1
|
Zhou Y, Dong H, Fan J, Zhu M, Liu L, Wang Y, Tang P, Chen X. Cytochrome P450 2B6 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzyme-Mediated Clearance of Ciprofol (HSK3486) in Humans: The Role of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:106-117. [PMID: 38071562 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciprofol (HSK3486) is a novel intravenous agent for general anesthesia. In humans, HSK3486 mainly undergoes glucuronidation to form M4 [fraction of clearance (fCL): 62.6%], followed by the formation of monohydroxylated metabolites that further undergo glucuronidation and sulfation to produce M5-1, M5-2, M5-3, and M3 (summed fCL: 35.2%). However, the complete metabolic pathways of HSK3486 in humans remain unclear. In this study, by comparison with chemically synthesized reference standards, three monohydroxylated metabolites [M7-1, 4-hydroxylation with an unbound intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) of 2211 μl/min/mg; M7-2, ω-hydroxylation with a CLint,u of 600 μl/min/mg; and M7-3, (ω-1)-hydroxylation with a CLint,u of 78.4 μl/min/mg] were identified in human liver microsomes, and CYP2B6 primarily catalyzed their formation. In humans, M7-1 was shown to undergo glucuronidation at the 4-position and 1-position by multiple UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) to produce M5-1 and M5-3, respectively, or was metabolized to M3 by cytosolic sulfotransferases. M7-2 was glucuronidated at the ω position by UGT1A9, 2B4, and 2B7 to form M5-2. UGT1A9 predominantly catalyzed the glucuronidation of HSK3486 (M4). The CLint,u values for M4 formation in human liver and kidney microsomes were 1028 and 3407 μl/min/mg, respectively. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation analysis suggested that renal glucuronidation contributed approximately 31.4% of the combined clearance. In addition to HSK3486 glucuronidation (M4), 4-hydroxylation (M7-1) was identified as another crucial oxidative metabolic pathway (fCL: 34.5%). Further attention should be paid to the impact of CYP2B6- and UGT1A9-mediated drug interactions and gene polymorphisms on the exposure and efficacy of HSK3486. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This research elucidates the major oxidative metabolic pathways of HSK3486 (the formation of three monohydroxylated metabolites: M7-1, M7-2, M7-3) as well as definitive structures and formation pathways of these monohydroxylated metabolites and their glucuronides or sulfate in humans. This research also identifies major metabolizing enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation (UGT1A9) and oxidation (CYP2B6) of HSK3486 and characterizes the mechanism of extrahepatic metabolism. The above information is helpful in guiding the safe use of HSK3486 in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Z., L.L., Y.W., X.C.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., X.C.); Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (H.D., J.F., M.Z., P.T.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Hongjiao Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Z., L.L., Y.W., X.C.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., X.C.); Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (H.D., J.F., M.Z., P.T.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Jiang Fan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Z., L.L., Y.W., X.C.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., X.C.); Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (H.D., J.F., M.Z., P.T.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Z., L.L., Y.W., X.C.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., X.C.); Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (H.D., J.F., M.Z., P.T.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Z., L.L., Y.W., X.C.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., X.C.); Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (H.D., J.F., M.Z., P.T.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Z., L.L., Y.W., X.C.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., X.C.); Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (H.D., J.F., M.Z., P.T.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Pingming Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Z., L.L., Y.W., X.C.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., X.C.); Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (H.D., J.F., M.Z., P.T.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Z., L.L., Y.W., X.C.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., X.C.); Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (H.D., J.F., M.Z., P.T.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang W, Zhang Q, Cao Z, Zheng L, Hu W. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Neonates: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2765. [PMID: 38140105 PMCID: PMC10747965 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational drug use in special populations is a clinical problem that doctors and pharma-cists must consider seriously. Neonates are the most physiologically immature and vulnerable to drug dosing. There is a pronounced difference in the anatomical and physiological profiles be-tween neonates and older people, affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in vivo, ultimately leading to changes in drug concentration. Thus, dose adjustments in neonates are necessary to achieve adequate therapeutic concentrations and avoid drug toxicity. Over the past few decades, modeling and simulation techniques, especially physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, have been increasingly used in pediatric drug development and clinical therapy. This rigorously designed and verified model can effectively compensate for the deficiencies of clinical trials in neonates, provide a valuable reference for clinical research design, and even replace some clinical trials to predict drug plasma concentrations in newborns. This review introduces previous findings regarding age-dependent physiological changes and pathological factors affecting neonatal pharmacokinetics, along with their research means. The application of PBPK modeling in neonatal pharmacokinetic studies of various medications is also reviewed. Based on this, we propose future perspectives on neonatal PBPK modeling and hope for its broader application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xue J, Yin J, Nie J, Jiang H, Zhang H, Zeng S. Heterodimerization of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 Alters Their Glucuronidation Activities. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1499-1507. [PMID: 37643881 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) play a pivotal role as prominent phase II metabolic enzymes, mediating the glucuronidation of both endobiotics and xenobiotics. Dimerization greatly modulates the enzymatic activities of UGTs. In this study, we examined the influence of three mutations (H35A, H268Y, and N68A/N315A) and four truncations (signal peptide, single transmembrane helix, cytosolic tail, and di-lysine motif) in UGT2B7 on its heterodimerization with wild-type UGT1A9, using a Bac-to-Bac expression system. We employed quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques and co-immunoprecipitation assays to evaluate the formation of heterodimers between UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 allozymes. Furthermore, we evaluated the glucuronidation activities of the heterodimers using zidovudine and propofol as substrates for UGT2B7 and UGT1A9, respectively. Our findings revealed that the histidine residue at codon 35 was involved in the dimeric interaction, as evidenced by the FRET efficiencies and catalytic activities. Interestingly, the signal peptide and single transmembrane helix domain of UGT2B7 had no impact on the protein-protein interaction. These results provide valuable insights for a comprehensive understanding of UGT1A9/UGT2B7 heterodimer formation and its association with glucuronidation activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our findings revealed that the H35A mutation in UGT2B7 affected the affinity of protein-protein interaction, leading to discernable variations in fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiencies and catalytic activity. Furthermore, the signal peptide and single transmembrane helix domain of UGT2B7 did not influence heterodimer formation. These results provide valuable insights into the combined effects of polymorphisms and protein-protein interactions on the catalytic activity of UGT1A9 and UGT2B7, enhancing our understanding of UGT dimerization and its impact on metabolite formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Jiayi Yin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Jing Nie
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Milani N, Qiu N, Fowler S. Contribution of UGT Enzymes to Human Drug Metabolism Stereoselectivity: A Case Study of Medetomidine, RO5263397, Propranolol, and Testosterone. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:306-317. [PMID: 36810196 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantiomeric forms of chiral compounds have identical physical properties but may vary greatly in their metabolism by individual enzymes. Enantioselectivity in UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) metabolism has been reported for a number of compounds and with different UGT isoforms involved. However, the impact of such individual enzyme results on overall clearance stereoselectivity is often not clear. The enantiomers of medetomidine, RO5263397, and propranolol and the epimers testosterone and epitestosterone exhibit more than a 10-fold difference in glucuronidation rates by individual UGT enzymes. In this study, we examined the translation of human UGT stereoselectivity to hepatic drug clearance considering the combination of multiple UGTs to overall glucuronidation, the contribution of other metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450s (P450s), and the potential for differences in protein binding and blood/plasma partitioning. For medetomidine and RO5263397, the high individual enzyme (UGT2B10) enantioselectivity translated into ∼3- to >10-fold differences in predicted human hepatic in vivo clearance. For propranolol, the UGT enantioselectivity was irrelevant in the context of high P450 metabolism. For testosterone, a complex picture emerged due to differential epimeric selectivity of various contributing enzymes and potential for extrahepatic metabolism. Quite different patterns of P450- and UGT-mediated metabolism were observed across species, as well as differences in stereoselectivity, indicating that extrapolation from human enzyme and tissue data are essential when predicting human clearance enantioselectivity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Individual enzyme stereoselectivity illustrates the importance of three-dimensional drug-metabolizing enzyme-substrate interactions and is essential when considering the clearance of racemic drugs. However, translation from in vitro to in vivo can be challenging as contributions from multiple enzymes and enzyme classes must be combined with protein binding and blood/plasma partitioning data to estimate the net intrinsic clearance for each enantiomer. Preclinical species may be misleading as enzyme involvement and metabolism stereoselectivity can differ substantially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Milani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., S.F.) and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M.)
| | - NaHong Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., S.F.) and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M.)
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., S.F.) and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pagare P, Obeng S, Huang B, Marcus MM, Nicholson KL, Townsend AE, Banks ML, Zhang Y. Preclinical Characterization and Development on NAQ as a Mu Opioid Receptor Partial Agonist for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1197-1209. [PMID: 36407950 PMCID: PMC9667545 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mu opioid receptor (MOR) selective antagonists and partial agonists have clinical utility for the treatment of opioid use disorders (OUDs). However, the development of many has suffered due to their poor pharmacokinetic properties and/or rapid metabolism. Our recent efforts to identify MOR modulators have provided 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3-carboxamido)morphinan (NAQ), a low-efficacy partial agonist, that showed sub-nanomolar binding affinity to the MOR (K i 0.6 nM) with selectivity over the delta opioid receptor (δ/μ 241) and the kappa opioid receptor (κ/μ 48). Its potent inhibition of the analgesic effect of morphine (AD50 0.46 mg/kg) and precipitation of significantly less withdrawal symptoms even at 100-fold greater dose than naloxone represents a promising molecule for further development as a novel OUD therapeutic agent. Therefore, further in vitro and in vivo characterization of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties was conducted to fully understand its pharmaceutical profile. NAQ showed favorable in vitro ADMET properties and no off-target binding to several classes of GPCRs, enzymes, and ion channels. Following intravenous administration, 1 mg/kg dose of NAQ showed a similar in vivo pharmacokinetic profile to naloxone; however, orally administered 10 mg/kg NAQ demonstrated significantly improved oral bioavailability over both naloxone and naltrexone. Abuse liability assessment of NAQ in rats demonstrated that NAQ functioned as a less potent reinforcer than heroin. Chronic 5 day NAQ pretreatment decreased heroin self-administration in a heroin-vs-food choice procedure similar to the clinically used MOR partial agonist buprenorphine. Taken together, these studies provide evidence supporting NAQ as a promising lead to develop novel OUD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha
P. Pagare
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23298-0540, United States
| | - Samuel Obeng
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23298-0540, United States
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23298-0540, United States
| | - Madison M. Marcus
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia23298-0613, United States
| | - Katherine L. Nicholson
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia23298-0613, United States
| | - Andrew E. Townsend
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia23298-0613, United States
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia23298-0613, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23298-0540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mizutare T, Sanoh S, Kanazu T, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Improved Predictability of Hepatic Clearance with Optimal pH for Acyl-Glucuronidation in Liver Microsomes. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3165-3173. [PMID: 35995204 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal pH for acyl-glucuronidation formation with carboxylic acid-containing compounds in human and rat liver microsomes to improve the predictability of their hepatic clearance. The optimal pH for acyl-glucuronidation of all 17 compounds was around pH 6.0 in human and rat liver microsomes. Correlation analysis was done with the predicted in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint,in vitro) and in vivo intrinsic clearance (CLint,in vivo) calculated from available reported data of total clearance (CLtot) of 11 compounds in humans. For 8 of the 11 compounds, under the pH 6.0 condition, the CLint,in vitro were within 1/3 to 3-fold error of the observed CLint,in vivo whereas, the error was within 1/3 to 3-fold of the observed CLint,in vivo for only 3 of the 11 under the pH 7.4 condition. The intracellular pH in human and rat hepatocytes decreased in the presence of a carboxylic acid-containing compound. These findings suggest that acyl-glucuronidation in liver microsomes at pH 6.0 is closer to physiological conditions in the presence of carboxylic acid compounds, and thus, use of this pH condition is important for physiological interpretation and predictability of intrinsic clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mizutare
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Takushi Kanazu
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xue J, Zhang H, Zeng S. Integrate thermostabilized fusion protein apocytochrome b562RIL and N-glycosylation mutations: A novel approach to heterologous expression of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:965038. [PMID: 36034790 PMCID: PMC9412022 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.965038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 is a crucial phase II metabolic enzyme that transfers glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) to endobiotic and xenobiotic substrates. Biophysical and biochemical investigations of UGT2B7 are hampered by the challenge of the integral membrane protein purification. This study focused on the expression and purification of recombinant UGT2B7 by optimizing the insertion sites for the thermostabilized fusion protein apocytochrome b562RIL (BRIL) and various mutations to improve the protein yields and homogeneity. Preparation of the recombinant proteins with high purity accelerated the measurement of pharmacokinetic parameters of UGT2B7. The dissociation constants (KD) of two classical substrates (zidovudine and androsterone) and two inhibitors (schisanhenol and hesperetin) of UGT2B7 were determined using the surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) for the first time. Using negative-staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UGT2B7 protein particles were characterized, which could be useful for further exploring its three-dimensional structure. The methods described in this study could be broadly applied to other UGTs and are expected to provide the basis for the exploration of metabolic enzyme kinetics, the mechanisms of drug metabolisms and drug interactions, changes in pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics studies in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Haitao Zhang, ; Su Zeng,
| | - Su Zeng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Haitao Zhang, ; Su Zeng,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmed AN, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Barber J, Al-Majdoub ZM. Examining Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model Assumptions for Cross-Tissue Similarity of Kcat: The Case Example of Uridine 5'-diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1119-1125. [PMID: 35636771 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The default assumption during in vitro in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) to predict metabolic clearance in physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) is that protein expression and activity have the same relationship in various tissues. This assumption is examined for uridine 5'-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), a case example where expression and, hence, metabolic activity are distributed across various tissues. Our literature analysis presents overwhelming evidence of a greater UGT activity per unit of enzyme (higher kcat) in kidney and intestinal tissues relative to liver (greater than 200-fold for UGT2B7). This analysis is based on application of abundance values reported using similar proteomic techniques and within the same laboratory. Our findings call into question the practice of assuming similar kcat during IVIVE estimations as part of PBPK, and call for a systematic assessment of the kcat of various enzymes across different organs. The analysis focused on compiling data for probe substrates that were common for two or more of the studied tissues, to allow for reliable comparison of cross-tissue enzyme kinetics; this meant that UGT enzymes included in the study were limited to UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7. Significantly, UGT1A9 (n=24) and the liver (n=27) were each found to account for around half of the total dataset; these were found to correlate, with hepatic UGT1A9 data found in 15 of the studies, highlighting the need for more research into extrahepatic tissues and other UGT isoforms. Significance Statement During PBPK modelling (in vitro in vivo extrapolation) of drug clearance, the default assumption is that the activity per unit of enzyme (kcat) is the same in all tissues. The analysis provides preliminary evidence that this may not be the case, and that renal and intestinal tissues may have almost 250-fold greater UGT activity per unit of enzyme than liver tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika N Ahmed
