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Bardhi K, Coates S, Chen G, Lazarus P. Cannabinoid-Induced Stereoselective Inhibition of R-S-Oxazepam Glucuronidation: Cannabinoid-Oxazepam Drug Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:243. [PMID: 38399297 PMCID: PMC10892093 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) such as oxazepam are commonly prescribed depressant drugs known for their anxiolytic, hypnotic, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant effects and are frequently used in conjunction with other illicit drugs including cannabis. Oxazepam is metabolized in an enantiomeric-specific manner by glucuronidation, with S-oxazepam metabolized primarily by UGT2B15 and R-oxazepam glucuronidation mediated by both UGT 1A9 and 2B7. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential inhibitory effects of major cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and major THC metabolites, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-COOH-THC), on the UGT-mediated metabolism of R- and S-oxazepam. The cannabinoids and metabolites were screened as inhibitors of R- and S-oxazepam glucuronidation in microsomes isolated from HEK293 cells overexpressing individual UGT enzymes (rUGTs). The IC50 values were determined in human liver microsomes (HLM), human kidney microsomes (HKM), and rUGTs and utilized to estimate the nonspecific, binding-corrected Ki (Ki,u) values and predict the area under the concentration-time curve ratio (AUCR). The estimated Ki,u values observed in HLM for S- and R-oxazepam glucuronidation by CBD, 11-OH-THC, and THC were in the micromolar range (0.82 to 3.7 µM), with the Ki,u values observed for R-oxazepam glucuronidation approximately 2- to 5-fold lower as compared to those observed for S-oxazepam glucuronidation. The mechanistic static modeling predicted a potential clinically significant interaction between oral THC and CBD with oxazepam, with the AUCR values ranging from 1.25 to 3.45. These data suggest a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction when major cannabinoids like CBD or THC and oxazepam are concurrently administered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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Miners JO, Polasek TM, Hulin JA, Rowland A, Meech R. Drug-drug interactions that alter the exposure of glucuronidated drugs: Scope, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme selectivity, mechanisms (inhibition and induction), and clinical significance. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108459. [PMID: 37263383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from the perturbation of drug metabolising enzyme activities represent both a clinical problem and a potential economic loss for the pharmaceutical industry. DDIs involving glucuronidated drugs have historically attracted little attention and there is a perception that interactions are of minor clinical relevance. This review critically examines the scope and aetiology of DDIs that result in altered exposure of glucuronidated drugs. Interaction mechanisms, namely inhibition and induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and the potential interplay with drug transporters, are reviewed in detail, as is the clinical significance of known DDIs. Altered victim drug exposure arising from modulation of UGT enzyme activities is relatively common and, notably, the incidence and importance of UGT induction as a DDI mechanism is greater than generally believed. Numerous DDIs are clinically relevant, resulting in either loss of efficacy or an increased risk of adverse effects, necessitating dose individualisation. Several generalisations relating to the likelihood of DDIs can be drawn from the known substrate and inhibitor selectivities of UGT enzymes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive reaction phenotyping studies at an early stage of drug development. Further, rigorous assessment of the DDI liability of new chemical entities that undergo glucuronidation to a significant extent has been recommended recently by regulatory guidance. Although evidence-based approaches exist for the in vitro characterisation of UGT enzyme inhibition and induction, the availability of drugs considered appropriate for use as 'probe' substrates in clinical DDI studies is limited and this should be research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas M Polasek
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA; Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie-Ann Hulin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Zubiaur P, Abad-Santos F. Use of pharmacogenetics for benzodiazepine prescription: state of the art and expectations. Pharmacogenomics 2022; 23:949-952. [PMID: 36412207 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2022-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zubiaur
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28200, Spain
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Kobayashi K, Deguchi T, Abe S, Kajitani N, Kazuki K, Takehara S, Nakamura K, Kurihara A, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Analysis of in vitro and in vivo metabolism of zidovudine and gemfibrozil in trans-chromosomic mouse line expressing human UGT2 enzymes. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e01030. [PMID: 36424908 PMCID: PMC9692130 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the conjugation of various substrates with sugars. Since the UGT2 family forms a large cluster spanning 1.5 Mb, transgenic mouse lines carrying the entire human UGT2 family have not been constructed because of limitations in conventional cloning techniques. Therefore, we made a humanized mouse model for UGT2 by chromosome engineering technologies. The results showed that six UGT2 isoforms examined were expressed in the liver of adult humanized UGT2 (hUGT2) mice. Thus, the functions of human UGT2B7 in the liver of hUGT2 mice were evaluated. Glucuronide of azidothymidine (AZT, zidovudine), a typical UGT2B7 substrate, was formed in the liver microsomes of hUGT2 mice but not in the liver microsomes of wild-type and Ugt2-knockout mice. When AZT was intravenously administered, AZT glucuronide was detected in the bile and urine of hUGT2 mice, but it was not detected in the bile and urine of wild-type and Ugt2-knockout mice. These results indicated that the hUGT2 mice express functional human UGT2B7 in the liver. This finding was also confirmed by using gemfibrozil as an alternative UGT2B7 substrate. Gemfibrozil glucuronide was formed in the liver microsomes of hUGT2 mice and was mainly excreted in the bile of hUGT2 mice after intravenous dosing of gemfibrozil. This hUGT2 mouse model will enable improved predictions of pharmacokinetics, urinary and biliary excretion and drug-drug interactions mediated by human UGT2, at least UGT2B7, in drug development research and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical PharmacyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyose, TokyoJapan
| | - Tsuneo Deguchi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.Chuo‐ku, TokyoJapan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC)Tottori UniversityYonago, TottoriJapan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC)Tottori UniversityYonago, TottoriJapan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC)Tottori UniversityYonago, TottoriJapan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC)Tottori UniversityYonago, TottoriJapan
| | - Kazuomi Nakamura
- Advanced Medicine, Innovation and Clinical Research CenterTottori University HospitalYonago, TottoriJapan
| | - Atsushi Kurihara
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.Chuo‐ku, TokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC)Tottori UniversityYonago, TottoriJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC)Tottori UniversityYonago, TottoriJapan,Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of MedicineTottori UniversityYonagi, TottoriJapan
