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Walker KA, Rhodes ST, Liberman DA, Gore AC, Bell MR. Microglial responses to inflammatory challenge in adult rats altered by developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in a sex-specific manner. Neurotoxicology 2024; 104:95-115. [PMID: 39038526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are ubiquitous environmental contaminants linkedc with peripheral immune and neural dysfunction. Neuroimmune signaling is critical to brain development and later health; however, effects of PCBs on neuroimmune processes are largely undescribed. This study extends our previous work in neonatal or adolescent rats by investigating longer-term effects of perinatal PCB exposure on later neuroimmune responses to an inflammatory challenge in adulthood. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a low-dose, environmentally relevant, mixture of PCBs (Aroclors 1242, 1248, and 1254, 1:1:1, 20 μg / kg dam BW per gestational day) or oil control during gestation and via lactation. Upon reaching adulthood, rats were given a mild inflammatory challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg / kg BW, ip) or saline control and then euthanized 3 hours later for gene expression analysis or 24 hours later for immunohistochemical labeling of Iba1+ microglia. PCB exposure did not alter gene expression or microglial morphology independently, but instead interacted with the LPS challenge in brain region- and sex-specific ways. In the female hypothalamus, PCB exposure blunted LPS responses of neuroimmune and neuromodulatory genes without changing microglial morphology. In the female prefrontal cortex, PCBs shifted Iba1+ cells from reactive to hyperramified morphology in response to LPS. Conversely, in the male hypothalamus, PCBs shifted cell phenotypes from hyperramified to reactive morphologies in response to LPS. The results highlight the potential for long-lasting effects of environmental contaminants that are differentially revealed over a lifetime, sometimes only after a secondary challenge. These neuroimmune endpoints are possible mechanisms for PCB effects on a range of neural dysfunction in adulthood, including mental health and neurodegenerative disorders. The findings suggest possible interactions with other environmental challenges that also influence neuroimmune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Walker
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Simone T Rhodes
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Deborah A Liberman
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Margaret R Bell
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Li Z, Wang Y, Wu W, Zhao Y, Wang S, Wang P, Lin X, Gong Y, Wu Z, Li X, Sun J, Zhao N, Huang Y, Hu S, Zhang W. The relative contribution of PM 2.5 components to the obstructive ventilatory dysfunction-insights from a large ventilatory function examination of 305,022 workers in southern China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108721. [PMID: 38718675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new round of WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease assessment requires futher research to provide more evidence, especially on the health impact of ambient air pollution around the workplace. However, the evidence linking obstructive ventilatory dysfunction (OVD) to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical components in workers is very limited. Evidence is even more scarce on the interactive effects between occupational factors and particle exposures. We aimed to fill these gaps based on a large ventilatory function examination of workers in southern China. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study among 363,788 workers in southern China in 2020. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 and its components were evaluated around the workplace through validated spatiotemporal models. We used mixed-effect models to evaluate the risk of OVD related to PM2.5 and its components. Results were further stratified by basic characteristics and occupational factors. FINDINGS Among the 305,022 workers, 119,936 were observed with OVD. We found for each interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5 concentration, the risk of OVD increased by 27.8 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 26.5-29.2 %). The estimates were 10.9 % (95 %CI: 9.7-12.1 %), 15.8 % (95 %CI: 14.5-17.2 %), 2.6 % (95 %CI: 1.4-3.8 %), 17.1 % (95 %CI: 15.9-18.4 %), and 11 % (95 %CI: 9.9-12.2 %), respectively, for each IQR increment in sulfate, nitrate, ammonium salt, organic matter and black carbon. We observed greater effect estimates among females, younger workers, workers with a length of service of 24-45 months, and professional skill workers. Furthermore, it is particularly noteworthy that the noise-exposed workers, high-temperature-exposed workers, and less-dust-exposed workers were at a 5.7-68.2 % greater risk than others. INTERPRETATION PM2.5 and its components were significantly associated with an increased risk of OVD, with stronger links among certain vulnerable subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China; Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengyu Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian Lin
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yajun Gong
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijia Wu
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China; Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongshun Huang
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shijie Hu
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wangjian Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health & Center for Health Information Research & Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Zhang M, Rottschäfer V, C M de Lange E. The potential impact of CYP and UGT drug-metabolizing enzymes on brain target site drug exposure. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:1-30. [PMID: 38126313 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2297154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolism is one of the critical determinants of drug disposition throughout the body. While traditionally associated with the liver, recent research has unveiled the presence and functional significance of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) within the brain. Specifically, cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) enzymes have emerged as key players in drug biotransformation within the central nervous system (CNS). This comprehensive review explores the cellular and subcellular distribution of CYPs and UGTs within the CNS, emphasizing regional expression and contrasting profiles between the liver and brain, humans and rats. Moreover, we discuss the impact of species and sex differences on CYPs and UGTs within the CNS. This review also provides an overview of methodologies for identifying and quantifying enzyme activities in the brain. Additionally, we present factors influencing CYPs and UGTs activities in the brain, including genetic polymorphisms, physiological variables, pathophysiological conditions, and environmental factors. Examples of CYP- and UGT-mediated drug metabolism within the brain are presented at the end, illustrating the pivotal role of these enzymes in drug therapy and potential toxicity. In conclusion, this review enhances our understanding of drug metabolism's significance in the brain, with a specific focus on CYPs and UGTs. Insights into the expression, activity, and influential factors of these enzymes within the CNS have crucial implications for drug development, the design of safe drug treatment strategies, and the comprehension of drug actions within the CNS. To that end, CNS pharmacokinetic (PK) models can be improved to further advance drug development and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxu Zhang
