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Steinegger CA, Zoelch N, Hock A, Henning A, Engeli EJ, Pryce CR, Seifritz E, Herdener M, Hulka LM. Neurometabolic profile of the amygdala in smokers assessed with 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2024; 288:120525. [PMID: 38278429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is one of the main causes of premature death worldwide and quitting success remains low, highlighting the need to understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying relapse. Preclinical models have shown that the amygdala and glutamate play an important role in nicotine addiction. The aims of this study were to compare glutamate and other metabolites in the amygdala between smokers and controls, and between different smoking states. Furthermore, associations between amygdalar metabolite levels and smoking characteristics were explored. A novel non-water-suppressed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol was applied to quantify neurometabolites in 28 male smokers (≥15 cigarettes/day) and 21 non-smoking controls, matched in age, education, verbal IQ, and weekly alcohol consumption. Controls were measured once (baseline) and smokers were measured in a baseline state (1-3 h abstinence), during withdrawal (24 h abstinence) and in a satiation state (directly after smoking). Baseline spectroscopy data were compared between groups by independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney-U tests. Smoking state differences were investigated by repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Associations between spectroscopy data and smoking characteristics were explored using Spearman correlations. Good spectral quality, high anatomical specificity (98% mean gray matter) and reliable quantification of most metabolites of interest were achieved in the amygdala. Metabolite levels did not differ between groups, but smokers showed significantly higher glutamine levels at baseline than satiation. Glx levels were negatively associated with pack-years and smoking duration. In summary, this study provides first insights into the neurometabolic profile of the amygdala in smokers with high anatomical specificity. By applying proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, neurometabolites in smokers during different smoking states and non-smoking controls were quantified reliably. A significant shift in glutamine levels between smoking states was detected, with lower concentrations in satiation than baseline. The negative association between Glx levels and smoking quantity and duration may imply altered glutamate homeostasis with more severe nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette A Steinegger
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Selnaustrasse 9, Zurich 8001, Switzerland.
| | - Niklaus Zoelch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hock
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Philips, Horgen, Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Etna Je Engeli
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Selnaustrasse 9, Zurich 8001, Switzerland
| | - Christopher R Pryce
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Selnaustrasse 9, Zurich 8001, Switzerland
| | - Lea M Hulka
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Selnaustrasse 9, Zurich 8001, Switzerland
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2
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Martínez M, Espinoza VE, Garcia V, Uribe KP, Negishi K, Estevao IL, Carcoba LM, O'Dell LE, Khan AM, Mendez IA. Withdrawal from repeated nicotine vapor exposure increases somatic signs of physical dependence, anxiety-like behavior, and brain reward thresholds in adult male rats. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109681. [PMID: 37611823 PMCID: PMC11253717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine vapor consumption via electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased over the last decade. While prior work has shed light on the health effects of nicotine vapor inhalation, its unique effects on the brain and behavior have not been thoroughly explored. In this study we assessed markers of withdrawal following 14 days of nicotine vapor exposure. For Experiment 1, 21 adult male rats were exposed to ambient air or 6, 12, or 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor for 14 consecutive days. Following exposure on day 14, rats were injected with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (3.0 mg/mL) and assessed for somatic withdrawal signs and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. For Experiment 2, 12 adult male rats were tested for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) immediately following exposure to vehicle vapor (50%/50%, vegetable glycerin/propylene glycol) or 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor, for 14 consecutive days. ICSS behavior was assessed for an additional 14 days, following cessation of repeated vapor exposure. Results reveal that rats with repeated nicotine vapor exposure display an increase in behavioral indicators of withdrawal following injection of mecamylamine (precipitated withdrawal). Additionally, increases in ICSS stimulation thresholds, indicative of reduced brain reward sensitivity, persist following cessation of repeated nicotine vapor exposure (spontaneous withdrawal). These data suggest that repeated e-cigarette use leads to nicotine dependence and withdrawal that affects behavior and brain reward function. Further characterization of the health effects of nicotine vapor is necessary to improve treatment strategies for nicotine use disorder and public health policies related to novel nicotine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Martínez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Veronika E Espinoza
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kevin P Uribe
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kenichiro Negishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Luis M Carcoba
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Arshad M Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Ian A Mendez
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Diseases associated with nicotine dependence in the form of habitual tobacco use are a major cause of premature death in the United States. The majority of tobacco smokers will relapse within the first month of attempted abstinence. Smoking cessation agents increase the likelihood that smokers can achieve long-term abstinence. Nevertheless, currently available smoking cessation agents have limited utility and fail to prevent relapse in the majority of smokers. Pharmacotherapy is therefore an effective strategy to aid smoking cessation efforts but considerable risk of relapse persists even when the most efficacious medications currently available are used. The past decade has seen major breakthroughs in our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and systems-level actions of nicotine in the brain that contribute to the development and maintenance of habitual tobacco use. In parallel, large-scale human genetics studies have revealed allelic variants that influence vulnerability to tobacco use disorder. These advances have revealed targets for the development of novel smoking cessation agents. Here, we summarize current efforts to develop smoking cessation therapeutics and highlight opportunities for future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lengel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul J. Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute (DDI), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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4
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Domi A, Lucente E, Cadeddu D, Adermark L. Nicotine but not saline self-administering or yoked control conditions produces sustained neuroadaptations in the accumbens shell. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1105388. [PMID: 36760603 PMCID: PMC9907443 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Using yoked animals as the control when monitoring operant drug-self-administration is considered the golden standard. However, instrumental learning per se recruits several neurocircuits that may produce distinct or overlapping neuroadaptations with drugs of abuse. The aim of this project was to assess if contingent responding for nicotine or saline in the presence of a light stimulus as a conditioned reinforcer is associated with sustained neurophysiological adaptations in the nucleus accumbens shell (nAcS), a brain region repeatedly associated with reward related behaviors. Methods To this end, nicotine-or saline-administrating rats and yoked-saline stimulus-unpaired training conditions were assessed in operant boxes over four consecutive weeks. After four additional weeks of home cage forced abstinence and subsequent cue reinforced responding under extinction conditions, ex vivo electrophysiology was performed in the nAcS medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Results Whole cell recordings conducted in voltage and current-clamp mode showed that excitatory synapses in the nAcS were altered after prolonged forced abstinence from nicotine self-administration. We observed an increase in sEPSC amplitude in animals with a history of contingent nicotine SA potentially indicating higher excitability of accumbal MSNs, which was further supported by current clamp recordings. Interestingly no sustained neuroadaptations were elicited in saline exposed rats from nicotine associated visual cues compared to the yoked controls. Conclusion The data presented here indicate that nicotine self-administration produces sustained neuroadaptations in the nAcS while operant responding driven by nicotine visual stimuli has no long-term effects on MSNs in nAcS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Domi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,*Correspondence: Ana Domi, ✉
| | - Erika Lucente
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Cadeddu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Adermark
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Witkin JM, Pandey KP, Smith JL. Clinical investigations of compounds targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 219:173446. [PMID: 35987339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological modulation of glutamate has long been considered to be of immense therapeutic utility. The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are potential targets for safely altering glutamate-driven excitation. Data support the potential therapeutic use of mGluR modulators in the treatment of anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders, pain, epilepsy, as well as neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. For each of the three mGluR groups, compounds have been constructed that produce either potentiation or functional blockade. PET ligands for mGlu5Rs have been studied in a range of patient populations and several mGlu5R antagonists have been tested for potential efficacy in patients including mavoglurant, diploglurant, basimglurant, GET 73, and ADX10059. Efficacy with mGlu5R antagonists has been reported in trials with patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease; data from patients with Parkinson's disease or Fragile X syndrome have not been as robust as hoped. Fenobam was approved for use as an anxiolytic prior to its recognition as an mGlu5R antagonist. mGlu2/3R agonists (pomaglumated methionil) and mGlu2R agonists (JNJ-40411813, AZD 8529, and LY2979165) have been studied in patients with schizophrenia with promising but mixed results. Antagonists of mGlu2/3Rs (decoglurant and TS-161) have been studied in depression where TS-161 has advanced into a planned Phase 2 study in treatment-resistant depression. The Group III mGluRs are the least developed of the mGluR receptor targets. The mGlu4R potentiator, foliglurax, did not meet its primary endpoint in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ongoing efforts to develop mGluR-targeted compounds continue to promise these glutamate modulators as medicines for psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA.
| | - Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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6
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Koob GF. Anhedonia, Hyperkatifeia, and Negative Reinforcement in Substance Use Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 58:147-165. [PMID: 35112332 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction has been defined as a chronically relapsing disorder that is characterized by a compulsion to seek and take a drug or stimulus, the loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug or stimulus is prevented, a component of which is anhedonia. The present review explores a heuristic framework for understanding the role of anhedonia in addiction, in which anhedonia is a key component of hyperkatifeia (conceptualized as the potentiated intensity of negative emotional/motivational symptoms during drug withdrawal) and negative reinforcement in addiction. The neural substrates that mediate such anhedonia and crosstalk between elements of hyperkatifeia that contribute to anhedonia are then explored, including crosstalk between physical pain and emotional pain systems. The present review explores current knowledge of neurochemical neurocircuitry changes that are associated with conditioned hyperkatifeia/anhedonia. The overall hypothesis is that the shift in motivation toward negative reinforcement in addiction reflects the allostatic misregulation of hedonic tone, such that drug taking makes anhedonia worse during the process of seeking temporary relief by compulsive drug taking, thereby perpetuating the addiction cycle and hedonic comorbidities that are associated with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. .,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Wills L, Ables JL, Braunscheidel KM, Caligiuri SPB, Elayouby KS, Fillinger C, Ishikawa M, Moen JK, Kenny PJ. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Nicotine Reward and Aversion. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:271-310. [PMID: 35017179 PMCID: PMC11060337 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also regulate the aversive properties of nicotine, sensitivity to which decreases tobacco use and protects against tobacco use disorder. These opposing behavioral actions of nicotine reflect nAChR expression in brain reward and aversion circuits. nAChRs containing α4 and β2 subunits are responsible for the high-affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain and are densely expressed by reward-relevant neurons, most notably dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. High-affinity nAChRs can incorporate additional subunits, including β3, α6, or α5 subunits, with the resulting nAChR subtypes playing discrete and dissociable roles in the stimulatory actions of nicotine on brain dopamine transmission. nAChRs in brain dopamine circuits also participate in aversive reactions to nicotine and the negative affective state experienced during nicotine withdrawal. nAChRs containing α3 and β4 subunits are responsible for the low-affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain and are enriched in brain sites involved in aversion, including the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract, brain sites in which α5 nAChR subunits are also expressed. These aversion-related brain sites regulate nicotine avoidance behaviors, and genetic variation that modifies the function of nAChRs in these sites increases vulnerability to tobacco dependence and smoking-related diseases. Here, we review the molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms through which nicotine elicits reward and aversion and the adaptations in these processes that drive the development of nicotine dependence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Tobacco use disorder in the form of habitual cigarette smoking or regular use of other tobacco-related products is a major cause of death and disease worldwide. This article reviews the actions of nicotine in the brain that contribute to tobacco use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wills
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Jessica L Ables
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Kevin M Braunscheidel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Karim S Elayouby
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Clementine Fillinger
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Masago Ishikawa
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Janna K Moen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
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8
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Ponzoni L, Melzi G, Marabini L, Martini A, Petrillo G, Teh MT, Torres-Perez JV, Morara S, Gotti C, Braida D, Brennan CH, Sala M. Conservation of mechanisms regulating emotional-like responses on spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in zebrafish and mammals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110334. [PMID: 33905756 PMCID: PMC8380689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine withdrawal syndrome is a major clinical problem. Animal models with sufficient predictive validity to support translation of pre-clinical findings to clinical research are lacking. AIMS We evaluated the behavioural and neurochemical alterations in zebrafish induced by short- and long-term nicotine withdrawal. METHODS Zebrafish were exposed to 1 mg/L nicotine for 2 weeks. Dependence was determined using behavioural analysis following mecamylamine-induced withdrawal, and brain nicotinic receptor binding studies. Separate groups of nicotine-exposed and control fish were assessed for anxiety-like behaviours, anhedonia and memory deficits following 2-60 days spontaneous withdrawal. Gene expression analysis using whole brain samples from nicotine-treated and control fish was performed at 7 and 60 days after the last drug exposure. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in pretectum was also analysed. RESULTS Mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal nicotine-exposed fish showed increased anxiety-like behaviour as evidenced by increased freezing and decreased exploration. 3H-Epibatidine labeled heteromeric nicotinic acethylcholine receptors (nAChR) significantly increased after 2 weeks of nicotine exposure while 125I-αBungarotoxin labeled homomeric nAChR remained unchanged. Spontaneous nicotine withdrawal elicited anxiety-like behaviour (increased bottom dwelling), reduced motivation in terms of no preference for the enriched side in a place preference test starting from Day 7 after withdrawal and a progressive decrease of memory attention (lowering discrimination index). Behavioural differences were associated with brain gene expression changes: nicotine withdrawn animals showed decreased expression of chrna 4 and chrna7 after 60 days, and of htr2a from 7 to 60 days.The expression of c-Fos was significantly increased at 7 days. Finally, Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity increased in dorsal parvocellular pretectal nucleus, but not in periventricular nucleus of posterior tuberculum nor in optic tectum, at 60 days after withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that nicotine withdrawal induced anxiety-like behaviour, cognitive alterations, gene expression changes and increase in pretectal TH expression, similar to those observed in humans and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marabini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, UK
| | - Jose V Torres-Perez
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Daniela Braida
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine
| | - Caroline H Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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9
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Steinegger CA, Zoelch N, Hock A, Henning A, Engeli EJ, Seifritz E, Hulka LM, Herdener M. Neurometabolic alterations in the nucleus accumbens of smokers assessed with 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy: The role of glutamate and neuroinflammation. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13027. [PMID: 33825270 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of premature death and morbidity worldwide. For smokers trying to quit, relapse rates are high, even after prolonged periods of abstinence. Recent findings in animal models highlight the role of alterations in glutamatergic projections from the prefrontal cortex onto the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in relapse vulnerability. Moreover, inflammatory responses in the NAc have been reported during withdrawal. A novel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) protocol was applied in humans to measure molar concentrations for glutamate, its sum with glutamine (Glx), and myoinositol plus glycine (mI + Gly) in the NAc (19 smokers, 20 matched controls). Smokers were measured at baseline and during withdrawal and satiation. No difference between groups or smoking states was found for glutamate or Glx, but, in smokers, stronger craving and more severe nicotine dependence were associated with lower baseline glutamate and Glx levels, respectively. Interestingly, mI + Gly concentrations were higher during withdrawal than baseline and correlated negatively with nicotine dependence severity and pack years of smoking. The lack of glutamatergic changes between groups and smoking states may imply that glutamate homeostasis is not significantly altered in smokers or that changes are too small for detection by 1 H-MRS. Moreover, the observed increase in mI + Gly may imply that neuroinflammatory processes occur in the NAc during nicotine withdrawal. These findings shed light on neurobiological relapse mechanisms in smokers and may provide the opportunity to develop more effective treatment options targeting the glutamate and neuroinflammation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette A. Steinegger
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zoelch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hock
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tuebingen Germany
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas US
| | - Etna J.E. Engeli
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lea M. Hulka
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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10
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Rehman NU, Esmaeilpour K, Joushi S, Abbas M, Al-Rashida M, Rauf K, Masoumi-Ardakani Y. Effect of 4-Fluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl) Benzene Sulfonamide on cognitive deficits and hippocampal plasticity during nicotine withdrawal in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110783. [PMID: 33152941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Withdrawal from chronic nicotine has damaging effects on a variety of learning and memory tasks. Various Sulfonamides that act as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have documented role in modulation of various cognitive, learning, and memory processing. We investigated the effects of 4-Fluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl) Benzene Sulfonamide (4-FBS) on nicotine withdrawal impairments in rats using Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition, Passive avoidance, and open field tasks. Also, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) profiling and in vivo field potential recording were assessed. Rats were exposed to saline or chronic nicotine 3.8 mg/kg subcutaneously for 14 days in four divided doses, spontaneous nicotine withdrawal was induced by quitting nicotine for 72 h (hrs). Animals received 4-FBS at 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg after 72 h of withdrawal in various behavioral and electrophysiological paradigms. Nicotine withdrawal causes a deficit in learning and long-term memory in the MWM task. No significant difference was found in novel object recognition tasks among all groups while in passive avoidance task nicotine withdrawal resulted in a deficit of hippocampus-dependent fear learning. Anxiety like behavior was observed during nicotine withdrawal. Plasma BDNF level was reduced during nicotine withdrawal as compared to the saline group reflecting mild cognitive impairment, stress, and depression. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine altered hippocampal plasticity, caused suppression of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Our results showed that 4-FBS at 40 and 60 mg/kg significantly prevented nicotine withdrawal-induced cognitive deficits in behavioral as well as electrophysiological studies. 4-FBS at 60 mg/kg upsurge nicotine withdrawal-induced decrease in plasma BDNF. We conclude that 4-FBS at 40 and 60 mg /kg effectively prevented chronic nicotine withdrawal-induced impairment in long term potentiation and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Ur Rehman
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Sara Joushi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Muzaffar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mariya Al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rauf
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan.