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Ahire D, Kruger L, Sharma S, Mettu VS, Basit A, Prasad B. Quantitative Proteomics in Translational Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion and Precision Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:769-796. [PMID: 35738681 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable translation of in vitro and preclinical data on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) to humans is important for safe and effective drug development. Precision medicine that is expected to provide the right clinical dose for the right patient at the right time requires a comprehensive understanding of population factors affecting drug disposition and response. Characterization of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters for the protein abundance and their interindividual as well as differential tissue and cross-species variabilities is important for translational ADME and precision medicine. This review first provides a brief overview of quantitative proteomics principles including liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry tools, data acquisition approaches, proteomics sample preparation techniques, and quality controls for ensuring rigor and reproducibility in protein quantification data. Then, potential applications of quantitative proteomics in the translation of in vitro and preclinical data as well as prediction of interindividual variability are discussed in detail with tabulated examples. The applications of quantitative proteomics data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for ADME prediction are discussed with representative case examples. Finally, various considerations for reliable quantitative proteomics analysis for translational ADME and precision medicine and the future directions are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Quantitative proteomics analysis of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in humans and preclinical species provides key physiological information that assists in the translation of in vitro and preclinical data to humans. This review provides the principles and applications of quantitative proteomics in characterizing in vitro, ex vivo, and preclinical models for translational research and interindividual variability prediction. Integration of these data into physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling is proving to be critical for safe, effective, timely, and cost-effective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Laken Kruger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Sheena Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Vijaya Saradhi Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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Docci L, Milani N, Ramp T, Romeo AA, Godoy P, Franyuti DO, Krähenbühl S, Gertz M, Galetin A, Parrott N, Fowler S. Exploration and application of a liver-on-a-chip device in combination with modelling and simulation for quantitative drug metabolism studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1187-1205. [PMID: 35107462 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are complex and more physiologically realistic cellular in vitro tools that aim to provide more relevant human in vitro data for quantitative prediction of clinical pharmacokinetics while also reducing the need for animal testing. The PhysioMimix liver-on-a-chip integrates medium flow with hepatocyte culture and has the potential to be adopted for in vitro studies investigating the hepatic disposition characteristics of drug candidates. The current study focusses on liver-on-a-chip system exploration for multiple drug metabolism applications. Characterization of cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) and aldehyde oxidase (AO) activities was performed using 15 drugs and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) was assessed for 12 of them. Next, the utility of the liver-on-a-chip for estimation of the fraction metabolized (fm) via specific biotransformation pathways of quinidine and diclofenac was established. Finally, the metabolite identification opportunities were also explored using efavirenz as an example drug with complex primary and secondary metabolism involving a combination of CYP, UGT and sulfotransferase enzymes. A key aspect of these investigations was the application of mathematical modelling for improved parameter calculation. Such approaches will be required for quantitative assessment of metabolism and/or transporter processes in systems where medium flow and system compartments result in non-homogeneous drug concentrations. In particular, modelling was used to explore the effect of evaporation from the medium and it was found that the intrinsic clearance (CLint) might be underestimated by up to 40% for low clearance compounds if evaporation is not accounted for. Modelling of liver-on-a-chip in vitro data also enhanced the approach to fm estimation allowing objective assessment of metabolism models of different complexity. The resultant diclofenac fm,UGT of 0.64 was highly comparable with values reported previously in the literature. The current study demonstrates the integration of mathematical modelling with experimental liver-on-a-chip studies and illustrates how this approach supports generation of high quality of data from complex in vitro cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Docci
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Milani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Ramp
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea A Romeo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Patricio Godoy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Ortiz Franyuti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gertz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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Hu DG, Mackenzie PI, Hulin JA, McKinnon RA, Meech R. Regulation of human UDP-glycosyltransferase ( UGT) genes by miRNAs. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:120-140. [PMID: 35275773 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2048846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The human UGT gene superfamily is divided into four subfamilies (UGT1, UGT2, UGT3 and UGT8) that encodes 22 functional enzymes. UGTs are critical for the metabolism and clearance of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including steroid hormones, bile acids, bilirubin, fatty acids, carcinogens, and therapeutic drugs. Therefore, the expression and activities of UGTs are tightly regulated by multiple processes at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. During recent years, nearly twenty studies have investigated the post-transcriptional regulation of UGT genes by miRNAs using human cancer cell lines (predominantly liver cancer). Overall, 14 of the 22 UGT mRNAs (1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2A1, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B15, 2B17, UGT8) have been shown to be regulated by various miRNAs through binding to their respective 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs). Three 3'UTRs (UGT1A, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15) contain the largest number of functional miRNA target sites; in particular, the UGT1A 3'UTR contains binding sites for 12 miRNAs (548d-5p, 183-5p, 214-5p, 486-3p, 200a-3p, 491-3p, 141-3p, 298, 103b, 376b-3p, 21-3p, 1286). Although all nine UGT1A family members have the same 3'UTR, these miRNA target sites appear to be functional in an isoform-specific and cellular context-dependent manner. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that miRNAs represent important post-transcriptional regulators of the UGT gene superfamily. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of reported UGT/miRNA regulation studies, describe polymorphisms within functional miRNA target sites that may affect their functionalities, and discuss potential cooperative and competitive regulation of UGT mRNAs by miRNAs through adjacently located miRNA target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Julie-Ann Hulin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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Robin S, Hassine KB, Muthukumaran J, Jurkovic Mlakar S, Krajinovic M, Nava T, Uppugunduri CRS, Ansari M. A potential implication of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 in the detoxification of drugs used in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting: an in silico investigation. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:5. [PMID: 35062878 PMCID: PMC8781437 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sinusoidal occlusion syndrome (SOS) is a potentially severe complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric patients. Treatment related risk factors such as intensity of conditioning, hepatotoxic co-medication and patient related factors such as genetic variants predispose individuals to develop SOS. The variant allele for SNP rs17146905 in UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 2B10 (UGT2B10) gene was correlated with the occurrence of SOS in an exome-wide association study. UGT2B10 is a phase II drug metabolizing enzyme involved in the N-glucuronidation of tertiary amine containing drugs. Methods To shed light on the functionality of UGT2B10 enzyme in the metabolism of drugs used in pediatric HSCT setting, we performed in silico screening against custom based library of putative ligands. First, a list of potential substrates for in silico analysis was prepared using a systematic consensus-based strategy. The list comprised of drugs and their metabolites used in pediatric HSCT setting. The three-dimensional structure of UGT2B10 was not available from the Research Collaboratory Structural Bioinformatics - Protein Data Bank (RCSB - PDB) repository and thus we predicted the first human UGT2B10 3D model by using multiple template homology modeling with MODELLER Version 9.2 and molecular docking calculations with AutoDock Vina Version 1.2 were implemented to quantify the estimated binding affinity between selected putative substrates or ligands and UGT2B10. Finally, we performed molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS Version 5.1.4 to confirm the potential UGT2B10 ligands prioritized after molecular docking (exhibiting negative free binding energy). Results Four potential ligands for UGT2B10 namely acetaminophen, lorazepam, mycophenolic acid and voriconazole n-oxide intermediate were identified. Other metabolites of voriconazole satisfied the criteria of being possible ligands of UGT2B10. Except for bilirubin and 4-Hydroxy Voriconazole, all the ligands (particularly voriconazole and hydroxy voriconazole) are oriented in substrate binding site close to the co-factor UDP (mean ± SD; 0.72 ± 0.33 nm). Further in vitro screening of the putative ligands prioritized by in silico pipeline is warranted to understand the nature of the ligands either as inhibitors or substrates of UGT2B10. Conclusions These results may indicate the clinical and pharmacological relevance UGT2B10 in pediatric HSCT setting. With this systematic computational methodology, we provide a rational-, time-, and cost-effective way to identify and prioritize the interesting putative substrates or inhibitors of UGT2B10 for further testing in in vitro experiments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-021-00402-5.
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Cesari A, Balzano F, Uccello Barretta G, Recchimurzo A. Hydrolysis and Enantiodiscrimination of ( R)- and ( S)-Oxazepam Hemisuccinate by Methylated β-Cyclodextrins: An NMR Investigation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216347. [PMID: 34770758 PMCID: PMC8587842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Partially and exhaustively methylated β-cyclodextrins [(2-methyl)-β-CD (MCD), heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (DIMEB), and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TRIMEB)] have been compared in the hydrolysis and enantiodiscrimination of benzodiazepine derivative (R)- or (S)-oxazepam hemisuccinate (OXEMIS), using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as an investigation tool. After 6 h, MCD induced an 11% hydrolysis of OXEMIS, remarkably lower in comparison with underivatized β-CD (48%), whereas no hydrolysis was detected in the presence of DIMEB or TRIMEB after 24 h. DIMEB showed greater ability to differentiate OXEMIS enantiomers in comparison to TRIMEB, by contrast MCD did not produce any splitting of racemic OXEMIS resonances. Both enantiomers of OXEMIS underwent deep inclusion of their phenyl pendant into cyclodextrins cavities from their wider rims, but tighter complexes were formed by DIMEB with respect to TRIMEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cesari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Federica Balzano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (G.U.B.)
| | - Gloria Uccello Barretta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (G.U.B.)
| | - Alessandra Recchimurzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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Jarrar Y, Lee SJ. The Functionality of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Genetic Variants and their Association with Drug Responses and Human Diseases. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060554. [PMID: 34198586 PMCID: PMC8231948 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes that metabolize endogenous fatty acids such as arachidonic acid metabolites, as well as many prescription drugs, such as opioids, antiepileptics, and antiviral drugs. The UGT1A and 2B genes are highly polymorphic, and their genetic variants may affect the pharmacokinetics and hence the responses of many drugs and fatty acids. This study collected data and updated the current view of the molecular functionality of genetic variants on UGT genes that impact drug responses and the susceptibility to human diseases. The functional information of UGT genetic variants with clinical associations are essential to understand the inter-individual variation in drug responses and susceptibility to toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazun Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Alzaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan;
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 50834, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-051-890-5911; Fax: +82-050-4290-5739
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Naji-Talakar S, Sharma S, Martin LA, Barnhart D, Prasad B. Potential implications of DMET ontogeny on the disposition of commonly prescribed drugs in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:273-289. [PMID: 33256492 PMCID: PMC8346204 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1858051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Pediatric patients, especially neonates and infants, are more susceptible to adverse drug events as compared to adults. In particular, immature small molecule drug metabolism and excretion can result in higher incidences of pediatric toxicity than adults if the pediatric dose is not adjusted.Area covered: We reviewed the top 29 small molecule drugs prescribed in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units and compiled the mechanisms of their metabolism and excretion. The ontogeny of Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs), particularly relevant to these drugs, are summarized. The potential effects of DMET ontogeny on the metabolism and excretion of the top pediatric drugs were predicted. The current regulatory requirements and recommendations regarding safe and effective use of drugs in children are discussed. A few representative examples of the use of ontogeny-informed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are highlighted.Expert opinion: Empirical prediction of pediatric drug dosing based on body weight or body-surface area from the adult parameters can be inaccurate because DMETs are not mature in children and the age-dependent maturation of these proteins is different. Ontogeny-informed-PBPK modeling provides a better alternative to predict the pharmacokinetics of drugs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavosh Naji-Talakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Sheena Sharma
- Pediatrics and Neonatology, Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Leslie A. Martin
- Pediatrics and Neonatology, Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Derek Barnhart
- Pediatrics and Neonatology, Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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12