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Predictive Pharmacology Group, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Rottschäfer
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Predictive Pharmacology Group, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wheeler AM, Orsburn BC, Bumpus NN. Biotransformation of Efavirenz and Proteomic Analysis of Cytochrome P450s and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases in Mouse, Macaque, and Human Brain-Derived In Vitro Systems. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:521-531. [PMID: 36623884 PMCID: PMC10043944 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs such as efavirenz (EFV) are essential to combat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the brain, but little is known about how these drugs are metabolized locally. In this study, the cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-dependent metabolism of EFV was probed in brain microsomes from mice, cynomolgus macaques, and humans as well as primary neural cells from C57BL/6N mice. Utilizing ultra high performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (uHPLC-HRMS), the formation of 8-hydroxyefavirenz (8-OHEFV) from EFV and the glucuronidation of P450-dependent metabolites 8-OHEFV and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz (8,14-diOHEFV) were observed in brain microsomes from all three species. The direct glucuronidation of EFV, however, was only detected in cynomolgus macaque brain microsomes. In primary neural cells treated with EFV, microglia were the only cell type to exhibit metabolism, forming 8-OHEFV only. In cells treated with the P450-dependent metabolites of EFV, glucuronidation was detected only in cortical neurons and astrocytes, revealing that certain aspects of EFV metabolism are cell type specific. Untargeted and targeted proteomics experiments were used to identify the P450s and UGTs present in brain microsomes. Eleven P450s and 11 UGTs were detected in human brain microsomes, whereas seven P450s and 14 UGTs were identified in mouse brain microsomes and 15 P450s and four UGTs, respectively, were observed in macaque brain microsomes. This was the first time many of these enzymes have been noted in brain microsomes at the protein level. This study indicates the potential for brain metabolism to contribute to pharmacological and toxicological outcomes of EFV in the brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Metabolism in the brain is understudied, and the persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the brain warrants the evaluation of how antiretroviral drugs such as efavirenz are metabolized in the brain. Using brain microsomes, the metabolism of efavirenz by both cytochrome P450s (P450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) is established. Additionally, proteomics of brain microsomes characterizes P450s and UGTs in the brain, many of which have not yet been noted in the literature at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Wheeler
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Benjamin C Orsburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Edwards M, Lam S, Ranjan R, Pereira M, Babbitt C, Lacreuse A. Letrozole treatment alters hippocampal gene expression in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Horm Behav 2023; 147:105281. [PMID: 36434852 PMCID: PMC9839488 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs commonly given to patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent breast cancers to reduce estrogenic stimulation. However, AIs like Letrozole are associated with negative side effects such as cognitive deficits, sleep disturbances and hot flashes. We have previously shown that these negative effects can be recapitulated in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) treated with Letrozole (20 μg daily) for 4 weeks and that marmosets treated with Letrozole show increased levels of estradiol in the hippocampus (Gervais et al., 2019). In order to better understand the mechanisms through which AIs affect cognitive function and increase steroid levels in the hippocampus, we used bulk, paired-end RNA-sequencing to examine differentially expressed genes among Letrozole-treated (LET; n = 8) and vehicle-treated (VEH; n = 8) male and female animals. Gene ontology results show significant reduction across hundreds of categories, some of the most significant being inflammatory response, stress response, MHC Class II protein complex binding, T-cell activation, carbohydrate binding and signaling receptor binding in LET animals. GSEA results indicate that LET females, but not LET males, show enrichment for hormonal gene sets. Based on the transcriptional changes observed, we conclude that AIs may differentially affect the sexes in part due to processes mediated by the CYP-450 superfamily. Ongoing studies will further investigate the longitudinal effects of AIs on behavior and whether AIs increase the risk of stress-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélise Edwards
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Sam Lam
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Genomics Resource Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mariana Pereira
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Courtney Babbitt
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Biology, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Agnès Lacreuse
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Tirri M, Arfè R, Bilel S, Corli G, Marchetti B, Fantinati A, Vincenzi F, De-Giorgio F, Camuto C, Mazzarino M, Barbieri M, Gaudio RM, Varani K, Borea PA, Botrè F, Marti M. In Vivo Bio-Activation of JWH-175 to JWH-018: Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Studies in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148030. [PMID: 35887377 PMCID: PMC9318133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
3-(1-Naphthalenylmethyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole (JWH-175) is a synthetic cannabinoid illegally marketed for its psychoactive cannabis-like effects. This study aimed to investigate and compare in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic activity of JWH-175 with that of 1-naphthalenyl (1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone (JWH-018), as well as evaluate the in vitro (human liver microsomes) and in vivo (urine and plasma of CD-1 male mice) metabolic profile of JWH-175. In vitro binding studies showed that JWH-175 is a cannabinoid receptor agonist less potent than JWH-018 on mouse and human CB1 and CB2 receptors. In agreement with in vitro data, JWH-175 reduced the fESPS in brain hippocampal slices of mice less effectively than JWH-018. Similarly, in vivo behavioral studies showed that JWH-175 impaired sensorimotor responses, reduced breath rate and motor activity, and increased pain threshold to mechanical stimuli less potently than JWH-018. Metabolic studies demonstrated that JWH-175 is rapidly bioactivated to JWH-018 in mice blood, suggesting that in vivo effects of JWH-175 are also due to JWH-018 formation. The pharmaco-toxicological profile of JWH-175 was characterized for the first time, proving its in vivo bio-activation to the more potent agonist JWH-018. Thus, it highlighted the great importance of investigating the in vivo metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids for both clinical toxicology and forensic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Tirri
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Raffaella Arfè
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Giorgia Corli
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Beatrice Marchetti
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Anna Fantinati
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Camuto
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Mario Barbieri
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Rosa Maria Gaudio
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
- University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.B.)
