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Zhang H, Li H, Wang H, Lei S, Yan L. Overexpression of TRPM7 contributes promotesto the therapeutic effect of curcumin in treatmentprocess of wound healing through STAT3/SMAD3 signaling pathway in human fibroblasts. Burns 2022; 49:889-900. [PMID: 35850880 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Curcumin, a natural extract from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, is also known as a curcuminoid. Curcumin has been studied as a therapeutic drug for wound healing because of its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial activities. However, the detailed mechanism of curcumin in wound healing is not clear. It is well-known that the skin is the largest organ in humans and prevents tissues from damage, including infection, radiation, and mechanical damage. Wound healing of the skin is a complex physiological regulation process requiring various cell types and cytokines; hence, wound healing, including surgery and care, incurs a huge expenditure each year. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) regulates multiple physiological and pharmacological processes through its channel and kinase activities. In addition, TRPM7 regulates cell adhesion, migration, and anti-oxidative activity, thereby playing a regulatory role in the wound healing process. This study aimed to explore the function of curcumin in the wound healing process. METHODS We first established TRPM7 overexpression and knockdown models in fibroblasts using lentivirus. CCK-8 and wound healing assays were used to clarify whether overexpression of TRPM7 promoted proliferation and migration in fibroblasts. Expression of target genes and proteins was detected using qPCR and western blotting. Concentrations of migration-related cytokines were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Proliferation and migration of fibroblasts increased after curcumin treatment and was further enhanced after overexpression of TRPM7. In addition, expression of proliferation-related genes and proteins was elevated after TRPM7 overexpression. Further, the secretion of migration-related cytokines was elevated after TRPM7 overexpression. CONCLUSION Curcumin treatment promoted proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, and these effects were mediated by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/SMAD family member 3/hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha signaling pathway. Thus, we conclude that overexpression of TRPM7 might contribute to wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhuang Zhang
- Characteristics Medical Center of PAP, Burn, Frostbite and Tissue Function Reconstruction Institute, 300162 Tianjin, China
| | - Helin Li
- Characteristics Medical Center of PAP, Burn, Frostbite and Tissue Function Reconstruction Institute, 300162 Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, No.1 Tianjin Center Hospital, 300162 Tianjin, China
| | - Shaojun Lei
- Characteristics Medical Center of PAP, Burn, Frostbite and Tissue Function Reconstruction Institute, 300162 Tianjin, China.
| | - Li Yan
- Characteristics Medical Center of PAP, Burn, Frostbite and Tissue Function Reconstruction Institute, 300162 Tianjin, China.
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Arasteh S, Khanjani S, Golshahi H, Mobini S, Jahed MT, Heidari-Vala H, Edalatkhah H, Kazemnejad S. Efficient Wound Healing Using a Synthetic Nanofibrous Bilayer Skin Substitute in Murine Model. J Surg Res 2019; 245:31-44. [PMID: 31400575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of full-thickness skin wounds with minimal scarring and complete restoration of native tissue properties still exists as a clinical challenge. A bilayer skin substitute was fabricated by coating human amniotic membrane (AM) with electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers, and its in vivo biological behavior was studied using murine full-thickness skin wound model. Donut-shaped silicon splints were utilized to prevent wound contraction in mouse skin and simulate re-epithelialization, which is the normal path of human wound healing. Skin regeneration using the bilayer scaffold was compared with AM and untreated defect after 30 d. Tissue samples were taken from healed wound areas and investigated through histopathological and immunohistochemical staining to visualize involucrin (IVL), P63, collagen I, CD31, and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, mRNA expression of IVL, P63, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 was studied. The application of bilayer scaffold resulted in the best epidermal and dermal regeneration, demonstrated by histopathological examination and molecular analysis. In regenerated wounds of the bilayer scaffold group, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2) were downregulated, and the expression pattern of keratinocyte markers (IVL and P63) at both mRNA and protein levels was more similar to native tissue in comparison with AM and no-treatment groups. There was no significant difference in the expression level of collagen I, CD31, and vascular endothelial growth factor among different groups. Conclusively, these promising results serve as a supporting evidence for proceeding to clinical phase to examine the capacity of this bilayer scaffold for human skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Arasteh
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayeh Khanjani
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hannaneh Golshahi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahba Mobini
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Haleh Edalatkhah
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaieh Kazemnejad