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Docci L, Umehara K, Krähenbühl S, Fowler S, Parrott N. Construction and Verification of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Four Drugs Majorly Cleared by Glucuronidation: Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Naloxone, and Zidovudine. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:128. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Miners JO, Rowland A, Novak JJ, Lapham K, Goosen TC. Evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of human drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase reaction phenotyping. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107689. [PMID: 32980440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily contribute to the elimination of drugs from almost all therapeutic classes. Awareness of the importance of glucuronidation as a drug clearance mechanism along with increased knowledge of the enzymology of drug and chemical metabolism has stimulated interest in the development and application of approaches for the characterisation of human drug glucuronidation in vitro, in particular reaction phenotyping (the fractional contribution of the individual UGT enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of a given drug), assessment of metabolic stability, and UGT enzyme inhibition by drugs and other xenobiotics. In turn, this has permitted the implementation of in vitro - in vivo extrapolation approaches for the prediction of drug metabolic clearance, intestinal availability, and drug-drug interaction liability, all of which are of considerable importance in pre-clinical drug development. Indeed, regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA) require UGT reaction phenotyping for new chemical entities if glucuronidation accounts for ≥25% of total metabolism. In vitro studies are most commonly performed with recombinant UGT enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLM) as the enzyme sources. Despite the widespread use of in vitro approaches for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation by HLM and recombinant enzymes, evidence-based guidelines relating to experimental approaches are lacking. Here we present evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro, and for UGT reaction phenotyping. We anticipate that the strategies will inform practice, encourage development of standardised experimental procedures where feasible, and guide ongoing research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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14
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Zhang L, Zhu L, Qu W, Wu F, Hu M, Xie W, Liu Z, Wang C. Insight into tartrate inhibition patterns in vitro and in vivo based on cocrystal structure with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 172:113753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Abudahab S, Hakooz N, Jarrar Y, Al Shahhab M, Saleh A, Zihlif M, Dajani R. Interethnic Variations of UGT1A1 and UGT1A7 Polymorphisms in the Jordanian Population. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:399-410. [PMID: 31132973 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190528085151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucuronidation is one of the most important phase II metabolic pathways. It is catalyzed by a family of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (UGTs). UGT1A1 and UGT1A7 catalyze the glucuronidation of a diverse range of medications, environmental chemicals and endogenous compounds. Polymorphisms in the UGT1A gene could potentially be significant for the pharmacological, toxicological and physiological effects of the enzymes. OBJECTIVE The UGT1A gene is polymorphic among ethnic groups and the aim of this study was to investigate the different UGT1A1 and UGT1A7 polymorphisms in Circassians, Chechens and Jordanian-Arabs. METHODS A total of 168 healthy Jordanian-Arabs, 56 Circassians and 54 Chechens were included in this study. Genotyping of 20 different Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) was done by using polymerase chain reaction- DNA sequencing. RESULTS We found that Circassians and Chechens have significantly higher allele frequencies of UGT1A7*2, UGT1A7*3 and UGT1A7*4 than the Jordanian-Arab population, but all three populations have similar frequencies of UGT1A1*28. Therefore, Circassians and Chechens are expected to have significantly lower levels of the UGT1A7 enzyme with almost 90% of these populations having genes that encode low or intermediate enzyme activity. CONCLUSION This inter-ethnic variation in the UGT1A alleles frequencies may affect drug response and susceptibility to cancers among different subethnic groups in Jordan. Our results can also provide useful information for the Jordanian population and for future genotyping of Circassian and Chechen populations in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abudahab
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nancy Hakooz
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yazun Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al Shahhab
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Malek Zihlif
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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16
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Meech R, Hu DG, McKinnon RA, Mubarokah SN, Haines AZ, Nair PC, Rowland A, Mackenzie PI. The UDP-Glycosyltransferase (UGT) Superfamily: New Members, New Functions, and Novel Paradigms. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1153-1222. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the covalent addition of sugars to a broad range of lipophilic molecules. This biotransformation plays a critical role in elimination of a broad range of exogenous chemicals and by-products of endogenous metabolism, and also controls the levels and distribution of many endogenous signaling molecules. In mammals, the superfamily comprises four families: UGT1, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8. UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes have important roles in pharmacology and toxicology including contributing to interindividual differences in drug disposition as well as to cancer risk. These UGTs are highly expressed in organs of detoxification (e.g., liver, kidney, intestine) and can be induced by pathways that sense demand for detoxification and for modulation of endobiotic signaling molecules. The functions of the UGT3 and UGT8 family enzymes have only been characterized relatively recently; these enzymes show different UDP-sugar preferences to that of UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes, and to date, their contributions to drug metabolism appear to be relatively minor. This review summarizes and provides critical analysis of the current state of research into all four families of UGT enzymes. Key areas discussed include the roles of UGTs in drug metabolism, cancer risk, and regulation of signaling, as well as the transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of UGT expression and function. The latter part of this review provides an in-depth analysis of the known and predicted functions of UGT3 and UGT8 enzymes, focused on their likely roles in modulation of levels of endogenous signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A. McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siti Nurul Mubarokah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Z. Haines
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pramod C. Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter I. Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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17
