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Lashkari S, Panah FM, Weisbjerg MR, Jensen SK. Formation of RRR-α-tocopherol in rumen and intestinal digestibility of tocopherols in dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:350-363. [PMID: 38058569 PMCID: PMC10695849 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherol sources in diets are often a combination of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (synthetic α-tocopherol) from vitamin supplements and natural tocopherols and 2R-(4'R, 8'R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocotrienol (α-tocotrienols) from the feed sources. Synthetic α-tocopherol consists of 8 different stereoisomers including 2R-(4'R, 8'R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol (RRR-α-tocopherol), 2R-(4'S, 8'R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol (RSR-α-tocopherol), 2R-(4'R, 8'S)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol (RRS-α-tocopherol), 2R-(4'S, 8'S)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol (RSS-α-tocopherol), 2S-(4'S, 8'S)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol (SSS-α-tocopherol), 2S-(4'R, 8'S)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol (SRS-α-tocopherol), 2S-(4'S, 8'R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol (SSR-α-tocopherol), and 2S-(4'R, 8'R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol (SRR-α-tocopherol). The pre-absorption metabolism of tocopherols and tocotrienols in ruminants differs from monogastric animals due to the extensive microbial fermentation in the anaerobic rumen. The current study investigated the impact of toasting and decortication of oats on metabolism in the digestive tract (synthesis, digestion), and intestinal digestibility of tocopherols in dairy cows by using 4 ruminal and intestinal cannulated Danish Holstein cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design for 4 periods. Cows were fed a total mixed ration ad libitum containing different forms of oats: whole oat, decorticated oat, toasted oat, and decorticated toasted oat, all rolled before mixed ration. Overall means across 4 treatments were statistically analyzed, testing whether overall means were different from zero. Decortication or toasting did not affect the balance or digestibility of α-tocopherols in rumen. Average across treatments showed the ruminal degradation of synthetic α-tocopherol (279 mg/d, P = 0.02; P-value shows that average across treatments is different from zero), synthetic 2R-α-tocopherol (133 mg/d, P < 0.01; summation of RRS-, RSR- and RSS-α-tocopherol), and 2S-α-tocopherol (190 mg/d; P < 0.01, summation of SSS-, SRS-, SSR, and SRR-α-tocopherol), while RRR-α-tocopherol was formed in the rumen (221 mg/d, P = 0.10). The average across treatments showed that small intestinal digestibility of tocopherols ranked in the following order: α-tocotrienol > natural α-tocopherol > synthetic α-tocopherols > 2R-(4'R, 8'R)-,7,8-dimethyltocol (γ-tocopherol). The average across treatments for small intestinal and feed-ileum digestibility ranked in the following order: RRR-α-tocopherol > synthetic 2R-α-tocopherol > 2S-α-tocopherol. Results showed the first evidence for RRR-α-tocopherol formation under anaerobic conditions in the rumen. In addition, synthetic α-tocopherol stereoisomers, γ-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol were degraded in the rumen. There was a discrimination against absorption of synthetic 2R- and 2S-α-tocopherol in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Lashkari
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Farhad M. Panah
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Søren K. Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Mohamad NV. Strategies to Enhance the Solubility and Bioavailability of Tocotrienols Using Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1403. [PMID: 37895874 PMCID: PMC10610013 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols have higher medicinal value, with multiple sources of evidence showing their biological properties as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and osteoprotective compounds. However, tocotrienol bioavailability presents an ongoing challenge in its translation into viable products. This is because tocotrienol oil is known to be a poorly water-soluble compound, making it difficult to be absorbed into the body and resulting in less effectiveness. With the potential and benefits of tocotrienol, new strategies to increase the bioavailability and efficacy of poorly absorbed tocotrienol are required when administered orally. One of the proposed formulation techniques was self-emulsification, which has proven its capacity to improve oral drug delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs by advancing the solubility and bioavailability of these active compounds. This review discusses the updated evidence on the bioavailability of tocotrienols formulated with self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) from in vivo and human studies. In short, SEDDSs formulation enhances the solubility and passive permeability of tocotrienol, thus improving its oral bioavailability and biological actions. This increases its medicinal and commercial value. Furthermore, the self-emulsifying formulation presents a useful dosage form that is absorbed in vivo independent of dietary fats with consistent and enhanced levels of tocotrienol isomers. Therefore, a lipid-based formulation technique can provide an additional detailed understanding of the oral bioavailability of tocotrienols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Vaizura Mohamad
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Reboul E. Proteins involved in fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid transport across the intestinal cells: New insights from the past decade. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101208. [PMID: 36493998 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that vitamins D, E, and K and carotenoids are not absorbed solely through passive diffusion. Broad-specificity membrane transporters such as SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B type I), CD36 (CD36 molecule), NPC1L1 (Niemann Pick C1-like 1) or ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette A1) are involved in the uptake of these micronutrients from the lumen to the enterocyte cytosol and in their secretion into the bloodstream. Recently, the existence of efflux pathways from the enterocyte back to the lumen or from the bloodstream to the lumen, involving ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein/MDR1) or the ABCG5/ABCG8 complex, has also been evidenced for vitamins D and K. Surprisingly, no membrane proteins have been involved in dietary vitamin A uptake so far. After an overview of the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids along the gastrointestinal tract (from the mouth to the colon where interactions with microbiota may occur), a focus is placed on the identified and candidate proteins participating in the apical uptake, intracellular transport, basolateral secretion and efflux back to the lumen of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids in enterocytes. This review also highlights the mechanisms that remain to be identified to fully unravel the pathways involved in fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid intestinal absorption.
