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Winter M, Vos M, Buckling A, Johnsen PJ, Harms K. Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on natural transformation frequency in Acinetobacter baylyi. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000733.v4. [PMID: 39135654 PMCID: PMC11318045 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000733.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural transformation is the ability of a bacterial cell to take up extracellular DNA which is subsequently available for recombination into the chromosome (or maintenance as an extrachromosomal element). Like other mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, natural transformation is a significant driver for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Recent studies have shown that many pharmaceutical compounds such as antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs can upregulate transformation frequency in the model species Acinetobacter baylyi. Chemotherapeutic compounds have been shown to increase the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes and increase colonization rates of potentially pathogenic bacteria in patient gastrointestinal tracts, indicating an increased risk of infection and providing a pool of pathogenicity or resistance genes for transformable commensal bacteria. We here test for the effect of six cancer chemotherapeutic compounds on A. baylyi natural transformation frequency, finding two compounds, docetaxel and daunorubicin, to significantly decrease transformation frequency, and daunorubicin to also decrease growth rate significantly. Enhancing our understanding of the effect of chemotherapeutic compounds on the frequency of natural transformation could aid in preventing the horizontal spread of antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macaulay Winter
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Penryn Campus, Exeter TR10 9FE, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Michiel Vos
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Penryn Campus, Exeter TR10 9FE, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Angus Buckling
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Exeter TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Pål Jarle Johnsen
- Microbial Pharmacology and Population Biology Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Klaus Harms
- Microbial Pharmacology and Population Biology Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Teslenko I, Watson CJW, Chen G, Lazarus P. Inhibition of the aromatase enzyme by exemestane cysteine conjugates. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:MOLPHARM-AR-2022-000545. [PMID: 35953090 PMCID: PMC9595203 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exemestane (EXE) is an aromatase inhibitor used to treat hormone-dependent breast cancer. EXE is extensively metabolized, with unchanged EXE and its active metabolite 17-dihydroexemestane (17-DHE) accounting for 17 and 12%, respectively, of total plasma EXE in vivo The major circulating EXE metabolites are the cysteine conjugates of EXE and 17-DHE, and the 17-DHE glucuronide, which together account for 70% of total plasma EXE in vivo The goal of the present study was to examine the inhibition potential of major metabolites of EXE through inhibition assays using aromatase-overexpressing cells and pooled ovarian tissues. Estrone formation was used as a measure of aromatase activity and was detected and quantified using UPLC-MS. EXE-cys, 17β-DHE, and 17β-DHE-cys all exhibited inhibition of estrone formation at both 1 µM and 10 µM concentrations, with 17β-DHE and EXE-cys showing significant inhibition of estrone formation (63% each) at 10 µM. In contrast, 17β-DHE-Gluc displayed minimal inhibition (5-8%) at both concentrations. In ovarian tissue, EXE-cys and 17β-DHE showed similar patterns of inhibition, with 49% and 47% inhibition, respectively, at 10 µM. The IC50 value for EXE-cys (16 {plus minus} 10 µM) was similar to 17β-DHE (9.2 {plus minus} 2.7 µM) and higher than EXE (1.3 {plus minus} 0.28 µM), and all three compounds showed time-dependent inhibition with IC50 shifts of 13 {plus minus} 10, 5.0 {plus minus} 2.5 and 36 {plus minus} 12-fold, respectively. Given its high circulating levels in patients taking EXE, these results suggest that EXE-cys may contribute to the pharmacologic effect of EXE in vivo Significance Statement The current study is the first to examine the major phase II metabolites of EXE (EXE-cys, 17β-DHE-cys, and 17β-DHE-Gluc) for inhibition potential against the target enzyme, aromatase (CYP19A1). EXE-cys was found to significantly inhibit aromatase in a time dependent manner. Given its high circulating levels in patients taking EXE, this phase II metabolite may play an important role in reducing circulating estrogen levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Teslenko
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, United States
| | | | - Gang Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, WSU College of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, United States
