitro, although both tepotinib and MSC2571109A increased CYP3A4 mRNA. In clinical studies, tepotinib had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam or its metabolite 1'-hydroxymidazolam. Tepotinib increased dabigatran maximum concentration and area under the curve extrapolated to infinity by 38% and 51%, respectively. These changes were not considered to be clinically relevant. Tepotinib was considered safe and well tolerated in both studies. The potential of tepotinib to cause clinically relevant DDI with CYP3A4- or P-gp-dependent drugs at the clinical dose is considered low. Study 1 (midazolam): NCT03628339 (registered 14 August 2018). Study 2 (dabigatran): NCT03492437 (registered 10 April 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Yalkinoglu
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Axel Krebs-Brown
- Global Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Medical Writing, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Vetter
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Lüpfert
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominique Perrin
- NCE DMPK, Discovery and Development Technologies, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heuer
- Clinical Services, Nuvisan GmbH, Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hirt
- LC/MS Bioanalysis, Nuvisan GmbH, Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Afrim Bytyqi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Angelika Bachmann
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rainer Strotmann
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Vliet SM, Markey KJ, Lynn SG, Adetona A, Fallacara D, Ceger P, Choksi N, Karmaus AL, Watson A, Ewans A, Daniel AB, Hamm J, Vitense K, Wolf KA, Thomas A, LaLone CA. Weight of evidence for cross-species conservation of androgen receptor-based biological activity. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:131-145. [PMID: 37071731 PMCID: PMC10796108 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) is tasked with assessing chemicals for their potential to perturb endocrine pathways, including those controlled by androgen receptor (AR). To address challenges associated with traditional testing strategies, EDSP is considering in vitro high-throughput screening assays to screen and prioritize chemicals more efficiently. The ability of these assays to accurately reflect chemical interactions in nonmammalian species remains uncertain. Therefore, a goal of the EDSP is to evaluate how broadly results can be extrapolated across taxa. To assess the cross-species conservation of AR-modulated pathways, computational analyses and systematic literature review approaches were used to conduct a comprehensive analysis of existing in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data. First, molecular target conservation was assessed across 585 diverse species based on the structural similarity of ARs. These results indicate that ARs are conserved across vertebrates and are predicted to share similarly susceptibility to chemicals that interact with the human AR. Systematic analysis of over 5000 published manuscripts was used to compile in vitro and in vivo cross-species toxicity data. Assessment of in vitro data indicates conservation of responses occurs across vertebrate ARs, with potential differences in sensitivity. Similarly, in vivo data indicate strong conservation of the AR signaling pathways across vertebrate species, although sensitivity may vary. Overall, this study demonstrates a framework for utilizing bioinformatics and existing data to build weight of evidence for cross-species extrapolation and provides a technical basis for extrapolating hAR-based data to prioritize hazard in nonmammalian vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M.F. Vliet
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Kristan J. Markey
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott G. Lynn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelsey Vitense
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | | | - Amy Thomas
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlie A. LaLone
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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4
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Tynelius N, Bundgaard C, Müller CE. Evaluation of a Five-Probe Metabolic Control Cocktail in Long-Term Cocultured Human Hepatocytes. J Pharm Sci 2023:S0022-3549(23)00099-0. [PMID: 36893963 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte cocultures like HepatoPac have become more frequently used for the assessment of the intrinsic clearance of slowly metabolised drugs during drug discovery due to a superiority in enzymatic activity over time compared to liver microsomal fractions and suspended primary hepatocytes. However, the relatively high cost and practical limitations prevent several quality control compounds to be included in studies and the activities of many important metabolic enzymes are consequently often not monitored. In this study, we have evaluated the possibility for a cocktail approach of quality control compounds in the human HepatoPac system to ensure adequate activity of the major metabolising enzymes. Five reference compounds were selected based on their known metabolic substrate profile in order to capture major CYP and non-CYP metabolic pathways in the incubation cocktail. The intrinsic clearance of the reference compounds when incubated as singlets or in a cocktail was compared and no considerable difference was observed. We show here that a cocktail approach of quality control compounds allows for easy and efficient evaluation of the metabolic competency of the hepatic coculture system over an extended incubation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Tynelius
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Claudia E Müller
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Gómez-Garduño J, León-Rodríguez R, Alemón-Medina R, Pérez-Guillé BE, Soriano-Rosales RE, González-Ortiz A, Chávez-Pacheco JL, Solorio-López E, Fernandez-Pérez P, Rivera-Espinosa L. Phytochemicals That Interfere With Drug Metabolism and Transport, Modifying Plasma Concentration in Humans and Animals. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221120485. [PMID: 36158743 PMCID: PMC9500303 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221120485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals (Pch) present in fruits, vegetables and other foods, are known to inhibit or induce drug metabolism and transport. An exhaustive search was performed in five databases covering from 2000 to 2021. Twenty-one compounds from plants were found to modulate CYP3A and/or P-gp activities and modified the pharmacokinetics and the therapeutic effect of 27 different drugs. Flavonols, flavanones, flavones, stilbenes, diferuloylmethanes, tannins, protoalkaloids, flavans, hyperforin and terpenes, reduce plasma concentration of cyclosporine, simvastatin, celiprolol, midazolam, saquinavir, buspirone, everolimus, nadolol, tamoxifen, alprazolam, verapamil, quazepam, digoxin, fexofenadine, theophylline, indinavir, clopidogrel. Anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavonoid glycosides, stilbenes, diferuloylmethanes, catechin, hyperforin, alkaloids, terpenes, tannins and protoalkaloids increase of plasma concentration of buspirone, losartan, diltiazem, felodipine, midazolam, cyclosporine, triazolam, verapamil, carbamazepine, diltiazem, aripiprazole, tamoxifen, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, nicardipine. Interactions between Pchs and drugs affect the gene expression and enzymatic activity of CYP3A and P-gp transporter, which has an impact on their bioavailability; such that co-administration of drugs with food, beverages and food supplements can cause a subtherapeutic effect or overdose. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to consider these interactions to obtain a better therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato León-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Contención Biológica BSL-3, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Li M, Konteatis Z, Nagaraja N, Chen Y, Zhou S, Ma G, Gross S, Marjon K, Hyer ML, Mandley E, Lein M, Padyana AK, Jin L, Tong S, Peters R, Murtie J, Travins J, Medeiros M, Liu P, Frank V, Judd ET, Biller SA, Marks KM, Sui Z, Reznik SK. Leveraging Structure-Based Drug Design to Identify Next-Generation MAT2A Inhibitors, Including Brain-Penetrant and Peripherally Efficacious Leads. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4600-4615. [PMID: 35293760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-producing metabolic enzyme, methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A), has received significant interest in the field of medicinal chemistry due to its implication as a synthetic lethal target in cancers with the deletion of the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene. Here, we report the identification of novel MAT2A inhibitors with distinct in vivo properties that may enhance their utility in treating patients. Following a high-throughput screening, we successfully applied the structure-based design lessons from our first-in-class MAT2A inhibitor, AG-270, to rapidly redesign and optimize our initial hit into two new lead compounds: a brain-penetrant compound, AGI-41998, and a potent, but limited brain-penetrant compound, AGI-43192. We hope that the identification and first disclosure of brain-penetrant MAT2A inhibitors will create new opportunities to explore the potential therapeutic effects of SAM modulation in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzong Li
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zenon Konteatis
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nelamangala Nagaraja
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yue Chen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shubao Zhou
- PharmaResources Co., Ltd., 509 Renqing Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Guangning Ma
- PharmaResources Co., Ltd., 509 Renqing Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Stefan Gross
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katya Marjon
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marc L Hyer
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Everton Mandley
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Max Lein
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anil K Padyana
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shuilong Tong
- Viva Biotech, Ltd., 334 Aidisheng Road, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rachel Peters
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joshua Murtie
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremy Travins
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Medeiros
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victoria Frank
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evan T Judd
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott A Biller
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin M Marks
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhihua Sui
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samuel K Reznik
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Stanley LA, Wolf CR. Through a glass, darkly? HepaRG and HepG2 cells as models of human phase I drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:46-62. [PMID: 35188018 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2039688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic and safety assessment of drug candidates is becoming increasingly dependent upon in vitro models of hepatic metabolism and toxicity. Predominant among these is the HepG2 cell line, although HepaRG is becoming increasingly popular because of its perceived closer resemblance to human hepatocytes. We review the functionality of these cell lines in terms of Phase I protein expression, basal cytochrome P450-dependent activity, and utility in P450 induction studies. Our analysis indicates that HepG2 cells are severely compromised: proteomic studies show that they express few key proteins in common with hepatocytes and they lack drug-metabolizing capacity. Differentiated HepaRGs are more hepatocyte-like than HepG2s, but they also have limitations, and it is difficult to assess their utility because of the enormous variability in data reported, possibly arising from the complex differentiation protocols required to obtain hepatocyte-like cells. This is exacerbated by the use of DMSO in the induction protocol, together with proprietary supplements whose composition is a commercial secret. We conclude that, while currently available data on the utility of HepaRG generates a confusing picture, this line does have potential utility in drug metabolism studies. However, to allow studies to be compared directly a standardized, reproducible differentiation protocol is essential and the cell line's functionality in terms of known mechanisms of P450 regulation must be demonstrated. We, therefore, support the development of regulatory guidelines for the use of HepaRGs in induction studies as a first step in generating a database of consistent, reliable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Stanley
- Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, UK.,School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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8
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Golovenko M. METABOLIC PROFILE AND MECHANISMS OF GABA-TARGETED RECEPTOR PROPOXAZEPAM METABOLIZATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech15.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the Propoxazepam metabolites, formed by suspension of cryopreserved human hepatocytes, using the precise method of mass LC-MS/MS analysis. Methods. A suitable chromatographic method was developed for the profiling of Propoxazepam and its metabolites. Samples were analyzed using a Waters Vion high resolution LC-MS/MS instrument, and data were examined using Waters Unifi software to determine the identity of the most abundant metabolites. Following a 4-hour incubation with human hepatocytes, intact Propoxazepam molecule accounted for 96.0% of the profile. Its most abundant metabolite was the oxidize. Results. Propoxazepam (3-hydroxyderivative), which accounted for approximately 2.5% of the total peak response in the 4-hour sample. Two minor components were also found, each accounting for < 10% of the total peak response. Glucuronic conjugates have not been found under the experimental conditions. All metabolites formed represented less than 10% of the total chromatographic peak response. Coclusion. The data obtained indicate the absence of reactive electrophilic derivatives among the metabolites of Propoxazepam.