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Wang HJ, Lu CK, Chen WC, Chen AC, Ueng YF. Shenmai-Yin decreased the clearance of nifedipine in rats: The involvement of time-dependent inhibition of nifedipine oxidation. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:284-294. [PMID: 30648582 PMCID: PMC9298630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese herbal formula Shenmai-Yin (SY) and nifedipine have both been used to treat patients with cardiovascular disorders. Nifedipine is primarily oxidized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A. The oxidation and pharmacokinetics of nifedipine were studied in rats in vitro and in vivo to illustrate the interaction of SY with nifedipine. Schisandrol A, schisandrin A and schisandrin B were identified as the main lignans in SY. In the study in vitro, the ethanolic extract of SY was used due to the solubility and the extract inhibited nifedipine oxidation (NFO) activity in a time-dependent manner. Among lignans, schisandrin B caused the most potent inhibition. According to the time-dependent inhibition behavior, rats were treated with SY 1 h before nifedipine administration. After oral treatment with 1.9 g/kg SY, nifedipine clearance decreased by 34% and half-life increased by 142%. SY treatment decreased hepatic NFO activity by 49%. Compared to the change caused by ketoconazole, the SY-mediated reduction of nifedipine clearance was moderate. These findings demonstrate that SY causes a time-dependent inhibition of NFO and schisandrin B contributes to the inhibition. The decreased nifedipine clearance by SY in rats warrants further human study to examine the clinical impact of this decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jaan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- Division of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ching Chen
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - An-Chi Chen
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Corresponding author: Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, 155-1, Li-Nong Street, Sec. 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan. Fax: +886 2 28264266. E-mail address: (Y.-F. Ueng)
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18
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Lv X, Zhang JB, Hou J, Dou TY, Ge GB, Hu WZ, Yang L. Chemical Probes for Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases: A Comprehensive Review. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800002. [PMID: 30192065 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UGTs play crucial roles in the metabolism and detoxification of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. The key roles of UGTs in human health have garnered great interest in the design and development of specific probes for human UGTs. However, in contrast to other human enzymes, the probe substrates for human UGTs are rarely reported, owing to the highly overlapping substrate specificities of UGTs and the lack of the integrated crystal structures of UGTs. Over the past decades, many efforts are made to develop specific probe substrates for UGTs and use them in both basic research and drug discovery. This review focuses on recent progress in the development of probe substrates for UGTs and their biomedical applications. A long list of chemical probes for UGTs, including non-fluorescent and fluorescent probes along with their structural information and kinetic parameters, are prepared and analyzed. Additionally, challenges and future directions in this field are highlighted in the final section. All information and knowledge presented in this review provide practical tools/methods for measuring UGT activities in complex biological samples, which will be very helpful for rapid screening and characterization of UGT modulators, and for exploring the relevance of UGT enzymes to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | | | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Tong-Yi Dou
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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19
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Kondo T, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Kawai YK, Mizukawa H, Mitani Y, Nomiyama K, Tanabe S, Ishizuka M. Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B Subfamily Interspecies Differences in Carnivores. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:90-100. [PMID: 28453659 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are among the most important xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that conjugate a wide range of chemicals. Previous studies showed that Felidae and Pinnipedia species have very low UGT activities toward some phenolic compounds because of the UGT1A6 pseudogene and small numbers of UGT1A isozymes. In addition to the UGT1As, UGT2Bs isozymes also conjugate various endogenous (eg, estrogens, androgens, and bile acids) and exogenous compounds (opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and environmental pollutants). However UGT2B activity and genetic background are unknown in carnivore species. Therefore, this study was performed to elucidate the species differences of UGT2Bs. Using typical substrates for UGT2Bs, UGT activity was measured in vitro. In addition, UGT2B genetic features are analyzed in silico. Results of UGT activity measurement indicate marked species differences between dogs and other carnivores (cats, Northern fur seals, Steller sea lions, Harbor seals, and Caspian seals). Dogs have very high Vmax/Km toward estradiol (17-glucuronide), estrone, lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam. Conversely, cats and pinniped species (especially Caspian seals and Harbor seals) have very low activities toward these substrates. The results of genetic synteny analysis indicate that Felidae and pinniped species have very small numbers of UGT2B isozymes (one or none) compared with dogs, rodents, and humans. Furthermore, Felidae species have the same nonsense mutation in UGT2B, which suggests that Felidae UGT2B31-like is also a pseudogene in addition to UGT1A6. These findings of lower activity of UGT2B suggest that Felidae and some pinniped species have very low UGT activity toward a wide range of chemicals. These results are important for Felidae and Pinnipedia species that are frequently exposed to drugs and environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Kondo
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoko Mitani
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N11, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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20
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Leary E, Sheth RD, Gidal BE. Time course of reversal of valproate-mediated inhibition of lamotrigine. Seizure 2018; 57:76-79. [PMID: 29574285 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Conversion to lamotrigine (LTG) monotherapy from sodium valproate (VPA) is complicated by the robust pharmacokinetic interaction between the two AEDs. This study examined changes in LTG serum concentrations immediately following VPA discontinuation. METHODS Ten healthy female and male adult subjects were initiated on LTG (Lamictal) 10 mg orally every morning for 30 days and VPA (Depakote ER) 500 mg orally every morning for 14 days. Morning trough (pre-dose) venous blood samples were obtained for determination of LTG and VPA concentrations on study days 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30. Following the collection of the blood sample on day 15, VPA was discontinued. RESULTS Despite stable LTG dosage serum concentrations on study day 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28, all were significantly lower compared to baseline (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These observations demonstrate that the pharmacokinetic interaction between LTG and VPA is reversible, and that de-inhibition appears to follow a predictable time course. Complete offset, or reversal of this interaction takes place 10-14 days after VPA discontinuation. Our data also confirms the observation that LTG oral clearance may be inhibited by very low concentrations of VPA. These data support the conversion algorithm suggested by the manufacturer, and provide guidance to the clinician. These data provide clinically useful information in developing a dosing algorithm for converting patients to LTG monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emili Leary
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, United States
| | - Raj D Sheth
- Nemours Children's Health Systems-Jacksonville & Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic - College of Medicine, 807 Children's Way, Jacksonville, FL, 32207, United States
| | - Barry E Gidal
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Pharmacy and Department of Neurology, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, United States.