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Pan SC, Li CY, Kuo CY, Kuo YZ, Fang WY, Huang YH, Hsieh TC, Kao HY, Kuo Y, Kang YR, Tsai WC, Tsai ST, Wu LW. The p53-S100A2 Positive Feedback Loop Negatively Regulates Epithelialization in Cutaneous Wound Healing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5458. [PMID: 29615682 PMCID: PMC5882638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The S100A2 protein is an important regulator of keratinocyte differentiation, but its role in wound healing remains unknown. We establish epithelial-specific S100A2 transgenic (TG) mice and study its role in wound repair using punch biopsy wounding assays. In line with the observed increase in proliferation and migration of S100A2-depleted human keratinocytes, mice expressing human S100A2 exhibit delayed cutaneous wound repair. This was accompanied by the reduction of re-epithelialization as well as a slow, attenuated response of Mcp1, Il6, Il1β, Cox2, and Tnf mRNA expression in the early phase. We also observed delayed Vegfa mRNA induction, a delayed enhancement of the Tgfβ1-mediated alpha smooth muscle actin (α-Sma) axis and a differential expression of collagen type 1 and 3. The stress-activated p53 tumor suppressor protein plays an important role in cutaneous wound healing and is an S100A2 inducer. Notably, S100A2 complexes with p53, potentiates p53-mediated transcription and increases p53 expression both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. Consistent with a role of p53 in repressing NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation, S100A2 enhanced p53-mediated promoter suppression of Cox2, an early inducible NF-κB target gene upon wound injury. Our study thus supports a model in which the p53-S100A2 positive feedback loop regulates wound repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Chen Pan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Che-Yu Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Yi Kuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zih Kuo
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yu Fang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hsuan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Chin Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuan Kuo
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Rong Kang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wan-Chi Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sen-Tien Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Li-Wha Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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5
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Darby IA, Weller CD. Aspirin treatment for chronic wounds: Potential beneficial and inhibitory effects. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:7-12. [PMID: 27987244 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin is a generally well-tolerated drug that is now widely used in aged patients for its antithrombotic action. Aspirin works through several pathways to reduce inflammation, fever and to alter platelet activity. The scientific literature suggests that inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes by aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be deleterious to normal wound repair processes and result in healing inhibition. However, novel effects of aspirin on other pathways that regulate inflammation and repair have been reported more recently. These pathways, including inhibition of inflammatory second messengers and transcription factor pathways and production of anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution factors (lipoxins), provide a possible explanation for beneficial effects of aspirin in chronic wound healing. There have been limited studies to date that provide good evidence to support aspirin use in chronic venous leg ulcers but this may change as we see results from randomized trials that are currently being undertaken. In this article, we look at possible effects that aspirin administration may have on venous leg ulcer healing and the expanding knowledge of potential beneficial effects of aspirin that operate via novel pathways. Though the literature suggests that aspirin treatment and cyclooxygenase inhibition may have deleterious effects in normal healing, it is possible that in chronic wounds that may be trapped in an inflammatory state that aspirin treatment may result in beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Andrew Darby
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolina Dragica Weller
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Wright MC, Logan GJ, Bolock AM, Kubicki AC, Hemphill JA, Sanders TA, Maricich SM. Merkel cells are long-lived cells whose production is stimulated by skin injury. Dev Biol 2016; 422:4-13. [PMID: 27998808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive Merkel cells are thought to have finite lifespans, but controversy surrounds the frequency of their replacement and which precursor cells maintain the population. We found by embryonic EdU administration that Merkel cells undergo terminal cell division in late embryogenesis and survive long into adulthood. We also found that new Merkel cells are produced infrequently during normal skin homeostasis and that their numbers do not change during natural or induced hair cycles. In contrast, live imaging and EdU experiments showed that mild mechanical injury produced by skin shaving dramatically increases Merkel cell production. We confirmed with genetic cell ablation and fate-mapping experiments that new touch dome Merkel cells in adult mice arise from touch dome keratinocytes. Together, these independent lines of evidence show that Merkel cells in adult mice are long-lived, are replaced rarely during normal adult skin homeostasis, and that their production can be induced by repeated shaving. These results have profound implications for understanding sensory neurobiology and human diseases such as Merkel cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Wright
- Center for Neurosciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
| | - Gregory J Logan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Alexa M Bolock
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Adam C Kubicki
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Julie A Hemphill
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Timothy A Sanders
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, US Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Stephen M Maricich