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Synathlon, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Marti
- Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (R.A.); (S.B.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (F.V.); (R.M.G.); (K.V.); (P.A.B.)
- University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 00186 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Keil Stietz KP, Sethi S, Klocke CR, de Ruyter TE, Wilson MD, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Sex and Genotype Modulate the Dendritic Effects of Developmental Exposure to a Human-Relevant Polychlorinated Biphenyls Mixture in the Juvenile Mouse. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:766802. [PMID: 34924936 PMCID: PMC8678536 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.766802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are thought to result from interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors, the identification of specific gene-environment interactions that influence NDD risk remains a critical data gap. We tested the hypothesis that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) interact with human mutations that alter the fidelity of neuronal Ca2+ signaling to confer NDD risk. To test this, we used three transgenic mouse lines that expressed human mutations known to alter Ca2+ signals in neurons: (1) gain-of-function mutation in ryanodine receptor-1 (T4826I-RYR1); (2) CGG-repeat expansion in the 5′ non-coding portion of the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1); and (3) a double mutant (DM) that expressed both mutations. Transgenic and wildtype (WT) mice were exposed throughout gestation and lactation to the MARBLES PCB mix at 0.1, 1, or 6 mg/kg in the maternal diet. The MARBLES mix simulates the relative proportions of the twelve most abundant PCB congeners found in serum from pregnant women at increased risk for having a child with an NDD. Using Golgi staining, the effect of developmental PCB exposure on dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of male and female WT mice was compared to pyramidal neurons from transgenic mice. A multilevel linear mixed-effects model identified a main effect of dose driven by increased dendritic arborization of cortical neurons in the 1 mg/kg PCB dose group. Subsequent analyses with genotypes indicated that the MARBLES PCB mixture had no effect on the dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons in WT mice of either sex, but significantly increased dendritic arborization of cortical neurons of WT males in the 6 mg/kg PCB dose group. Transgene expression increased sensitivity to the impact of developmental PCB exposure on dendritic arborization in a sex-, and brain region-dependent manner. In conclusion, developmental exposure to PCBs present in the gestational environment of at-risk humans interfered with normal dendritic morphogenesis in the developing mouse brain in a sex-, genotype- and brain region-dependent manner. Overall, these observations provide proof-of-principle evidence that PCBs interact with heritable mutations to modulate a neurodevelopmental outcome of relevance to NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Keil Stietz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn R Klocke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tryssa E de Ruyter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Machelle D Wilson
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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8
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Décarie-Spain L, Hryhorczuk C, Lau D, Jacob-Brassard É, Fisette A, Fulton S. Prolonged saturated, but not monounsaturated, high-fat feeding provokes anxiodepressive-like behaviors in female mice despite similar metabolic consequences. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100324. [PMID: 34589811 PMCID: PMC8474568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity significantly increases the risk for anxiety and depression. Our group has recently demonstrated a role for nucleus accumbens (NAc) pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) signaling in the development of anxiodepressive-like behaviors by diet-induced obesity in male mice. The NAc is a brain region involved in goal-oriented behavior and mood regulation whose functions are critical to hedonic feeding and motivation. While the incidence of depression and anxiety disorders is significantly higher in women than in men, the use of female animal models in psychiatric research remains limited. We set out to investigate the impact of chronic intake of saturated and monounsaturated high-fat diets (HFD) on energy metabolism and on anxiety- and despair-like behaviors in female mice and to ascertain the contribution of NAc NFkB-mediated inflammation herein. Adult C57Bl6N female mice were fed either a saturated HFD, an isocaloric monounsaturated HFD or a control low-fat diet for 24 weeks, after which metabolic profiling and behavioral testing for anxiodepressive-like behaviors were conducted. Plasma was collected at time of sacrifice for quantification of leptin, inflammatory markers as well as 17 β-estradiol levels and brains were harvested to analyze NAc expression of pro-inflammatory genes and estrogen-signaling molecules. In another group of female mice placed on the saturated HFD or the control diet for 24 weeks, we performed adenoviral-mediated invalidation of the NFkB signaling pathway in the NAc prior to behavioral testing. While both HFDs provoked obesity and metabolic impairments, only the saturated HFD triggered anxiodepressive-like behaviors and caused marked elevations in plasma estrogen. This saturated HFD-specific behavioral phenotype could not be explained by NAc inflammation alone and was unaffected by NAc invalidation of the NFkB signaling pathway. Instead, we found changes in the expression of estrogen signaling markers. Such results diverge from the inflammatory mechanisms underlying diet- and obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and anxiodepressive-like behavior onset in male mice and call attention to the role of estrogen signaling in diet-related anxiodepressive-like phenotypes in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Décarie-Spain
- Centre de recherche du CHUM & Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Hryhorczuk
- Centre de recherche du CHUM & Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Canada
| | - David Lau
- Centre de recherche du CHUM & Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Fisette
- Centre de recherche du CHUM & Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- Centre de recherche du CHUM & Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
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9