| | - Yaser Masoumi-Ardakani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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11
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Cole RD, Zimmerman M, Matchanova A, Kutlu MG, Gould TJ, Parikh V. Cognitive rigidity and BDNF-mediated frontostriatal glutamate neuroadaptations during spontaneous nicotine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:866-876. [PMID: 31752015 PMCID: PMC7075915 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is the ability to switch strategic responses adaptively in changing environments. Cognitive rigidity imposed by neural circuit adaptations during nicotine abstinence may foster maladaptive nicotine taking in addicts. We systematically examined the effects of spontaneous withdrawal in mice exposed to either nicotine (6.3 or 18 mg/kg/day) or saline for 14 days on cognitive flexibility using an operant strategy set-shifting task. Because frontostriatal circuits are critical for cognitive flexibility and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates glutamate plasticity in these circuits, we also explored the effects of nicotine withdrawal on these neurochemical substrates. Mice undergoing nicotine withdrawal required more trials to attain strategy-switching criterion. Error analysis show that animals withdrawn from both nicotine doses committed higher perseverative errors, which correlated with measures of anxiety. However, animals treated with the higher nicotine dose also displayed more strategy maintenance errors that remained independent of negative affect. BDNF mRNA expression increased in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) following nicotine withdrawal. Surprisingly, BDNF protein declined in mPFC but was elevated in dorsal striatum (DS). DS BDNF protein positively correlated with perseverative and maintenance errors, suggesting mPFC-DS overflow of BDNF during withdrawal. BDNF-evoked glutamate release and synapsin phosphorylation was attenuated within DS synapses, but enhanced in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting a dichotomous role of BDNF signaling in striatal regions. Taken together, these data suggest that spontaneous nicotine withdrawal impairs distinct components of cognitive set-shifting and these deficits may be linked to BDNF-mediated alterations in glutamate signaling dynamics in discrete frontostriatal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Cole
- 0000 0001 2248 3398grid.264727.2Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
| | - Matty Zimmerman
- 0000 0001 2248 3398grid.264727.2Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
| | - Anastasia Matchanova
- 0000 0001 2248 3398grid.264727.2Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
| | - Munir Gunes Kutlu
- 0000 0001 2097 4281grid.29857.31Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Thomas J. Gould
- 0000 0001 2097 4281grid.29857.31Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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12
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mGlu2/3 receptor antagonism: A mechanism to induce rapid antidepressant effects without ketamine-associated side-effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 190:172854. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Gendy MNS, Ibrahim C, Sloan ME, Le Foll B. Randomized Clinical Trials Investigating Innovative Interventions for Smoking Cessation in the Last Decade. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 258:395-420. [PMID: 31267165 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Every year, billions of dollars are spent treating smoking and related conditions, yet smoking-related morbidity and mortality continue to rise. There are currently only three FDA-approved medications for smoking cessation: nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline. Although these medications increase abstinence rates, most individuals relapse following treatment. This chapter reviews clinical trials published within the past 10 years investigating novel smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Among these pharmacotherapies, some showed promising results, such as cytisine and endocannabinoid modulators, whereas others failed to produce significant effects. More research is needed to develop drugs that produce higher rates of long-term abstinence and to determine which subgroups of patients benefit from a given treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N S Gendy
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Ibrahim
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew E Sloan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Addictions Division, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Addiction and stress: An allostatic view. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:245-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Cross AJ, Anthenelli R, Li X. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 2 and 3 as Targets for Treating Nicotine Addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:947-954. [PMID: 29301614 PMCID: PMC5953779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking, driven by the addictive properties of nicotine, continues to be a worldwide health problem. Based on the well-established role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in drug addiction, novel medication development strategies seek to halt nicotine consumption and prevent relapse to tobacco smoking by modulating glutamate transmission. The presynaptic inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) are key autoreceptors on glutamatergic terminals that maintain glutamate homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests the critical role of mGluR2/3 in different aspects of nicotine addiction, including acquisition and maintenance of nicotine taking, nicotine withdrawal, and persistent nicotine seeking even after prolonged abstinence. The involvement of mGluR2/3 in other neuropsychiatric conditions, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pain, provides convincing evidence suggesting that mGluR2/3 may provide an effective therapeutic approach for comorbidity of smoking and these conditions. This focused review article highlights that mGluR2/3 provide a promising target in the search for smoking cessation medication with novel mechanisms of actions that differ from those of currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Anthenelli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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16
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Kenny PJ, Hoyer D, Koob GF. Animal Models of Addiction and Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Their Role in Drug Discovery: Honoring the Legacy of Athina Markou. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:940-946. [PMID: 29602521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Each of the co-authors worked with Athina Markou, at different stages of our careers and in different capacities, to develop, optimize, and use animal models of drug addiction and, more generally, mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Here, we briefly summarize some of our work with Athina, primarily involving the use of the intracranial self-stimulation and intravenous drug self-administration procedures. This work established that excessive consumption of addictive drugs can induce profound dysfunction in brain reward circuits. Such drug-induced reward deficits are likely to play a key role in precipitating the emergence of compulsive drug-seeking behaviors. We also summarize findings suggesting that perturbations in glutamatergic transmission contribute to brain reward deficits in drug-dependent animals and that metabotropic glutamate receptors are potential targets for the development of novel medications to facilitate long-term drug abstinence and prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland
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17
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Markou A, Li J, Tse K, Li X. Cue-induced nicotine-seeking behavior after withdrawal with or without extinction in rats. Addict Biol 2018; 23:111-119. [PMID: 27894160 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to smoking-associated environmental cues during smoke cessation elicits self-reported urge/craving to smoke, which precipitates relapse even after prolonged abstinence. Incubation of cue-induced cigarettes craving during abstinence has been observed in human smokers recently. The present studies assessed cue-induced nicotine-seeking behavior under different withdrawal conditions in rats with a history of nicotine self-administration. We found that non-reinforced operant responding during cue-induced nicotine seeking after different periods of withdrawal from nicotine exhibited an inverted U-shaped curve, with higher levels of responding after 7-21 days of withdrawal than those after 1-day withdrawal. Cue-induced nicotine-seeking responding is long lasting and persists even after 42 days of forced withdrawal in the home cages. Interestingly, repeated testing of cue-induced nicotine seeking at different withdrawal time points (1, 7, 14, 21 and 42 days) in the same individual alleviated responding as compared with the between-subjects assessment. Furthermore, extinction training during nicotine withdrawal significantly decreased cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. Together, profound time-dependent incubation of cue-induced craving in nicotine-experienced rats were observed. In addition, repeated cue exposure or extinction training decreases cue-induced craving. The demonstration of incubation of nicotine craving phenomenon in both rat and human studies provides support for the translational potential of therapeutic targets for relapse uncovered through mechanism studies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine; University of California San Diego; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine; University of California San Diego; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Kearny Tse
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine; University of California San Diego; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine; University of California San Diego; La Jolla CA USA