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21
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Conner TM, Nikolian VC, Georgoff PE, Pai MP, Alam HB, Sun D, Reed RC, Zhang T. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of disposition and drug-drug interactions for valproic acid and divalproex. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:465-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Myers AL, Kawedia JD, Champlin RE, Kramer MA, Nieto Y, Ghose R, Andersson BS. Clarifying busulfan metabolism and drug interactions to support new therapeutic drug monitoring strategies: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:901-923. [PMID: 28766962 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1360277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Busulfan (Bu) is an alkylating agent with a limited therapeutic margin and exhibits inter-patient variability in pharmacokinetics (PK). Despite decades of use, mechanisms of Bu PK-based drug-drug interactions (DDIs), as well as the negative downstream effects of these DDIs, have not been fully characterized. Areas covered: This article provides an overview of Bu PK, with a primary focus on how known and potentially unknown drug metabolism pathways influence Bu-associated DDIs. In addition, pharmacogenomics of Bu chemotherapy and Bu-related DDIs observed in the stem cell transplant clinic (SCT) are summarized. Finally the increasing importance of Bu therapeutic drug monitoring is highlighted. Expert opinion: Mechanistic studies of Bu metabolism have shown that in addition to GST isoenzymes, other oxidative enzymes (CYP, FMO) and ABC/MDR drug transporters likely contribute to the overall clearance of Bu. Despite many insights, results from clinical studies, especially in polypharmacy settings and between pediatric and adult patients, remain conflicting. Further basic science and clinical investigative efforts are required to fully understand the key factors determining Bu PK characteristics and its effects on complications after SCT. Improved TDM strategies are promising components to further investigate, for instance DDI mechanisms and patient outcomes, in the highly complex SCT treatment setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Myers
- a Department of Pharmacy Research, Division of Pharmacy , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jitesh D Kawedia
- a Department of Pharmacy Research, Division of Pharmacy , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Richard E Champlin
- b Department of Stem Cell Transplantation , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Mark A Kramer
- a Department of Pharmacy Research, Division of Pharmacy , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Yago Nieto
- b Department of Stem Cell Transplantation , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , The University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Borje S Andersson
- b Department of Stem Cell Transplantation , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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23
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Gonzalez D, Chamberlain JM, Guptill JT, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Harper B, Zhao J, Capparelli EV. Population Pharmacokinetics and Exploratory Pharmacodynamics of Lorazepam in Pediatric Status Epilepticus. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 56:941-951. [PMID: 27943220 PMCID: PMC5466505 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lorazepam is one of the preferred agents used for intravenous treatment of status epilepticus (SE). We combined data from two pediatric clinical trials to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of intravenous lorazepam in infants and children aged 3 months to 17 years with active SE or a history of SE. METHODS We developed a population pharmacokinetic model for lorazepam using the NONMEM software. We then assessed exploratory exposure-response relationships using the overall efficacy and safety study endpoints, and performed dosing simulations. RESULTS A total of 145 patients contributed 439 pharmacokinetic samples. The median (range) age and dose were 5.4 years (0.3-17.8) and 0.10 mg/kg (0.02-0.18), respectively. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with allometric scaling described the data well. In addition to total body weight (WT), younger age was associated with slightly higher weight-normalized clearance (CL). The following relationships characterized the typical values for the central compartment volume (V1), CL, peripheral compartment volume (V2), and intercompartmental CL (Q), using individual subject WT (kg) and age (years): V1 (L) = 0.879*WT; CL (L/h) = 0.115*(Age/4.7)0.133*WT0.75; V2 (L) = 0.542*V1; Q (L/h) = 1.45*WT0.75. No pharmacokinetic parameters were associated with clinical outcomes. Simulations suggest uniform pediatric dosing (0.1 mg/kg, to a maximum of 4 mg) can be used to achieve concentrations of 50-100 ng/mL in children with SE, which have been previously associated with effective seizure control. CONCLUSIONS The population pharmacokinetics of lorazepam were successfully described using a sparse sampling approach and a two-compartment model in pediatric patients with active SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonzalez
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James M Chamberlain
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Guptill
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jian Zhao
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Edmund V Capparelli
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0831, USA.