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Hobson BA, Rowland DJ, Sisó S, Guignet MA, Harmany ZT, Bandara SB, Saito N, Harvey DJ, Bruun DA, Garbow JR, Chaudhari AJ, Lein PJ. TSPO PET Using [18F]PBR111 Reveals Persistent Neuroinflammation Following Acute Diisopropylfluorophosphate Intoxication in the Rat. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:330-344. [PMID: 31087103 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphates (OPs) can trigger status epilepticus followed by persistent cognitive impairment and/or electroencephalographic abnormalities. Neuroinflammation is widely posited to influence these persistent neurological consequences. However, testing this hypothesis has been challenging, in part because traditional biometrics preclude longitudinal measures of neuroinflammation within the same animal. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET), using the translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand [18F]PBR111 against classic histopathologic measures of neuroinflammation in a preclinical model of acute intoxication with the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Adult male Sprague Dawley rats administered pyridostigmine bromide (0.1 mg/kg, im) 30 min prior to administration of DFP (4 mg/kg, sc), atropine sulfate (2 mg/kg, im) and 2-pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, im) exhibited moderate-to-severe seizure behavior. TSPO PET performed prior to DFP exposure and at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postexposure revealed distinct lesions, as defined by increased standardized uptake values (SUV). Increased SUV showed high spatial correspondence to immunohistochemical evidence of neuroinflammation, which was corroborated by cytokine gene and protein expression. Regional SUV metrics varied spatiotemporally with days postexposure and correlated with the degree of neuroinflammation detected immunohistochemically. Furthermore, SUV metrics were highly correlated with seizure severity, suggesting that early termination of OP-induced seizures may be critical for attenuating subsequent neuroinflammatory responses. Normalization of SUV values to a cerebellar reference region improved correlations to all outcome measures and seizure severity. Collectively, these results establish TSPO PET using [18F]PBR111 as a robust, noninvasive tool for longitudinal monitoring of neuroinflammation following acute OP intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Hobson
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817
| | - Douglas J Rowland
- Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis College of Engineering, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sílvia Sisó
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Michelle A Guignet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616
| | - Zachary T Harmany
- Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis College of Engineering, Davis, California 95616
| | - Suren B Bandara
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616
| | - Naomi Saito
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616
| | - Danielle J Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616
| | - Donald A Bruun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Abhijit J Chaudhari
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817.,Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis College of Engineering, Davis, California 95616
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616
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10
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Tseilikman V, Dremencov E, Tseilikman O, Pavlovicova M, Lacinova L, Jezova D. Role of glucocorticoid- and monoamine-metabolizing enzymes in stress-related psychopathological processes. Stress 2020; 23:1-12. [PMID: 31322459 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1641080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid signaling is fundamental in healthy stress coping and in the pathophysiology of stress-related diseases, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Glucocorticoids are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) as well as 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) and 2 (11βHSD2). Acute stress-induced increase in glucocorticoid concentrations stimulates the expression of several CYP sub-types. CYP is primarily responsible for glucocorticoid metabolism and its increased activity can result in decreased circulating glucocorticoids in response to repeated stress stimuli. In addition, repeated stress-induced glucocorticoid release can promote 11βHSD1 activation and 11βHSD2 inhibition, and the 11βHSD2 suppression can lead to apparent mineralocorticoid excess. The activation of CYP and 11βHSD1 and the suppression of 11βHSD2 may at least partly contribute to development of the blunted glucocorticoid response to stressors characteristic in high trait anxiety, PTSD, and other stress-related disorders. Glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzymes interact closely with other biomolecules such as inflammatory cytokines, monoamines, and some monoamine-metabolizing enzymes, namely the monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) and B (MAO-B). Glucocorticoids boost MAO activity and this decreases monoamine levels and induces oxidative tissue damage which then activates inflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory cytokines suppress CYP expression and activity. This dynamic cross-talk between glucocorticoids, monoamines, and their metabolizing enzymes could be a critical factor in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders.Lay summaryGlucocorticoids, which are produced and released under the control by brain regulatory centers, are fundamental in the stress response. This review emphasizes the importance of glucocorticoid metabolism and particularly the interaction between the brain and the liver as the major metabolic organ in the body. The activity of enzymes involved in glucocorticoid metabolism is proposed to play not only an important role in positive, healthy glucocorticoid effects, but also to contribute to the development and course of stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Tseilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Eliyahu Dremencov
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Olga Tseilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Michaela Pavlovicova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Lacinova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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11
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Shan L, Zhang G, Guo Z, Shi X. In vitro investigation of permeability and metabolism of licoricidin. Life Sci 2019; 234:116770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Kania-Korwel I, Lukasiewicz T, Barnhart CD, Stamou M, Chung H, Kelly KM, Bandiera S, Lein PJ, Lehmler HJ. Editor's Highlight: Congener-Specific Disposition of Chiral Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Lactating Mice and Their Offspring: Implications for PCB Developmental Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:101-115. [PMID: 28431184 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners have been implicated by laboratory and epidemiological studies in PCB developmental neurotoxicity. These congeners are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes to potentially neurotoxic hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs). The present study explores the enantioselective disposition and toxicity of 2 environmentally relevant, neurotoxic PCB congeners and their OH-PCB metabolites in lactating mice and their offspring following dietary exposure of the dam. Female C57BL/6N mice (8-weeks old) were fed daily, beginning 2 weeks prior to conception and continuing throughout gestation and lactation, with 3.1 µmol/kg bw/d of racemic 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) or 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 136) in peanut butter; controls received vehicle (peanut oil) in peanut butter. PCB 95 levels were higher than PCB 136 levels in both dams and pups, consistent with the more rapid metabolism of PCB 136 compared with PCB 95. In pups and dams, both congeners were enriched for the enantiomer eluting second on enantioselective gas chromatography columns. OH-PCB profiles in lactating mice and their offspring were complex and varied according to congener, tissue and age. Developmental exposure to PCB 95 versus PCB 136 differentially affected the expression of P450 enzymes as well as neural plasticity (arc and ppp1r9b) and thyroid hormone-responsive genes (nrgn and mbp). The results suggest that the enantioselective metabolism of PCBs to OH-PCBs may influence neurotoxic outcomes following developmental exposures, a hypothesis that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tracy Lukasiewicz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christopher D Barnhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Marianna Stamou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Haeun Chung