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Blacker CJ, Lewis CP, Frye MA, Veldic M. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as emerging research targets in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:327-337. [PMID: 28800512 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysregulation is implicated in the neuropathology of bipolar disorder (BD). There is increasing interest in investigating the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in BD and as a target for treatment intervention. Bipolar mGluR studies (published January 1992-April 2016) were identified via PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. Full-text screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal were conducted in duplicate, with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The initial literature search for mGluRs in BD, including non-bipolar mood disorders and primary psychotic disorders, identified 1544 articles. 61 abstracts were selected for relevance, 16 articles met full inclusion criteria, and three additional articles were found via citations. Despite limited literature, studies demonstrated: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BD, including a GRM3 SNP associated with greater likelihood of psychosis (rs6465084), mRNA binding protein Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein associated with altered mGluR1/5 activity in BD populations, and lithium decreasing mGluR5 expression and mGluR-mediated intracellular calcium signaling. Limited research has been performed on the role of mGluRs in BD, but results highlight the importance of ongoing study. Future directions for research of mGluRs in BD include GRM polymorphisms, epigenetic regulation, intracellular proteins, and pharmacologic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren J Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Charles P Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Compromised neuroplasticity in cigarette smokers under nicotine withdrawal is restituted by the nicotinic α 4β 2-receptor partial agonist varenicline. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1387. [PMID: 28469204 PMCID: PMC5431184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine modulates neuroplasticity and improves cognitive functions in animals and humans. In the brain of smoking individuals, calcium-dependent plasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation methods such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and paired associative stimulation (PAS) is impaired by nicotine withdrawal, but partially re-established after nicotine re-administration. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism further, we tested the impact of the α4β2-nicotinic receptor partial agonist varenicline on focal and non-focal plasticity in smokers during nicotine withdrawal, induced by PAS and tDCS, respectively. We administered low (0.3 mg) and high (1.0 mg) single doses of varenicline or placebo medication before stimulation over the left motor cortex of 20 healthy smokers under nicotine withdrawal. Motor cortex excitability was monitored by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor evoked potential amplitudes for 36 hours after plasticity induction. Stimulation-induced plasticity was absent under placebo medication, whereas it was present in all conditions under high dose. Low dose restituted only tDCS-induced non-focal plasticity, producing no significant impact on focal plasticity. High dose varenicline also prolonged inhibitory plasticity. These results are comparable to the impact of nicotine on withdrawal-related impaired plasticity in smokers and suggest that α4β2 nicotinic receptors are relevantly involved in plasticity deficits and restitution in smokers.
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20
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Koob GF. Antireward, compulsivity, and addiction: seminal contributions of Dr. Athina Markou to motivational dysregulation in addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1315-1332. [PMID: 28050629 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Addiction is defined as a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking that is hypothesized to derive from multiple sources of motivational dysregulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Dr. Athina Markou made seminal contributions to our understanding of the neurobiology of addiction with her studies on the dysregulation of reward function using animal models with construct validity. Repeated overstimulation of the reward systems with drugs of abuse decreases reward function, characterized by brain stimulation reward and presumbably reflecting dysphoria-like states. The construct of negative reinforcement, defined as drug taking that alleviates a negative emotional state that is created by drug abstinence, is particularly relevant as a driving force in both the withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation stages of the addiction cycle. CONCLUSIONS The negative emotional state that drives such negative reinforcement is hypothesized to derive from the dysregulation of key neurochemical circuits that drive incentive-salience/reward systems (dopamine, opioid peptides) in the ventral striatum and from the recruitment of brain stress systems (corticotropin-releasing factor, dynorphin) within the extended amygdala. As drug taking becomes compulsive-like, the factors that motivate behavior are hypothesized to shift to drug-seeking behavior that is driven not only by positive reinforcement but also by negative reinforcement. This shift in motivation is hypothesized to reflect the allostatic misregulation of hedonic tone such that drug taking makes the hedonic negative emotional state worse during the process of seeking temporary relief with compulsive drug taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, Room 2001, Suite 2000, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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21
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Obituary: Athina Markou PhD (1961–2016). Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:591-593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Bowers MS, Jackson A, Maldoon PP, Damaj MI. N-acetylcysteine decreased nicotine reward-like properties and withdrawal in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:995-1003. [PMID: 26676982 PMCID: PMC4819399 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE N-acetylcysteine can increase extrasynaptic glutamate and reduce nicotine self-administration in rats and smoking rates in humans. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if N-acetylcysteine modulates the development of nicotine place conditioning and withdrawal in mice. METHODS N-acetylcysteine was given to nicotine-treated male ICR mice. Experiment 1: reward-like behavior. N-acetylcysteine (0, 5, 15, 30, or 60 mg/kg, i.p.) was given 15 min before nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline (10 ml/kg, s.c.) in an unbiased conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Conditioning for highly palatable food served as control. Experiment 2: spontaneous withdrawal. The effect of N-acetylcysteine (0, 15, 30, 120 mg/kg, i.p.) on anxiety-like behavior, somatic signs, and hyperalgesia was measured 18-24 h after continuous nicotine (24 mg/kg/day, 14 days). Experiment 3: mecamylamine-precipitated, withdrawal-induced aversion. The effect of N-acetylcysteine (0, 15, 30, 120 mg/kg, i.p.) on mecamylamine (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.)-precipitated withdrawal was determined after continuous nicotine (24 mg/kg, i.p., 28 days) using the conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm. RESULTS Dose-related reductions in the development of nicotine CPP, somatic withdrawal signs, hyperalgesia, and CPA were observed after N-acetylcysteine pretreatment. No effect of N-acetylcysteine was found on palatable food CPP, anxiety-like behavior, or motoric capacity (crosses between plus maze arms). Finally, N-acetylcysteine did not affect any measure in saline-treated mice at doses effective in nicotine-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data suggesting that N-acetylcysteine blocks specific mouse behaviors associated with nicotine reward and withdrawal, which adds to the growing appreciation that N-acetylcysteine may have high clinical utility in combating nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bowers
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - A Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - P P Maldoon
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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A Two-Day Continuous Nicotine Infusion Is Sufficient to Demonstrate Nicotine Withdrawal in Rats as Measured Using Intracranial Self-Stimulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144553. [PMID: 26658557 PMCID: PMC4684239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Avoidance of the negative affective (emotional) symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (e.g., anhedonia, anxiety) contributes to tobacco addiction. Establishing the minimal nicotine exposure conditions required to demonstrate negative affective withdrawal signs in animals, as well as understanding moderators of these conditions, could inform tobacco addiction-related research, treatment, and policy. The goal of this study was to determine the minimal duration of continuous nicotine infusion required to demonstrate nicotine withdrawal in rats as measured by elevations in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds (anhedonia-like behavior). Administration of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) on alternate test days throughout the course of a 2-week continuous nicotine infusion (3.2 mg/kg/day via osmotic minipump) elicited elevations in ICSS thresholds beginning on the second day of infusion. Magnitude of antagonist-precipitated withdrawal did not change with further nicotine exposure and mecamylamine injections, and was similar to that observed in a positive control group receiving mecamylamine following a 14-day nicotine infusion. Expression of a significant withdrawal effect was delayed in nicotine-infused rats receiving mecamylamine on all test days rather than on alternate test days. In a separate study, rats exhibited a transient increase in ICSS thresholds following cessation of a 2-day continuous nicotine infusion (3.2 mg/kg/day). Magnitude of this spontaneous withdrawal effect was similar to that observed in rats receiving a 9-day nicotine infusion. Our findings demonstrate that rats exhibit antagonist-precipitated and spontaneous nicotine withdrawal following a 2-day continuous nicotine infusion, at least under the experimental conditions studied here. Magnitude of these effects were similar to those observed in traditional models involving more prolonged nicotine exposure. Further development of these models, including evaluation of more clinically relevant nicotine dosing regimens and other measures of nicotine withdrawal (e.g., anxiety-like behavior, somatic signs), may be useful for understanding the development of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome.