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9
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Preiss LC, Liu R, Hewitt P, Thompson D, Georgi K, Badolo L, Lauschke VM, Petersson C. Deconvolution of Cytochrome P450 Induction Mechanisms in HepaRG Nuclear Hormone Receptor Knockout Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:668-678. [PMID: 34035124 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and PXR/CAR knockout (KO) HepaRG cells, as well as a PXR reporter gene assay, were used to investigate the mechanism of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction by prototypical substrates and a group of compounds from the Merck KGaA oncology drug discovery pipeline. The basal and inducible gene expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 of nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) KO HepaRG relative to control HepaRG was characterized. The basal expression of CYP3A4 was markedly higher in the PXR (10-fold) and CAR (11-fold) KO cell lines compared with control HepaRG, whereas inducibility was substantially lower. Inversely, basal expression of CYP3A4 in PXR/CAR double KO (dKO) was low (10-fold reduction). Basal CYP2B6 expression was high in PXR KO (9-fold) cells which showed low inducibility, whereas the basal expression remained unchanged in CAR and dKO cell lines compared with control cells. Most of the test compounds induced CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 via PXR and, to a lesser extent, via CAR. Furthermore, other non-NHR-driven induction mechanisms were implicated, either alone or in addition to NHRs. Notably, 5 of the 16 compounds (31%) that were PXR inducers in HepaRG did not activate PXR in the reporter gene assay, illustrating the limitations of this system. This study indicates that HepaRG is a highly sensitive system fit for early screening of cytochrome P450 (P450) induction in drug discovery. Furthermore, it shows the applicability of HepaRG NHR KO cells as tools to deconvolute mechanisms of P450 induction using novel compounds representative for oncology drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes the identification of induction mechanisms of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 for an assembly of oncology drug candidates using HepaRG nuclear hormone receptor knockout and displays its advantages compared to a pregnane X receptor reporter gene assay. With this study, risk assessment of drug candidates in early drug development can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C Preiss
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Ruoqi Liu
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - David Thompson
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Katrin Georgi
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Carl Petersson
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
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10
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Ayet E, Yeste S, Reinoso RF, Pretel MJ, Balada A, Serafini MT. Preliminary in vitro approach to evaluate the drug-drug interaction potential of EST73502, a dual µ-opioid receptor partial agonist and σ1 receptor antagonist. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:501-512. [PMID: 33622176 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1877850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential for drug-drug interactions (DDI) of EST73502 was preliminary explored in vitro. EST73502 is a new chemical entity intended for oral pain treatment with dual sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) antagonism and μ-opioid receptor (MOR) partial agonism, that presents a promising potent analgesic activity.Several enzymes were involved in EST73502 metabolism catalysing the formation of different metabolites, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 being the main ones.Fraction unbound was determined due to its impact in interactions, a considerable proportion of EST73502 being available.EST73502 showed a low potential for CYP inhibition, except for CYP2D6 that showed time-dependent inhibition.No induction potential was found for CYP1A2 and 3A4, while CYP2B6 was induced at high concentration.EST73502 seemed to be a potential efflux transporter substrate (efflux ratio ≥ 2) but a negligible in vivo impact would be expected due to its high solubility and permeability in Caco-2 cells. P-gp inhibition was observed while no BCRP inhibition was detected.Preliminary in vitro interaction studies suggested that neither CYPs nor efflux transporters interactions would preclude further development of EST73502 to thoroughly assess the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ayet
- WELAB, Parc Científic Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sandra Yeste
- WELAB, Parc Científic Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Raquel F Reinoso
- WELAB, Parc Científic Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - María José Pretel
- Early ADME, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE Pharmaceuticals S.A, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Balada
- Early ADME, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE Pharmaceuticals S.A, Barcelona, Spain
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Wong SG, Ramsden D, Dallas S, Fung C, Einolf HJ, Palamanda J, Chen L, Goosen TC, Siu YA, Zhang G, Tweedie D, Hariparsad N, Jones B, Yates PD. Considerations from the Innovation and Quality Induction Working Group in Response to Drug-Drug Interaction Guidance from Regulatory Agencies: Guidelines on Model Fitting and Recommendations on Time Course for In Vitro Cytochrome P450 Induction Studies Including Impact on Drug Interaction Risk Assessment. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:94-110. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Oleaga C, Bridges LR, Persaud K, McAleer CW, Long CJ, Hickman JJ. A functional long-term 2D serum-free human hepatic in vitro system for drug evaluation. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3069. [PMID: 32829524 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human in vitro hepatic models generate faster drug toxicity data with higher human predictability compared to animal models. However, for long-term studies, current models require the use of serum and 3D architecture, limiting their utility. Maintaining a functional long-term human in vitro hepatic culture that avoids complex structures and serum would improve the value of such systems for preclinical studies. This would also enable a more straightforward integration with current multi-organ devices to study human systemic toxicity to generate an alternative model to chronic animal evaluations. A human primary hepatocyte culture system was characterized for 28 days in 2D and serum-free defined conditions. Under the studied conditions, human primary hepatocytes maintained their characteristic morphology, hepatic markers and functions for 28 days. The acute and chronic administration of known drugs validated the sensitivity of the system for drug testing. This human 2D model represents a realistic system to evaluate hepatic function for long-term drug studies, without the need of animal serum, confounding variable in most models, and with less complexity and resultant cost compared to most 3D models. The defined culture conditions can easily be integrated into complex multi-organ in vitro models for studying systemic effects driven by the liver function for long-term evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Oleaga
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - L Richard Bridges
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Keisha Persaud
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Long
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Zhang Y, Chen C, Chen SJ, Chen XQ, Shuster DJ, Puszczalo PD, Fancher RM, Yang Z, Sinz M, Shen H. Absence of OATP1B (Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide) Induction by Rifampin in Cynomolgus Monkeys: Determination Using the Endogenous OATP1B Marker Coproporphyrin and Tissue Gene Expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:139-151. [PMID: 32719071 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B induction is an evolving mechanism of drug disposition and interaction. However, there are contradictory reports describing OATP1B expression in hepatocytes and liver biopsies after administration of an inducer. This study investigated the in vivo effects of the common inducer rifampin (RIF) on the activity and expression of cynomolgus monkey OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters, which are structurally and functionally similar their human OATP1B counterparts. Multiple doses of oral RIF (15 mg/kg) resulted in a steady 3.9-fold increase of CYP3A biomarker, 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βHC), in the plasma samples collected before each RIF dose during the treatment period (i.e., predose). In contrast, the predose plasma levels of OATP1B biomarkers coproporphyrin (CP) I and CPIII did not change when compared with RIF treatment. The trough concentration, area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), and half-life of RIF decreased markedly during RIF treatment, suggesting that RIF induced its own clearance. Consequently, RIF treatment increased CPI and CPIII AUCs substantially after a single administration and, to a lesser extent, after multiple administrations compared with preadministration AUCs. In addition, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 mRNA expressions were not modulated by RIF treatment (0.85-1.3-fold), whereas CYP3A8 expression was increased 3.7-5.0-fold, which correlated well with the predose levels of CP and 4βHC. Rifampin treatment showed 2.0-3.3-fold increases in P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) expression in the small intestine. Collectively, these findings indicate that monkey OATP1B and OATP1B3 are not induced by RIF, and further investigation of OATP1B induction by RIF and other nuclear receptor activators in humans is warranted. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, combined endogenous biomarker and gene expression data suggested that RIF did not induce OATP1B in cynomolgus monkeys. For the first time, the study determines transporter gene expression in the nonhuman primate liver, gut, and kidney tissues after administration of RIF for 7 days, leading to a better understanding of the induction of OATP1B and other major drug transporters. Finally, it provides evidence to strengthen the claim that coproporphyrin is a suitable endogenous probe of OATP1B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zhang
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Cliff Chen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Shen-Jue Chen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - David J Shuster
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Pawel D Puszczalo
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - R Marcus Fancher
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Zheng Yang