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research,, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Systems Pharmacology, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Barber
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Robin S, Hassine KB, Muthukumaran J, Jurkovic Mlakar S, Krajinovic M, Nava T, Uppugunduri CRS, Ansari M. A potential implication of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 in the detoxification of drugs used in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting: an in silico investigation. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:5. [PMID: 35062878 PMCID: PMC8781437 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sinusoidal occlusion syndrome (SOS) is a potentially severe complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric patients. Treatment related risk factors such as intensity of conditioning, hepatotoxic co-medication and patient related factors such as genetic variants predispose individuals to develop SOS. The variant allele for SNP rs17146905 in UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 2B10 (UGT2B10) gene was correlated with the occurrence of SOS in an exome-wide association study. UGT2B10 is a phase II drug metabolizing enzyme involved in the N-glucuronidation of tertiary amine containing drugs. Methods To shed light on the functionality of UGT2B10 enzyme in the metabolism of drugs used in pediatric HSCT setting, we performed in silico screening against custom based library of putative ligands. First, a list of potential substrates for in silico analysis was prepared using a systematic consensus-based strategy. The list comprised of drugs and their metabolites used in pediatric HSCT setting. The three-dimensional structure of UGT2B10 was not available from the Research Collaboratory Structural Bioinformatics - Protein Data Bank (RCSB - PDB) repository and thus we predicted the first human UGT2B10 3D model by using multiple template homology modeling with MODELLER Version 9.2 and molecular docking calculations with AutoDock Vina Version 1.2 were implemented to quantify the estimated binding affinity between selected putative substrates or ligands and UGT2B10. Finally, we performed molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS Version 5.1.4 to confirm the potential UGT2B10 ligands prioritized after molecular docking (exhibiting negative free binding energy). Results Four potential ligands for UGT2B10 namely acetaminophen, lorazepam, mycophenolic acid and voriconazole n-oxide intermediate were identified. Other metabolites of voriconazole satisfied the criteria of being possible ligands of UGT2B10. Except for bilirubin and 4-Hydroxy Voriconazole, all the ligands (particularly voriconazole and hydroxy voriconazole) are oriented in substrate binding site close to the co-factor UDP (mean ± SD; 0.72 ± 0.33 nm). Further in vitro screening of the putative ligands prioritized by in silico pipeline is warranted to understand the nature of the ligands either as inhibitors or substrates of UGT2B10. Conclusions These results may indicate the clinical and pharmacological relevance UGT2B10 in pediatric HSCT setting. With this systematic computational methodology, we provide a rational-, time-, and cost-effective way to identify and prioritize the interesting putative substrates or inhibitors of UGT2B10 for further testing in in vitro experiments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-021-00402-5.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mullapudi TVR, Ravi PR, Thipparapu G. UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 activity and inhibition in human liver and intestinal microsomes and a recombinant UGT system under similar assay conditions using selective substrates and inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1236-1246. [PMID: 34698602 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1998732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro enzyme kinetics and inhibition data was compared for UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 isoforms under similar assay conditions using human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestinal microsomes (HIM) and recombinant UGT (rUGT) enzyme systems.UGT1A1 catalysed β-estradiol 3-β-D-glucuronide formation showed allosteric sigmoidal kinetics in all enzyme systems; while UGT1A3 catalysed CDCA 24-acyl-β-D-glucuronide formation exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics in HLM, substrate inhibition kinetics in HIM and rUGT systems. Corresponding Km or S50 concentrations of β-estradiol and CDCA were employed in the respective UGT inhibition studies.Atazanavir inhibited the production of β-estradiol 3-β-D-glucuronide with IC50 values of 0.54 µM and 0.16 µM in HLM and rUGT1A1, respectively. But its inhibition potential was not observed in HIM, indicating potential cross-talk with other high-affinity intestinal UGT isozymes. On the other hand, zafirlukast, a pan UGT inhibitor, exhibited moderate inhibition in HIM with an IC50 value of 16.70 µM. Lithocholic acid, inhibited the production of CDCA 24-acyl-β-D-glucuronide with IC50 values of 1.68, 1.84, and 12.42 µM in HLM, rUGT1A3, and HIM, respectively.These results indicated that HLM, HIM, and rUGTs may be used as complementary in vitro systems to evaluate hepatic and intestinal UGT mediated DDIs at the screening stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T V Radhakrishna Mullapudi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India.,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, PharmaJen Laboratories Private Limited, A209 Technology Business Incubator, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Punna Rao Ravi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ganapathi Thipparapu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, PharmaJen Laboratories Private Limited, A209 Technology Business Incubator, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reddy MB, Bolger MB, Fraczkiewicz G, Del Frari L, Luo L, Lukacova V, Mitra A, Macwan JS, Mullin JM, Parrott N, Heikkinen AT. PBPK Modeling as a Tool for Predicting and Understanding Intestinal Metabolism of Uridine 5'-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase Substrates. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091325. [PMID: 34575401 PMCID: PMC8468656 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in the small intestines, but prediction of first-pass extraction from the related metabolism is not well studied. This work assesses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling as a tool for predicting intestinal metabolism due to UGTs in the human gastrointestinal tract. Available data for intestinal UGT expression levels and in vitro approaches that can be used to predict intestinal metabolism of UGT substrates are reviewed. Human PBPK models for UGT substrates with varying extents of UGT-mediated intestinal metabolism (lorazepam, oxazepam, naloxone, zidovudine, cabotegravir, raltegravir, and dolutegravir) have demonstrated utility for predicting the extent of intestinal metabolism. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of UGT1A1 substrates dolutegravir and raltegravir with UGT1A1 inhibitor atazanavir have been simulated, and the role of intestinal metabolism in these clinical DDIs examined. Utility of an in silico tool for predicting substrate specificity for UGTs is discussed. Improved in vitro tools to study metabolism for UGT compounds, such as coculture models for low clearance compounds and better understanding of optimal conditions for in vitro studies, may provide an opportunity for improved in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and prospective predictions. PBPK modeling shows promise as a useful tool for predicting intestinal metabolism for UGT substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela B. Reddy
- Early Clinical Development, Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Pfizer, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-842-4123
| | - Michael B. Bolger
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Grace Fraczkiewicz
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | | | - Laibin Luo
- Material & Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA;
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Springhouse, PA 19477, USA;
| | - Joyce S. Macwan
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jim M. Mullin
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rong Y, Kiang TKL. Characterizations of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes in the Conjugation of p-Cresol. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:285-296. [PMID: 32421801 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p-Cresol is a uremic toxin that is formed by intestinal microbiota and extensively conjugated by first-pass metabolism. p-Cresol glucuronide exerts various forms of cellular toxicity in vitro and is accumulated in the plasma of subjects with kidney disease, where associations with adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes are evident. The objective of this study was to determine the contributions of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in the formation of p-cresol glucuronide. Utilizing commonly expressed hepatic or renal human recombinant UGTs (ie, hrUGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B15, and 2B17), hrUGT1A6 and hrUGT1A9 exhibited the highest catalytic activities in the generation of p-cresol glucuronide. The kinetics of p-cresol glucuronide formation in hrUGT1A6 and pooled human liver microsomes were best described by the Hill equation and in hrUGT1A9 and pooled human kidney microsomes by substrate inhibition. Using inhibitory and selective UGT inhibitors (ie, acetaminophen or amentoflavone for UGT1A6 and niflumic acid for UGT1A9), UGT1A6 was identified the predominant enzyme responsible for p-cresol glucuronide production in pooled human liver (78.4%-81.3% contribution) and kidney (54.3%-62.9%) microsomes, whereas UGT1A9 provided minor contributions (2.8% and 35.5%, respectively). The relative contributions of UGT1A6 (72.6 ± 11.3%, mean ± SD) and UGT1A9 (5.7 ± 4.1%) in individual human liver microsomes from 12 adult donors were highly variable, where an inverse association (R = -.784, p = .003) between UGT1A6 contribution and UGT1A9 probe substrate activity (ie, mycophenolic acid) was evident. Our novel findings provide valuable tools for conducting further mechanistic studies and for designing clinical interventions to mitigate the toxicities associated with p-cresol glucuronide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Tony K L Kiang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang K, Jiang K, Wei X, Li Y, Wang T, Song Y. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models Are Effective Support for Pediatric Drug Development. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:208. [PMID: 34312742 PMCID: PMC8312709 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric drug development faces many difficulties. Traditionally, pediatric drug doses are simply calculated linearly based on the body weight, age, and body surface area of adults. Due to the ontogeny of children, this simple linear scaling may lead to drug overdose in pediatric patients. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, as a mathematical model, contributes to the research and development of pediatric drugs. An example of a PBPK model guiding drug dose selection in pediatrics has emerged and has been approved by the relevant regulatory agencies. In this review, we discuss the principle of the PBPK model, emphasize the necessity of establishing a pediatric PBPK model, introduce the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the pediatric PBPK model, and understand the various applications and related prospects of the pediatric PBPK model.
Collapse
|
14
|
Glucuronides Hydrolysis by Intestinal Microbial β-Glucuronidases (GUS) Is Affected by Sampling, Enzyme Preparation, Buffer pH, and Species. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071043. [PMID: 34371734 PMCID: PMC8309147 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucuronides hydrolysis by intestinal microbial β-Glucuronidases (GUS) is an important procedure for many endogenous and exogenous compounds. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of experimental conditions on glucuronide hydrolysis by intestinal microbial GUS. Standard probe 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and a natural glucuronide wogonoside were used as the model compounds. Feces collection time, buffer conditions, interindividual, and species variations were evaluated by incubating the substrates with enzymes. The relative reaction activity of pNPG, reaction rates, and reaction kinetics for wogonoside were calculated. Fresh feces showed the highest hydrolysis activities. Sonication increased total protein yield during enzyme preparation. The pH of the reaction system increased the activity in 0.69–1.32-fold, 2.9–12.9-fold, and 0.28–1.56-fold for mouse, rat, and human at three different concentrations of wogonoside, respectively. The Vmax for wogonoside hydrolysis was 2.37 ± 0.06, 4.48 ± 0.11, and 5.17 ± 0.16 μmol/min/mg and Km was 6.51 ± 0.71, 3.04 ± 0.34, and 0.34 ± 0.047 μM for mouse, rat, and human, respectively. The inter-individual difference was significant (4–6-fold) using inbred rats as the model animal. Fresh feces should be used to avoid activity loss and sonication should be utilized in enzyme preparation to increase hydrolysis activity. The buffer pH should be appropriate according to the species. Inter-individual and species variations were significant.