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Neuroscience of nicotine for addiction medicine: novel targets for smoking cessation medications. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 223:191-214. [PMID: 26806777 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco smoking constitutes a significant burden on healthcare budgets all over the world. Therefore, promoting smoking cessation is an important goal of health professionals and policy makers throughout the world. Nicotine is a major psychoactive component in tobacco that is largely responsible for the widespread addiction to tobacco. A majority of the currently available FDA-approved smoking cessation medications act via neuronal nicotinic receptors. These medications are effective in approximately half of all the smokers, who want to quit and relapse among abstinent smokers continues to be high. In addition to relapse among abstinent smokers, unpleasant effects associated with nicotine withdrawal are a major motivational factor in continued tobacco smoking. Over the last two decades, animal studies have helped in identifying several neural substrates that are involved in nicotine-dependent behaviors including those associated with nicotine withdrawal and relapse to tobacco smoking. In this review, first the role of specific brain regions/circuits that are involved in nicotine dependence will be discussed. Next, the review will describe the role of specific nicotinic receptor subunits in nicotine dependence. Finally, the review will discuss the role of classical neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid) as well as endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid signaling in nicotine dependence. The nicotinic and nonnicotinic neural substrates involved in nicotine-dependent behaviors can serve as possible targets for future smoking cessation medications.
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25
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Targeting glutamate homeostasis for potential treatment of nicotine dependence. Brain Res Bull 2015; 121:1-8. [PMID: 26589642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that impairment in glutamatergic neurotransmission is linked to drug dependence and drug-seeking behavior. Increased extracellular glutamate concentration in mesocorticolimbic regions has been observed in animals developing nicotine dependence. Changes in glutamate release might be associated with stimulatory effect of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) via nicotine exposure. We and others have shown increased extracellular glutamate concentration, which was associated with down regulation of the major glutamate transporter, glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1), in brain reward regions of animals exposed to drug abuse, including nicotine and ethanol. Importantly, studies from our laboratory and others showed that upregulation of GLT-1 expression in the mesocorticolimbic brain regions may have potential therapeutic effects in drug dependence. In this review article, we discussed the effect of antagonizing presynaptic nAChRs in glutamate release, the upregulatory effect in GLT-1 expression and the role of glutamate receptors antagonists in the treatment of nicotine dependence.
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26
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D'Souza MS. Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:404. [PMID: 26594139 PMCID: PMC4633516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals addicted to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin are a significant burden on healthcare systems all over the world. The positive reinforcing (rewarding) effects of the above mentioned drugs play a major role in the initiation and maintenance of the drug-taking habit. Thus, understanding the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse is critical to reducing the burden of drug addiction in society. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing focus on the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in drug addiction. In this review, pharmacological and genetic evidence supporting the role of glutamate in mediating the rewarding effects of the above described drugs of abuse will be discussed. Further, the review will discuss the role of glutamate transmission in two complex heterogeneous brain regions, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which mediate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In addition, several medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration that act by blocking glutamate transmission will be discussed in the context of drug reward. Finally, this review will discuss future studies needed to address currently unanswered gaps in knowledge, which will further elucidate the role of glutamate in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University Ada, OH, USA
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Basson J, Sung YJ, Fuentes LDL, Schwander K, Cupples LA, Rao DC. Influence of Smoking Status and Intensity on Discovery of Blood Pressure Loci Through Gene-Smoking Interactions. Genet Epidemiol 2015; 39:480-488. [PMID: 25940791 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation accounts for approximately 30% of blood pressure (BP) variability but most of that variability has not been attributed to specific variants. Interactions between genes and BP-associated factors may explain some "missing heritability." Cigarette smoking increases BP after short-term exposure and decreases BP with longer exposure. Gene-smoking interactions have discovered novel BP loci, but the contribution of smoking status and intensity to gene discovery is unknown. METHODS We analyzed gene-smoking intensity interactions for association with systolic BP (SBP) in three subgroups from the Framingham Heart Study: current smokers only (N = 1,057), current and former smokers ("ever smokers," N = 3,374), and all subjects (N = 6,710). We used three smoking intensity variables defined at cutoffs of 10, 15, and 20 cigarettes per day (CPD). We evaluated the 1 degree-of-freedom (df) interaction and 2df joint test using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Analysis of current smokers using a CPD cutoff of 10 produced two loci associated with SBP. The rs9399633 minor allele was associated with increased SBP (5 mmHg) in heavy smokers (CPD > 10) but decreased SBP (7 mmHg) in light smokers (CPD ≤ 10). The rs11717948 minor allele was associated with decreased SBP (8 mmHg) in light smokers but decreased SBP (2 mmHg) in heavy smokers. Across all nine analyses, 19 additional loci reached P < 1 × 10(-6). DISCUSSION Analysis of current smokers may have the highest power to detect gene-smoking interactions, despite the reduced sample size. Associations of loci near SASH1 and KLHL6/KLHL24 with SBP may be modulated by tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Basson
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lisa de Las Fuentes
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karen Schwander
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - D C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Korte SM, Prins J, Krajnc AM, Hendriksen H, Oosting RS, Westphal KG, Korte-Bouws GA, Olivier B. The many different faces of major depression: It is time for personalized medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 753:88-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Salih H, Anghelescu I, Kezic I, Sinha V, Hoeben E, Van Nueten L, De Smedt H, De Boer P. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterisation of JNJ-40411813, a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR2, in two randomised, double-blind phase-I studies. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:414-25. [PMID: 25735992 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115573403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor-2 positive allosteric modulator, JNJ-40411813 (ADX71149), was characterised for clinical effects in healthy volunteers in two phase-1 studies. In study 1, healthy men received 50-, 100-, 150- or 225 mg and women received 100 mg JNJ-40411813 (n=6, each cohort) or placebo (n=2, each cohort) twice daily for seven days; smoking men (n=30) received placebo twice daily on days 1-7, 100 mg JNJ-40411813 (n=20) or placebo (n=10) on days 8-14. In study 2, healthy men received intravenous 0.005 mg/kg S(+) ketamine over 60 min at 3 (n=24; cohort 1), 12 h (n=8; cohort 3), and 24 h (n=8; cohort 2) after a single oral dose of 500 mg JNJ-40411813 or placebo. The pharmacokinetics and effects of JNJ-40411813 on cognition and subjective awareness were evaluated. Plasma JNJ-40411813 exposure was dose-dependent, t max ranged from 3-4 h and t 1/2 19.4-34.2 h across the dose levels. JNJ-40411813 significantly (p=0.02) reduced continuity of attention score (150 mg dose) and ameliorated smoking withdrawal-induced changes in power of attention and quality of episodic memory versus placebo. A modest reduction in alertness was observed at 150-225 mg doses, JNJ-40411813 (500 mg) reduced S(+) ketamine-induced negative symptoms by approximately 43% and 30% in cohorts 1 and 3, respectively. JNJ-40411813 was generally well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Salih
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Iva Kezic
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Eef Hoeben
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Pistillo F, Clementi F, Zoli M, Gotti C. Nicotinic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the mesocorticolimbic system: focus on nicotine effects. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 124:1-27. [PMID: 25447802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is currently the leading cause of preventable deaths and disability throughout the world, being responsible for about five million premature deaths/year. Unfortunately, fewer than 10% of tobacco users who try to stop smoking actually manage to do so. The main addictive agent delivered by cigarette smoke is nicotine, which induces psychostimulation and reward, and reduces stress and anxiety. The use of new technologies (including optogenetics) and the development of mouse models characterised by cell-specific deletions of receptor subtype genes or the expression of gain-of-function nAChR subunits has greatly increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and neural substrates of nicotine addiction first revealed by classic electrophysiological, neurochemical and behavioural approaches. It is now becoming clear that various aspects of nicotine dependence are mediated by close interactions of the glutamatergic, dopaminergic and γ-aminobutyric acidergic systems in the mesocorticolimbic system. This review is divided into two parts. The first provides an updated overview of the circuitry of the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex, the neurotransmitter receptor subtypes expressed in these areas, and their physiological role in the mesocorticolimbic system. The second will focus on the molecular, functional and behavioural mechanisms involved in the acute and chronic effects of nicotine on the mesocorticolimbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pistillo