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Michael Sinz
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Hong Shen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
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Mendieta-Wejebe JE, Silva-Trujillo A, Bello M, Mendoza-Figueroa HL, Galindo-Alvarez NL, Albores A, Tamay-Cach F, Rosales-Hernández MC, Romero-Castro A, Correa-Basurto J. Exploring the biotransformation of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (an aryl valproic acid derivative) by CYP2C11, using in silico predictions and in vitro studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:938-955. [PMID: 32307724 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (HO-AAVPA), a derivative of valproic acid (VPA), has been proposed as a potential anticancer agent due to its improved antiproliferative effects in some cancer cell lines. Although there is evidence that VPA is metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C11 rat isoform, HO-AAVPA CYP-mediated metabolism has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, in this work, the biotransformation of HO-AAVPA by CYP2C11 was investigated. METHODS Kinetic parameters and spectral interaction between HO-AAVPA and CYP were evaluated using rat liver microsomes. The participation of CYP2C11 in metabolism of HO-AAVPA was confirmed by cimetidine (CIM) inhibition assay. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations coupled to MMGBSA methods were used in theoretical study. KEY FINDINGS HO-AAVPA is metabolized by CYP enzymes (KM = 38.94 µm), yielding a hydroxylated metabolite according to its HPLC retention time (5.4 min) and MS analysis (252.2 m/z). In addition, CIM inhibition in rat liver microsomes (Ki = 59.23 µm) confirmed that CYP2C11 is mainly involved in HO-AAVPA metabolism. Furthermore, HO-AAVPA interacts with CYP2C11 as a type I ligand. HO-AAVPA is stabilized at the CYP2C11 ligand recognition site through a map of interactions similar to other typical CYP2C11 substrates. CONCLUSION Therefore, rat liver CYP2C11 isoform is able to metabolize HO-AAVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Elena Mendieta-Wejebe
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arianna Silva-Trujillo
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martiniano Bello
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Humberto L Mendoza-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Lizeth Galindo-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arnulfo Albores
- Sección de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Feliciano Tamay-Cach
- Laboratorio de Investigación Bioquímica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Liao M, Jaw-Tsai S, Beltman J, Simmons AD, Harding TC, Xiao JJ. Evaluation of in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and assessment of drug-drug interaction of rucaparib, an orally potent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1032-1042. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1737759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Wei J, Lu J, Chen M, Xie S, Wang T, Li X. 3D spheroids generated on carbon nanotube-functionalized fibrous scaffolds for drug metabolism and toxicity screening. Biomater Sci 2019; 8:426-437. [PMID: 31746843 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01310e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical and electrical stimuli have a profound effect on the cellular behavior and function. In this study, a series of conductive nanofibrous scaffolds are developed by blend electrospinning of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) (PSMA) and multiwalled-carbon nanotubes (CNTs), followed by grafting galactose as cell adhesion cues. When the mass ratios of CNTs to PSMA increase up to 5%, the alignment, Young's modulus and conductivity of fibrous scaffolds increase, whereas the average diameter, pore size and elongation at break decrease. Primary hepatocytes cultured on the scaffolds are self-assembled into 3D spheroids, which restores the hepatocyte polarity and sufficient expression of drug metabolism enzymes over an extended period of time. Among these conductive scaffolds, hepatocytes cultured on fibers containing 3% of CNTs (F3) show the highest clearance rates of model drugs, offering a better prediction of the in vivo data with a high correlation value. Moreover, the drug metabolism capability is maintained over 15 days and is more sensitive towards the inducers and inhibitors of metabolizing enzymes, demonstrating the applicability for drug-drug interaction studies. Thus, this culture system has been demonstrated as a reliable in vitro model for high-throughput screening of metabolism and toxicity in the early phases of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P.R. China.
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17
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Favié LMA, Groenendaal F, van den Broek MPH, Rademaker CMA, de Haan TR, van Straaten HLM, Dijk PH, van Heijst A, Simons SHP, Dijkman KP, Rijken M, Zonnenberg IA, Cools F, Zecic A, van der Lee JH, Nuytemans DHGM, van Bel F, Egberts TCG, Huitema ADR. Phenobarbital, Midazolam Pharmacokinetics, Effectiveness, and Drug-Drug Interaction in Asphyxiated Neonates Undergoing Therapeutic Hypothermia. Neonatology 2019; 116:154-162. [PMID: 31256150 PMCID: PMC6878731 DOI: 10.1159/000499330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenobarbital and midazolam are commonly used drugs in (near-)term neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, for sedation, and/or as anti-epileptic drug. Phenobarbital is an inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, while midazolam is a CYP3A substrate. Therefore, co-treatment with phenobarbital might impact midazolam clearance. OBJECTIVES To assess pharmacokinetics and clinical anti-epileptic effectiveness of phenobarbital and midazolam in asphyxiated neonates and to develop dosing guidelines. METHODS Data were collected in the prospective multicentre PharmaCool study. In the present study, neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia and receiving midazolam and/or phenobarbital were included. Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital and midazolam including its metabolites were determined in blood samples drawn on days 2-5 after birth. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using non-linear mixed effects modelling; clinical effectiveness was defined as no use of additional anti-epileptic drugs. RESULTS Data were available from 113 (phenobarbital) and 118 (midazolam) neonates; 68 were treated with both medications. Only clearance of 1-hydroxy midazolam was influenced by hypothermia. Phenobarbital co-administration increased midazolam clearance by a factor 2.3 (95% CI 1.9-2.9, p < 0.05). Anticonvulsant effectiveness was 65.5% for phenobarbital and 37.1% for add-on midazolam. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic hypothermia does not influence clearance of phenobarbital or midazolam in (near-)term neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. A phenobarbital dose of 30 mg/kg is advised to reach therapeutic concentrations. Phenobarbital co-administration significantly increased midazolam clearance. Should phenobarbital be substituted by non-CYP3A inducers as first-line anticonvulsant, a 50% lower midazolam maintenance dose might be appropriate to avoid excessive exposure during the first days after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M A Favié
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carin M A Rademaker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Timo R de Haan
- Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter H Dijk
- Department of Neonatology, Groningen University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van Heijst
- Department of Neonatology, Radboud University Medical Center-Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sinno H P Simons
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen P Dijkman
- Department of Neonatology, Máxima Medical Center Veldhoven, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Rijken
- Department of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Inge A Zonnenberg
- Department of Neonatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Cools
- Department of Neonatology, UZ Brussel - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Zecic
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Johanna H van der Lee
- Paediatric Clinical Research Office, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie H G M Nuytemans
- Clinical Research Coordinator PharmaCool Study, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Bel
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Toine C G Egberts
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kapetas AJ, Sorich MJ, Rodrigues AD, Rowland A. Guidance for Rifampin and Midazolam Dosing Protocols To Study Intestinal and Hepatic Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 Induction and De-induction. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:78. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Patel H, Desai N, Patel P, Modi N, Soni K, Dobaria N, Srinivas NR. Differential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction potential of eletriptan between oral and subcutaneous routes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1202-1208. [PMID: 30588869 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1540805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI) data is important from a label claim either in combination drug usage or in polypharmacy situation. 2. Eletriptan undergoes first pass related metabolism through CYP3A4 enzyme to form pharmacologically active N-desmethyl metabolite. 3. Differential DDI interaction of the concomitant oral dosing of ketoconazole (20.1 mg/kg), a CYP3A4 inhibitor, with oral (4.2 mg/kg) or subcutaneous dose (2.1 mg/kg) of eletriptan was evaluated in male Sprague Dawley rats. Serial pharmacokinetic samples were collected and simultaneously analysed for eletriptan/N-desmethyl eletriptan using validated assay. Non-compartmentally derived pharmacokinetic parameters for various treatments were analysed statistically. 4. After oral eletriptan in presence of ketoconazole, Cmax (40 vs. 32 ng/mL alone) and AUCinf (81 vs. 24 ng.h/mL alone) of eletriptan increased; the formation of N-desmethyl eletriptan decreased (Cmax=1.1 ng/mL, 3.9%) with ketoconazole as compared to without treatment (Cmax=3.7 ng/mL, 11.2%). After subcutaneous eletriptan in presence of ketoconazole, there was no change in Cmax (153 vs.152 ng/mL) or AUCinf (267 vs. 266 ng.h/mL) of eletriptan. Formation of N-desmethyl eletriptan after the subcutaneous dose was determined at few intermittent time points with/without ketoconazole. 5. Preclinical data support differential DDI of eletriptan when dosed oral vs. subcutaneous, which need to be evaluated in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harilal Patel
- a Bioanalytical/Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmedabad , India.,b Department of Chemistry , St Xavier's College (Autonomous) , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Nirmal Desai