Collapse
|
15
|
Takahashi RH, Forrest WF, Smith AD, Badee J, Qiu N, Schmidt S, Collier AC, Parrott N, Fowler S. Characterization of Hepatic UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzyme Abundance-Activity Correlations and Population Variability Using a Proteomics Approach and Comparison with Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:760-769. [PMID: 34187837 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of ten major drug-metabolizing UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in a panel of 130 human hepatic microsomal samples was measured using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based approach. Simultaneously, ten cytochromes P450 and P450 reductase were also measured, and activity-expression relationships were assessed for comparison. The resulting data sets demonstrated that, with the exception of UGT2B17, 10th to 90th percentiles of UGT expression spanned 3- to 8-fold ranges. These ranges were small relative to ranges of reported mean UGT enzyme expression across different laboratories. We tested correlation of UGT expression with enzymatic activities using selective probe substrates. A high degree of abundance-activity correlation (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient > 0.6) was observed for UGT1As (1A1, 3, 4, 6) and cytochromes P450. In contrast, protein abundance and activity did not correlate strongly for UGT1A9 and UGT2B enzymes (2B4, 7, 10, 15, and 17). Protein abundance was strongly correlated for UGTs 2B7, 2B10, and 2B15. We suggest a number of factors may contribute to these differences including incomplete selectivity of probe substrates, correlated expression of these UGT2B isoforms, and the impact of splice and polymorphic variants on the peptides used in proteomics analysis, and exemplify this in the case of UGT2B10. Extensive correlation analyses identified important criteria for validating the fidelity of proteomics and enzymatic activity approaches for assessing UGT variability, population differences, and ontogenetic changes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Protein expression data allow detailed assessment of interindividual variability and enzyme ontogeny. This study has observed that expression and enzyme activity are well correlated for hepatic UGT1A enzymes and cytochromes P450. However, for the UGT2B family, caution is advised when assuming correlation of expression and activity as is often done in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. This can be due to incomplete probe substrate specificities, but may also be related to presence of inactive UGT protein materials and the effect of splicing variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Takahashi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| | - William F Forrest
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| | - Alexander D Smith
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| | - Justine Badee
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| | - NaHong Qiu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| | - Abby C Collier
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (R.H.T.) and Department of OMNI Bioinformatics (W.F.F.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B., S.S.); Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (N.Q., N.P., S.F.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.D.S., A.C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang K, Que L, Ding Y, Chu N, Qian Z, Qin W, Chen Y, Zhang J, He Q. Identification of human uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms responsible for the glucuronidation of 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-carbazepine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:388-397. [PMID: 33793880 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the kinetics of the formation of 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-carbazepine (MHD)-O-glucuronide in human liver microsomes (HLMs), human intestine microsomes (HIMs), human kidney microsomes (HKMs) and recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs), and identify the primary UGT isoforms catalyzing the glucuronidation of MHD. METHODS The kinetics of the glucuronidation of MHD was determined in HLMs, HIMs as well as HKMs. Screening assays with 13 recombinant human UGTs, inhibition studies and correlation analysis were performed to identify the main UGTs involved in the glucuronidation of MHD. KEY FINDINGS MHD-O-glucuronide was formed in HLMs, HIMs as well as HKMs, HLMs showed the highest intrinsic clearance of MHD. Among 13 recombinant human UGTs, UGT2B7 and UGT1A9 were identified to be the principal UGT isoforms mediating the glucuronidation of MHD, while UGT1A4 played a partial role. In addition, inhibition studies and correlation analysis further confirmed that UGT2B7 and UGT1A9 participated in the formation of MHD-O-glucuronide. CONCLUSIONS MHD could be metabolized by UGTs in the liver, intestine and kidney, and the hepatic glucuronidation was the critical metabolic pathway. UGT2B7 and UGT1A9 were the primary UGT isoforms mediating the formation of MHD-O-glucuronide in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Linling Que
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Nannan Chu
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenzhong Qian
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanxing Chen
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou J, Argikar UA, Miners JO. Enzyme Kinetics of Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:301-338. [PMID: 34272700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), is an important process for the metabolism and clearance of many lipophilic chemicals, including drugs, environmental chemicals, and endogenous compounds. Glucuronidation is a bisubstrate reaction that requires the aglycone and the cofactor, UDP-GlcUA. Accumulating evidence suggests that the bisubstrate reaction follows a compulsory-order ternary mechanism. To simplify the kinetic modeling of glucuronidation reactions in vitro, UDP-GlcUA is usually added to incubations in large excess. Many factors have been shown to influence UGT activity and kinetics in vitro, and these must be accounted for during experimental design and data interpretation. While the assessment of drug-drug interactions resulting from UGT inhibition has been challenging in the past, the increasing availability of UGT enzyme-selective substrate and inhibitor "probes" provides the prospect for more reliable reaction phenotyping and assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Although extrapolation of the in vitro intrinsic clearance of a glucuronidated drug often underpredicts in vivo clearance, careful selection of in vitro experimental conditions and inclusion of extrahepatic glucuronidation may improve the predictivity of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has also shown to be of value for predicting PK of drugs eliminated by glucuronidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