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin M Kelly
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Stelvio Bandiera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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13
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Dhakal K, Gadupudi GS, Lehmler HJ, Ludewig G, Duffel MW, Robertson LW. Sources and toxicities of phenolic polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16277-16290. [PMID: 28744683 PMCID: PMC5785587 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a group of 209 congeners that differ in the number and position of chlorines on the biphenyl ring, are anthropogenic chemicals that belong to the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). For many years, PCBs have been a topic of interest because of their biomagnification in the food chain and their environmental persistence. PCBs with fewer chlorine atoms, however, are less persistent and more susceptible to metabolic attack, giving rise to chemicals characterized by the addition of one or more hydroxyl groups to the chlorinated biphenyl skeleton, collectively known as hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs). In animals and plants, this biotransformation of PCBs to OH-PCBs is primarily carried out by cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases. One of the reasons for infrequent detection of lower chlorinated PCBs in serum and other biological matrices is their shorter half-lives, and their metabolic transformation, resulting in OH-PCBs or their conjugates, such as sulfates and glucuronides, or macromolecule adducts. Recent biomonitoring studies have reported the presence of OH-PCBs in human serum. The occurrence of OH-PCBs, the size of this group (there are 837 mono-hydroxyl PCBs alone), and their wide spectra of physical characteristics (pKa's and log P's ranging over 5 to 6 orders of magnitude) give rise to a multiplicity of biological effects. Among those are bioactivation to electrophilic metabolites that can form covalent adducts with DNA and other macromolecules, interference with hormonal signaling, inhibition of enzymes that regulate cellular concentrations of active hormones, and interference with the transport of hormones. This new information creates an urgent need for a new perspective on these often overlooked metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dhakal
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus #219 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA
| | - Gopi S Gadupudi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus #219 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus #219 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus #219 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA
| | - Michael W Duffel
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus #219 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA.
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14
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McMillan DM, Tyndale RF. CYP-mediated drug metabolism in the brain impacts drug response. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 184:189-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Lin S, Ren A, Wang L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Greene ND. Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Neural Tube Defects. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:149-158. [PMID: 29309894 PMCID: PMC5821680 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common and severe congenital malformations and result from incomplete closure of the neural tube during early development. Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been suggested to be a risk factor for NTDs and previous studies imply that the mechanism underlying the association between PAH exposure and NTDs may involve oxidative stress and apoptosis. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether there is a direct effect of maternal benzo[α] pyrene (BaP) exposure on the closure of the neural tube in mice, and to examine the underlying mechanisms by combining animal experiments and human subject studies. We found that intraperitoneal injection of BaP from embryonic day 7 at a dose of 250 mg kg-1 induced NTDs (13.3% frequency) in ICR mice. BaP exposure significantly increased expression of genes associated with oxidative stress, Cyp1a1, Sod1 and Sod2, while repressing Gpx1. Elevated apoptosis and higher protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 in the neuroepithelium of treated embryos were observed. Pre-treatment with vitamin E, added to food, significantly protected against BaP-induced NTDs (1.4% frequency) (P < 0.05). Vitamin E also partly normalized oxidative stress related gene expression and excess apoptosis in BaP-treated embryos. Examination of human neural tissues revealed that increased levels of protein carbonyl and apoptosis were related with maternal exposure to PAHs and the risk of NTDs. Collectively, these results suggest that BaP exposure could induce NTDs and that this may involve increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, while vitamin E may have a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yun Huang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas D Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Peters DG, Pollack AN, Cheng KC, Sun D, Saido T, Haaf MP, Yang QX, Connor JR, Meadowcroft MD. Dietary lipophilic iron alters amyloidogenesis and microglial morphology in Alzheimer's disease knock-in APP mice. Metallomics 2018; 10:426-443. [PMID: 29424844 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, microgliosis, and iron dyshomeostasis. Increased labile iron due to homeostatic dysregulation is believed to facilitate amyloidogenesis. Free iron is incorporated into aggregating amyloid peptides during Aβ plaque formation and increases potential for oxidative stress surrounding plaques. The goal of this work was to observe how brain iron levels temporally influence Aβ plaque formation, plaque iron concentration, and microgliosis. We fed humanized APPNL-F and APPNL-G-F knock-in mice lipophilic iron compound 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl ferrocene (TMHF) and iron deficient diets for twelve months. TMHF elevated brain iron by 22% and iron deficiency decreased brain iron 21% relative to control diet. Increasing brain iron with TMHF accelerated plaque formation, increased Aβ staining, and increased senile morphology of amyloid plaques. Increased brain iron was associated with increased plaque-iron loading and microglial iron inclusions. TMHF decreased IBA1+ microglia branch length while increasing roundness indicative of microglial activation. This body of work suggests that increasing mouse brain iron with TMHF potentiates a more human-like Alzheimer's disease phenotype with iron integration into Aβ plaques and associated microgliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Peters
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA and Department of Neural and Behavioral Science, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexis N Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology (Gittlen Cancer Research Institute), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakō-shi, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Michael P Haaf
