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Garrigós-Martínez J, Weninger A, Montesinos-Seguí JL, Schmid C, Valero F, Rinnofner C, Glieder A, Garcia-Ortega X. Scalable production and application of Pichia pastoris whole cell catalysts expressing human cytochrome P450 2C9. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:90. [PMID: 33902608 PMCID: PMC8074423 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the numerous and versatile applications in pharmaceutical and chemical industry make the recombinant production of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) of great biotechnological interest. Accelerating the drug development process by simple, quick and scalable access of human drug metabolites is key for efficient and targeted drug development in response to new and sometimes unexpected medical challenges and needs. However, due its biochemical complexity, scalable human CYP (hCYP) production and their application in preparative biotransformations was still in its infancy. RESULTS A scalable bioprocess for fine-tuned co-expression of hCYP2C9 and its essential complementary human cytochrome P450 reductase (hCPR) in the yeast Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) is presented. High-throughput screening (HTS) of a transformant library employing a set of diverse bidirectional expression systems with different regulation patterns and a fluorimetric assay was used in order to fine-tune hCYP2C9 and hCPR co-expression, and to identify best expressing clonal variants. The bioprocess development for scalable and reliable whole cell biocatalyst production in bioreactors was carried out based on rational optimization criteria. Among the different alternatives studied, a glycerol carbon-limiting strategy at high µ showed highest production rates, while methanol co-addition together with a decrease of µ provided the best results in terms of product to biomass yield and whole cell activity. By implementing the mentioned strategies, up to threefold increases in terms of production rates and/or yield could be achieved in comparison with initial tests. Finally, the performance of the whole cell catalysts was demonstrated successfully in biotransformation using ibuprofen as substrate, demonstrating the expected high selectivity of the human enzyme catalyst for 3'hydroxyibuprofen. CONCLUSIONS For the first time a scalable bioprocess for the production of hCYP2C9 whole cell catalysts was successfully designed and implemented in bioreactor cultures, and as well, further tested in a preparative-scale biotransformation of interest. The catalyst engineering procedure demonstrated the efficiency of the employment of a set of differently regulated bidirectional promoters to identify transformants with most effective membrane-bound hCYP/hCPR co-expression ratios and implies to become a model case for the generation of other P. pastoris based catalysts relying on co-expressed enzymes such as other P450 catalysts or enzymes relying on co-expressed enzymes for co-factor regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garrigós-Martínez
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Astrid Weninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - José Luis Montesinos-Seguí
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Christian Schmid
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Francisco Valero
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Bisy GmbH, Wuenschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstaetten/Raab, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Bisy GmbH, Wuenschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstaetten/Raab, Austria.
| | - Xavier Garcia-Ortega
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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Hilberath T, Windeln LM, Decembrino D, Le‐Huu P, Bilsing FL, Urlacher VB. Two‐step Screening for Identification of Drug‐metabolizing Bacterial Cytochromes P450 with Diversified Selectivity. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hilberath
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Leonie M. Windeln
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Davide Decembrino
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Priska Le‐Huu
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Florestan L. Bilsing
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
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Zhang X, Peng Y, Zhao J, Li Q, Yu X, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Li A. Bacterial cytochrome P450-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective steroid hydroxylation enabled by directed evolution and rational design. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSteroids are the most widely marketed products by the pharmaceutical industry after antibiotics. Steroid hydroxylation is one of the most important functionalizations because their derivatives enable a higher biological activity compared to their less polar non-hydroxylated analogs. Bacterial cytochrome P450s constitute promising biocatalysts for steroid hydroxylation due to their high expression level in common workhorses like Escherichia coli. However, they often suffer from wrong or insufficient regio- and/or stereoselectivity, low activity, narrow substrate range as well as insufficient thermostability, which hampers their industrial application. Fortunately, these problems can be generally solved by protein engineering based on directed evolution and rational design. In this work, an overview of recent developments on the engineering of bacterial cytochrome P450s for steroid hydroxylation is presented.