- b Department of Chemistry , St Xavier's College (Autonomous) , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Prakash Patel
- a Bioanalytical/Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Nirav Modi
- a Bioanalytical/Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Krunal Soni
- a Bioanalytical/Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Nitin Dobaria
- c Pharmaceutical Technology Centre , Cadila Healthcare Limited , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- a Bioanalytical/Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmedabad , India
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Liu P, Wang L, DuBois BG, Colandrea VJ, Liu R, Cai J, Du X, Quan W, Morris W, Bai J, Bishwokarma B, Cheng M, Piesvaux J, Ray K, Alpert C, Chiu CS, Zielstorff M, Metzger JM, Yang L, Leung D, Alleyne C, Vincent SH, Pucci V, Li X, Crespo A, Stickens D, Hale JJ, Ujjainwalla F, Sinz CJ. Discovery of Orally Bioavailable and Liver-Targeted Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Anemia. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1193-1198. [PMID: 30613325 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of orally active, liver-targeted hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) inhibitors for the treatment of anemia. In order to mitigate the concerns for potential systemic side effects, we pursued liver-targeted HIF-PHD inhibitors relying on uptake via organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). Starting from a systemic HIF-PHD inhibitor (1), medicinal chemistry efforts directed toward reducing permeability and, at the same time, maintaining oral absorption led to the synthesis of an array of structurally diverse hydroxypyridone analogues. Compound 28a was chosen for further profiling, because of its excellent in vitro profile and liver selectivity. This compound significantly increased hemoglobin levels in rats, following chronic QD oral administration, and displayed selectivity over systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiaqiang Cai
- WuXi PharmaTech, No. 1 Building, 288 Fute Zhong Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaoxing Du
- WuXi PharmaTech, No. 1 Building, 288 Fute Zhong Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Weiguo Quan
- WuXi PharmaTech, No. 1 Building, 288 Fute Zhong Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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Shi Y, Xu J, Qiao Y, Zhang W, Liu D, Qin M, Liu G, Dong M. Effects of shuanghuanglian injection on the activities of CYP1A2, 2C11, 2D1 and 3A1/2 in rats in vivo and in vitro. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:905-911. [PMID: 30231664 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1523487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shuanghuanglian Injection (SHLI), one of the most popular herbal prescription in China, has been commonly used to treat pneumonia, tonsillitis, and other respiratory diseases caused by bacterium and virus. This study is to investigate the effects of SHLI on the activities of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C11, 2D1 and 3A1/2 in rats. Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups (SHLI-treated and blank control). They were administered SHLI or physiological saline for consecutive seven days. On day eight, 16 animals were administrated cocktail drugs as probe substrates of the four CYP in vivo. In addition, other four probe drugs were added, respectively, into incubation systems of rat liver microsomes (RLM) to assess the effects of SHLI on the four CYP isoforms in vitro. SHLI exhibited an inductive effect on CYP2C11 in vivo by decreasing Cmax, t1/2 and AUC0-∞ of tolbutamide, while the main pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine, metoprolol and dapsone have no significant changes. In vitro study, SHLI showed no significant effects on the activities of CYP1A2, 2D1 and 3A1/2, but increasing the metabolism of tolbutamide in RLM. SHLI induced the activities of CYP2C11, but had no significant effects on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2D1 and CYP3A1/2 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Juan Xu
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Yan Qiao
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Duo Liu
- b Department of Pharmacy , The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Mengnan Qin
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Mei Dong
- b Department of Pharmacy , The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
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22
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Characterization of CYP2C Induction in Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and Its Application in the Prediction of the Clinical Consequences of the Induction. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2479-2488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Oleaga C, Riu A, Rothemund S, Lavado A, McAleer CW, Long CJ, Persaud K, Narasimhan NS, Tran M, Roles J, Carmona-Moran CA, Sasserath T, Elbrecht DH, Kumanchik L, Bridges LR, Martin C, Schnepper MT, Ekman G, Jackson M, Wang YI, Note R, Langer J, Teissier S, Hickman JJ. Investigation of the effect of hepatic metabolism on off-target cardiotoxicity in a multi-organ human-on-a-chip system. Biomaterials 2018; 182:176-190. [PMID: 30130706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cosmetic testing and poor predictivity of preclinical drug studies has spurred efforts to develop new methods for systemic toxicity. Current in vitro assays do not fully represent physiology, often lacking xenobiotic metabolism. Functional human multi-organ systems containing iPSC derived cardiomyocytes and primary hepatocytes were maintained under flow using a low-volume pumpless system in a serum-free medium. The functional readouts for contractile force and electrical conductivity enabled the non-invasive study of cardiac function. The presence of the hepatocytes in the system induced cardiotoxic effects from cyclophosphamide and reduced them for terfenadine due to drug metabolism, as expected from each compound's pharmacology. A computational fluid dynamics simulation enabled the prediction of terfenadine-fexofenadine pharmacokinetics, which was validated by HPLC-MS. This in vitro platform recapitulates primary aspects of the in vivo crosstalk between heart and liver and enables pharmacological studies, involving both organs in a single in vitro platform. The system enables non-invasive readouts of cardiotoxicity of drugs and their metabolites. Hepatotoxicity can also be evaluated by biomarker analysis and change in metabolic function. Integration of metabolic function in toxicology models can improve adverse effects prediction in preclinical studies and this system could also be used for chronic studies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Oleaga
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Anne Riu
- L'Oreal Research, and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Sandra Rothemund
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Andrea Lavado
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Christopher W McAleer
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Christopher J Long
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Keisha Persaud
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | | | - My Tran
- Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Jeffry Roles
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Carlos A Carmona-Moran
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Trevor Sasserath
- Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Daniel H Elbrecht
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Lee Kumanchik
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | | | - Candace Martin
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Mark T Schnepper
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Gail Ekman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Max Jackson
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Ying I Wang
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Reine Note
- L'Oreal Research, and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Jessica Langer
- L'Oreal Research, and Innovation Division, Clark, NJ, USA
| | - Silvia Teissier
- L'Oreal Research, and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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24
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Ramaiahgari SC, Waidyanatha S, Dixon D, DeVito MJ, Paules RS, Ferguson SS. From the Cover: Three-Dimensional (3D) HepaRG Spheroid Model With Physiologically Relevant Xenobiotic Metabolism Competence and Hepatocyte Functionality for Liver Toxicity Screening. Toxicol Sci 2018. [PMID: 28633424 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective prediction of human responses to chemical and drug exposure is of critical importance in environmental toxicology research and drug development. While significant progress has been made to address this challenge using invitro liver models, these approaches often fail due to inadequate tissue model functionality. Herein, we describe the development, optimization, and characterization of a novel three-dimensional (3D) spheroid model using differentiated HepaRG cells that achieve and maintain physiologically relevant levels of xenobiotic metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4/5). This invitro model maintains a stable phenotype over multiple weeks in both 96- and 384-well formats, supports highly reproducible tissue-like architectures and models pharmacologically- and environmentally important hepatic receptor pathways (ie AhR, CAR, and PXR) analogous to primary human hepatocyte cultures. HepaRG spheroid cultures use 50-100× fewer cells than conventional two dimensional cultures, and enable the identification of metabolically activated toxicants. Spheroid size, time in culture and culture media composition were important factors affecting basal levels of xenobiotic metabolism and liver enzyme inducibility with activators of hepatic receptors AhR, CAR and PXR. Repeated exposure studies showed higher sensitivity than traditional 2D cultures in identifying compounds that cause liver injury and metabolism-dependent toxicity. This platform combines the well-documented impact of 3D culture configuration for improved tissue functionality and longevity with the requisite throughput and repeatability needed for year-over-year toxicology screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa C Ramaiahgari
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
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25