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Clementi
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Physiology and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Pergadia ML, Der-Avakian A, D'Souza MS, Madden PA, Heath AC, Shiffman S, Markou A, Pizzagalli DA. Association between nicotine withdrawal and reward responsiveness in humans and rats. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:1238-1245. [PMID: 25208057 PMCID: PMC4353576 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Reward-related disturbances after withdrawal from nicotine are hypothesized to contribute to relapse to tobacco smoking but mechanisms underlying and linking such processes remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether withdrawal from nicotine affects reward responsiveness (ie, the propensity to modulate behavior as a function of prior reinforcement experience) across species using translational behavioral assessments in humans and rats. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Experimental studies used analogous reward responsiveness tasks in both humans and rats to examine whether reward responsiveness varied in (1) an ad libitum smoking condition compared with a 24-hour acute nicotine abstinence condition in 31 human smokers with (n = 17) or without (n = 14) a history of depression; (2) rats 24 hours after withdrawal from chronic nicotine (n = 19) or saline (n = 20); and (3) rats following acute nicotine exposure after withdrawal from either chronic nicotine or saline administration. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Performance on a reward responsiveness task under nicotine and nonnicotine conditions. RESULTS In both human smokers and nicotine-treated rats, reward responsiveness was significantly reduced after 24-hour withdrawal from nicotine (P < .05). In humans, withdrawal-induced deficits in reward responsiveness were greater in those with a history of depression. In rats previously exposed to chronic nicotine, acute nicotine reexposure long after withdrawal potentiated reward responsiveness (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings across species converge in suggesting that organisms have diminished ability to modulate behavior as a function of reward during withdrawal of nicotine. This blunting may contribute to relapse to tobacco smoking, particularly in depression-vulnerable individuals, to reinstate responsiveness to natural rewards and to experience potentiated nicotine-induced reward responsiveness. Moreover, demonstration of behavioral homology across humans and rodents provides a strong translational framework for the investigation and development of clinical treatments targeting reward responsiveness deficits during early withdrawal of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L. Pergadia
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Corresponding Author: Michele L. Pergadia, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110; Phone (314) 286-2270; Fax (314) 286-2213;
| | | | | | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
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Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral procedure in which operant responding is maintained by pulses of electrical brain stimulation. In research to study abuse-related drug effects, ICSS relies on electrode placements that target the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus, and experimental sessions manipulate frequency or amplitude of stimulation to engender a wide range of baseline response rates or response probabilities. Under these conditions, drug-induced increases in low rates/probabilities of responding maintained by low frequencies/amplitudes of stimulation are interpreted as an abuse-related effect. Conversely, drug-induced decreases in high rates/probabilities of responding maintained by high frequencies/amplitudes of stimulation can be interpreted as an abuse-limiting effect. Overall abuse potential can be inferred from the relative expression of abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects. The sensitivity and selectivity of ICSS to detect abuse potential of many classes of abused drugs is similar to the sensitivity and selectivity of drug self-administration procedures. Moreover, similar to progressive-ratio drug self-administration procedures, ICSS data can be used to rank the relative abuse potential of different drugs. Strengths of ICSS in comparison with drug self-administration include 1) potential for simultaneous evaluation of both abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects, 2) flexibility for use with various routes of drug administration or drug vehicles, 3) utility for studies in drug-naive subjects as well as in subjects with controlled levels of prior drug exposure, and 4) utility for studies of drug time course. Taken together, these considerations suggest that ICSS can make significant contributions to the practice of abuse potential testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laurence L Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Hillhouse TM, Porter JH, Negus SS. Dissociable effects of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and MK-801 on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2705-16. [PMID: 24522331 PMCID: PMC4058412 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The noncompetitive NMDA antagonist ketamine produces rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant patients suffering from major depressive and bipolar disorders. However, abuse liability is a concern. OBJECTIVES This study examined abuse-related effects of ketamine using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rats. The higher-affinity NMDA antagonist MK-801 and the monoamine reuptake inhibitor cocaine were examined for comparison. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with electrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle and trained to respond to brain stimulation under a frequency-rate ICSS procedure. The first experiment compared the potency and time course of ketamine (3.2-10.0 mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.032-0.32 mg/kg). The second experiment examined effects of repeated dosing with ketamine (3.2-20.0 mg/kg/day) and acute cocaine (10.0 mg/kg). RESULTS Following acute administration, ketamine (3.2-10 mg/kg) produced only dose- and time-dependent depressions of ICSS and failed to produce an abuse-related facilitation of ICSS at any dose or pretreatment time. In contrast, MK-801 (0.032-0.32 mg/kg) produced a mixed profile of rate-increasing and rate-decreasing effects; ICSS facilitation was especially prominent at an intermediate dose of 0.18 mg/kg. Repeated dosing with ketamine produced dose-dependent tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of ketamine (10.0 and 18.0 mg/kg) but failed to unmask expression of ICSS facilitation. Termination of ketamine treatment failed to produce withdrawal-associated decreases in ICSS. As reported previously, 10.0 mg/kg cocaine facilitated ICSS. CONCLUSIONS The dissociable effects of ketamine and MK-801 suggest differences in the pharmacology of these nominally similar NMDA antagonists. Failure of ketamine to facilitate ICSS contrasts with other evidence for the abuse liability of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Hillhouse
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 842018, 806 West Franklin Street, Richmond 23284, VA, USA
| | - Joseph H. Porter
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 842018, 806 West Franklin Street, Richmond 23284, VA, USA
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond VA 23298, USA
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Zaniewska M, Przegaliński E, Filip M, Pilc A, Doller D. Inhibitory actions of mGlu4 receptor ligands on cocaine-, but not nicotine-, induced sensitizing and conditioning locomotor responses in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:205-11. [PMID: 24911071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male Wistar rats were used to verify the hypothesis that metabotropic glutamate 4 (mGlu4) receptor ligands may modulate the locomotor effects evoked by cocaine or nicotine. METHODS The preferential mGlu4 receptor orthosteric agonist (2S)-2-amino-4-[hydroxy[hydroxy(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)methyl]phosphoryl]butanoic acid (LSP1-2111) and the mGlu4 receptor positive allosteric modulator (+)-cis-N(1)-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxamide (Lu AF21934) were used in the study. Rats were given repeated pairings of a test environment with cocaine (10mg/kg), nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or the respective vehicles for 5 days. On day 10, animals were challenged with cocaine (10mg/kg, cocaine sensitization), nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, nicotine sensitization) or vehicle (conditioned hyperlocomotion) in experimental cages. RESULTS Given on day 10, LSP1-2111 (3mg/kg) as well as Lu AF21934 (2.5-5mg/kg) decreased the expression of cocaine sensitization. In another set of experiments, LSP1-2111 (3mg/kg) and Lu AF21934 (5mg/kg) administered on day 10 attenuated the conditioned hyperlocomotion in rats treated repeatedly with cocaine. Neither LSP1-2111 (1-3mg/kg) nor Lu AF21934 (2.5-5mg/kg) changed the expression of nicotine sensitization and conditioned hyperlocomotion in rats treated repeatedly with nicotine. None of the mGlu4 receptor agonist/modulator altered the basal locomotor activity or acute hyperactivity to cocaine or nicotine. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that pharmacological stimulation of mGlu4 receptors reduces the cocaine-induced expression of sensitization as well as conditioned hyperactivity. In contrast, mGlu4 receptor activation seems to be devoid of any effect on the locomotor effects of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaniewska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Edmund Przegaliński
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pilc