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Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases in Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:882-897. [PMID: 30739814 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450 or CYP) are heme-containing enzymes that catalyze the introduction of one atom of molecular oxygen into nonactivated C-H bonds, often in a regio- and stereoselective manner. This ability, combined with a tremendous number of accepted substrates, makes P450s powerful biocatalysts. Sixty years after their discovery, P450 systems are recognized as essential bio-bricks in synthetic biology approaches to enable production of high-value complex molecules in recombinant hosts. Recent impressive results in protein engineering led to P450s with tailored properties that are even able to catalyze abiotic reactions. The introduction of P450s in artificial multi-enzymatic cascades reactions and chemo-enzymatic processes offers exciting future perspectives to access novel compounds that cannot be synthesized by nature or by chemical routes.
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Chen B, Guo J, Wang S, Kang L, Deng Y, Li Y. Simulated Microgravity Altered the Metabolism of Loureirin B and the Expression of Major Cytochrome P450 in Liver of Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1130. [PMID: 30369879 PMCID: PMC6194197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loureirin B (LB) is the marker compound of dragon blood (DB), which exhibits great potentials in protecting astronauts' health against radiation and simulated microgravity (SM). Pharmacokinetics of LB is reported to be significantly altered by SM. Here, we investigated key metabolic features of LB in rat liver microsome (RLM) and the effects of SM on LB metabolism as well as on expression of major hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms. Ten metabolites were tentatively identified based on fragmentation pathways using LC-MS/MS method and elimination kinetics of LB followed a typical Michaelis-Menten equation (V max was 1.32 μg/min/mg and K m was 13.33 μg/mL). CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2 were involved in the metabolism of LB and the relative strength was: CYP3A2 > CYP2C11 > CYP2D1 > CYP1A2. Comparative studies suggested that elimination of LB in RLM was remarkably increased by 3-day and 14-day SM, and the generation of identified metabolites was affected as well. Additionally, 3-day and 14-day SM showed obvious regulatory effects on the expression of major CYP450 isoforms, which might contribute to the increased elimination of LB. The data provided supports for the application of DB as a protective agent and the reasonable use of current medications metabolized by hepatic CYP450 in space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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6
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Structural insights into oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids and flavanone by myxobacterial cytochrome P450 CYP267B1. Biochem J 2018; 475:2801-2817. [PMID: 30045877 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative biocatalytic reactions performed by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are of high interest for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. CYP267B1 is a P450 enzyme from myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 displaying a broad substrate scope. In this work, a search for new substrates was performed, combined with product characterization and a structural analysis of substrate-bound complexes using X-ray crystallography and computational docking. The results demonstrate the ability of CYP267B1 to perform in-chain hydroxylations of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid and tetradecanoic acid) and a regioselective hydroxylation of flavanone. The fatty acids are mono-hydroxylated at different in-chain positions, with decanoic acid displaying the highest regioselectivity towards ω-3 hydroxylation. Flavanone is preferably oxidized to 3-hydroxyflavanone. High-resolution crystal structures of CYP267B1 revealed a very spacious active site pocket, similarly to other P450s capable of converting macrocyclic compounds. The pocket becomes more constricted near to the heme and is closed off from solvent by residues of the F and G helices and the B-C loop. The crystal structure of the tetradecanoic acid-bound complex displays the fatty acid bound near to the heme, but in a nonproductive conformation. Molecular docking allowed modeling of the productive binding modes for the four investigated fatty acids and flavanone, as well as of two substrates identified in a previous study (diclofenac and ibuprofen), explaining the observed product profiles. The obtained structures of CYP267B1 thus serve as a valuable prediction tool for substrate hydroxylations by this highly versatile enzyme and will encourage future selectivity changes by rational protein engineering.