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Messner S, Fredriksson L, Lauschke VM, Roessger K, Escher C, Bober M, Kelm JM, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Moritz W. Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Functional Long-Term Characterization of Multicellular Three-Dimensional Human Liver Microtissues. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2018; 4:1-12. [PMID: 32953943 PMCID: PMC7500040 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-Dimensional (3D) liver microtissues, specifically prepared from primary human hepatocytes (PHH) in coculture with nonparenchymal cells (NPCs), have been shown to be a valuable tool for in vitro toxicology. However, a lack of thorough characterization on a functional, transcriptomic, and proteomic level of such models during long-term cultivation is evident. By integrating multiple omics technologies, we provide in this study an in-depth long-term characterization of 3D microtissues composed of PHH from three different donors cocultured with primary NPCs. The 3D human liver microtissues (hLiMTs) exhibited stable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and albumin secretion over 5 weeks. Histological analysis indicated a healthy liver tissue with polarized expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in a structure reminiscent of bile canaliculi. The 3D microtissues exhibited stable basal and inducible cytochrome P450 activities up to 5 weeks in culture. Analysis of 40,716 transcripts using RNA arrays revealed distinct similarities to native human liver gene expression. Long-term culture showed a stable phenotype up to 5 weeks, with differences in liver gene expression primarily attributed to individual donors. Proteomic profiling of 2200 unique proteins by label-free LC-MS/MS revealed a relatively stable protein expression where only 7.3% were up- or downregulated more than twofold from day 7 to 35 in culture. Taken together, these results suggest that hLiMTs represent a responsive and physiologically relevant in vitro liver model that maintains stable function over 5 weeks and is therefore well suited for repeated-dose toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Fredriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Moscovitz JE, Kalgutkar AS, Nulick K, Johnson N, Lin Z, Goosen TC, Weng Y. Establishing Transcriptional Signatures to Differentiate PXR-, CAR-, and AhR-Mediated Regulation of Drug Metabolism and Transport Genes in Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:262-271. [PMID: 29440451 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from transcriptional regulation of drug-disposition genes via activation of nuclear receptors (NRs), such as pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), remains largely unexplored, as highlighted in a recent guidance document from the European Medicines Agency. The goal of this research was to establish PXR-/CAR-/AhR-specific drug-metabolizing enzyme (DME) and transporter gene expression signatures in sandwich-cultured cryopreserved human hepatocytes using selective activators of PXR (rifampin), CAR (CITCO), and AhR (omeprazole). Dose response for ligand-induced changes to 38 major human DMEs and critical hepatobiliary transporters were assessed using a custom gene expression array card. We identified novel differentially expressed drug-disposition genes for PXR (↑ABCB1/MDR1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and EPHX1, ↓ABCB11), CAR [↑sulfotransferase (SULT) 1E1, uridine glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 2B4], and AhR (↑SLC10A1/NTCP, SLCO1B1/OATP1B1], and coregulated genes (CYP1A1, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, UGT1A4). Subsequently, DME gene expression signatures were generated for known CYP3A4 inducers PF-06282999 and pazopanib. The former produced an induction signature almost identical to that of rifampin, suggesting activation of the PXR pathway, whereas the latter produced an expression signature distinct from those of PXR, CAR, or AhR, suggesting involvement of an alternate pathway(s). These results demonstrate that involvement of PXR/CAR/AhR can be identified via expression changes of signature DME/transporter genes. Inclusion of such signature genes could serve to simultaneously identify potential inducers and inhibitors, and the NRs involved in the transcriptional regulation, thus providing a more holistic and mechanism-based assessment of DDI risk for DMEs and transporters beyond conventional cytochrome P450 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Moscovitz
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.M., A.S.K., Y.W.), and Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (K.N., N.J., Z.L., T.C.G.)
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.M., A.S.K., Y.W.), and Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (K.N., N.J., Z.L., T.C.G.)
| | - Kelly Nulick
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.M., A.S.K., Y.W.), and Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (K.N., N.J., Z.L., T.C.G.)
| | - Nathaniel Johnson
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.M., A.S.K., Y.W.), and Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (K.N., N.J., Z.L., T.C.G.)
| | - Zhiwu Lin
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.M., A.S.K., Y.W.), and Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (K.N., N.J., Z.L., T.C.G.)
| | - Theunis C Goosen
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.M., A.S.K., Y.W.), and Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (K.N., N.J., Z.L., T.C.G.)
| | - Yan Weng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.M., A.S.K., Y.W.), and Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (K.N., N.J., Z.L., T.C.G.)
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27
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Weiß F, Hammer HS, Klein K, Planatscher H, Zanger UM, Norén A, Wegler C, Artursson P, Joos TO, Poetz O. Direct Quantification of Cytochromes P450 and Drug Transporters—A Rapid, Targeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Immunoassay Panel for Tissues and Cell Culture Lysates. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:387-396. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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28
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Fasinu PS, Manda VK, Dale OR, Egiebor NO, Walker LA, Khan SI. Modulation of Cytochrome P450, P-glycoprotein and Pregnane X Receptor by Selected Antimalarial Herbs-Implication for Herb-Drug Interaction. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122049. [PMID: 29168799 PMCID: PMC6150001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven medicinal plants popularly used for treating malaria in West Africa were selected to assess herb-drug interaction potential through a series of in vitro methods. Fluorescent cytochrome P450 (CYP) assays were conducted using the recombinant CYP enzymes for CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 to assess the effect of the methanolic extracts on the metabolic activity of CYPs. Secondly, the inhibitory effect of the extracts was evaluated on P-glycoproteins (P-gp) using calcein-AM, a fluorescent substrate, in MDCK-II and hMDR1-MDCK-II cells. The inhibition of P-gp activity was determined as a reflection of increase in calcein-AM uptake. Additionally, the enzyme induction potential of the extracts was assessed through the modulation of PXR activity in HepG2 cells transiently transfected with pSG5-PXR and PCR5 plasmid DNA. Significant inhibition of CYP activity (IC50 < 10 µg/mL) was observed with the following herbs: A. muricata [CYP2C9, 3A4 and CYP2D6]; M. indica [CYP2C9]; M. charantia [CYP2C9 and CYP2C19]; P. amarus [CYP2C19, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4]; T. diversifolia [CYP2C19 and CYP3A4]. Extracts of four herbs (P. amarus, M. charantia, T. diversifolia and A. muricata) exhibited significant inhibition of P-gp with IC50 values (µg/mL) of 17 ± 1, 16 ± 0.4, 26 ± 1, and 24 ± 1, respectively. In addition, four herbs (A. mexicana, M. charantia, P. amarus and T. diversifolia) showed a >two-fold increase in induction in PXR activity. These findings suggest that these herbs may be capable of eliciting herb-drug interactions if consumed in high quantities with concomitant use of conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Fasinu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA.
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Vamshi K Manda
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Nosa O Egiebor
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
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29
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Kuramoto S, Kato M, Shindoh H, Kaneko A, Ishigai M, Miyauchi S. Simple Evaluation Method for CYP3A4 Induction from Human Hepatocytes: The Relative Factor Approach with an Induction Detection Limit Concentration Based on the Emax Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1139-1145. [PMID: 28821485 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the robustness and utility of the relative factor (RF) approach based on the maximum induction effect (Emax) model, using the mRNA induction data of 10 typical CYP3A4 inducers in cryopreserved human hepatocytes. The RF value is designated as the ratio of the induction detection limit concentration (IDLC) for a standard inducer, such as rifampicin (RIF) or phenobarbital (PB), to that for the compound (e.g., RFRIF is IDLCRIF/IDLCcpd; RFPB is IDLCPB/IDLCcpd). An important feature of the RF approach is that the profiles of the induction response curves on the logarithmic scale remain unchanged irrespective of inducers but are shifted parallel depending on the EC50 values. A key step in the RF approach is to convert the induction response curve by finding the IDLC of a standard inducer. The relative induction score was estimated not only from Emax and EC50 values but also from those calculated by the RF approach. These values showed good correlation, with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.974, which revealed the RF approach to be a robust analysis irrespective of its simplicity. Furthermore, the relationship between RFRIF or RFPB multiplied by the steady-state unbound plasma concentration and the in vivo induction ratio plotted using 10 typical inducers gives adequate thresholds for CYP3A4 drug-drug interaction risk assessment. In light of these findings, the simple RF approach using the IDLC value could be a useful method to adequately assess the risk of CYP3A4 induction in humans during drug discovery and development without evaluation of Emax and EC50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Kuramoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan (S.K., M.K., H.S., A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan (S.K., M.K., H.S., A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Hidetoshi Shindoh
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan (S.K., M.K., H.S., A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan (S.K., M.K., H.S., A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Masaki Ishigai
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan (S.K., M.K., H.S., A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Seiji Miyauchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan (S.K., M.K., H.S., A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan (S.M.)