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Ibrahim N'I, Mohd Noor H'I, Shuid AN, Mohamad S, Abdul Malik MM, Jayusman PA, Shuid AN, Naina Mohamed I. Osteoprotective Effects in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model: Oral Tocotrienol vs. Intraosseous Injection of Tocotrienol-Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid Combination. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706747. [PMID: 34867320 PMCID: PMC8637158 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, the most common bone disease, is associated with compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress contributes to the progression of osteoporosis. Specifically, for postmenopausal osteoporosis, the reduction in estrogen levels leads to increased oxidative stress in bone remodeling. Tocotrienol, a member of vitamin E that exhibits antioxidant activities, has shown potential as an agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. Most studies on the osteoprotective effects of tocotrienols had used the oral form of tocotrienols, despite their low bioavailability due the lack of transfer proteins and high metabolism in the liver. Several bone studies have utilized tocotrienol combined with a nanocarrier to produce a controlled release of tocotrienol particles into the system. However, the potential of delivering tocotrienol-nanocarrier combination through the intraosseous route has never been explored. In this study, tocotrienol was combined with a nanocarrier, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and injected intraosseously into the bones of ovariectomized rats to produce targeted and controlled delivery of tocotrienol into the bone microenvironment. This new form of tocotrienol delivery was compared with the conventional oral delivery in terms of their effects on bone parameters. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. The first group was sham operated, while other groups were ovariectomized (OVX). Following 2 months, the right tibiae of all the rats were drilled at the metaphysis region to provide access for intraosseous injection. The estrogen group (OVX + ESTO) and tocotrienol group (OVX + TTO) were given daily oral gavages of Premarin (64.5 mg/kg) and annatto-tocotrienol (60 mg/kg), respectively. The locally administered tocotrienol group (OVX + TTL) was given a single intraosseous injection of tocotrienol-PLGA combination. After 8 weeks of treatment, both OVX + TTO and OVX + TTL groups have significantly lower bone markers and higher bone mineral content than the OVX group. In terms of bone microarchitecture, both groups demonstrated significantly higher trabecular separation and connectivity density than the OVX group (p < 0.05). Both groups also showed improvement in bone strength by the significantly higher stress, strain, stiffness, and Young's modulus parameters. In conclusion, daily oral tocotrienol and one-time intraosseous injection of tocotrienol-PLGA combination were equally effective in offering protection against ovariectomy-induced bone changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hasnul 'Iffah Mohd Noor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Naqib Shuid
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Sharlina Mohamad
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Maaruf Abdul Malik
- Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Putri Ayu Jayusman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Therapeutic potential of annatto tocotrienol with self-emulsifying drug delivery system in a rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111368. [PMID: 33582449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienol has been shown to prevent bone loss in animal models of postmenopausal osteoporosis, but the low oral bioavailability might limit its use. A self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) could increase the bioavailability of tocotrienol. However, evidence of this system in improving the skeletal effects of tocotrienol is scanty. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of annatto tocotrienol with SEDDS in a rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Ten-month-old female Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into six groups. The baseline group was euthanatized at the onset of the study. Four other groups underwent ovariectomy to induce estrogen deficiency. The sham underwent similar surgery procedure, but their ovaries were retained. Eight weeks after surgery, the ovariectomized rats received one of the four different regimens orally daily: (a) SEDDS, (b) annatto tocotrienol [60 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)] without SEDDS, (c) annatto-tocotrienol (60 mg/kg b.w.) with SEDDS, (d) raloxifene (1 mg/kg b.w.). After eight weeks of treatment, blood was collected for the measurement of delta-tocotrienol level and oxidative stress markers. The rats were euthanized and their bones were harvested for the evaluation of the bone microstructure, calcium content and strength. Circulating delta-tocotrienol level was significantly higher in rats receiving annatto tocotrienol with SEDDS compared to the group receiving unformulated annatto-tocotrienol (p < 0.05). Treatment with unformulated or SEDDS-formulated annatto tocotrienol improved cortical bone thickness, preserved bone calcium content, increased bone biomechanical strength and increased antioxidant enzyme activities compared with the ovariectomized group (p < 0.05). Only SEDDS-formulated annatto tocotrienol improved trabecular microstructure, bone stiffness and lowered malondialdehyde level (p < 0.05 vs the ovariectomized group). The improvement caused by annatto tocotrienol was comparable to raloxifene. In conclusion, SEDDS improves the bioavailability and skeletal therapeutic effects of annatto tocotrienol in a rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. This formulation should be tested in a human clinical trial to validate its efficacy.