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
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Abstract
Attrition due to nonclinical safety represents a major issue for the productivity of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) organizations, especially during the compound optimization stages of drug discovery and the early stages of clinical development. Focusing on decreasing nonclinical safety-related attrition is not a new concept, and various approaches have been experimented with over the last two decades. Front-loading testing funnels in Discovery with in vitro toxicity assays designed to rapidly identify unfavorable molecules was the approach adopted by most pharmaceutical R&D organizations a few years ago. However, this approach has also a non-negligible opportunity cost. Hence, significant refinements to the "fail early, fail often" paradigm have been proposed recently to reflect the complexity of accurately categorizing compounds with early data points without taking into account other important contextual aspects, in particular efficacious systemic and tissue exposures. This review provides an overview of toxicology approaches and models that can be used in pharmaceutical Discovery at the series/lead identification and lead optimization stages to guide and inform chemistry efforts, as well as a personal view on how to best use them to meet nonclinical safety-related attrition objectives consistent with a sustainable pharmaceutical R&D model. The scope of this review is limited to small molecules, as large molecules are associated with challenges that are quite different. Finally, a perspective on how several emerging technologies may impact toxicity evaluation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A G Blomme
- Global Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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8
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Sivamani RK. Eicosanoids and Keratinocytes in Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:476-481. [PMID: 25032067 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Eicosanoids are biologically active lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid that are important in injury and inflammatory responses. Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 mediate the production of prostanoids, whereas 5-lipoxygenase mediates the production of leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. These lipid mediators have traditionally been known to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of injury and inflammation. However, they also interact with various cells that are resident to the wound bed, including modulation of keratinocyte activity. Recent Advances: Recent work has identified multiple prostanoid and leukotriene receptors on keratinocytes, indicating that eicosanoids directly interact with them. Recent work also shows that keratinocytes are capable of producing prostanoids and leukotrienes. Critical Issues: Much of the critical work has been performed in cell culture and mouse in vivo models. This has greatly expanded our understanding of the eicosanoid interactions with keratinocytes and wound healing in general. However, few of these in vivo models have been able to critically evaluate keratinocyte migration and re-epithelialization. Future Directions: As research continues in this exciting field, the cellular pathways stimulated by the eicosanoids will become better defined. Future research with excisional wound models in mice and pigs and ex vivo human skin models will better isolate the contribution of eicosanoid-mediated effects on keratinocyte migration and re-epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
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9
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Rybinski B, Franco-Barraza J, Cukierman E. The wound healing, chronic fibrosis, and cancer progression triad. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:223-44. [PMID: 24520152 PMCID: PMC4035661 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00158.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades tumors have been recognized as "wounds that do not heal." Besides the commonalities that tumors and wounded tissues share, the process of wound healing also portrays similar characteristics with chronic fibrosis. In this review, we suggest a tight interrelationship, which is governed as a concurrence of cellular and microenvironmental reactivity among wound healing, chronic fibrosis, and cancer development/progression (i.e., the WHFC triad). It is clear that the same cell types, as well as soluble and matrix elements that drive wound healing (including regeneration) via distinct signaling pathways, also fuel chronic fibrosis and tumor progression. Hence, here we review the relationship between fibrosis and cancer through the lens of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Rybinski
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center/Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Ebeling S, Naumann K, Pollok S, Wardecki T, Vidal-y-Sy S, Nascimento JM, Boerries M, Schmidt G, Brandner JM, Merfort I. From a traditional medicinal plant to a rational drug: understanding the clinically proven wound healing efficacy of birch bark extract. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86147. [PMID: 24465925 PMCID: PMC3899119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birch bark has a long lasting history as a traditional medicinal remedy to accelerate wound healing. Recently, the efficacy of birch bark preparations has also been proven clinically. As active principle pentacyclic triterpenes are generally accepted. Here, we report a comprehensive study on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the wound healing properties of a well-defined birch bark preparation named as TE (triterpene extract) as well as the isolated single triterpenes in human primary keratinocytes and porcine ex-vivo wound healing models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show positive wound healing effects of TE and betulin in scratch assay experiments with primary human keratinocytes and in a porcine ex-vivo wound healing model (WHM). Mechanistical studies elucidate that TE and betulin transiently upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cyclooxygenase-2 on gene and protein level. For COX-2 and IL-6 this increase of mRNA is due to an mRNA stabilizing effect of TE and betulin, a process in which p38 MAPK and HuR are involved. TE promotes keratinocyte migration, putatively by increasing the formation of actin filopodia, lamellipodia and stress fibers. Detailed analyses show that the TE components betulin, lupeol and erythrodiol exert this effect even in nanomolar concentrations. Targeting the actin cytoskeleton is dependent on the activation of Rho GTPases. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide insights to understand the molecular mechanism of the clinically proven wound healing effect of birch bark. TE and betulin address the inflammatory phase of wound healing by transient up-regulation of several pro-inflammatory mediators. Further, they enhance migration of keratinocytes, which is essential in the second phase of wound healing. Our results, together with the clinically proven efficacy, identify birch bark as the first medical plant with a high potential to improve wound healing, a field which urgently needs effective remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ebeling
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Naumann
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Pollok
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina Wardecki
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juliana M. Nascimento
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudula Schmidt
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Muthukumar T, Prakash D, Anbarasu K, Kumar BS, Sastry TP. Effect of collagen sponge incorporating Macrotyloma uniflorum extract on full-thickness wound healing by down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory markers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11959b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen sponge (CS) was prepared using fish scales, which are a biological waste product in the marine food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dharmalingam Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Madras
- Guindy Campus
- Chennai-600025, India
| | - Kannan Anbarasu
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Madras
- Guindy Campus
- Chennai-600025, India
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Egydio F, Ribeiro DA, Noguti J, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Influence of sleep deprivation and morphine on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in skin of hairless mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:577-83. [PMID: 22694732 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.702797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin performs a host of primordial functions that keep the body alive. Morphine is a drug with immunosuppressant properties whose chronic use may lead to increased infection and delayed wound healing. Sleep is a fundamental biological phenomenon that promotes the integrity of several bodily functions. Sleep deprivation adversely affects several systems, particularly the immune system. The aim of this study was to perform an immunohistochemical evaluation on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in skin of sleep-deprived mice and mice chronically treated with morphine. Adult hairless male mice were distributed into the following groups: Control, morphine, sleep-deprived, and morphine + SD. Morphine (10 mg/kg, subcutaneous) was injected every 12 h for 9 days. Morphine induced immunoexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase. Sleep deprivation did not modulate outcomes induced by morphine. Morphine, not sleep loss, induces cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase immunoexpression in the skin of hairless mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Egydio
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Napoleão de Barros, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Inhibition of ion channels and heart beat in Drosophila by selective COX-2 inhibitor SC-791. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38759. [PMID: 22701705 PMCID: PMC3368905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that modulation of ion channels might be implicated in some of the clinical effects of coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Celecoxib and its inactive analog 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib, but not rofecoxib, can suppress or augment ionic currents and alter functioning of neurons and myocytes. To better understand these unexpected effects, we have recently investigated the mechanism of inhibition of human Kv2.1 channels by a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor SC-791. In this study we have further explored the SC-791 action on ion channels and heartbeat in Drosophila, which lacks cyclooxygenases and thus can serve as a convenient model to study COX-2-independent mechanisms of coxibs. Using intracellular recordings in combination with a pharmacological approach and utilizing available Drosophila mutants, we found that SC-791 inhibited voltage-activated K+ and L-type Ca2+ channels in larval body-wall muscles and reduced heart rate in a concentration-dependent manner. Unlike celecoxib and several other K+ channel blockers, SC-791 did not induce arrhythmia. Instead, application of SC-791 resulted in a dramatic slowing of contractions and, at higher concentrations, in progressively weaker contractions with gradual cessation of heartbeat. Isradipine, a selective blocker of L-type Ca2+ channels, showed a similar pattern of heart arrest, though no prolongation of contractions was observed. Ryanodine was the only channel modulating compound of those tested additionally that was capable of slowing contractions. Like SC-791, ryanodine reduced heart rate without arrhythmia. However, it could not stop heartbeat completely even at 500 µM, the highest concentration used. The magnitude of heart rate reduction, when SC-791 and ryanodine were applied together, was smaller than expected for independent mechanisms, raising the possibility that SC-791 might be interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in Drosophila heart.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Regan Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Michael Somenek