- Department of Chemistry, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Mark D Meadowcroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA and Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Li L, Zhang QY, Ding X. A CYP2B6-humanized mouse model and its potential applications. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:2-8. [PMID: 29402634 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CYP2B6 is a human microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme with broad substrate selectivity. CYP2B6 is the only functional member of the human CYP2B gene subfamily, which differs from the situation in rodents, such as mouse, where multiple functional Cyp2b genes are expressed. Recent studies with Cyp2b knockout or knockdown mouse models have yielded insights into the in vivo roles of mouse CYP2B enzymes in drug disposition and xenobiotic toxicity. A CYP2B6-humanized mouse model (CYP2A13/2B6/2F1-transgenic/Cyp2abfgs-null), which expresses human CYP2B6 in the liver, and human CYP2A13 and CYP2F1 in the respiratory tract, but not any of the mouse Cyp2b genes, has also been established. In the CYP2B6-humanized mouse, the CYP2B6 transgene is expressed primarily in the liver, where it was found to be active toward prototype CYP2B6 substrate drugs. The regulatory elements of the CYP2B6 transgene appear to be compatible with mouse nuclear receptors that mediate CYP2B induction. Therefore, the CYP2B6-humanized mouse is a valuable animal model for studying the impact of CYP2B6 expression or induction on drug metabolism, drug efficacy, drug-drug interaction, and drug/xenobiotic toxicity. In this mini-review, we provide a brief background on CYP2B6 and the Cyp2b-knockout and CYP2B6-humanized mice, and discuss the potential applications and limitations of the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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18
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Stamou M, Grodzki AC, van Oostrum M, Wollscheid B, Lein PJ. Fc gamma receptors are expressed in the developing rat brain and activate downstream signaling molecules upon cross-linking with immune complex. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:7. [PMID: 29306331 PMCID: PMC5756609 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure of the developing brain to immune mediators, including antibodies, is postulated to increase risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative disease. It has been suggested that immunoglobulin G-immune complexes (IgG-IC) activate Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) expressed on neurons to modify signaling events in these cells. However, testing this hypothesis is hindered by a paucity of data regarding neuronal FcγR expression and function. Methods FcγR transcript expression in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum of neonatal male and female rats was investigated ex vivo and in mixed cultures of primary hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes using quantitative PCR analyses. Expression at the protein level in mixed cultures of primary hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes was determined by immunocytochemistry, western blotting, proteotype analysis, and flow cytometry. The functionality of these receptors was assessed by measuring changes in intracellular calcium levels, Erk phosphorylation, and IgG internalization following stimulation with IgG-immune complexes. Results FcgrIa, FcgrIIa, FcgrIIb, FcgrIIIa, and Fcgrt transcripts were detectable in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum at postnatal days 1 and 7. These transcripts were also present in primary hippocampal and cortical cell cultures, where their expression was modulated by IFNγ. Expression of FcγRIa, FcγRIIb, and FcγRIIIa, but not FcγRIIa or FcRn proteins, was confirmed in cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes at the single cell level. A subpopulation of these cells co-expressed the activating FcγRIa and the inhibitory FcγRIIb. Functional analyses demonstrated that exposure of hippocampal and cortical cell cultures to IgG-IC increases intracellular calcium and Erk phosphorylation and triggers FcγR-mediated internalization of IgG. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that developing neurons and astrocytes in the hippocampus and the cortex express signaling competent FcγR. These findings suggest that IgG antibodies may influence normal neurodevelopment or function via direct interactions with FcγR on non-immune cells in the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1050-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Stamou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marc van Oostrum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Yurt KK, Kaplan S. As a painkiller: a review of pre- and postnatal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure effects on the nervous systems. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:15-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Li L, Bao X, Zhang QY, Negishi M, Ding X. Role of CYP2B in Phenobarbital-Induced Hepatocyte Proliferation in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:977-981. [PMID: 28546505 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) promotes liver tumorigenesis in rodents, in part through activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the consequent changes in hepatic gene expression and increases in hepatocyte proliferation. A typical effect of CAR activation by PB is a marked induction of Cyp2b10 expression in the liver; the latter has been suspected to be vital for PB-induced hepatocellular proliferation. This hypothesis was tested here by using a Cyp2a(4/5)bgs-null (null) mouse model in which all Cyp2b genes are deleted. Adult male and female wild-type (WT) and null mice were treated intraperitoneally with PB at 50 mg/kg once daily for 5 successive days and tested on day 6. The liver-to-body weight ratio, an indicator of liver hypertrophy, was increased by 47% in male WT mice, but by only 22% in male Cyp2a(4/5)bgs-null mice, by the PB treatment. The fractions of bromodeoxyuridine-positive hepatocyte nuclei, assessed as a measure of the rate of hepatocyte proliferation, were also significantly lower in PB-treated male null mice compared with PB-treated male WT mice. However, whereas few proliferating hepatocytes were detected in saline-treated mice, many proliferating hepatocytes were still detected in PB-treated male null mice. In contrast, female WT mice were much less sensitive than male WT mice to PB-induced hepatocyte proliferation, and PB-treated female WT and PB-treated female null mice did not show significant difference in rates of hepatocyte proliferation. These results indicate that CYP2B induction plays a significant, but partial, role in PB-induced hepatocyte proliferation in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (L.L., X.B., Q.Z., X.D.); and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (M.N.)
| | - Xiaochen Bao
- College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (L.L., X.B., Q.Z., X.D.); and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (M.N.)
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (L.L., X.B., Q.Z., X.D.); and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (M.N.)
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (L.L., X.B., Q.Z., X.D.); and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (M.N.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (L.L., X.B., Q.Z., X.D.); and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (M.N.)