van Groen BD, Pilla Reddy V, Badée J, Olivares‐Morales A, Johnson TN, Nicolaï J, Annaert P, Smits A, de Wildt SN, Knibbe CAJ, de Zwart L. Pediatric Pharmacokinetics and Dose Predictions: A Report of a Satellite Meeting to the 10th Juvenile Toxicity Symposium. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:29-35. [PMID: 32702198 PMCID: PMC7877839 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On April 24, 2019, a symposium on Pediatric Pharmacokinetics and Dose Predictions was held as a satellite meeting to the 10th Juvenile Toxicity Symposium. This symposium brought together scientists from academia, industry, and clinical research organizations with the aim to update each other on the current knowledge on pediatric drug development. Through more knowledge on specific ontogeny profiles of drug metabolism and transporter proteins, integrated into physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, we have gained a more integrated understanding of age-related differences in pharmacokinetics (PKs), Relevant examples were presented during the meeting. PBPK may be considered the gold standard for pediatric PK prediction, but still it is important to know that simpler methods, such as allometry, allometry combined with maturation function, functions based on the elimination pathway, or linear models, also perform well, depending on the age range or the mechanisms involved. Knowledge from different methods and information sources should be combined (e.g., microdosing can reveal early read-out of age-related differences in exposure), and such results can be a value to verify models. To further establish best practices for dose setting in pediatrics, more in vitro and in vivo research is needed on aspects such as age-related changes in the exposure-response relationship and the impact of disease on PK. New information coupled with the refining of model-based drug development approaches will allow faster targeting of intended age groups and allow more efficient design of pediatric clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca D. van Groen
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric SurgeryErasmus MC‐Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Roche Pharma and Early Development (pRED)Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Justine Badée
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems PharmacologyDepartment of PharmaceuticsUniversity of Florida at Lake NonaOrlandoFloridaUSA
- Modelling & SimulationNovartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Johan Nicolaï
- Development ScienceUCB BioPharma SRLBraine‐l’AlleudBelgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and DispositionKU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesLeuvenBelgium
| | - Anne Smits
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Development and RegenerationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Saskia N. de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric SurgeryErasmus MC‐Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Catherijne A. J. Knibbe
- Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical PharmacySt. Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinThe Netherlands
| | - Loeckie de Zwart
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsJanssen R&D, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miners JO, Rowland A, Novak JJ, Lapham K, Goosen TC. Evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of human drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase reaction phenotyping. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107689. [PMID: 32980440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily contribute to the elimination of drugs from almost all therapeutic classes. Awareness of the importance of glucuronidation as a drug clearance mechanism along with increased knowledge of the enzymology of drug and chemical metabolism has stimulated interest in the development and application of approaches for the characterisation of human drug glucuronidation in vitro, in particular reaction phenotyping (the fractional contribution of the individual UGT enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of a given drug), assessment of metabolic stability, and UGT enzyme inhibition by drugs and other xenobiotics. In turn, this has permitted the implementation of in vitro - in vivo extrapolation approaches for the prediction of drug metabolic clearance, intestinal availability, and drug-drug interaction liability, all of which are of considerable importance in pre-clinical drug development. Indeed, regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA) require UGT reaction phenotyping for new chemical entities if glucuronidation accounts for ≥25% of total metabolism. In vitro studies are most commonly performed with recombinant UGT enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLM) as the enzyme sources. Despite the widespread use of in vitro approaches for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation by HLM and recombinant enzymes, evidence-based guidelines relating to experimental approaches are lacking. Here we present evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro, and for UGT reaction phenotyping. We anticipate that the strategies will inform practice, encourage development of standardised experimental procedures where feasible, and guide ongoing research in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Badée J, Qiu N, Collier AC, Takahashi RH, Forrest WF, Parrott N, Schmidt S, Fowler S. Characterization of the Ontogeny of Hepatic UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes Based on Glucuronidation Activity Measured in Human Liver Microsomes. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 59 Suppl 1:S42-S55. [PMID: 31502688 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the postnatal development of hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes is required for accurate prediction of the age-dependent changes in pharmacokinetics of many drugs used in children. However, the maturation rate of hepatic UGT isoforms remains a major knowledge gap. This study aimed to establish the age-associated changes in glucuronidation activity of 10 major hepatic UGT isoforms in humans, namely, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17. Human liver microsomes from pediatric and adult donors were incubated under optimized incubation conditions to assess the activity rates of hepatic UGT isoforms using a panel of 19 in vitro UGT probe substrates and clinically used drugs. Statistically strong correlations of glucuronidation activities allowed the ontogeny of UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, and UGT2B15 to be established using multiple selective UGT substrates and matched human liver microsome samples. The postnatal development of hepatic UGTs is isoform-dependent using either individual or cross-correlated selective isoform substrates. Maximal adult activity was reached at different times ranging from within a month (UGT1A1, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, and UGT2B15), during infancy (UGT1A3, UGT1A4, and UGT1A9), to adolescence (UGT1A6 and UGT2B17). This study provides an extensive characterization of the postnatal ontogeny profiles of hepatic UGT enzymes that are instrumental for predicting drug disposition via in vitro-in vivo extrapolation algorithms and verifying pharmacokinetic predictions against in vivo observations via pediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in pediatric patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Badée
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Nahong Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abby C Collier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan H Takahashi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William F Forrest
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Industrial Approach to Determine the Relative Contribution of Seven Major UGT Isoforms to Hepatic Glucuronidation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2309-2320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
22
|