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Du Q, Chen J, Yan G, Lyu F, Huang J, Ren J, Di L. Comparison of different aliphatic acid grafted N-trimethyl chitosan surface-modified nanostructured lipid carriers for improved oral kaempferol delivery. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118506. [PMID: 31302169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the in vitro and in vivo effects of different aliphatic acid grafted N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) surface-modified nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) by oral delivery. Medium-chain fatty acids, decylic acids (DA), and long-chain fatty acids, palmitic acids (PA) were selected as contrasting objects. TMC, DA grafted TMC (DA-TMC), and PA grafted TMC (PA-TMC) were successively synthesized. Kaempferol loaded NLC (KNLC), KNLC coated with DA-TMC (DA-TMC-KNLC) and PA-TMC (PA-TMC-KNLC) were fabricated, respectively. KNLC were subspherical in shape at nano-size limits. The particle size increased from 93.6 to 125.5 nm and the zeta potential changed from negative to positive due to surface-modification. The KNLC surface-modified with different aliphatic acid grafted TMC displayed a diverse release profiles at the simulative physiological environment, which contrasted that of KNLC. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the nanoparticles all could improve the AUC values and prolong blood retention times compared to that of kaempferol suspensions. Cell uptake and in situ intestinal perfusion experiments revealed that DA-TMC-KNLC and PA-TMC-KNLC could remarkably enhance cellular uptake of kaempferol into Caco-2 cells and drug absorption in each intestinal segment in comparison with KNLC, repectively. Wherein, DA-TMC-KNLC exhibits the greatest uptake and absorption efficiency as compared to kaempferol suspensions, KNLC and PA-TMC-KNLC. Collectively, DA-TMC surface-modified NLC might serve as a potential drug carrier for oral delivery of water-insoluble flavonoid ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Guojun Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fannan Lyu
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jin Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Jayan H, Maria Leena M, Sivakama Sundari S, Moses J, Anandharamakrishnan C. Improvement of bioavailability for resveratrol through encapsulation in zein using electrospraying technique. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Nakano T, Inoue I, Murakoshi T. A Newly Integrated Model for Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption and Efflux Reappraises How Plant Sterol Intake Reduces Circulating Cholesterol Levels. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020310. [PMID: 30717222 PMCID: PMC6412963 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained through a balance of de novo synthesis, intestinal absorption, and excretion from the gut. The small intestine contributes to cholesterol homeostasis by absorbing and excreting it, the latter of which is referred to as trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). Because the excretion efficiency of endogenous cholesterol is inversely associated with the development of atherosclerosis, TICE provides an attractive therapeutic target. Thus, elucidation of the mechanism is warranted. We have shown that intestinal cholesterol absorption and TICE are inversely correlated in intestinal perfusion experiments in mice. In this review, we summarized 28 paired data sets for absorption efficiency and fecal neutral sterol excretion, a surrogate marker of TICE, obtained from 13 available publications in a figure, demonstrating the inverse correlation were nearly consistent with the assumption. We then offer a bidirectional flux model that accommodates absorption and TICE occurring in the same segment. In this model, the brush border membrane (BBM) of intestinal epithelial cells stands as the dividing ridge for cholesterol fluxes, making the opposite fluxes competitive and being coordinated by shared BBM-localized transporters, ATP-binding cassette G5/G8 and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. Furthermore, the idea is applied to address how excess plant sterol/stanol (PS) intake reduces circulating cholesterol level, because the mechanism is still unclear. We propose that unabsorbable PS repeatedly shuttles between the BBM and lumen and promotes concomitant cholesterol efflux. Additionally, PSs, which are chemically analogous to cholesterol, may disturb the trafficking machineries that transport cholesterol to the cell interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Murakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
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Pathak R, Shah SK, Hauer-Jensen M. Therapeutic potential of natural plant products and their metabolites in preventing radiation enteropathy resulting from abdominal or pelvic irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:493-505. [PMID: 30526224 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1552374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury or radiation enteropathy is an imminent risk during radiation therapy of abdominal or pelvic tumors. Despite remarkable technological advancements in image-guided radiation delivery techniques, the risk of intestinal injury after radiotherapy for abdominal or pelvic cancers has not been completely eliminated. The irradiated intestine undergoes varying degrees of adverse structural and functional changes, which can result in transient or long-term complications. The risk of development of enteropathy depends on dose, fractionation, and quality of radiation. Moreover, the patients' medical condition, age, inter-individual sensitivity to radiation and size of the treatment area are also risk factors of radiation enteropathy. Therefore, strategies are needed to prevent radiotherapy-induced undesirable alteration in the gastrointestinal tract. Many natural plant products, by virtue of their plethora of biological activities, alleviate the adverse effects of radiation-induced injury. The current review discusses potential roles and possible mechanisms of natural plant products in suppressing radiation enteropathy. Natural plant products have the potential to suppress intestinal radiation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Pathak
- a Division of Radiation Health Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Sumit K Shah
- b College of Medicine Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- a Division of Radiation Health Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
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Jaafar F, Abdullah A, Makpol S. Cellular Uptake and Bioavailability of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in SIRT1-Inhibited Human Diploid Fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10471. [PMID: 29992988 PMCID: PMC6041292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) is palm vitamin E that consists of tocopherol and tocotrienol. TRF is involved in important cellular regulation including delaying cellular senescence. A key regulator of cellular senescence, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is involved in lipid metabolism. Thus, SIRT1 may regulate vitamin E transportation and bioavailability at cellular level. This study aimed to determine the role of SIRT1 on cellular uptake and bioavailability of TRF in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). SIRT1 gene in young HDFs was silenced by small interference RNA (siRNA) while SIRT1 activity was inhibited by sirtinol. TRF treatment was given for 24 h before or after SIRT1 inhibition. Cellular concentration of TRF isomers was determined according to the time points of before and after TRF treatment at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Our results showed that all tocotrienol isomers were significantly taken up by HDFs after 24 h of TRF treatment and decreased 24 h after TRF treatment was terminated but remained in the cell up to 72 h. The uptake of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and β-tocotrienol was significantly higher in senescent cells as compared to young HDFs indicating higher requirement for vitamin E in senescent cells. Inhibition of SIRT1 gene increased the uptake of all tocotrienol isomers but not α-tocopherol. However, SIRT1 inhibition at protein level decreased tocotrienol concentration. In conclusion, SIRT1 may regulate the cellular uptake and bioavailability of tocotrienol isomers in human diploid fibroblast cells while a similar regulation was not shown for α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Jaafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asmaa Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Nukala U, Thakkar S, Krager KJ, Breen PJ, Compadre CM, Aykin-Burns N. Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans). Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E33. [PMID: 29473853 PMCID: PMC5836023 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation countermeasures fall under three categories, radiation protectors, radiation mitigators, and radiation therapeutics. Radiation protectors are agents that are administered before radiation exposure to protect from radiation-induced injuries by numerous mechanisms, including scavenging free radicals that are generated by initial radiochemical events. Radiation mitigators are agents that are administered after the exposure of radiation but before the onset of symptoms by accelerating the recovery and repair from radiation-induced injuries. Whereas radiation therapeutic agents administered after the onset of symptoms act by regenerating the tissues that are injured by radiation. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals generated by radiation exposure by donating H atoms. The vitamin E family consists of eight different vitamers, including four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Though alpha-tocopherol was extensively studied in the past, tocotrienols have recently gained attention as radiation countermeasures. Despite several studies performed on tocotrienols, there is no clear evidence on the factors that are responsible for their superior radiation protection properties over tocopherols. Their absorption and bioavailability are also not well understood. In this review, we discuss tocopherol's and tocotrienol's efficacy as radiation countermeasures and identify the challenges to be addressed to develop them into radiation countermeasures for human use in the event of radiological emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujwani Nukala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Philip J Breen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
| | - Cesar M Compadre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
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Vitamin E Bioavailability: Mechanisms of Intestinal Absorption in the Spotlight. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040095. [PMID: 29165370 PMCID: PMC5745505 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble micronutrient whose effects on human health can be attributed to both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties. A growing number of studies aim to promote vitamin E bioavailability in foods. It is thus of major interest to gain deeper insight into the mechanisms of vitamin E absorption, which remain only partly understood. It was long assumed that vitamin E was absorbed by passive diffusion, but recent data has shown that this process is actually far more complex than previously thought. This review describes the fate of vitamin E in the human gastrointestinal lumen during digestion and focuses on the proteins involved in the intestinal membrane and cellular transport of vitamin E across the enterocyte. Special attention is also given to the factors modulating both vitamin E micellarization and absorption. Although these latest results significantly improve our understanding of vitamin E intestinal absorption, further studies are still needed to decipher the molecular mechanisms driving this multifaceted process.