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Teslenko I, Trudeau J, Luo S, Watson CJW, Chen G, Truica CI, Lazarus P. Influence of glutathione-S-transferase A1*B allele on the metabolism of the aromatase inhibitor, exemestane, in human liver cytosols and in patients treated with exemestane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:327-334. [PMID: 35793834 PMCID: PMC9426760 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exemestane (EXE) is used to treat postmenopausal women diagnosed with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. A major mode of metabolism of EXE and its active metabolite, 17β-dihydroexemestane, is via glutathionylation by glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of genetic variation in EXE-metabolizing GST enzymes on overall EXE metabolism. Ex vivo assays examining human liver cytosols from 75 subjects revealed the GSTA1 *B*B genotype was associated with significant decreases in S-(androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dion-6α-ylmethyl)-L-glutathione (P = 0.034) and S-(androsta-1,4-diene-17β-ol-3-on-6α-ylmethyl)-L-gutathione (P = 0.014) formation. In the plasma of 68 ER+ breast cancer patients treated with EXE, the GSTA1 *B*B genotype was associated with significant decreases in both EXE-cysteine (cys) (29%, P = 0.0056) and 17β-DHE-cys (34%, P = 0.032) as compared with patients with the GSTA1*A*A genotype, with significant decreases in EXE-cys (Ptrend = 0.0067) and 17β-DHE-cys (Ptrend = 0.028) observed in patients with increasing numbers of the GSTA1*B allele. A near-significant (Ptrend = 0.060) trend was also observed for urinary EXE-cys levels from the same patients. In contrast, plasma and urinary 17β-DHE-Gluc levels were significantly increased (36%, P = 0.00097 and 52%, P = 0.0089; respectively) in patients with the GSTA1 *B*B genotype. No significant correlations were observed between the GSTM1 null genotype and EXE metabolite levels. These data suggest that the GSTA1*B allele is associated with interindividual differences in EXE metabolism and may play a role in interindividual variability in overall response to EXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Teslenko
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, United States
| | | | - Shaman Luo
- Washington State University, United States
| | | | - Gang Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, WSU College of Pharmacy, United States
| | | | - Philip Lazarus
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, United States
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Teslenko I, Watson CJW, Xia Z, Chen G, Lazarus P. Characterization of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases Involved in the Metabolism of the Aromatase Inhibitor, Exemestane. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1047-1055. [PMID: 34593616 PMCID: PMC11025106 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exemestane (EXE) is a hormonal therapy used to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer by inhibiting the final step of estrogen biosynthesis catalyzed by the enzyme aromatase. Cysteine conjugates of EXE and its active metabolite 17β-dihydro-EXE (DHE) are the major metabolites found in both the urine and plasma of patients taking EXE. The initial step in cysteine conjugate formation is glutathione conjugation catalyzed by the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of enzymes. The goal of the present study was to identify cytosolic hepatic GSTs active in the GST-mediated metabolism of EXE and 17β-DHE. Twelve recombinant cytosolic hepatic GSTs were screened for their activity against EXE and 17β-DHE, and glutathionylated EXE and 17β-DHE conjugates were detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. GST α (GSTA) isoform 1, GST μ (GSTM) isoform 3 and isoform 1 were active against EXE, whereas only GSTA1 exhibited activity against 17β-DHE. GSTM1 exhibited the highest affinity against EXE with a Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) value that was 3.8- and 7.1-fold lower than that observed for GSTA1 and GSTM3, respectively. Of the three GSTs, GSTM3 exhibited the highest intrinsic clearance against EXE (intrinsic clearance = 0.14 nl·min-1·mg-1). The KM values observed for human liver cytosol against EXE (46 μM) and 17β-DHE (77 μM) were similar to those observed for recombinant GSTA1 (53 and 30 μM, respectively). Western blot analysis revealed that GSTA1 and GSTM1 composed 4.3% and 0.57%, respectively, of total protein in human liver cytosol; GSTM3 was not detected. These data suggest that GSTA1 is the major hepatic cytosolic enzyme involved in the clearance of EXE and its major active metabolite, 17β-DHE. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Most previous studies related to the metabolism of the aromatase inhibitor exemestane (EXE) have focused mainly on phase I metabolic pathways and the glucuronidation phase II metabolic pathway. However, recent studies have indicated that glutathionylation is the major metabolic pathway for EXE. The present study is the first to characterize hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity against EXE and 17β-dihydro-EXE and to identify GST α 1 and GST μ 1 as the major cytosolic GSTs involved in the hepatic metabolism of EXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Teslenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Zuping Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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Wang X, Wu W, Zhang J, Gao L, Zhang L, Long H, Hou J, Wu W, Guo D. An integrated strategy for holistic quality identification of Chinese patent medicine: Liuwei Dihuang Pills as a case study. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:183-197. [PMID: 32130754 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liuwei Dihuang Pills (concentrated pills, simplified as LWDHP), one of the most famous classic Chinese Patent Medicine (CPM), is produced by hundreds of pharmaceutical manufacturers with billions of Chinese yuan (CNY) in annual sales. However, current quality identification of LWDHP mainly relies on a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method that is complicated and deficient. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to simplify the identification process and provide a more comprehensive quality assessment method of LWDHP by developing an integrated strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis. METHOD Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF-MS) was employed to perform qualitative analyses of a home-made LWDHP and to establish a stably characteristic compound library by analysis of batches of its component herbs. Then selective ion monitoring (SIM) of single MS was utilised to develop a rapid identification method based on the UHPLC/QTOF-MS analysis result. Multivariate statistical analysis was subsequently used for the quality assessment of different commercial samples. RESULTS Seventy-eight characteristic compounds were characterised, and 68 of them were recorded to establish a stably characteristic compound library. Thirty-one compounds were selected from the library for the establishment of SIM identification method. Good specificity, capability, and feasibility had been respectively verified by the analysis of blank sample, negative control (NC) preparation samples, home-made LWDHP sample, and commercial sample. Multivariate statistical analysis of 20 batches of commercial LWDHP samples revealed the quality consistency of the same vendor's product and quality difference between diverse vendors' products. CONCLUSION The SIM identification method by a single analysis could significantly simplify the identification process of LWDHP, and it was performed in a holistic mode for no less than two compounds of each component herb monitored. Moreover, it could also be combined with multivariate statistical analysis to conduct quality assessments of batches of samples. The integrated strategy used in the study of LWDHP could be applied for the identification of other CPM as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huali Long
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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Sobolevsky T, Ahrens B. High-throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay as initial testing procedure for analysis of total urinary fraction. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:283-298. [PMID: 32852861 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, a lot of effort was put into the development of multiclass initial testing procedures (ITP) to streamline analytical workflow in antidoping laboratories. Here, a high-throughput assay based on liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry suitable for use as initial testing procedure covering multiple classes of compounds prohibited in sports is described. Employing a 96-well plate packed with 10 mg of weak cation exchange polymeric sorbent, up to 94 urine samples and their associated positive and negative controls can be processed in less than 3 h with minimal labor. The assay requires a 0.5-ml urine aliquot, which is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis followed by solid phase extraction, evaporation, and reconstitution in a 96-well collection plate. With a 10-min run time, more than 100 analytes can be detected using electrospray ionization with polarity switching. The assay can be run nearly 24/7 with minimal downtime for instrument maintenance while detecting picogram amounts for the majority of analytes. Having analyzed approximately 28,000 samples, nearly 400 adverse analytical findings were found of which only one tenth were at or above 50% of the minimum required performance level established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Compounds most often identified were stanozolol, GW1516, ostarine, LGD4033, and clomiphene, with median estimated concentrations in the range of 0.02-0.09 ng/ml (either as parent drug or a metabolite). Our data demonstrate the importance of using a highly sensitive ITP to ensure efficient antidoping testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ali A, Jan NU, Ali S, Ahmad B, Ali A, Samrana S, Jahan A, Ali H, Khan IA, Rahim H, Ali I, Kifayatullah M, Amin F. Steroidal alkaloids efficient aromatase inhibitors with potential for the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:233-239. [PMID: 31584741 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products are of great interest due to their diversity in modern drug discovery. Sarcococca saligna has been used for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was aimed at isolating phytochemical constituents including Alkaloid-C (a), Dictyophlebine (b), Sarcovagine-D (c) and Saracodine (d) Holaphylline (e) from Sarcococca saligna to investigate the anticancer effect of these compounds. These compounds were evaluated for inhibition of aromatase enzyme of breast cancer in assistance by molecular docking simulations to understand molecular interaction between the enzyme and ligands. The IC50 values of compound 1 and 5 were found 138.27 ± 0.01 µl and 12.91 ± 0.01 µl, respectively, and both were found active due to their bulky structures in comparison to the active site of aromatase enzyme. The standard drug exemestane showed potent activity in comparison with the test compounds, having IC50 values of 0.052 ± 0.01 µl. Both compounds showed favorable electrostatic interactions with the active site of aromatase enzyme but the shape and steric bulk of the compounds was the limiting factor in their inhibitory effects. New lead compounds could be generated after extensive modifications guided by computational and experimental tools as a possible anticancer agents by targeting aromatase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ullah Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Ali
- Department of Physics, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Department of Vegetable Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Samrana Samrana
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Azra Jahan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ali Khan
- Department of Physics, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Rahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kifayatullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
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