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24
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Tang JY, Kiang TKL, Ensom MHH. Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Valproic Acid and Lorazepam (PIVOtAL Study): A Review of Site-Specific Practices. Can J Hosp Pharm 2017; 70:171-178. [PMID: 28680170 DOI: 10.4212/cjhp.v70i3.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coadministration of lorazepam and valproic acid is identified by tertiary references as causing a major drug interaction that requires therapy modification and dosage adjustments. The proposed mechanism involves inhibition of lorazepam glucuronidation via direct inhibition of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes by valproic acid. However, the clinical significance of this interaction is unclear. OBJECTIVES To identify site-specific practices and assess clinical responses to the interaction between valproic acid and lorazepam. METHODS A chart review was conducted for patients over 18 years of age who were admitted, from September 2008 to September 2014 inclusive, to the psychiatry or neurology service at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, and who received concomitant valproic acid and lorazepam therapy. RESULTS Of the 30 patients included in the chart review, 12 (40%) received an intervention. A total of 8 (27%) patients experienced an adverse drug reaction (ADR), such as drowsiness and dizziness. Seven of these 8 patients were among those who received an intervention. The mean dosage (± standard deviation) of lorazepam was 4.2 ± 1.2 mg per day among patients who experienced an ADR and less than 2 mg per day among those who did not experience an ADR. CONCLUSIONS The current recommendation from tertiary drug references is to reduce the dose of lorazepam by 50% when this drug is coadministered with valproic acid. However, this recommendation could not be validated through an analysis of patients exposed to this interaction in the clinical setting or through a review of the literature. Further clinical and pharmacokinetic studies are required to determine whether concurrent treatment with lorazepam and valproic acid should be considered as causing a major drug interaction. Until more data are available, clinicians should remain cognizant of the potential for a drug-drug interaction and should use the lowest effective dose of lorazepam when this drug is administered concomitantly with valproic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joane Y Tang
- BSc(Pharm), ACPR, is a Clinical Pharmacist with the Department of Pharmacy, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Tony K L Kiang
- BSc(Pharm), ACPR, PhD, was, at the time this study was conducted, a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist with the Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia. He is now an Assistant Professor (Tenure-Track) with the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Mary H H Ensom
- BS(Pharm), PharmD, FASHP, FCCP, FCSHP, FCAHS, is Professor with the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Distinguished University Scholar, The University of British Columbia, and Clinical Pharmacy Specialist with the Department of Pharmacy, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
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Wijayakumara DD, Mackenzie PI, McKinnon RA, Hu DG, Meech R. Regulation of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B4 and UGT2B7 by MicroRNAs in Liver Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:386-397. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.239707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Advances in drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics research in Australia. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cheng Y, Zhou J, Wang M, Liu Y, Guo B, Chen B. Single-shot multi-reaction monitoring of intact marker conjugates for quantitative profiling of human major microsomal glucuronidations and its utility to screen inhibitors from medicinal herbs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8117-8132. [PMID: 27604270 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is a polymorphic family of conjugating enzymes responsible for the elimination of a myriad of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. The precise reaction phenotyping of this multi-isoform superfamily is hampered by a lack of fast generic methods for directly measuring the diverse glucuronoconjugate metabolites for comprehensive profiling of UGT isoform-specific glucuronidations. We report here a single-shot liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method enabling the simultaneous direct measurement of nine intact glucuronides from hepatic microsomal glucuronidations mediated by a battery of isoforms (1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, 2B7, 2B10, 2B15, and 2B17), which represent the majority of human UGTs in drug metabolism. This new method is based on post-incubation pooling of the individual probe reaction samples for nine-in-one cassette analysis with polarity switching multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of all the marker glucuronides within a single LC-MS/MS injection. The pooled sample strategy overcomes the cross-interferences among the cocktail substrates and also increases the throughput. The periodic polarity switching of the LC-MRM acquisition expands the glucuronide profiling coverage using a generic single-run analysis. The source-induced dissociation of the glucuronoconjugates was evaluated as a generic alternative for their quantitation as their free aglycones, but a significant bias occurs against the traditional assumption that the parent substrates could be used as the surrogates for quantifying their glucuronide metabolites without authentic standards. After collective validations for analyte quantitation and enzyme kinetics, this single-shot cassette quantitative profiling approach may prove useful in large-scale phenotyping of human glucuronidations and rapid screening for UGT inhibitors in natural products. Graphical abstract Multi-reaction monitoring of intact conjugate metabolites for quantitative profiling of human major glucuronidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
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Chan LN, Anderson GD. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with ethanol (alcohol). Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 53:1115-36. [PMID: 25267448 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (alcohol) is one of the most widely used legal drugs in the world. Ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 drug-metabolizing enzyme that is also responsible for the biotransformation of xenobiotics and fatty acids. Drugs that inhibit ADH or CYP2E1 are the most likely theoretical compounds that would lead to a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction with ethanol, which include only a limited number of drugs. Acute ethanol primarily alters the pharmacokinetics of other drugs by changing the rate and extent of absorption, with more limited effects on clearance. Both acute and chronic ethanol use can cause transient changes to many physiologic responses in different organ systems such as hypotension and impairment of motor and cognitive functions, resulting in both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Evaluating drug interactions with long-term use of ethanol is uniquely challenging. Specifically, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of long-term ethanol use on liver pathology and chronic malnutrition. Ethanol-induced liver disease results in decreased activity of hepatic metabolic enzymes and changes in protein binding. Clinical studies that include patients with chronic alcohol use may be evaluating the effects of mild cirrhosis on liver metabolism, and not just ethanol itself. The definition of chronic alcohol use is very inconsistent, which greatly affects the quality of the data and clinical application of the results. Our study of the literature has shown that a significantly higher volume of clinical studies have focused on the pharmacokinetic interactions of ethanol and other drugs. The data on pharmacodynamic interactions are more limited and future research addressing pharmacodynamic interactions with ethanol, especially regarding the non-central nervous system effects, is much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtak-Neander Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357630, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Efectos de los inductores antiepilépticos en la neuropsicofarmacología: una cuestión ignorada. Parte II: cuestiones farmacológicas y comprensión adicional. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2015; 8:167-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nicotine regulates the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) in humanized UGT1 mouse brain. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015. [PMID: 26210671 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is a family of enzymes that catalyze the glucuronidation of various compounds, and thereby has an important role in metabolism and detoxification of a large number of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. UGTs are present highly in the liver and small intestine, while several investigations on quantification of UGT mRNA reported that UGTs were also expressed in the brain. However, reported expression patterns of UGT isoforms in human brain were often incongruous with each other. In the present study, therefore, we investigated UGT mRNA expressions in brains of humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice. We found that among the human UGT1 members, UGT1A1, 1A3, and 1A6 were expressed in the brain. We further observed that nicotine (3 mg/kg) induced the expression of UGT1A3 mRNA in the brain, but not liver. While it was not statistically significant, the nicotine treatment resulted in an increase in the chenodeoxycholic acid glucuronide-formation activity in the brain microsomes. UGT1A3 is involved in metabolism of various antidepressants and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, which exhibit their pharmacological effects in the brain. Therefore, nicotine-treated hUGT1 mice might be useful to investigate the role of brain UGT1A3 in the regulation of local levels of these drugs and their response.