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Tan DMY, Fu JY, Wong FS, Er HM, Chen YS, Nesaretnam K. Tumor regression and modulation of gene expression via tumor-targeted tocotrienol niosomes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2487-2502. [PMID: 28972460 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop 6-O-palmitoyl-ascorbic acid-based niosomes targeted to transferrin receptor for intravenous administration of tocotrienols (T3) in breast cancer. MATERIALS & METHODS Niosomes were prepared using film hydration and ultrasonication methods. Transferrin was coupled to the surface of niosomes via chemical linker. Nanovesicles were characterized for size, zeta potential, morphology, stability and biological efficacy. RESULTS When evaluated in MDA-MB-231 cells, entrapment of T3 in niosomes caused 1.5-fold reduction in IC50 value compared with nonformulated T3. In vivo, the average tumor volume of mice treated with tumor-targeted niosomes was 12-fold lower than that of untreated group, accompanied by marked downregulation of three genes involved in metastasis. CONCLUSION Findings suggested that tumor-targeted niosomes served as promising delivery system for T3 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doryn Meam-Yee Tan
- Product Development & Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ju-Yen Fu
- Product Development & Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fu-Shun Wong
- Product Development & Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Meng Er
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yu-Sui Chen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kalanithi Nesaretnam
- Product Development & Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Yamanashi Y, Takada T, Kurauchi R, Tanaka Y, Komine T, Suzuki H. Transporters for the Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:347-359. [PMID: 28100881 PMCID: PMC5392472 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv16007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans cannot synthesize fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E and vitamin K. For this reason, they must be obtained from the diet via intestinal absorption. As the deficiency or excess of these vitamins has been reported to cause several types of diseases and disorders in humans, the intestinal absorption of these nutrients must be properly regulated to ensure good health. However, the mechanism of their intestinal absorption remains poorly understood. Recent studies on cholesterol using genome-edited mice, genome-wide association approaches, gene mutation analyses, and the development of cholesterol absorption inhibitors have revealed that several membrane proteins play crucial roles in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Surprisingly, detailed analyses of these cholesterol transporters have revealed that they can also transport vitamin E and vitamin K, providing clues to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption of these fat-soluble vitamins. In this review, we focus on the membrane proteins (Niemann-Pick C1 like 1, scavenger receptor class B type I, cluster of differentiation 36, and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) that are (potentially) involved in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, vitamin E, and vitamin K and discuss their physiological and pharmacological importance. We also discuss the related uncertainties that need to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Yamanashi
- Department of Pharmacy, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
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Abstract
Vitamin D plays key roles in bone, infectious, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. As most people get inadequate sun exposure for sufficient vitamin D status, they need adequate intake of dietary vitamin D. Many studies see optimizing vitamin D status as a public health priority. It is thus vital to gain deeper insight into vitamin D intestinal absorption. It was long assumed that vitamin D intestinal absorption is a passive process, but new data from our laboratory showed that it is actually far more complex than previously thought. This review describes the fate of vitamin D in the human upper gastrointestinal lumen during digestion and focuses on the proteins involved in the intestinal membrane and cellular transport of vitamin D across the enterocyte. Although recent data significantly improve our understanding of vitamin D intestinal absorption, further studies are still needed to increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Reboul
- INRA, UMR 1260, "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis", F-13385, Marseille, France.