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30
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In Silico Prediction of hPXR Activators Using Structure-Based Pharmacophore Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1752-1759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Hariparsad N, Ramsden D, Palamanda J, Dekeyser JG, Fahmi OA, Kenny JR, Einolf H, Mohutsky M, Pardon M, Siu YA, Chen L, Sinz M, Jones B, Walsky R, Dallas S, Balani SK, Zhang G, Buckley D, Tweedie D. Considerations from the IQ Induction Working Group in Response to Drug-Drug Interaction Guidance from Regulatory Agencies: Focus on Downregulation, CYP2C Induction, and CYP2B6 Positive Control. Drug Metab Dispos 2017. [PMID: 28646080 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have issued guidelines for the conduct of drug-drug interaction studies. To examine the applicability of these regulatory recommendations specifically for induction, a group of scientists, under the auspices of the Drug Metabolism Leadership Group of the Innovation and Quality (IQ) Consortium, formed the Induction Working Group (IWG). A team of 19 scientists, from 16 of the 39 pharmaceutical companies that are members of the IQ Consortium and two Contract Research Organizations reviewed the recommendations, focusing initially on the current EMA guidelines. Questions were collated from IQ member companies as to which aspects of the guidelines require further evaluation. The EMA was then approached to provide insights into their recommendations on the following: 1) evaluation of downregulation, 2) in vitro assessment of CYP2C induction, 3) the use of CITCO as the positive control for CYP2B6 induction by CAR, 4) data interpretation (a 2-fold increase in mRNA as evidence of induction), and 5) the duration of incubation of hepatocytes with test article. The IWG conducted an anonymous survey among IQ member companies to query current practices, focusing specifically on the aforementioned key points. Responses were received from 19 companies. All data and information were blinded before being shared with the IWG. The results of the survey are presented, together with consensus recommendations on downregulation, CYP2C induction, and CYP2B6 positive control. Results and recommendations related to data interpretation and induction time course will be reported in subsequent articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niresh Hariparsad
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Diane Ramsden
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Jairam Palamanda
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Joshua G Dekeyser
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Odette A Fahmi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Heidi Einolf
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Michael Mohutsky
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Magalie Pardon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Y Amy Siu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Liangfu Chen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Michael Sinz
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Barry Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Robert Walsky
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Shannon Dallas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Suresh K Balani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - George Zhang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - David Buckley
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Donald Tweedie
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
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Seow CL, Lau AJ. Differential activation of pregnane X receptor by carnosic acid, carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:23-33. [PMID: 28288941 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the expression of many genes, including those involved in drug metabolism and transport, and has been linked to various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we determined whether carnosic acid and other chemicals in rosemary extract (carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid) are PXR activators. As assessed in dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, activated human PXR (hPXR) and mouse PXR (mPXR), whereas carnosol and ursolic acid, but not carnosic acid or rosmarinic acid, activated rat PXR (rPXR). Dose-response experiments indicated that carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid activated hPXR with EC50 values of 0.79, 2.22, and 10.77μM, respectively. Carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, transactivated the ligand-binding domain of hPXR and recruited steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), SRC-2, and SRC-3 to the ligand-binding domain of hPXR. Carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, increased hPXR target gene expression, as shown by an increase in CYP3A4, UGT1A3, and ABCB1 mRNA expression in LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Rosmarinic acid did not attenuate the extent of hPXR activation by rifampicin, suggesting it is not an antagonist of hPXR. Overall, carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, are hPXR agonists, and carnosic acid shows species-dependent activation of hPXR and mPXR, but not rPXR. The findings provide new mechanistic insight on the effects of carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid on PXR-mediated biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ling Seow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aik Jiang Lau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Sun Y, Chothe PP, Sager JE, Tsao H, Moore A, Laitinen L, Hariparsad N. Quantitative Prediction of CYP3A4 Induction: Impact of Measured, Free, and Intracellular Perpetrator Concentrations from Human Hepatocyte Induction Studies on Drug-Drug Interaction Predictions. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:692-705. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Zhu C, Wang L, Zhu Y, Guo ZZ, Liu P, Hu Z, Szewczyk JW, Kang L, Chicchi G, Ehrhardt A, Woods A, Seo T, Woods M, van Heek M, Dingley KH, Pang J, Salituro GM, Powell J, Terebetski JL, Hornak V, Campeau LC, Orr RK, Ujjainwalla F, Miller M, Stamford A, Wood HB, Kowalski T, Nargund RP, Edmondson SD. Discovery of phenyl acetamides as potent and selective GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1124-1128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Fukuda T, Takayama K, Hirata M, Liu YJ, Yanagihara K, Suga M, Mizuguchi H, Furue MK. Isolation and expansion of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic progenitor cells by growth factor defined serum-free culture conditions. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:333-345. [PMID: 28215634 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Limited growth potential, narrow ranges of sources, and difference in variability and functions from batch to batch of primary hepatocytes cause a problem for predicting drug-induced hepatotoxicity during drug development. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells in vitro are expected as a tool for predicting drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Several studies have already reported efficient methods for differentiating hPSCs into hepatocyte-like cells, however its differentiation process is time-consuming, labor-intensive, cost-intensive, and unstable. In order to solve this problem, expansion culture for hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells, including hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts which can self-renewal and differentiate into hepatocytes should be valuable as a source of hepatocytes. However, the mechanisms of the expansion of hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells are not yet fully understood. In this study, to isolate hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells, we tried to develop serum-free growth factor defined culture conditions using defined components. Our culture conditions were able to isolate and grow hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells which could differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells through hepatoblast-like cells. We have confirmed that the hepatocyte-like cells prepared by our methods were able to increase gene expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes upon encountering rifampicin, phenobarbital, or omeprazole. The isolation and expansion of hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells in defined culture conditions should have advantages in terms of detecting accurate effects of exogenous factors on hepatic lineage differentiation, understanding mechanisms underlying self-renewal ability of hepatic progenitor cells, and stably supplying functional hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fukuda
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; K-CONNEX, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhi Hirata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yu-Jung Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kana Yanagihara
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Mika Suga
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; iPS Cell-based Research Project on Hepatic Toxicity and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miho K Furue
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.
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Chang SY, Voellinger JL, Van Ness KP, Chapron B, Shaffer RM, Neumann T, White CC, Kavanagh TJ, Kelly EJ, Eaton DL. Characterization of rat or human hepatocytes cultured in microphysiological systems (MPS) to identify hepatotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:170-183. [PMID: 28089783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the main site for drug and xenobiotics metabolism, including inactivation or bioactivation. In order to improve the predictability of drug safety and efficacy in clinical development, and to facilitate the evaluation of the potential human health effects from exposure to environmental contaminants, there is a critical need to accurately model human organ systems such as the liver in vitro. We are developing a microphysiological system (MPS) based on a new commercial microfluidic platform (Nortis, Inc.) that can utilize primary liver cells from multiple species (e.g., rat and human). Compared to conventional monolayer cell culture, which typically survives for 5-7days or less, primary rat or human hepatocytes in an MPS exhibited higher viability and improved hepatic functions, such as albumin production, expression of hepatocyte marker HNF4α and canaliculi structure, for up to 14days. Additionally, induction of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A and 3A4 in cryopreserved human hepatocytes was observed in the MPS. The acute cytotoxicity of the potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogen, aflatoxin B1, was evaluated in human hepatocytes cultured in an MPS, demonstrating the utility of this model for acute hepatotoxicity assessment. These results indicate that MPS-cultured hepatocytes provide a promising approach for evaluating chemical toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yu Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jenna L Voellinger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kirk P Van Ness
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian Chapron
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel M Shaffer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Collin C White