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Binding modes of CYP106A2 redox partners determine differences in progesterone hydroxylation product patterns. Commun Biol 2018; 1:99. [PMID: 30271979 PMCID: PMC6123783 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural redox partners of bacterial cytochrome P450s (P450s) are mostly unknown. Therefore, substrate conversions are performed with heterologous redox partners; in the case of CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 13368, bovine adrenodoxin (Adx) and adrenodoxin reductase (AdR). Our aim was to optimize the redox system for CYP106A2 for improved product formation by testing 11 different combinations of redox partners. We found that electron transfer protein 1(516–618) showed the highest yield of the main product, 15β-hydroxyprogesterone, and, furthermore, produced a reduced amount of unwanted polyhydroxylated side products. Molecular protein–protein docking indicated that this is caused by subtle structural changes leading to alternative binding modes of both redox enzymes. Stopped-flow measurements analyzing the CYP106A2 reduction and showing substantial differences in the apparent rate constants supported this conclusion. The study provides for the first time to our knowledge rational explanations for differences in product patterns of a cytochrome P450 caused by difference in the binding mode of the redox partners. Tanja Sagadin et al. show that different redox systems can be used to tune the rate selectivity and yield of progesterone conversion by the cytochrome P450 CYP106A2. They screen 11 redox partner combinations and identify specific combinations that may be used to improve biotechnological production of mono- and polyhydroxylated products.
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Rinkel J, Litzenburger M, Bernhardt R, Dickschat JS. An Isotopic Labelling Strategy to Study Cytochrome P450 Oxidations of Terpenes. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1498-1501. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Martin Litzenburger
- Institute of BiochemistrySaarland University Campus Building B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of BiochemistrySaarland University Campus Building B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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Brixius-Anderko S, Hannemann F, Ringle M, Khatri Y, Bernhardt R. An indole-deficient Escherichia coli strain improves screening of cytochromes P450 for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:315-326. [PMID: 26913738 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has developed into an attractive organism for heterologous cytochrome P450 production, but, in some cases, was restricted as a host in view of a screening of orphan cytochromes P450 or mutant libraries in the context of molecular evolution due to the formation of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor indole by the enzyme tryptophanase (TnaA). To overcome this effect, we disrupted the tnaA gene locus of E. coli C43(DE3) and evaluated the new strain for whole-cell substrate conversions with three indole-sensitive cytochromes P450, myxobacterial CYP264A1, and CYP109D1 as well as bovine steroidogenic CYP21A2. For purified CYP264A1 and CYP21A2, the half maximal inhibitory indole concentration was determined to be 140 and 500 μM, which is within the physiological concentration range occurring during cultivation of E. coli in complex medium. Biotransformations with C43(DE3)_∆tnaA achieved a 30% higher product formation in the case of CYP21A2 and an even fourfold increase with CYP264A1 compared with C43(DE3) cells. In whole-cell conversion based on CYP109D1, which converts indole to indigo, we could successfully avoid this reaction. Results in microplate format indicate that our newly designed strain is a suitable host for a fast and efficient screening of indole-influenced cytochromes P450 in complex medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Ringle
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Lonza AG, Visp, Switzerland
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Litzenburger M, Lo Izzo R, Bernhardt R, Khatri Y. Investigating the roles of T224 and T232 in the oxidation of cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by myxobacterial CYP260B1. FEBS Lett 2016; 591:39-46. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Lo Izzo
- Institut für Biochemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institut für Biochemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Institut für Biochemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbruecken Germany
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11
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Milhim M, Putkaradze N, Abdulmughni A, Kern F, Hartz P, Bernhardt R. Identification of a new plasmid-encoded cytochrome P450 CYP107DY1 from Bacillus megaterium with a catalytic activity towards mevastatin. J Biotechnol 2016; 240:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Khatri Y, Carius Y, Ringle M, Lancaster CRD, Bernhardt R. Structural characterization of CYP260A1 fromSorangium cellulosumto investigate the 1α-hydroxylation of a mineralocorticoid. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4638-4648. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Yvonne Carius
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Michael Ringle
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - C. Roy D. Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
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Salamanca-Pinzon SG, Khatri Y, Carius Y, Keller L, Müller R, Lancaster CRD, Bernhardt R. Structure-function analysis for the hydroxylation of Δ4 C21-steroids by the myxobacterial CYP260B1. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1838-51. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Yvonne Carius
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Lena Keller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - C. Roy D. Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