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17
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Takekawa Y, Sato Y, Yamaki Y, Imai M, Noto K, Sumi M, Takekuma Y, Iseki K, Sugawara M. An Approach to Improve Intestinal Absorption of Poorly Absorbed Water-Insoluble Components via Niemann–Pick C1-Like 1. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:301-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Yuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Mei Imai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazuma Noto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Masato Sumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoh Takekuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Ken Iseki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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Parthasarathi S, Muthukumar SP, Anandharamakrishnan C. The influence of droplet size on the stability, in vivo digestion, and oral bioavailability of vitamin E emulsions. Food Funct 2016; 7:2294-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01517k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is a nutraceutical compound, which has been shown to possess potent antioxidant and anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Parthasarathi
- Department of Food Engineering
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysore-570 020
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - S. P. Muthukumar
- Animal House Facility
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysore-570 020
- India
| | - C. Anandharamakrishnan
- Department of Food Engineering
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysore-570 020
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Abu-Fayyad A, Behery F, Sallam AA, Alqahtani S, Ebrahim H, El Sayed KA, Kaddoumi A, Sylvester PW, Carroll JL, Cardelli JA, Nazzal S. PEGylated γ-tocotrienol isomer of vitamin E: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity, and oral bioavailability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:185-95. [PMID: 26235392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E refers to a family of eight isomers divided into two subgroups, tocopherols and the therapeutically active tocotrienols (T3). The PEGylated α-tocopherol isomer of vitamin E (vitamin E TPGS) has been extensively investigated for its solubilizing capacity as a nonionic surfactant in various drug delivery systems. Limited information, however, is available about the PEG conjugates of the tocotrienol isomers of vitamin E. In this study two PEGylated γ-T3 variants with mPEG molecular weights of 350 (γ-T3PGS 350) and 1000 (γ-T3PGS 1000) were synthesized by a two-step reaction procedure and characterized by (1)H NMR, HPLC, and mass spectroscopy. The physical properties of their self-assemblies in water were characterized by zeta, CMC, and size analysis. Similar physical properties were found between the PEGylated T3 and vitamin E TPGS. PEGylated T3 were also found to retain the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the free T3 against the MCF-7 and the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. PEGylated γ-T3 also increased the oral bioavailability of γ-T3 by threefolds when compared to the bioavailability of γ-T3 formulated into a self-emulsified drug delivery system. No significant differences in biological activity were found between the PEG 350 and 100 conjugates. Results from this study suggest that PEGylation of γ-T3 represents a viable platform for the oral and parenteral delivery of γ-T3 for potential use in the prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abu-Fayyad
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Fathy Behery
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Asmaa A Sallam
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Hassan Ebrahim
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Khalid A El Sayed
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Paul W Sylvester
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Carroll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - James A Cardelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Sami Nazzal
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Testa A, Zanda M, Elmore CS, Sharma P. PET Tracers To Study Clinically Relevant Hepatic Transporters. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2203-16. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Testa
- Kosterlitz
Centre for Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Kosterlitz
Centre for Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | | | - Pradeep Sharma
- AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
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Drug Delivery Innovations for Enhancing the Anticancer Potential of Vitamin E Isoforms and Their Derivatives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:584862. [PMID: 26137487 PMCID: PMC4475563 DOI: 10.1155/2015/584862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E isoforms have been extensively studied for their anticancer properties. Novel drug delivery systems (DDS) that include liposomes, nanoparticles, and micelles are actively being developed to improve Vitamin E delivery. Furthermore, several drug delivery systems that incorporate Vitamin E isoforms have been synthesized in order to increase the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic agents or to provide a synergistic effect. D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vitamin E TPGS or TPGS) is a synthetic derivative of natural alpha-tocopherol which is gaining increasing interest in the development of drug delivery systems and has also shown promising anticancer effect as a single agent. This review provides a summary of the properties and anticancer effects of the most potent Vitamin E isoforms and an overview of the various formulations developed to improve their efficacy, with an emphasis on the use of TPGS in drug delivery approaches.
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Alqahtani S, Qosa H, Primeaux B, Kaddoumi A. Orlistat limits cholesterol intestinal absorption by Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:263-9. [PMID: 26048312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The known mechanism by which orlistat decreases the absorption of dietary cholesterol is by inhibition of intestinal lipases. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of orlistat to limit cholesterol absorption by inhibition of the cholesterol transport protein Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) as another mechanism of action. In situ rat intestinal perfusion studies were conducted to study the effect of orlistat on jejunal cholesterol absorption. Inhibition kinetic parameters were calculated from in vitro inhibition studies using Caco2 and NPC1L1 transfected cell lines. The in situ studies demonstrated that intestinal perfusion of orlistat (100µM) was able to reduce cholesterol absorption by three-fold when compared to control (i.e. in the absence of orlistat, P<0.01). In vitro studies using Caco2 cells demonstrated orlistat to reduce the cellular uptake of cholesterol by 30%. Additionally, orlistat reduced the cellular uptake of cholesterol in dose dependent manner in NPC1L1 transfected cell line with an IC50=1.2µM. Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated a noncompetitive inhibition of NPC1L1 by orlistat. Beside the already established mechanism by which orlistat reduces the absorption of cholesterol, we demonstrated for the first time that orlistat limits cholesterol absorption by the inhibition of NPC1L1 transport protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Hisham Qosa
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Brian Primeaux
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
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Alqahtani S, Kaddoumi A. Vitamin E transporters in cancer therapy. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:313-22. [PMID: 25466495 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Besides their potent antioxidant activity, vitamin E isoforms demonstrated multiple therapeutic activities among which is their activity against different cancer types, including breast, prostate, and colon cancers. However, the activity of vitamin E isoforms is limited by their low bioavailability following oral administration. In addition to the low solubility, vitamin E isoforms have been established as substrates for several intestinal and hepatic transport proteins. In this review, we present reported anticancer activity of vitamin E family members and the possible utilization of vitamin E and derivatives as chemosensitizers to reverse multidrug resistance when given as part of a delivery system and/or in combination with anticancer therapeutic drugs. Then, the review discusses disposition of vitamin E members and transport proteins that play a role in determining their systemic bioavailability followed by recent advances in vitamin E formulations and delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Dr., Monroe, Louisiana, 71201, USA