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Darío Doller
- Chemical and Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, USA
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 is associated with heroin dependence but not depression or schizophrenia in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87247. [PMID: 24498053 PMCID: PMC3909071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 (mGluR3, encoded by GRM3) plays important roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, depression, and drug dependence. GRM3 polymorphisms were reported to be associated with prefrontal activity, cognitive shifting, and memory capability in healthy subjects, as well as susceptibility to schizophrenia and depression. The goal of this study was to replicate the association of GRM3 with schizophrenia and depression and to explore GRM3's potential association with heroin dependence (HD) in a Chinese population. Seventeen SNPs throughout the GRM3 gene were genotyped using MALDI-TOF within the MassARRAY system, and the allele and genotype distributions were compared between 619 healthy controls and 433 patients with schizophrenia, 409 patients with major depression, and 584 unrelated addicts. We found that GRM3 polymorphisms modulate the susceptibility to HD but do not significantly influence the risk for schizophrenia or depression. An increased risk of HD was significantly associated with the minor alleles of two GRM3 SNPs, including the T allele of rs274618 (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.631, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.317-2.005), the T allele of rs274622 (OR = 1.652, 95% CI: 1.336-2.036), compared with the major alleles. The addicts carrying the minor allele of rs274618 or rs274622 had a shortened duration for transition from first use to dependence (DTFUD) in comparison to homozygote for major allele (P<0.0001 for each SNP using log rank test). Additionally, a 6-SNP haplotype within 5' region of the GRM3 including the minor alleles of the two aforementioned SNPs was significantly associated with an increased risk of HD (P = 0.00001, OR = 1.668, 95% CI: 1.335-2.084). Our data indicated that GRM3 polymorphisms do not contribute to genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia and depression, but they confer an increased risk of HD in a Chinese population.
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Kenny PJ. Emerging therapeutic targets for the treatment of nicotine addiction. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 2:221-5. [PMID: 24410700 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kenny
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Li X, Semenova S, D'Souza MS, Stoker AK, Markou A. Involvement of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in nicotine dependence: Implications for novel pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:554-65. [PMID: 23752091 PMCID: PMC3830589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking continues to be a major global health hazard despite significant public awareness of its harmful consequences. Although several treatment options are currently available for smoking cessation, these medications are effective in only a small subset of smokers, and relapse rates continue to be high. Therefore, a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate tobacco dependence is essential for the development of effective smoking cessation medications. Nicotine is the primary psychoactive component of tobacco that drives the harmful tobacco smoking habit. Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain, resulting in the release of a wide range of neurotransmitters, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This review article focuses on the role of the excitatory glutamate system and inhibitory GABA system in nicotine dependence. Accumulating evidence suggests that blockade of glutamatergic transmission or facilitation of GABAergic transmission attenuates the positive reinforcing and incentive motivational aspects of nicotine, inhibits the reward-enhancing and conditioned rewarding effects of nicotine, and blocks nicotine-seeking behavior. Chronic nicotine exposure produced long-term neuroadaptations that contribute to nicotine withdrawal, but the role of GABA and glutamate transmission in nicotine withdrawal is less understood. Overall, the findings presented in this review provide strong converging evidence for the potential effectiveness of glutamatergic and GABAergic medications in nicotine dependence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Astrid K. Stoker
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Parameshwaran K, Buabeid MA, Bhattacharya S, Uthayathas S, Kariharan T, Dhanasekaran M, Suppiramaniam V. Long term alterations in synaptic physiology, expression of β2 nicotinic receptors and ERK1/2 signaling in the hippocampus of rats with prenatal nicotine exposure. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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D'Souza MS, Markou A. The "stop" and "go" of nicotine dependence: role of GABA and glutamate. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:3/6/a012146. [PMID: 23732855 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of tobacco smoking. Importantly, chronic nicotine exposure alters the function of brain reward systems, resulting in the development of a nicotine-dependent state. This nicotine-dependent state is associated with aversive affective and somatic signs upon abstinence from smoking, often leading to relapse in abstinent smokers. This article reviews the role of the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively, in both the reinforcing effects of nicotine and development of nicotine dependence. Evidence suggests that blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission attenuates both nicotine intake and nicotine seeking. In contrast, both nicotine intake and nicotine seeking are attenuated when GABA neurotransmission is facilitated. In conclusion, medications that either attenuate/negatively modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission or facilitate/positively modulate GABA neurotransmission may be useful for promoting smoking cessation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Iijima M, Koike H, Chaki S. Effect of an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist on depressive behavior induced by withdrawal from chronic treatment with methamphetamine. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:24-8. [PMID: 23473878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from chronic treatment with a psychostimulant precipitates behavioral and physiological conditions similar to the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). Accumulated studies have indicated that withdrawal from a psychostimulant in rodents elicits depressive phenotypes including despair and anhedonia. Recently, the modulation of the group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2/3) receptor has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach to MDD. In the present study, we investigated the effect of an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, LY341495, on the depressive behavior induced by withdrawal from chronic treatment with a psychostimulant, methamphetamine (MAP) (5.0mg/kg/day×5 days). The rats were then tested for depressive behavior using the forced swimming test. Withdrawal from chronic treatment with MAP increased the immobility time during the forced swimming test, indicating increased depressive behavior. Systemically administered LY341495 counteracted the depressive behavior induced by withdrawal from chronic treatment with MAP. Moreover, we found that the microinjection of LY341495 into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) also counteracted the increase in the immobility time caused by withdrawal from chronic treatment with MAP. Taken together, the present results suggested that the blockade of the mGlu2/3 receptor may prevent the depressive symptoms induced by withdrawal from a psychostimulant and that the blockade of the mGlu2/3 receptor in the NAc may contribute to the antidepressant-like effects of the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist in this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Iijima
- Discovery Pharmacology І, Molecular Function and Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
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Watterson LR, Kufahl PR, Nemirovsky NE, Sewalia K, Hood LE, Olive MF. Attenuation of reinstatement of methamphetamine-, sucrose-, and food-seeking behavior in rats by fenobam, a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 negative allosteric modulator. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:151-9. [PMID: 22820868 PMCID: PMC3742304 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly potent and addictive psychostimulant with severe detrimental effects to the health of users. Currently, METH addiction is treated with a combination of cognitive and behavioral therapies, but these traditional approaches suffer from high relapse rates. Furthermore, there are currently no pharmacological treatment interventions approved by the FDA specifically for the treatment of METH addiction. OBJECTIVES Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have shown promise in significantly attenuating drug self-administration and drug-seeking in reinstatement paradigms. However, studies assessing the potential efficacy of mGluR5 NAMs that have been tested in human subjects are lacking. The current study sought to assess the effect of the mGluR5 NAM fenobam on METH-seeking behavior. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer METH (0.05 mg/kg i.v.), and following extinction, tested for effects of fenobam (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg intraperitoneal) on cue- and drug-induced reinstatement of METH-seeking. To determine if fenobam also alters reinstatement of seeking of natural reinforcers, separate groups of rats were trained to self-administer sucrose or food pellets and were tested for the effects of fenobam on cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose- and food-seeking. RESULTS Fenobam attenuated drug- and cue-induced reinstatement of METH-seeking behavior at doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg. Fenobam also attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose- and food-seeking at all doses tested. CONCLUSIONS The mGluR5 NAM fenobam attenuates the reinstatement of METH-seeking behavior, but these effects may be due to nonspecific suppression of general appetitive behaviors.