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Kern F, Khatri Y, Litzenburger M, Bernhardt R. CYP267A1 and CYP267B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 are Highly Versatile Drug Metabolizers. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:495-504. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Litzenburger M, Bernhardt R. Selective oxidation of carotenoid-derived aroma compounds by CYP260B1 and CYP267B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4447-57. [PMID: 26767988 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their bioactive properties as well as their application as precursors in chemical synthesis, hydroxylated isoprenoids and norisoprenoids are very valuable compounds. The efficient hydroxylation of such compounds remains a challenge in organic chemistry caused by the formation of a variety of side products and lack of overall regio- and stereoselectivity. In contrast, cytochromes P450 are known for their selective oxidation under mild conditions. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the ability of myxobacterial CYP260B1 and CYP267B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 to oxidize such carotenoid-derived aroma compounds. A focused library of 14 substrates such as ionones, damascones, as well as some of their isomers and derivatives was screened in vitro. Both P450s were capable of an efficient oxidation of all tested compounds. CYP260B1-dependent conversions mainly formed multiple products, whereas conversions by CYP267B1 resulted predominantly in a single product. To identify the main products by NMR spectroscopy, an Escherichia coli-based whole-cell system was used. CYP267B1 showed a hydroxylase activity towards the formation of allylic alcohols. Likewise, CYP260B1 performed the allylic hydroxylation of β-damascone [(E)-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)but-2-en-1-one] and δ-damascone [(E)-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-3-enyl)but-2-en-1-one]. Moreover, CYP260B1 showed an epoxidase activity towards β-ionone [(E)-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)but-3-en-2-one] as well as the methyl-substituted α-ionone derivatives raldeine [(E)-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)pent-1-en-3-one] and isoraldeine [(E)-3-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)but-3-en-2-one]. In addition, to known products, also novel products such as 2-OH-δ-damascone [(E)-1-(5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-3-enyl)but-2-en-1-one], 3-OH-allyl-α-ionone [(E)-1-(4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3-one], and 4-OH-allyl-β-ionone [(E)-1-(3-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3-one] were identified during our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Litzenburger
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B.2.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B.2.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Schifrin A, Khatri Y, Kirsch P, Thiel V, Schulz S, Bernhardt R. A single terpene synthase is responsible for a wide variety of sesquiterpenes in Sorangium cellulosum Soce56. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3385-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00130k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 is a prolific producer of volatile sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schifrin
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Philine Kirsch
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Verena Thiel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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17
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Schifrin A, Litzenburger M, Ringle M, Ly TTB, Bernhardt R. New Sesquiterpene Oxidations with CYP260A1 and CYP264B1 fromSorangium cellulosumSo ce56. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2624-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schifrin
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Martin Litzenburger
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Michael Ringle
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Thuy T. B. Ly
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST); 18-Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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Highly Efficient CYP167A1 (EpoK) dependent Epothilone B Formation and Production of 7-Ketone Epothilone D as a New Epothilone Derivative. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14881. [PMID: 26445909 PMCID: PMC4597204 DOI: 10.1038/srep14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the soil bacterium Sorangium cellulosum, epothilones have emerged as a valuable substance class with promising anti-tumor activity. Because of their benefits in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, epothilones are targets for drug design and pharmaceutical research. The final step of their biosynthesis – a cytochrome P450 mediated epoxidation of epothilone C/D to A/B by CYP167A1 (EpoK) – needs significant improvement, in particular regarding the efficiency of its redox partners. Therefore, we have investigated the ability of various hetero- and homologous redox partners to transfer electrons to EpoK. Hereby, a new hybrid system was established with conversion rates eleven times higher and Vmax of more than seven orders of magnitudes higher as compared with the previously described spinach redox chain. This hybrid system is the most efficient redox chain for EpoK described to date. Furthermore, P450s from So ce56 were identified which are able to convert epothilone D to 14-OH, 21-OH, 26-OH epothilone D and 7-ketone epothilone D. The latter one represents a novel epothilone derivative and is a suitable candidate for pharmacological tests. The results revealed myxobacterial P450s from S. cellulosum So ce56 as promising candidates for protein engineering for biotechnological production of epothilone derivatives.
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A P450 fusion library of heme domains from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and its evaluation for the biotransformation of drug molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5603-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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