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Alqahtani S, Alayoubi A, Nazzal S, Sylvester PW, Kaddoumi A. Enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability of γ-tocotrienol using a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS). Lipids 2014; 49:819-29. [PMID: 24934591 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo performance of γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3) incorporated in a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) and to compare its enhanced performance to a commercially available product, namely Tocovid Suprabio™ (hereafter Tocovid), containing tocotrienols. The solubilization of γ-T3 was tested in a dynamic in vitro lipolysis model followed by in vitro cellular uptake study for the lipolysis products. In addition, in vitro uptake studies using Caco2 cells were conducted at different concentrations of γ-T3 prepared as SEDDS, Tocovid, or mixed micelles. γ-T3 incorporated in SEDDS or Tocovid was orally administered to rats at different doses and absolute oral bioavailability from both formulations were determined. The dynamic in vitro lipolysis experiment showed about two fold increase in the solubilization of γ-T3 prepared as SEDDS compared to Tocovid, which correlated with higher cellular uptake in the subsequent uptake studies. In vitro cellular uptake and in vivo oral bioavailability studies have shown a twofold increase in the cellular uptake and oral bioavailability of γ-T3 incorporated in SEDDS compared to Tocovid as a result of improvement in its solubility and passive uptake as confirmed by in vitro studies. In conclusion, incorporation of γ-T3 in SEDDS formulation enhanced γ-T3 solubilization and passive permeability, thus its cellular uptake and oral bioavailability when compared to Tocovid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Dr., Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
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Walde CM, Drotleff AM, Ternes W. Comparison of dietary tocotrienols from barley and palm oils in hen's egg yolk: transfer efficiency, influence of emulsification, and effect on egg cholesterol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:810-818. [PMID: 24254057 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main component in tocotrienols (T3) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is α-T3, the vitamer with the highest bioavailability, while palm oil T3 is particularly rich in γ-T3. Unlike tocopherols, T3 are known for their cholesterogenesis-inhibiting, neuroprotective and anticarcinogenic properties. In this study the oral bioavailabilities of T3 from barley oil (3.98 mg day⁻¹) and T3 from palm oil (3.36 mg day⁻¹) in nanoemulsified formulations (NE) and self-emulsifying systems (SES) were compared using hen's eggs as a bioindicator. In addition, the transfer efficiencies of barley oil T3 and palm oil T3 into egg yolk were compared, as well as their effects on egg cholesterol levels. RESULTS Nanoemulsification led to T3 levels (132.9 µg per egg) higher than with non-emulsified barley oil (112.8 µg per egg) and barley oil SES (116.7 µg per egg) owing to the high proportions of α-T3 (99-117 µg per egg), which has a particularly high transfer efficiency (4.32-6.75%). T3 contents of eggs from hens fed barley oil supplements (112-132 µg per egg) were significantly higher than those of eggs from hens fed palm oil supplements (70-78 µg per egg). Addition of barley and palm oils to laying hen feed decreased egg yolk cholesterol by 4 and 6% respectively. CONCLUSION Results from this animal study may help to establish T3 from barley as a dietary supplement and to develop nutritionally improved hen's eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze M Walde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15/123, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
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Alayoubi A, Abu-Fayyad A, Rawas-Qalaji MM, Sylvester PW, Nazzal S. Effect of lipid viscosity and high-pressure homogenization on the physical stability of "Vitamin E" enriched emulsion. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:555-61. [PMID: 24621375 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.898655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently there has been a growing interest in vitamin E for its potential use in cancer therapy. The objective of this work was therefore to formulate a physically stable parenteral lipid emulsion to deliver higher doses of vitamin E than commonly used in commercial products. Specifically, the objectives were to study the effects of homogenization pressure, number of homogenizing cycles, viscosity of the oil phase, and oil content on the physical stability of emulsions fortified with high doses of vitamin E (up to 20% by weight). This was done by the use of a 27-run, 4-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken statistical design. Viscosity, homogenization pressure, and number of cycles were found to have a significant effect on particle size, which ranged from 213 to 633 nm, and on the percentage of vitamin E remaining emulsified after storage, which ranged from 17 to 100%. Increasing oil content from 10 to 20% had insignificant effect on the responses. Based on the results it was concluded that stable vitamin E rich emulsions could be prepared by repeated homogenization at higher pressures and by lowering the viscosity of the oil phase, which could be adjusted by blending the viscous vitamin E with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaadin Alayoubi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe , Monroe, LA , USA and
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Traber MG. Mechanisms for the prevention of vitamin E excess. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2295-306. [PMID: 23505319 PMCID: PMC3735929 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r032946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is at the nexus of the regulation of lipoprotein uptake, synthesis, and secretion, and it is the site of xenobiotic detoxification by cytochrome P450 oxidation systems (phase I), conjugation systems (phase II), and transporters (phase III). These two major liver systems control vitamin E status. The mechanisms for the preference for α-tocopherol relative to the eight naturally occurring vitamin E forms largely depend upon the liver and include both a preferential secretion of α-tocopherol from the liver into the plasma for its transport in circulating lipoproteins for subsequent uptake by tissues, as well as the preferential hepatic metabolism of non-α-tocopherol forms. These mechanisms are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Alqahtani S, Mohamed LA, Kaddoumi A. Experimental models for predicting drug absorption and metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1241-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.802772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Borel P, Preveraud D, Desmarchelier C. Bioavailability of vitamin E in humans: an update. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:319-31. [PMID: 23731443 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is essential for human health and may play a role in the prevention of some degenerative diseases. Its bioavailability, however, is wide ranging and is affected by numerous factors. Recent findings showing that the intestinal absorption of vitamin E involves proteins have raised new relevant questions about factors that can affect bioavailability. It is, therefore, opportune to present a current overview of this topic. This review begins by exploring what is known, as well as what is unknown, about the metabolization of vitamin E in the human upper gastrointestinal tract and then presents a methodical evaluation of factors assumed to affect vitamin E bioavailability. Three main conclusions can be drawn. First, the proteins ABCA1, NPC1L1, and SR-BI are implicated in the absorption of vitamin E. Second, the efficiency of vitamin E absorption is widely variable, though not accurately known (i.e., between 10% and 79%), and is affected by several dietary factors (e.g., food matrix, fat, and fat-soluble micronutrients). Finally, numerous unanswered questions remain about the metabolization of vitamin E in the intestinal lumen and about the factors affecting the efficiency of vitamin E absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 1062, Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Marseilles, France.