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago
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15
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Yefi R, Ponce DP, Niechi I, Silva E, Cabello P, Rodriguez DA, Marcelain K, Armisen R, Quest AFG, Tapia JC. Protein kinase CK2 promotes cancer cell viability via up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and enhanced prostaglandin E2 production. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3167-75. [PMID: 21732411 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Augmented expression of protein kinase CK2 is associated with hyperproliferation and resistance to apoptosis in cancer cells. Effects of CK2 are at least partially linked to signaling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is dramatically enhanced in colon cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a Wnt/β-catenin target gene, has been associated with enhanced cancer progression and metastasis. However, the possibility that a connection may exist between CK2 and COX-2 has not been explored previously. Here we investigated changes in COX-2 expression and activity upon CK2 modulation and evaluated how these changes affected cell viability. COX-2 expression and cell viability decreased upon selective inhibition of COX-2 with SC-791 or CK2 with 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (DMAT), both in human colon (HT29-ATCC, HT29-US, DLD-1) and breast (ZR-75) cancer cells, as well as in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293T) cells. On the other hand, ectopic CK2α expression promoted up-regulation of COX-2 by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in HEK-293T cells. Noteworthy, over-expression of either CK2α, β-catenin or COX-2, as well as supplementation of the medium with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), all were individually sufficient to overcome limitations in cell viability triggered by CK2 inhibition either upon addition of DMAT or over-expression of a dominant negative CK2α variant. Altogether, these findings provide new insight to the role of CK2 in cancer by up-regulating COX-2 expression and thereby PGE2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Yefi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Liang X, Bhattacharya S, Bajaj G, Guha G, Wang Z, Jang HS, Leid M, Indra AK, Ganguli-Indra G. Delayed cutaneous wound healing and aberrant expression of hair follicle stem cell markers in mice selectively lacking Ctip2 in epidermis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29999. [PMID: 22383956 PMCID: PMC3283611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COUP-TF interacting protein 2 [(Ctip2), also known as Bcl11b] is an important regulator of skin homeostasis, and is overexpressed in head and neck cancer. Ctip2(ep-/-) mice, selectively ablated for Ctip2 in epidermal keratinocytes, exhibited impaired terminal differentiation and delayed epidermal permeability barrier (EPB) establishment during development, similar to what was observed in Ctip2 null (Ctip2(-/-)) mice. Considering that as an important role of Ctip2, and the fact that molecular networks which underlie cancer progression partially overlap with those responsible for tissue remodeling, we sought to determine the role of Ctip2 during cutaneous wound healing. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Full thickness excisional wound healing experiments were performed on Ctip2(L2/L2) and Ctip2(ep-/-) animals per time point and used for harvesting samples for histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblotting. Results demonstrated inherent defects in proliferation and migration of Ctip2 lacking keratinocytes during re-epithelialization. Mutant mice exhibited reduced epidermal proliferation, delayed keratinocyte activation, altered cell-cell adhesion and impaired ECM development. Post wounding, Ctip2(ep-/-) mice wounds displayed lack of E-Cadherin suppression in the migratory tongue, insufficient expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA) in the dermis, and robust induction of K8. Importantly, dysregulated expression of several hair follicle (HF) stem cell markers such as K15, NFATc1, CD133, CD34 and Lrig1 was observed in mutant skin during wound repair. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Results confirm a cell autonomous role of keratinocytic Ctip2 to modulate cell migration, proliferation and/or differentiation, and to maintain HF stem cells during cutaneous wounding. Furthermore, Ctip2 in a non-cell autonomous manner regulated granulation tissue formation and tissue contraction during wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Bajaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Gunjan Guha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Zhixing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Hyo-Sang Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Mark Leid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Environmental Health Science Centre, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Arup Kumar Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Environmental Health Science Centre, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Weinberg E, Topaz M, Dard M, Lyngstadaas P, Nemcovsky C, Weinreb M. Differential effects of prostaglandin E(2) and enamel matrix derivative on the proliferation of human gingival and dermal fibroblasts and gingival keratinocytes. J Periodontal Res 2011; 45:731-40. [PMID: 20682018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Elevated levels of prostaglandins contribute to periodontal destruction but can impair gingival healing by affecting local fibroblasts. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has beneficial effects on supporting and gingival tissues. We showed that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) inhibits the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and that EMD stimulates it. Prostaglandins and EMD may also affect skin healing by targeting dermal fibroblasts (DFs). Thus, we compared the effects of these two agents on the proliferation of hGFs, human gingival keratinocytes (hGKs) and hDFs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cells from healthy human gingiva or skin were treated with PGE(2) and/or EMD, and proliferation was assessed by measuring cell number and DNA synthesis. RESULTS In hGFs, PGE(2) (1 μm) inhibited proliferation while EMD stimulated it. When present together, EMD abolished the PGE(2) -induced inhibition. Serum increased (by a factor of 10) the amount of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), PGE(2) reduced it (by 70-80%) and EMD restored it when present with PGE(2). Prostaglandin E(2) stimulated cAMP production in hGFs while serum or EMD did not. Enamel matrix derivative stimulated hDF proliferation, but the inhibitory effect of PGE(2) was milder than with hGFs. When present together, EMD abolished the PGE(2) -induced inhibition. Enamel matrix derivative inhibited the proliferation of primary hGKs, but PGE(2) had no effect. Finally, we found that hDFs contained about five times less prostaglandin EP(2) receptor mRNA than hGFs, while hGKs contained none. CONCLUSION Prostaglandin E(2) inhibits and EMD stimulates hGF proliferation via distinct pathways. The different sensitivities of hDFs and hGKs to PGE(2) can be explained by the levels of EP(2) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, the Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S
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Petit A, Wang HT, Girard-Lauriault PL, Wertheimer MR, Antoniou J, Mwale F. Novel insights into the mechanism of decreased expression of type X collagen in human mesenchymal stem cells from patients with osteoarthritis cultured on nitrogen-rich plasma polymers: implication of cyclooxygenase-1. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:744-50. [PMID: 20225218 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that a major drawback of current cartilage- and intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue engineering is that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from patients with osteoarthritis rapidly express type X collagen (COL10A1), a marker of late stage chondrocyte hypertrophy associated with endochondral ossification. We recently demonstrated that COL10A1 expression was inhibited in MSCs from patients with osteoarthritis cultured on nitrogen-rich plasma polymerized (PPE:N) coatings. Here, we sought to understand the mechanisms of action of this effect by culturing MSCs on PPE:N surfaces in the presence of different inhibitors of kinases and cyclooxygenases. The effect of PPE:N surfaces on COL10A1 expression was found to be mimicked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor NPPB, but not by daphnetin (an inhibitor of protein kinases) nor by genistein (an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases). COL10A1 expression was also suppressed by the specific cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1: SC-560) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX: MK-866) inhibitors, but not by COX-2 (COX-2 inhibitor 2) and 12-LOX (baicalein) inhibitors. Finally, the incubation of MSCs on PPE:N surfaces inhibited the expression of COX-1 while 5-LOX was not expressed in these cells. Taken together, these results indicate that PPE:N surfaces inhibit COL10A1 expression via the suppression of COX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Petit
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mechanism of Kv2.1 channel inhibition by a selective COX-2 inhibitor SC-791—modification of gating. Brain Res 2010; 1359:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 induction during wound healing in dog skin. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chen W, Bai L, Wang X, Xu S, Belinsky SA, Lin Y. Acquired activation of the Akt/cyclooxygenase-2/Mcl-1 pathway renders lung cancer cells resistant to apoptosis. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:416-23. [PMID: 19933775 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired apoptosis resistance plays an important role in acquired chemoresistance in cancer cells during chemotherapy. Our previous observations demonstrated that acquired tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand resistance in lung cancer cells was associated with Akt-mediated stabilization of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and Mcl-1. In this report, we determined that these cells also have acquired resistance to apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin and doxorubicin (Adriamycin), which was detected in vitro in cell cultures and in vivo in xenografted tumors. We further found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is dramatically overexpressed in cells with acquired apoptosis resistance. COX-2 seems to be a crucial mediator in acquired apoptosis resistance because suppressing COX-2 activity with a chemical inhibitor or reducing COX-2 protein expression level with COX-2 small interfering RNA dramatically alleviated resistance to therapeutic-induced apoptosis. Inhibiting Akt markedly suppressed COX-2 expression, suggesting COX-2 is a downstream effector of this cell survival kinase-mediated apoptosis resistance. Furthermore, the expression of Mcl-1 but not c-FLIP was significantly reduced when COX-2 was suppressed, and knockdown of Mcl-1 substantially sensitized the cells to apoptosis. Our results establish a novel pathway that consists of Akt, COX-2, and Mcl-1 for acquired apoptosis resistance, which could be a molecular target for circumventing acquired chemoresistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Chen