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Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. A comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:30-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hu DG, Meech R, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. Transcriptional regulation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:421-58. [PMID: 25336387 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.973037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for many small endogenous and exogenous lipophilic compounds, including bilirubin, steroid hormones, bile acids, carcinogens and therapeutic drugs. Glucuronidation is primarily catalyzed by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and two subfamilies, including nine functional UGT1A enzymes (1A1, 1A3-1A10) and 10 functional UGT2 enzymes (2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B11, 2B15, 2B17 and 2B28). Most UGTs are expressed in the liver and this expression relates to the major role of hepatic glucuronidation in systemic clearance of toxic lipophilic compounds. Hepatic glucuronidation activity protects the body from chemical insults and governs the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that are inactivated by UGTs. UGT mRNAs have also been detected in over 20 extrahepatic tissues with a unique complement of UGT mRNAs seen in almost every tissue. This extrahepatic glucuronidation activity helps to maintain homeostasis and hence regulates biological activity of endogenous molecules that are primarily inactivated by UGTs. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific UGT expression has been the subject of a large number of studies over the last two decades. These studies have shown that the constitutive and inducible expression of UGTs is primarily regulated by tissue-specific and ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) via their binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in UGT promoters and enhancers. This review first briefly summarizes published UGT gene transcriptional studies and the experimental models and tools utilized in these studies, and then describes in detail the TFs and their respective CREs that have been identified in the promoters and/or enhancers of individual UGT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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Effects of rifampin and ketoconazole on pharmacokinetics of morinidazole in healthy chinese subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5987-93. [PMID: 25070100 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03382-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morinidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial drug, has been approved for the treatment of amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, and anaerobic bacterial infections in China. It was reported that drug-drug interaction happened after the coadministration of ornidazole, an analog of morinidazole, and rifampin or ketoconazole. Therefore, we measured the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of morinidazole and its metabolites in the healthy Chinese volunteers prior to and following the administration of rifampin or ketoconazole using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to time t (AUC0-t) and maximum concentration in serum (Cmax) of morinidazole were decreased by 28% and 23%, respectively, after 6 days of exposure to 600 mg of rifampin once daily; the Cmaxs of N(+)-glucuronides were increased by 14%, while their AUC0-ts were hardly changed. After 7 days of exposure to 200 mg of ketoconazole once daily, the AUC0-t and Cmax of the parent drug were not affected significantly. Cmaxs of N(+)-glucuronides were decreased by 23%; AUC0-ts were decreased by 14%. The exposure of sulfate conjugate was hardly changed after the coadministration of rifampin or ketoconazole. Using recombinant enzyme of UGT1A9 and human hepatocytes, the mechanism of the altered PK behaviors of morinidazole and its metabolites was investigated. In human hepatocytes, ketoconazole dose dependently inhibited the formation of N(+)-glucuronides (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 1.5 μM), while rifampin induced the mRNA level of UGT1A9 by 28% and the activity of UGT1A9 by 53%. In conclusion, the effects of rifampin and ketoconazole on the plasma exposures of morinidazole and N(+)-glucuronide are less than 50%; therefore, rifampin and ketoconazole have little clinical significance in the pharmacokinetics of morinidazole.
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Li WP, Wang YF, Gao J, Yu ML, Yu YY, Yao YQ. In vitro evidence for endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC)'s inhibition of drug metabolism. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:185-8. [PMID: 26060477 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans can be frequently exposed to Bisphenol A (BPA) via multiple sources, and babies are considered to be the most sensitive group to exposure of BPA. AIMS To investigate the inhibition potential of BPA towards human liver microsomes (HLMs)-catalyzed zidovudine (AZT) glucuronidation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro HLMs incubation system was used to investigate the inhibition potential of BPA towards AZT glucuronidation. Both Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plots were employed to determine the inhibition kinetic type, and nonlinear repression was utilized to calculate the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki). RESULTS Concentration-dependent inhibition of BPA towards AZT glucuronidation was observed. Both Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that BPA exerted competitive inhibition towards the glucuronidation of AZT, and nonlinear repression with competitive equation was used to calculate the Ki value to be 3.2 µM. CONCLUSION Potential BPA-AZT interaction might occur when the patients administered with AZT is also exposed to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Li
- Gynecologic Surgical department, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- In patient department, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Gynecologic Surgical department, People's Hospital in Juye, Heze City, Shandong province, China
| | - Ming-Lian Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yan-Yang Yu
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Yao
- Gynecologic Surgical department, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, China
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Stingl JC, Bartels H, Viviani R, Lehmann ML, Brockmöller J. Relevance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase polymorphisms for drug dosing: A quantitative systematic review. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:92-116. [PMID: 24076267 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) catalyze the biotransformation of many endobiotics and xenobiotics, and are coded by polymorphic genes. However, knowledge about the effects of these polymorphisms is rarely used for the individualization of drug therapy. Here, we present a quantitative systematic review of clinical studies on the impact of UGT variants on drug metabolism to clarify the potential for genotype-adjusted therapy recommendations. Data on UGT polymorphisms and dose-related pharmacokinetic parameters in man were retrieved by a systematic search in public databases. Mean estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters were extracted for each group of carriers of UGT variants to assess their effect size. Pooled estimates and relative confidence bounds were computed with a random-effects meta-analytic approach whenever multiple studies on the same variant, ethnic group, and substrate were available. Information was retrieved on 30 polymorphic metabolic pathways involving 10 UGT enzymes. For irinotecan and mycophenolic acid a wealth of data was available for assessing the impact of genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics under different dosages, between ethnicities, under comedication, and under toxicity. Evidence for effects of potential clinical relevance exists for 19 drugs, but the data are not sufficient to assess effect size with the precision required to issue dose recommendations. In conclusion, compared to other drug metabolizing enzymes much less systematic research has been conducted on the polymorphisms of UGT enzymes. However, there is evidence of the existence of large monogenetic functional polymorphisms affecting pharmacokinetics and suggesting a potential use of UGT polymorphisms for the individualization of drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Stingl
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany; Translational Pharmacology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Germany.
| | - H Bartels
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - R Viviani
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - M L Lehmann
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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