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Alqahtani S, Alayoubi A, Nazzal S, Sylvester PW, Kaddoumi A. Nonlinear absorption kinetics of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) containing tocotrienols as lipophilic molecules: in vivo and in vitro studies. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:684-95. [PMID: 23572242 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have been broadly used to promote the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the in vivo oral bioavailability of vitamin E isoforms, δ-tocotrienol (δ-T3) and γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3) administered as SEDDS, as compared to commercially available UNIQUE E® Tocotrienols capsules. Results from studies in rats showed that low dose treatment with δ-T3 (90%) and γ-T3 (10%) formulated SEDDS showed bioavailability of 31.5% and 332%, respectively. However, bioavailability showed a progressive decrease with increased treatment dose that displayed nonlinear absorption kinetics. Additional in vitro studies examining cellular uptake studies in Caco 2 cells revealed that the SEDDS formulation increased passive permeability of δ-T3 and γ-T3 by threefold as compared to the commercial capsule formulation. These studies also showed that free surfactants decreased δ-T3 and γ-T3 absorption. Specifically, combined treatment cremophor EL or labrasol with tocotrienols caused a 60-85% reduction in the cellular uptake of δ-T3 and γ-T3 and these effects appear to result from surfactant-induced inhibition of the δ-T3 and γ-T3 transport protein Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1). In summary, results showed that SEDDS formulation significantly increases the absorption and bioavailability δ-T3 and γ-T3. However, this effect is self-limiting because treatment with increasing doses of SEDDS appears to be associated with a corresponding increase in free surfactants levels that directly and negatively impact tocotrienol transport protein function and results in nonlinear absorption kinetics and a progressive decrease in δ-T3 and γ-T3 absorption and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
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Akl MR, Ayoub NM, Abuasal BS, Kaddoumi A, Sylvester PW. Sesamin synergistically potentiates the anticancer effects of γ-tocotrienol in mammary cancer cell lines. Fitoterapia 2013; 84:347-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cui L, Sun E, Zhang ZH, Tan XB, Wei YJ, Jin X, Jia XB. Enhancement of epimedium fried with suet oil based on in vivo formation of self-assembled flavonoid compound nanomicelles. Molecules 2012; 17:12984-96. [PMID: 23117437 PMCID: PMC6268372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to research the enhancement of Epimedium fried with suet oil based on the in vivo formation self-assembled flavonoid nanomicelles. Taking icariin as the representative, under the action of suet oil, self-assembled nanomicelles were prepared under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions and were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experiments with icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil were done according to the above. The influence of suet oil on the transportation of icariin across Caco-2 cell monolayers and the absorption in rat intestine of self-assembled nanomicelles were evaluated. The particle size of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was smaller than without suet oil. The nanomicelles seemed to be monodisperse spherical particle with smooth surfaces. The icariin entrapment efficiency of self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was increased from 43.1% to 89.7%. In Caco-2 cell monolayers, the absorptive permeability, secretory permeability and efflux ratio of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was 1.26 × 10−6 cm/s, 5.91 × 10−6 cm/s and 4.69, respectively, while that of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil was 0.62 × 10−6 cm/s, 3.00 × 10−6 cm/s, and 4.84, respectively. In rat intestinal perfusion experiments, the permeability coefficient of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil in duodenum was higher than the value of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil (p < 0.05). With the action of suet oil, icariin self-assembled nanomicelles were more stable and the entrapment efficiency was higher than that without suet oil, which could increase the solubility of icariin and improve its intestinal absorption. Therefore, suet oil plays a role in its enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - E Sun
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Zhen-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiao-Bin Tan
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Ying-Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
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Abuasal BS, Qosa H, Sylvester PW, Kaddoumi A. Comparison of the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of γ-tocotrienol and α-tocopherol: in vitro, in situ and in vivo studies. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:246-56. [PMID: 22528033 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the intestinal absorption kinetics and the bioavailability of γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3) and α-tocopherol (α-Tph) administered separately as oil solutions to rats in vivo. Also, to explain the significant difference in the oral bioavailability of the compounds: (1) the release profiles using the dynamic in vitro lipolysis model, (2) the intestinal permeability and (3) carrier-mediated uptake by Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter were examined. Absolute bioavailability studies were conducted after oral administration of γ-T3 or α-Tph prepared in corn oil to rats. In situ rat intestinal perfusion with ezetimibe (a NPC1L1 inhibitor) was performed to compare intestinal permeability. The in vitro interaction kinetics with NPC1L1 was examined in NPC1L1 transfected cells. While the in vitro release studies demonstrated a significantly higher release rate of γ-T3 in the aqueous phase, the oral bioavailability of α-Tph (36%) was significantly higher than γ-T3 (9%). Consequent in situ studies revealed significantly higher intestinal permeability for α-Tph compared with γ-T3 in rats. Moreover, the NPC1L1 kinetic studies demonstrated higher Vmax and Km values for α-Tph compared with γ-T3. Collectively, these results indicate that intestinal permeability is the main contributing factor for the higher bioavailability of α-Tph. Also, these results emphasize the potentially important role of intestinal permeability in the bioavailability of γ-T3, suggesting that enhancing its permeability would increase its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal S Abuasal
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
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Borel P. Genetic variations involved in interindividual variability in carotenoid status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:228-40. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boullata JI, Hudson LM. Drug-nutrient interactions: a broad view with implications for practice. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:506-17. [PMID: 22717215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of drug?nutrient interactions in daily practice continues to grow with the widespread use of medication. Interactions can involve a single nutrient, multiple nutrients, food in general, or nutrition status. Mechanistically, drug?nutrient interactions occur because of altered intestinal transport and metabolism, or systemic distribution, metabolism and excretion, as well as additive or antagonistic effects. Optimal patient care includes identifying, evaluating, and managing these interactions. This task can be supported by a systematic approach for categorizing interactions and rating their clinical significance. This review provides such a broad framework using recent examples, as well as some classic drug?nutrient interactions. Pertinent definitions are presented, as is a suggested approach for clinicians. This important and expanding subject will benefit tremendously from further clinician involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Boullata