- Molecular Biology and Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr., SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Krischak GD, Augat P, Claes L, Kinzl L, Beck A. The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug application on incisional wound healing in rats. J Wound Care 2007; 16:76-8. [PMID: 17319622 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2007.16.2.27001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) delay both epithelialisation and angiogenesis in the early phases of wound healing because of an antiproliferative effect. We investigated the influence of diclofenac, a non-selective NSAID, on incisional wound healing. METHOD Ten male Wistar rats were given 5 mg diclofenac per kg bodyweight per day; 10 rats were given placebo pellets. After 10 days, unimpaired healing occurred independently of drug treatment both macroscopically and microscopically. Histomorphometry revealed a significant reduction (p = 0.006) in fibroblasts after diclofenac application (median 3 166 cells per mm2) compared with the placebo group (median 3940 cells per mm2). Epidermal thickness was not statistically different between the two groups. RESULTS Diclofenac diminished the amount of fibroblasts in connective tissue, reflecting the known antiproliferative effect of NSAIDs on fibroblasts. Clinical healing was not affected. CONCLUSION We recommend short-term diclofenac application for post-surgical and post-traumatic patients with wounds who would benefit from its antiphlogistic and analgesic effect. However, if wound healing is disturbed, the negative effect of diclofenac on fibroblasts should be considered. This is particularly relevant for patients with chronic wounds or conditions such as diabetes which can delay wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Krischak
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Wax MK, Reh DD, Levack MM. Effect of Celecoxib on Fasciocutaneous Flap Survival and Revascularization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:120-4. [PMID: 17372066 DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.9.2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of celecoxib (Celebrex; Pfizer, Cambridge, Mass) on (1) primary ischemic time and (2) revascularization of fasciocutaneous free flaps in a rat model. METHODS In the ischemia study, 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups of 25 rats each, a control group and a celecoxib group. Five rats in each treatment group were exposed to ischemic times of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours. Survival of the flap was assessed 7 days after reversal of the ischemia. Probit curves and the critical ischemic time were calculated. In the revascularization study, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups of 15 rats each. One group was fed celecoxib, while the other was fed a normal diet. All rats had a 3 x 6-cm fasciocutaneous flap based on the inferior epigastric artery elevated and exposed to 2 hours of primary ischemia. The flap was then sutured back into the wound bed. Each of these groups was then divided into 3 groups of 5 rats whose pedicles were divided on postoperative day 5, 6, or 7. Percentage survival of the flap was measured 7 days later. In both parts of the study, the experimental group was fed celecoxib, 1500 ppm, throughout the interoperative period. In each animal, a 3 x 6-cm ventral fasciocutaneous groin flap based on the left superficial epigastric artery was elevated. RESULTS In the ischemia study, respective flap survival rates from the control and celecoxib groups at the various ischemic times were as follows: 4 hours, 100% and 100%; 6 hours, 80% and 100%; 8 hours, 80% and 80%; 10 hours, 60% and 60%; and 12 hours, 20% and 10%. The median lethal ischemic times were 9.7 and 9.6 hours, respectively. There was no statistical difference in flap survival between the celecoxib and control groups. In the revascularization study, ligation of the flap pedicle on day 5, 6, or 7 did not result in any difference in the percentage of flap survival among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION Celecoxib appears to have no deleterious effect on free tissue transfer survival or healing, as evidenced by revascularization in a fasciocutaneous free flap model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Wax
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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Andersen F, Andersen K, Kligman A. Efficacy of an Aluminum Oxide Scrub Cream in the Treatment of Xerotic Skin of the Elderly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000085573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and COX-2 catalyse the key steps of prostaglandin biosynthesis and are the major target for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In general, COX-1 but not COX-2 is expressed in healthy tissues of adults. After incision or acute irritant dermatitis, COX-2 is induced transiently. The development of UV-induced erythema and edema as well as of skin tumours is significantly governed by COX-2 activity. Squamous cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses are prominent examples of epithelial tumours with COX-2 overexpression in the tumour parenchyma, inflammatory infiltrate and associated vessels. According to multi-stage carcinogenesis studies in mouse skin and experiments with transgenic mice, there is a causal relationship between aberrant COX-2 expression and activity in the epithelium and tumour promotion and tumour progression. The transgenic overexpression of COX-2 causes an "autopromoted" skin phenotype, i.e. it dramatically sensitizes the tissue for the development of squamous cell carcinomas. Vice versa, the genetic ablation of COX-2, as well as of COX-1, results in a reduced tumour burden in murine skin. A major mechanism by which COX-2 contributes to epidermal tumour formation seems to be the disturbance of terminal keratinocyte differentiation. Because of these data, selective COX-2 inhibitors are ranked among the most promising agents for skin cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Müller-Decker
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Arbeitsgruppe Eicosanoide und Tumorentwicklung.