Schijvens AM, de Wildt SN, Schreuder MF. Pharmacokinetics in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:1153-1172. [PMID: 31375913 PMCID: PMC7248054 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In children, the main causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are congenital diseases and glomerular disorders. CKD is associated with multiple physiological changes and may therefore influence various pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. A well-known consequence of CKD on pharmacokinetics is a reduction in renal clearance due to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. The impact of renal impairment on pharmacokinetics is, however, not limited to a decreased elimination of drugs excreted by the kidney. In fact, renal dysfunction may lead to modifications in absorption, distribution, transport, and metabolism as well. Currently, insufficient evidence is available to guide dosing decisions on many commonly used drugs. Moreover, the impact of maturation on drug disposition and action should be taken into account when selecting and dosing drugs in the pediatric population. Clinicians should take PK changes into consideration when selecting and dosing drugs in pediatric CKD patients in order to avoid toxicity and increase efficiency of drugs in this population. The aim of this review is to summarize known PK changes in relation to CKD and to extrapolate available knowledge to the pediatric CKD population to provide guidance for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Schijvens
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Milani N, Qiu N, Molitor B, Badée J, Cruciani G, Fowler S. Use of Phenotypically Poor Metabolizer Individual Donor Human Liver Microsomes To Identify Selective Substrates of UGT2B10. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:176-186. [PMID: 31839590 PMCID: PMC11022891 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A4 and UGT2B10 are the human UGT isoforms most frequently involved in N-glucuronidation of drugs. UGT2B10 exhibits higher affinity than UGT1A4 for numerous substrates, making it potentially the more important enzyme for metabolism of these compounds in vivo. Clinically relevant UGT2B10 polymorphisms, including a null activity splice site mutation common in African populations, can lead to large exposure differences for UGT2B10 substrates that may limit their developability as marketed drugs. UGT phenotyping approaches using recombinantly expressed UGTs are limited by low enzyme activity and lack of validation of scaling to in vivo. In this study, we describe the use of an efficient experimental protocol for identification of UGT2B10-selective substrates (i.e., those with high fraction metabolized by UGT2B10), which exploits the activity difference between pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) and HLM from a phenotypically UGT2B10 poor metabolizer donor. Following characterization of the approach with eight known UGT2B10 substrates, we used ligand-based virtual screening and literature precedents to select 24 potential UGT2B10 substrates of 140 UGT-metabolized drugs for testing. Of these, dothiepin, cidoxepin, cyclobenzaprine, azatadine, cyproheptadine, bifonazole, and asenapine were indicated to be selective UGT2B10 substrates that have not previously been described. UGT phenotyping experiments and tests comparing conjugative and oxidative clearance were then used to confirm these findings. These approaches provide rapid and sensitive ways to evaluate whether a potential drug candidate cleared via glucuronidation will be sensitive to UGT2B10 polymorphisms in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The role of highly polymorphic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)2B10 is likely to be underestimated currently for many compounds cleared via N-glucuronidation due to high test concentrations often used in vitro and low activity of UGT2B10 preparations. The methodology described in this study can be combined with the assessment of UGT versus oxidative in vitro metabolism to rapidly identify compounds likely to be sensitive to UGT2B10 polymorphism (high fraction metabolized by UGT2B10), enabling either chemical modification or polymorphism risk assessment before candidate selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo Milani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., B.M., S.F.); Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M., G.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B.)
| | - NaHong Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., B.M., S.F.); Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M., G.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B.)
| | - Birgit Molitor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., B.M., S.F.); Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M., G.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B.)
| | - Justine Badée
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., B.M., S.F.); Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M., G.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B.)
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., B.M., S.F.); Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M., G.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B.)
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M., N.Q., B.M., S.F.); Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (N.M., G.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida (J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu C, Di L. In vitro
and
in vivo
methods to assess pharmacokinetic drug– drug interactions in drug discovery and development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:3-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lu
- Department of DMPKSanofi Company Waltham MA 02451
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and MetabolismPfizer Worldwide Research & Development Groton CT 06340
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rong Y, Kiang TKL. Mechanisms of Metabolism Interaction Between p-Cresol and Mycophenolic Acid. Toxicol Sci 2019; 173:267-279. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycophenolic acid (MPA) is commonly prescribed for preventing graft rejection after kidney transplantation. The primary metabolic pathways of MPA are hepatic glucuronidation through UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in the formation of MPA-glucuronide (MPAG, major pathway) and MPA-acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG). p-Cresol, a potent uremic toxin known to accumulate in patients with renal dysfunction, can potentially interact with MPA via the inhibition of glucuronidation. We hypothesized that the interaction between MPA and p-cresol is clinically relevant and that the estimated exposure changes in the clinic are of toxicological significance. Using in vitro approaches (ie, human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes), the potency and mechanisms of inhibition by p-cresol towards MPA glucuronidation were characterized. Inter-individual variabilities, effects of clinical co-variates, in vitro-in vivo prediction of likely changes in MPA exposure, and comparison to other toxins were determined for clinical relevance. p-Cresol inhibited MPAG formation in a potent and competitive manner (Ki=5.2 µM in pooled human liver microsomes) and the interaction was primarily mediated by UGT1A9. This interaction was estimated to increase plasma MPA exposure in patients by approximately 1.8-fold, which may result in MPA toxicity. The mechanism of inhibition for AcMPAG formation was noncompetitive (Ki=127.5 µM) and less likely to be clinically significant. p-Cresol was the most potent inhibitor of MPA-glucuronidation compared with other commonly studied uremic toxins (eg, indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid) and its metabolites (ie, p-cresol sulfate and p-cresol glucuronide). Our findings indicate that the interaction between p-cresol and MPA is of toxicological significance and warrants clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Tony K L Kiang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|