- Clinical Nutrition Support Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abuasal BS, Bolger MB, Walker DK, Kaddoumi A. In Silico Modeling for the Nonlinear Absorption Kinetics of UK-343,664: A P-gp and CYP3A4 Substrate. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:492-504. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200275j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal S. Abuasal
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Michael B. Bolger
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California
93534, United States
| | - Don K. Walker
- Department
of Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich CT13
9NJ, U.K
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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Enhancement of Intestinal Permeability Utilizing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Increases γ-Tocotrienol Oral Bioavailability. Lipids 2012; 47:461-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fairus S, Nor RM, Cheng HM, Sundram K. Alpha-tocotrienol is the most abundant tocotrienol isomer circulated in plasma and lipoproteins after postprandial tocotrienol-rich vitamin E supplementation. Nutr J 2012; 11:5. [PMID: 22252050 PMCID: PMC3286415 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tocotrienols (T3) and tocopherols (T), both members of the natural vitamin E family have unique biological functions in humans. T3 are detected in circulating human plasma and lipoproteins, although at concentrations significantly lower than α-tocopherol (α-T). T3, especially α-T3 is known to be neuropotective at nanomolar concentrations and this study evaluated the postprandial fate of T3 and α-T in plasma and lipoproteins. Methods Ten healthy volunteers (5 males and 5 females) were administered a single dose of vitamin E [526 mg palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) or 537 mg α-T] after 7-d pre-conditioning on a T3-free diet. Blood was sampled at baseline (fasted) and 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 24 h after supplementation. Concentrations of T and T3 isomers in plasma, triacylglycerol-rich particles (TRP), LDL, and HDL were measured at each postprandial interval. Results After TRF supplementation, plasma α-T3 and γ-T3 peaked at 5 h (α-T3: 4.74 ± 1.69 μM; γ-T3: 2.73 ± 1.27 μM). δ-T3 peaked earlier at 4 h (0.53 ± 0.25 μM). In contrast, α-T peaked at 6 h (30.13 ± 2.91 μM) and 8 h (37.80 ± 3.59 μM) following supplementation with TRF and α-T, respectively. α-T was the major vitamin E isomer detected in plasma, TRP, LDL, and HDL even after supplementation with TRF (composed of 70% T3). No T3 were detected during fasted states. T3 are detected postprandially only after TRF supplementation and concentrations were significantly lower than α-T. Conclusions Bio-discrimination between vitamin E isomers in humans reduces the rate of T3 absorption and affects their incorporation into lipoproteins. Although low absorption of T3 into circulation may impact some of their physiological functions in humans, T3 have biological functions well below concentration noted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Fairus
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Proteins involved in uptake, intracellular transport and basolateral secretion of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids by mammalian enterocytes. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:388-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Song J, Shi F, Zhang Z, Zhu F, Xue J, Tan X, Zhang L, Jia X. Formulation and evaluation of celastrol-loaded liposomes. Molecules 2011; 16:7880-92. [PMID: 22143548 PMCID: PMC6264578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the intestinal absorption and the antineoplastic effect of the poorly water-soluble drug celastrol when liposomes were used as oral drug delivery system. Liposomes were prepared by the ethanol-injection method. An optimized liposome formulation composed of phospholipid, cholesterol and Tween-80 resulted in favorable encapsulation efficiency at 98.06 ± 0.94%. Homogeneous and stable particle size of 89.6 ± 7.3 nm and zeta potential of -(87.7 ± 5.8) mV were determined by laser particle size analyzer. Subsequently, the four-site perfusion rat intestinal model revealed that celastrol-loaded liposomes had improved effective permeability compared to the free drug in four intestinal segments (p < 0.05). Moreover, celastrol-loaded liposomes could also inhibit the tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that liposomes could be a promising perioral carrier for celastrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (J.X.); (X.T.)
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (F.S.)
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (J.X.); (X.T.)
| | - Fenxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (J.X.); (X.T.)
| | - Jing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (J.X.); (X.T.)
| | - Xiaobin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (J.X.); (X.T.)
| | - Luyong Zhang
- National Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210038, Jiangsu, China; (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (J.X.); (X.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: ; Tel.: +86-25-856378091; Fax: +86-25-85637809
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Parman T, Bunin DI, Ng HH, McDunn JE, Wulff JE, Wang A, Swezey R, Rasay L, Fairchild DG, Kapetanovic IM, Green CE. Toxicogenomics and metabolomics of pentamethylchromanol (PMCol)-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:487-501. [PMID: 21920950 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentamethyl-6-chromanol (PMCol), a chromanol-type compound related to vitamin E, was proposed as an anticancer agent with activity against androgen-dependent cancers. In repeat dose-toxicity studies in rats and dogs, PMCol caused hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hematological effects. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanisms of the observed toxicity and identify sensitive early markers of target organ injury by integrating classical toxicology, toxicogenomics, and metabolomic approaches. PMCol was administered orally to male Sprague-Dawley rats at 200 and 2000 mg/kg daily for 7 or 28 days. Changes in clinical chemistry included elevated alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, cholesterol and triglycerides-indicative of liver toxicity that was confirmed by microscopic findings (periportal hepatocellular hydropic degeneration and cytomegaly) in treated rats. Metabolomic evaluations of liver revealed time- and dose-dependent changes, including depletion of total glutathione and glutathione conjugates, decreased methionine, and increased S-adenosylhomocysteine, cysteine, and cystine. PMCol treatment also decreased cofactor levels, namely, FAD and increased NAD(P)+. Microarray analysis of liver found that differentially expressed genes were enriched in the glutathione and cytochrome P450 pathways by PMCol treatment. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of six upregulated genes and one downregulated gene confirmed the microarray results. In conclusion, the use of metabolomics and toxicogenomics demonstrates that chronic exposure to high doses of PMCol induces liver damage and dysfunction, probably due to both direct inhibition of glutathione synthesis and modification of drug metabolism pathways. Depletion of glutathione due to PMCol exposure ultimately results in a maladaptive response, increasing the consumption of hepatic dietary antioxidants and resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species levels associated with hepatocellular damage and deficits in liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufan Parman
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025-3493, USA.
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Abuasal B, Thomas S, Sylvester PW, Kaddoumi A. Development and validation of a reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of γ-tocotrienol in rat and human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:621-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sylvester PW, Kaddoumi A, Nazzal S, El Sayed KA. The Value of Tocotrienols in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 2010; 29:324S-333S. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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