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Lee JL, Mukhtar H, Bickers DR, Kopelovich L, Athar M. Cyclooxygenases in the skin: pharmacological and toxicological implications. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 192:294-306. [PMID: 14575647 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX), a prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins are lipid signaling mediators that play a central role in a broad range of diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, reproduction, nocioception, and gastrointestinal protection. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity is the mechanism by which nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) exert their analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. COX is currently believed to exist in three isoforms. In this review, we provide a concise state-of-the-art description of the role of COX in pharmacology and toxicology of skin including its involvement in normal physiology, cutaneous inflammation, nociception, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. COX-dependent pathways influence keratinocyte differentiation, hair follicle development, and hair growth. The critical role of COX-2 in pathophysiology of skin is also addressed. COX-2 mediates inflammatory processes in skin, including inflammatory hyperalgesia and nociception, and administration of specific COX-2 inhibitors reduces edema, vascular permeability, and other markers of cutaneous inflammation. A number of studies in animal models and in humans show that COX-2 inhibitors possess cancer chemopreventive properties. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have a more favorable side-effect profile. Topical formulations of COX-2 inhibitors are being developed as a novel pharmacologic approach for the treatment of COX-2 mediated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette L Lee
- Departments of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Tripp CS, Blomme EAG, Chinn KS, Hardy MM, LaCelle P, Pentland AP. Epidermal COX-2 Induction Following Ultraviolet Irradiation: Suggested Mechanism for the Role of COX-2 Inhibition in Photoprotection. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:853-61. [PMID: 14632205 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, are involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2, a major prostaglandin involved in epidermal homeostasis and repair. Cancer originating in the epidermis can develop when keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis become dysregulated, resulting in sustained epidermal hyperplasia. COX-2 inhibitors, which demonstrate significant in vivo selectivity relative to COX-1, suppress both ultraviolet-induced epidermal tumor development and progression, suggesting that prostaglandin regulation of keratinocyte biology is involved in the pathogenesis of epidermal neoplasia. In this study, we characterized the expression of COX-1 and COX-2, as well as keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, following acute ultraviolet irradiation in the hairless SKH-1 mouse. Following acute ultraviolet exposure, COX-2 expression was predominantly induced in the basal keratinocyte layer coincident with an increase in keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis. The role of COX-2 was further evaluated using a selective COX-2 inhibitor, SC-791, as well as the traditional nonsteroidal COX inhibitor, indomethacin. Following acute ultraviolet irradiation, inhibition of COX-2 with either inhibitor decreased epidermal keratinocyte proliferation. Likewise, keratinocyte apoptosis was increased with COX-2 inhibition, particularly in the proliferating basal keratinocyte layer. There was also a modest inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation. These data suggest that COX-2 expression is probably necessary for keratinocyte survival and proliferation occurring after acute ultraviolet irradiation. We hypothesize that selective COX-2 inhibition, as described herein, may lead to enhanced removal of ultraviolet-damaged keratinocytes, thereby decreasing malignant transformation in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Tripp
- Department of Arthritis and Inflammation Pharmacology, Pharmacia Corporation, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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