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Toselli F, Dodd PR, Gillam EMJ. Emerging roles for brain drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in neuropsychiatric conditions and responses to drugs. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:379-404. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1221960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Sirohi S, Aldrich JV, Walker BM. Species differences in the effects of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist zyklophin. Alcohol 2016; 51:43-9. [PMID: 26992699 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that dysregulation of the dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor (DYN/KOR) system contributes to escalated alcohol self-administration in alcohol dependence and that KOR antagonists with extended durations of action selectively reduce escalated alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent animals. As KOR antagonism has gained widespread attention as a potential therapeutic target to treat alcoholism and multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, we tested the effect of zyklophin (a short-acting KOR antagonist) on escalated alcohol self-administration in rats made alcohol-dependent using intermittent alcohol vapor exposure. Following dependence induction, zyklophin was infused centrally prior to alcohol self-administration sessions and locomotor activity tests during acute withdrawal. Zyklophin did not impact alcohol self-administration or locomotor activity in either exposure condition. To investigate the neurobiological basis of this atypical effect for a KOR antagonist, we utilized a κ-, μ-, and δ-opioid receptor agonist-stimulated GTPyS coupling assay to examine the opioid receptor specificity of zyklophin in the rat brain and mouse brain. In rats, zyklophin did not affect U50488-, DAMGO-, or DADLE-stimulated GTPyS coupling, whereas the prototypical KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI) attenuated U50488-induced stimulation in the rat brain tissue at concentrations that did not impact μ- and δ-receptor function. To reconcile the discrepancy between the present rat data and published mouse data, comparable GTPyS assays were conducted using mouse brain tissue; zyklophin effects were consistent with KOR antagonism in mice. Moreover, at higher concentrations, zyklophin exhibited agonist properties in rat and mouse brains. These results identify species differences in zyklophin efficacy that, given the rising interest in the development of short-duration KOR antagonists, should provide valuable information for therapeutic development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sirohi
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jane V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brendan M Walker
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Carbone ET, Kass PH, Evans KD. Feasibility of Using Rice Hulls as Bedding for Laboratory Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2016; 55:268-276. [PMID: 27177559 PMCID: PMC4865687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Factors that are considered when selecting laboratory mouse bedding include animal health and comfort, cost, effects on personnel, and bioactive properties. Corncob is economical and facilitates low intracage ammonia but has undesirable influences on some endocrine studies. Rice hulls are an economical material that has not been well characterized as a bedding substrate. In this pilot study, we compared various aspects of bedding performance of rice hulls and other materials. On a per-volume basis, rice hulls were less absorbent than was corncob bedding. Rice hulls had higher odds than did corncob or reclaimed wood pulp of having moisture present at the bedding surface. The results of the absorbency tests coupled with the results of preliminary monitoring of intracage ammonia raised concern about the ability of rice hulls to control ammonia levels sufficiently in cages with high occupancy. However, ammonia was negligible when cages contained 5 young adult female mice. The relative expression of 3 cytochrome p450 genes was compared among mice housed on rice hulls, corncob, reclaimed wood pulp, or pine shavings. The expression of Cyp1a2 was 1.7 times higher in the livers of mice housed on rice hulls than on pine shavings, but other differences were not statistically significant. This study provides information on the merits of rice hulls as laboratory mouse bedding. Their relatively poor moisture control is a major disadvantage that might preclude their widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Carbone
- University of California, Davis, Campus Veterinary Services, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Philip H Kass
- University of California, Davis, Population Health and Reproduction, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kristin D Evans
- University of California, Davis, Mouse Biology Program, Davis, California, USA
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24
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Sakakibara Y, Katoh M, Kondo Y, Nadai M. Effects of Phenobarbital on Expression of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1a6 and 1a7 in Rat Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:370-7. [PMID: 26684499 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), a phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme, is expressed in the brain and can catalyze glucuronidation of endogenous and exogenous substrates in the brain. Thus, changes in UGT1A expression could affect homeostasis and drug efficacy. Phenobarbital (PB), a typical inducer of drug-metabolizing enzymes, has been reported to induce oxidative stress and epigenetic changes, which could alter UGT expression in the brain. Here, we aimed to clarify the effects of PB on Ugt1a6 and Ugt1a7 gene expression in rat brains. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with PB (80 mg/kg), once daily for 7 days. Ugt1a6 and Ugt1a7 mRNA expression levels were increased in the striatum and thalamus (Ugt1a6, 3.0- and 2.9-fold, respectively; Ugt1a7, 2.6- and 2.6-fold, respectively). Acetaminophen glucuronidation was also increased in the medulla oblongata and thalamus by 1.8- and 1.2-fold, respectively. The induction rates within different brain regions were correlated with Ugt1a6 and Ugt1a7 mRNA expression, and the degree of induction also correlated with that of NF-E2-related factor-2 mRNA. Measurement of oxidative stress markers suggested that PB induced oxidative stress in brain regions in which Ugt1a6 and Ugt1a7 mRNAs were increased. Moreover, histone modifications were altered by PB treatment, resulting in increased histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation in the striatum and thalamus and decreased histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation in the thalamus. These results suggested that oxidative stress and histone modifications may promote transcriptional activation of Ugt1a6 and Ugt1a7 genes. In summary, Ugt1a6 and Ugt1a7 mRNA levels were increased by PB treatment, which may alter pharmacokinetics in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Sakakibara
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Katoh
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nadai
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Subacute nicotine co-exposure has no effect on 2,2',3,5',6- pentachlorobiphenyl disposition but alters hepatic cytochrome P450 expression in the male rat. Toxicology 2015; 338:59-68. [PMID: 26463278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are metabolized by cytochrome P450 2B enzymes (CYP2B) and nicotine is reported to alter CYP2B activity in the brain and liver. To test the hypothesis that nicotine influences PCB disposition, 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) and its metabolites were quantified in tissues of adult male Wistar rats exposed to PCB 95 (6mg/kg/d, p.o.) in the absence or presence of nicotine (1.0mg/kg/d of the tartrate salt, s.c.) for 7 consecutive days. PCB 95 was enantioselectively metabolized to hydroxylated (OH-) PCB metabolites, resulting in a pronounced enrichment of E1-PCB 95 in all tissues investigated. OH-PCBs were detected in blood and liver tissue, but were below the detection limit in adipose, brain and muscle tissues. Co-exposure to nicotine did not change PCB 95 disposition. CYP2B1 mRNA and CYP2B protein were not detected in brain tissues but were detected in liver. Co-exposure to nicotine and PCB 95 increased hepatic CYP2B1 mRNA but did not change CYP2B protein levels relative to vehicle control animals. However, hepatic CYP2B protein in animals co-exposed to PCB 95 and nicotine were reduced compared to animals that received only nicotine. Quantification of CYP2B3, CYP3A2 and CYP1A2 mRNA identified significant effects of nicotine and PCB 95 co-exposure on hepatic CYP3A2 and hippocampal CYP1A2 transcripts. Our findings suggest that nicotine co-exposure does not significantly influence PCB 95 disposition in the rat. However, these studies suggest a novel influence of PCB 95 and nicotine co-exposure on hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) expression that may warrant further attention due to the increasing use of e-cigarettes and related products.