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David L Eaton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Zuo R, Li F, Parikh S, Cao L, Cooper KL, Hong Y, Liu J, Faris RA, Li D, Wang H. Evaluation of a Novel Renewable Hepatic Cell Model for Prediction of Clinical CYP3A4 Induction Using a Correlation-Based Relative Induction Score Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:198-207. [PMID: 28062541 PMCID: PMC5267519 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism enzyme induction-mediated drug-drug interactions need to be carefully characterized in vitro for drug candidates to predict in vivo safety risk and therapeutic efficiency. Currently, both the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency recommend using primary human hepatocytes as the gold standard in vitro test system for studying the induction potential of candidate drugs on cytochrome P450 (CYP), CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2B6. However, primary human hepatocytes are known to bear inherent limitations such as limited supply and large lot-to-lot variations, which result in an experimental burden to qualify new lots. To overcome these shortcomings, a renewable source of human hepatocytes (i.e., Corning HepatoCells) was developed from primary human hepatocytes and was evaluated for in vitro CYP3A4 induction using methods well established by the pharmaceutical industry. HepatoCells have shown mature hepatocyte-like morphology and demonstrated primary hepatocyte-like response to prototypical inducers of all three CYP enzymes with excellent consistency. Importantly, HepatoCells retain a phenobarbital-responsive nuclear translocation of human constitutive androstane receptor from the cytoplasm, characteristic to primary hepatocytes. To validate HepatoCells as a useful tool to predict potential clinical relevant CYP3A4 induction, we tested three different lots of HepatoCells with a group of clinical strong, moderate/weak CYP3A4 inducers, and noninducers. A relative induction score calibration curve-based approach was used for prediction. HepatoCells showed accurate prediction comparable to primary human hepatocytes. Together, these results demonstrate that Corning HepatoCells is a reliable in vitro model for drug-drug interaction studies during the early phase of drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Zuo
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Sweta Parikh
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Li Cao
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Kirsten L Cooper
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Yulong Hong
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Jin Liu
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Ronald A Faris
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Daochuan Li
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
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Kang HM, Lee HJ, Cho EY, Yu KS, Lee H, Lee JW, Kang HJ, Park KD, Shin HY, Choi EH. The Clinical Significance of Voriconazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Children With Invasive Fungal Infections. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2016; 32:557-67. [PMID: 26558811 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2015.1088905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Voriconazole is an antifungal drug used to treat fungal infections. This was a retrospective study of 61 children with hemato-oncologic diseases or solid organ transplantation who were administered voriconazole for invasive fungal infections. Of the 61 patients, 31 (50.8%) were in the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) group, and 30 (49.2%) were in the non-TDM group. At 12 weeks, treatment failure rate in the non-TDM group was higher than the TDM group (78.6% versus 40.0%, p = 0.038). Drug discontinuation due to adverse events was less frequent in the TDM group than the non-TDM group (26.0% versus 92.3%, p = 0.001). Children required higher dosages to maintain drug levels within the targeted therapeutic range: an average of 8.3 mg/kg/dose in patients <12 years old and 6.9 mg/kg/dose for those ≥12 years old. Treatment failure rates were higher in patients whose voriconazole levels remained below 1.0 mg/L for more than 50% of their treatment duration than those above 1.0 mg/L (71.4% vs. 9.1% after 12 weeks, p = 0.013). Serial monitoring of voriconazole levels in children is important for improving treatment response and preventing unnecessary drug discontinuation. Higher dosages are needed in children to reach therapeutic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- a Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea.,b Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Hoan Jong Lee
- a Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea.,b Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Eun Young Cho
- b Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea.,c Department of Pediatrics , Chungnam National University Hospital , Daejeon , South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- d Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Hyunju Lee
- b Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea.,e Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam , South Korea
| | - Ji Won Lee
- a Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea.,f Department of Pediatrics , Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Kang
- a Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea.,f Department of Pediatrics , Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Kyung Duk Park
- a Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea.,f Department of Pediatrics , Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Hee Young Shin
- a Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea.,f Department of Pediatrics , Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- a Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea.,b Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
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Williamson B, Lorbeer M, Mitchell MD, Brayman TG, Riley RJ. Evaluation of a novel PXR-knockout in HepaRG ™ cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00264. [PMID: 27713827 PMCID: PMC5045942 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the expression of genes involved in the metabolism, hepatobiliary disposition, and toxicity of drugs and endogenous compounds. PXR is a promiscuous nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) with significant ligand and DNA‐binding crosstalk with the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR); hence, defining the precise role of PXR in gene regulation is challenging. Here, utilising a novel PXR‐knockout (KO) HepaRG cell line, real‐time PCR analysis was conducted to determine PXR involvement for a range of inducers. The selective PXR agonist rifampicin, a selective CAR activator, 6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole‐5‐carbaldehyde O‐(3,4‐dichlorobenzyl)oxime (CITCO), and dual activators of CAR and PXR including phenobarbital (PB) were analyzed. HepaRG control cells (5F clone) were responsive to prototypical inducers of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. No response was observed in the PXR‐KO cells treated with rifampicin. Induction of CYP3A4 by PB, artemisinin, and phenytoin was also much reduced in PXR‐KO cells, while the response to CITCO was maintained. This finding is in agreement with the abolition of functional PXR expression. The apparent EC50 values for PB were in agreement between the cell lines; however, CITCO was ~threefold (0.3 μmol/L vs. 1 μmol/L) lower in the PXR‐KO cells compared with the 5F cells for CYP2B6 induction. Results presented support the application of the novel PXR‐KO cells in the definitive assignment of PXR‐mediated CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 induction. Utilization of such cell lines will allow advancement in composing structure activity relationships rather than relying predominantly on pharmacological manipulations and provide in‐depth mechanistic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Williamson
- Evotec (UK) Ltd 114 Innovation Drive Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Lorbeer
- Evotec (UK) Ltd 114 Innovation Drive Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robert J Riley
- Evotec (UK) Ltd 114 Innovation Drive Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ United Kingdom
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Effects of Hypericum perforatum hydroalcoholic extract, hypericin, and hyperforin on cytotoxicity and CYP3A4 mRNA expression in hepatic cell lines: a comparative study. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Amacher DE. The regulation of human hepatic drug transporter expression by activation of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1463-1477. [PMID: 27548410 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1223626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION If a drug is found to be an inducer of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes via activation of nuclear receptors such as pregnane X receptor (PXR) or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), it is likely that drug transporters regulated through these same receptors will be induced as well. This review highlights what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate transporter expression and where the research is directed. Areas covered: This review is focused on publications that describe the role of activated hepatic nuclear receptors in the subsequent regulation of drug uptake and/or efflux transporters following exposure to xenobiotics. Expert opinion: Many of the published studies on the role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporters involve non-human test animals. But due to species response differences, these associations are not always applicable to humans. For this reason, some relevant human in vitro models have been developed, such as primary or cryopreserved human hepatocytes, human liver slices, or HepG2 or HuH7 cell lines transiently or stably transfected with PXR expression and reporter constructs as well as in vivo models such as PXR-humanized mice. These human-relevant test systems will continue to be developed and applied for the testing of investigational drugs.
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Stoch SA, Ballard J, Gibson C, Kesisoglou F, Witter R, Kassahun K, Zajic S, Mehta A, Brandquist C, Dempsey C, Stypinski D, Reitman ML. Coadministration of Rifampin Significantly Reduces Odanacatib Concentrations in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 57:110-117. [PMID: 27321774 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This open-label 2-period study assessed the effect of multiple-dose administration of rifampin, a strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein inducer, on the pharmacokinetics of odanacatib, a cathepsin K inhibitor. In period 1, 12 healthy male subjects (mean age, 30 years) received a single dose of odanacatib 50 mg on day 1, followed by a 28-day washout. In period 2, subjects received rifampin 600 mg/day for 28 days; odanacatib 50 mg was coadministered on day 14. Blood samples for odanacatib pharmacokinetics were collected at predose and on day 1 of period 1 and day 14 of period 2. Coadministration of odanacatib and rifampin significantly reduced odanacatib exposure. The odanacatib AUC0-∞ geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) of odanacatib + rifampin/odanacatib alone was 0.13 (0.11-0.16). The harmonic mean ± jackknife standard deviation apparent terminal half-life (t½ ) was 71.6 ± 10.2 hours for odanacatib alone and 16.0 ± 3.4 hours for odanacatib + rifampin, indicating greater odanacatib clearance following coadministration with rifampin. Samples were collected in period 2 during rifampin dosing (days 1, 14, and 28) and after rifampin discontinuation (days 35, 42, and 56) to evaluate the ratio of plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol to total serum cholesterol as a CYP3A4 induction biomarker; the ratio increased ∼5-fold over 28 days of daily dosing with 600 mg rifampin, demonstrating sensitivity to CYP3A4 induction.
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Use of 4β-hydroxycholesterol in animal and human plasma samples as a biomarker for CYP3A induction. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:215-28. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βHC) has recently been proposed as a potential endogenous biomarker for CYP3A activity. Developing bioanalytical assays for 4βHC is challenging for several reasons, including endogenous background levels in plasma; the presence of free and ester forms; the inherent lack of MS sensitivity; and the presence of multiple positional isomers. Results: Bioanalytical assays in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma were adapted and modified from a previous published human plasma assay for 4βHC by using alkaline de-esterification, picolinic derivatization, a surrogate analyte (d7-4βHC) in authentic matrices and chromatographic conditions that showed good separation from isobaric, positional isomers. Conclusion: These assays were applied to multiple studies and demonstrated potential applications of 4βHC as a CYP3A biomarker across preclinical and clinical settings.