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Shang W, Liu J, Chen R, Ning R, Xiong J, Liu W, Mao Z, Hu G, Yang J. Fluoxetine reduces CES1, CES2, and CYP3A4 expression through decreasing PXR and increasing DEC1 in HepG2 cells. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:393-405. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1082209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Using the Morris water maze to assess spatial learning and memory in weanling mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124521. [PMID: 25886563 PMCID: PMC4401674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have been indispensable for elucidating normal and pathological processes that influence learning and memory. A widely used method for assessing these cognitive processes in mice is the Morris water maze, a classic test for examining spatial learning and memory. However, Morris water maze studies with mice have principally been performed using adult animals, which preclude studies of critical neurodevelopmental periods when the cellular and molecular substrates of learning and memory are formed. While weanling rats have been successfully trained in the Morris water maze, there have been few attempts to test weanling mice in this behavioral paradigm even though mice offer significant experimental advantages because of the availability of many genetically modified strains. Here, we present experimental evidence that weanling mice can be trained in the Morris water maze beginning on postnatal day 24. Maze-trained weanling mice exhibit significant improvements in spatial learning over the training period and results of the probe trial indicate the development of spatial memory. There were no sex differences in the animals’ performance in these tasks. In addition, molecular biomarkers of synaptic plasticity are upregulated in maze-trained mice at the transcript level. These findings demonstrate that the Morris water maze can be used to assess spatial learning and memory in weanling mice, providing a potentially powerful experimental approach for examining the influence of genes, environmental factors and their interactions on the development of learning and memory.
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Ivanova SA, Toshchakova VA, Filipenko ML, Fedorenko OY, Boyarko EG, Boiko AS, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Aftanas LI, Loonen AJM. Cytochrome P450 1A2 co-determines neuroleptic load and may diminish tardive dyskinesia by increased inducibility. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16:200-5. [PMID: 25602162 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2014.995222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between tardive dyskinesia (TD) and CYP1A2 (*1F, -163C>А, rs762551) polymorphism in Russian psychiatric inpatients. METHODS TD was assessed cross-sectionally using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Orofacial and limb-truncal dyskinesia were assessed with AIMS 1-4 and 5-7, respectively. Standard protocols were applied for genotyping. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the mean AIMS scores for each of the genotypic classes. RESULTS A total of 319 Caucasian patients from West Siberia with schizophrenia and 117 healthy volunteers were investigated. No significant differences between the patients and the controls in genotype frequencies were found. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age, sex, duration of disease, chlorpromazine equivalent (CPZEQ) incorporated as covariates showed that limb-truncal, but not orofacial TD, is associated with CYP1A2 (-163C>, rs762551) polymorphism (F = 3.27, P = 0.039). Patients with the C/C genotype had a higher mean AIMS 5-7 score than those with the A/C or the A/A genotype. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that not only with clozapine, but also with other classical and atypical antipsychotics, smoking may decrease plasma levels; this is most extensively expressed in carriers of the CYP1A2*1F (-163C> A) polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Siberian Branch of RAMSc, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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Vichi S, Sandström von Tobel J, Gemma S, Stanzel S, Kopp-Schneider A, Monnet-Tschudi F, Testai E, Zurich MG. Cell type-specific expression and localization of cytochrome P450 isoforms in tridimensional aggregating rat brain cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:176-84. [PMID: 25795400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Within the Predict-IV FP7 project a strategy for measurement of in vitro biokinetics was developed, requiring the characterization of the cellular model used, especially regarding biotransformation, which frequently depends on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity. The extrahepatic in situ CYP-mediated metabolism is especially relevant in target organ toxicity. In this study, the constitutive mRNA levels and protein localization of different CYP isoforms were investigated in 3D aggregating brain cell cultures. CYP1A1, CYP2B1/B2, CYP2D2/4, CYP2E1 and CYP3A were expressed; CYP1A1 and 2B1 represented almost 80% of the total mRNA content. Double-immunolabeling revealed their presence in astrocytes, in neurons, and to a minor extent in oligodendrocytes, confirming the cell-specific localization of CYPs in the brain. These results together with the recently reported formation of an amiodarone metabolite following repeated exposure suggest that this cell culture system possesses some metabolic potential, most likely contributing to its high performance in neurotoxicological studies and support the use of this model in studying brain neurotoxicity involving mechanisms of toxication/detoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vichi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Mechanisms of Toxicity Unit, Rome, Italy.
| | - J Sandström von Tobel
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - S Gemma
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Mechanisms of Toxicity Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - S Stanzel
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Kopp-Schneider
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Monnet-Tschudi
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - E Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Mechanisms of Toxicity Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Zurich
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
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