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Cece-Esencan EN, Fontaine F, Plasencia G, Teppner M, Brink A, Pähler A, Zamora I. Software-aided cytochrome P450 reaction phenotyping and kinetic analysis in early drug discovery. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:301-310. [PMID: 26689160 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) reaction phenotyping (CRP) and kinetic studies are essential in early drug discovery to determine which metabolic enzymes react with new drug entities. A new semi-automated computer-assisted workflow for CRP is introduced in this work. This workflow provides not only information regarding parent disappearance, but also metabolite identification and relative metabolite formation rates for kinetic analysis. METHODS Time-course experiments based on incubating six probe substrates (dextromethorphan, imipramine, buspirone, midazolam, ethoxyresorufin and diclofenac) with recombinant human enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) and human liver microsomes (HLM) were performed. Liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) analysis was conducted with an internal standard to obtain high-resolution full-scan and MS/MS data. Data were analyzed using Mass-MetaSite software. A server application (WebMetabase) was used for data visualization and review. RESULTS CRP experiments were performed, and the data were analyzed using a software-aided approach. This automated-evaluation approach led to (1) the detection of the CYP450 enzymes responsible for both substrate depletion and metabolite formation, (2) the identification of specific biotransformations, (3) the elucidation of metabolite structures based on MS/MS fragment analysis, and (4) the determination of the initial relative formation rates of major metabolites by CYP450 enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This largely automated workflow enabled the efficient analysis of HRMS data, allowing rapid evaluation of the involvement of the main CYP450 enzymes in the metabolism of new molecules during drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillem Plasencia
- Molecular Discovery, London, UK
- Lead Molecular Design, S.L. San Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | - Marieke Teppner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Brink
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Pähler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ismael Zamora
- Lead Molecular Design, S.L. San Cugat del Valles, Spain
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Sane RS, Ramsden D, Sabo JP, Cooper C, Rowland L, Ting N, Whitcher-Johnstone A, Tweedie DJ. Contribution of Major Metabolites toward Complex Drug-Drug Interactions of Deleobuvir: In Vitro Predictions and In Vivo Outcomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:466-75. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Ramachandran SD, Vivarès A, Klieber S, Hewitt NJ, Muenst B, Heinz S, Walles H, Braspenning J. Applicability of second-generation upcyte® human hepatocytes for use in CYP inhibition and induction studies. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00161. [PMID: 26516577 PMCID: PMC4618636 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human upcyte® hepatocytes are proliferating hepatocytes that retain many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the application of second-generation upcyte® hepatocytes from four donors for inhibition and induction assays using a selection of reference inhibitors and inducers. CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 were reproducibly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner and the calculated IC50 values for each compound correctly classified them as potent inhibitors. Upcyte® hepatocytes were responsive to prototypical CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 inducers, confirming that they have functional AhR-, CAR-, and PXR-mediated CYP regulation. A panel of 11 inducers classified as potent, moderate or noninducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were tested. There was a good fit of data from upcyte® hepatocytes to three different predictive models for CYP3A4 induction, namely the Relative Induction Score (RIS), AUCu/F2, and C max,u/Ind50. In addition, PXR (rifampicin) and CAR-selective (carbamazepine and phenytoin) inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction, respectively, were demonstrated. In conclusion, these data support the use of second-generation upcyte® hepatocytes for CYP inhibition and induction assays. Under the culture conditions used, these cells expressed CYP activities that were equivalent to or higher than those measured in primary human hepatocyte cultures, which could be inhibited or induced by prototypical CYP inhibitors and inducers, respectively. Moreover, they can be used to predict in vivo CYP3A4 induction potential using three prediction models. Bulk availability of cells from multiple donors makes upcyte® hepatocytes suitable for DDI screening, as well as more in-depth mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélie Vivarès
- Sanofi – DSAR Drug Disposition – In Vitro models371, rue du Pr. Blayac, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Sylvie Klieber
- Sanofi – DSAR Drug Disposition – In Vitro models371, rue du Pr. Blayac, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | | | - Bernhard Muenst
- Medicyte GmbHIm Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinz
- Medicyte GmbHIm Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University WuerzburgRoentgenring 11, Wuerzburg, D-97070, Germany
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Liu P, Hu Z, DuBois BG, Moyes CR, Hunter DN, Zhu C, Kar NF, Zhu Y, Garfunkle J, Kang L, Chicchi G, Ehrhardt A, Woods A, Seo T, Woods M, van Heek M, Dingley KH, Pang J, Salituro GM, Powell J, Terebetski JL, Hornak V, Campeau LC, Lamberson J, Ujjainwalla F, Miller M, Stamford A, Wood HB, Kowalski T, Nargund RP, Edmondson SD. Design of Potent and Orally Active GPR119 Agonists for the Treatment of Type II Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:936-41. [PMID: 26288697 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of potent and selective GPR119 agonists. Our objective was to develop a GPR119 agonist with properties that were suitable for fixed-dose combination with a DPP4 inhibitor. Starting from a phenoxy analogue (1), medicinal chemistry efforts directed toward reducing half-life and increasing solubility led to the synthesis of a series of benzyloxy analogues. Compound 28 was chosen for further profiling because of its favorable physicochemical properties and excellent GPR119 potency across species. This compound exhibited a clean off-target profile in counterscreens and good in vivo efficacy in mouse oGTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Byron G. DuBois
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christopher R. Moyes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David N. Hunter
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nam Fung Kar
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ling Kang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gary Chicchi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anka Ehrhardt
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Woods
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Toru Seo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Morgan Woods
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Margaret van Heek
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karen H. Dingley
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jianmei Pang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino M. Salituro
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joyce Powell
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jenna L. Terebetski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Viktor Hornak
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Louis-Charles Campeau
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Lamberson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Fez Ujjainwalla
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Miller
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew Stamford
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Harold B. Wood
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Timothy Kowalski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott D. Edmondson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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48
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Ramsden D, Zhou J, Tweedie DJ. Determination of a Degradation Constant for CYP3A4 by Direct Suppression of mRNA in a Novel Human Hepatocyte Model, HepatoPac. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1307-15. [PMID: 26076693 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate determination of rates of de novo synthesis and degradation of cytochrome P450s (P450s) has been challenging. There is a high degree of variability in the multiple published values of turnover for specific P450s that is likely exacerbated by differences in methodologies. For CYP3A4, reported half-life values range from 10 to 140 hours. An accurate value for kdeg has been identified as a major limitation for prediction of drug interactions involving mechanism-based inhibition and/or induction. Estimation of P450 half-life from in vitro test systems, such as human hepatocytes, is complicated by differential decreased enzyme function over culture time, attenuation of the impact of enzyme loss through inclusion of glucocorticoids in media, and viability limitations over long-term culture times. HepatoPac overcomes some of these challenges by providing extended stability of enzymes (2.5 weeks in our hands). As such it is a unique tool for studying rates of enzyme degradation achieved through modulation of enzyme levels. CYP3A4 mRNA levels were rapidly depleted by >90% using either small interfering RNA or addition of interleukin-6, which allowed an estimation of the degradation rate constant for CYP3A protein over an incubation time of 96 hours. The degradation rate constant of 0.0240 ± 0.005 hour(-1) was reproducible in hepatocytes from five different human donors. These donors also reflected the overall population with respect to CYP3A5 genotype. This methodology can be applied to additional enzymes and may provide a more accurate in vitro derived kdeg value for predicting clinical drug-drug interaction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ramsden
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Jin Zhou
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Donald J Tweedie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
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49
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Influence of HIV antiretrovirals on methadone N-demethylation and transport. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 95:115-25. [PMID: 25801005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug interactions involving methadone and/or HIV antiretrovirals can be problematic. Mechanisms whereby antiretrovirals induce clinical methadone clearance are poorly understood. Methadone is N-demethylated to 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) by CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in vitro, but by CYP2B6 in vivo. This investigation evaluated human hepatocytes as a model for methadone induction, and tested the hypothesis that methadone and EDDP are substrates for human drug transporters. Human hepatocyte induction by several antiretrovirals of methadone N-demethylation, and CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 transcription, protein expression and catalytic activity, and pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation were evaluated. Methadone and EDDP uptake and efflux by overexpressed transporters were also determined. Methadone N-demethylation was generally not significantly increased by the antiretrovirals. CYP2B6 mRNA and activity (bupropion N-demethylation) were induced by several antiretrovirals, as were CYP3A4 mRNA and protein expression, but only indinavir increased CYP3A activity (alfentanil dealkylation). CYP upregulation appeared related to PXR activation. Methadone was not a substrate for uptake (OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1) or efflux (P-gp, BCRP) transporters. EDDP was a good substrate for P-gp, BCRP, OCT1, OCT3, OATP1A2, and OATP1B1. OATP1A2- and OCT3-mediated EDDP uptake, and BCRP-mediated EDDP efflux transport, was inhibited by several antiretrovirals. Results show that hepatocyte methadone N-demethylation resembles expressed and liver microsomal metabolism more than clinical metabolism. Compared with clinical studies, hepatocytes underreport induction of methadone metabolism by HIV drugs. Hepatocytes are not a good predictive model for clinical antiretroviral induction of methadone metabolism and not a substitute for clinical studies. EDDP is a transporter substrate, and is susceptible to transporter-mediated interactions.
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50
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Weiß F, Schnabel A, Planatscher H, van den Berg BHJ, Serschnitzki B, Nuessler AK, Thasler WE, Weiss TS, Reuss M, Stoll D, Templin MF, Joos TO, Marcus K, Poetz O. Indirect protein quantification of drug-transforming enzymes using peptide group-specific immunoaffinity enrichment and mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8759. [PMID: 25737130 PMCID: PMC4348618 DOI: 10.1038/srep08759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoaffinity enrichment of proteotypic peptides, coupled with selected reaction monitoring, enables indirect protein quantification. However the lack of suitable antibodies limits its widespread application. We developed a method in which multi-specific antibodies are used to enrich groups of peptides, thus facilitating multiplexed quantitative protein assays. We tested this strategy in a pharmacokinetic experiment by targeting a group of homologous drug transforming proteins in human hepatocytes. Our results indicate the generic applicability of this method to any biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Weiß
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Anke Schnabel
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hannes Planatscher
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Bart H J van den Berg
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas K Nuessler
- Department of Traumatology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas S Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Reuss
- Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dieter Stoll
- University of Applied Sciences, Albstadt Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Markus F Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Thomas O Joos
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, Reutlingen, Germany
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