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Abstract
Mood disorders are common and debilitating, resulting in a significant public health burden. Current treatments are only partly effective and patients who have failed to respond to trials of existing antidepressant agents (eg, those who suffer from treatment-resistant depression [TRD]) require innovative therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action. Although neuroscience research has elucidated important aspects of the basic mechanisms of antidepressant action, most antidepressant drugs target monoaminergic mechanisms identified decades ago. Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and glutamatergic dysfunction has been implicated in mood disorders. These data provide a rationale for the pursuit of glutamatergic agents as novel therapeutic agents. Here, we review preclinical and clinical investigations of glutamatergic agents in mood disorders with a focus on depression. We begin with discussion of evidence for the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, followed by studies of the antidepressant efficacy of the currently marketed drugs riluzole and lamotrigine. Promising novel agents currently in development, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor modulators, 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) receptor modulators, and drugs with activity at the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are then reviewed. Taken together, both preclinical and clinical evidence exists to support the pursuit of small molecule modulators of the glutamate system as novel therapeutic agents in mood disorders. It is hoped that by targeting neural systems outside of the monoamine system, more effective and perhaps faster acting therapeutics can be developed for patients suffering from these disabling disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Ab Lapidus
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Goriounova NA, Mansvelder HD. Short- and long-term consequences of nicotine exposure during adolescence for prefrontal cortex neuronal network function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a012120. [PMID: 22983224 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
More than 70% of adolescents report to have smoked a cigarette at least once. At the adolescent stage the brain has not completed its maturation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), the brain area responsible for executive functions and attention performance, is one of the last brain areas to mature and is still developing during adolescence. Smoking during adolescence increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment in later life. In addition, adolescent smokers suffer from attention deficits, which aggravate with the years of smoking. Recent studies in rodents reveal the molecular changes induced by adolescent nicotine exposure that alter the functioning of synapses in the PFC and that underlie the lasting effects on cognitive function. Here we provide an overview of these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Tobacco dependence is an addiction with high rates of relapse, resulting in multiple quit attempts in individuals who are trying to stop smoking. How these multiple cycles of smoking and withdrawal contribute to nicotine dependence, long-term alterations in brain reward systems, and nicotine receptor regulation is unknown. Therefore, to evaluate how multiple exposures of nicotine and withdrawal periods modulate rewarding properties of nicotine, we used intracranial self-stimulation to measure alterations in the threshold of brain stimulation reward. In addition, we employed the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to evaluate positive context conditioning following each withdrawal period and measured levels of neuronal nicotinic receptors in cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. We found that repeated nicotine exposure and withdrawal enhanced brain stimulation reward and reward sensitivity to acute injections of nicotine. This increased reward was reflected by enhanced CPP to nicotine. Chronic nicotine is known to up-regulate nAChRs (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) and we found that this up-regulation was maintained for up to 8 days of withdrawal in the striatum and in the hippocampus, but not in the cortex, of animals exposed to multiple nicotine exposure and withdrawal periods. These results demonstrate that repeated exposures to nicotine, followed by withdrawal, induce a persistent increase in both brain reward function and sensitivity to the hedonic value of nicotine and long-lasting up-regulation of neuronal nicotinic receptors. Together, these data suggest that a continuing increase in brain reward function and enhanced sensitivity to nicotine reward following repeated withdrawal periods may be one reason why smokers relapse frequently.
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Nicotine exposure during adolescence leads to short- and long-term changes in spike timing-dependent plasticity in rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2012; 32:10484-93. [PMID: 22855798 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5502-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period of brain development during which maturation of areas involved in cognitive functioning, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), is still ongoing. Tobacco smoking during this age can compromise the normal course of prefrontal development and lead to cognitive impairments in later life. Recently, we reported that nicotine exposure during adolescence results in a short-term increase and lasting reduction in synaptic mGluR2 levels in the rat mPFC, causing attention deficits during adulthood. It is unknown how changed synaptic mGluR2 levels after adolescent nicotine exposure affect the ability of mPFC synapses to undergo long-term synaptic plasticity. Here, we addressed this question. To model nicotine exposure, adolescent (P34-P43) or adult (P60-P69) rats were treated with nicotine injections three times per day for 10 d. We found that, both during acute activation of nicotinic receptors in the adolescent mPFC as well as immediately following nicotine treatment during adolescence, long-term plasticity in response to timed presynaptic and postsynaptic activity (tLTP) was strongly reduced. In contrast, in the mPFC of adult rats 5 weeks after they received nicotine treatment during adolescence, but not during adulthood, tLTP was increased. Short- and long-term adaptation of mPFC synaptic plasticity after adolescent nicotine exposure could be explained by changed mGluR2 signaling. Blocking mGluR2s augmented tLTP, whereas activating mGluR2s reduced tLTP. Our findings suggest neuronal mechanisms by which exposure to nicotine during adolescence alters the rules for spike timing-dependent plasticity in prefrontal networks that may explain the observed deficits in cognitive performance in later life.
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Ago Y, Yano K, Araki R, Hiramatsu N, Kita Y, Kawasaki T, Onoe H, Chaki S, Nakazato A, Hashimoto H, Baba A, Takuma K, Matsuda T. Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor antagonists improve behavioral and prefrontal dopaminergic alterations in the chronic corticosterone-induced depression model in mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 65:29-38. [PMID: 23022081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptor antagonists have an antidepressant-like effect, but the exact mechanism still remains unclear. This study examined the effects of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists in chronic corticosterone-treated mice which could be used as an animal model of depression. In the forced swim test, the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists MGS0039 (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and LY341495 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p) significantly reduced the increased immobility time of mice pretreated with corticosterone (20 mg/kg, s.c.) for 21 days, while desipramine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. The antidepressant-like effect of LY341495 was not blocked by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor antagonist NBQX (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Systemic administration of LY341495 did not affect basal release of glutamate, dopamine or serotonin in the prefrontal cortex of the control or chronic corticosterone-treated mice. Chronic corticosterone markedly enhanced high K(+)-induced release of dopamine, but not serotonin or glutamate, in the prefrontal cortex. This neurochemical change was blocked by systemic administration of MGS0039 and LY341495, but not desipramine or fluoxetine. These results suggest that chronic corticosterone-treated mice could be used as an animal model of treatment-resistant depression. This study also suggests that the prefrontal dopaminergic system is involved in the antidepressant-like effect of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists in the chronic corticosterone-induced depression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Goriounova NA, Mansvelder HD. Nicotine exposure during adolescence alters the rules for prefrontal cortical synaptic plasticity during adulthood. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2012; 4:3. [PMID: 22876231 PMCID: PMC3410598 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2012.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of adolescents report to have smoked a cigarette at least once. Adolescence is a critical period of brain development during which maturation of areas involved in cognitive functioning, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), is still ongoing. Tobacco smoking during this age may compromise the normal course of prefrontal development and lead to cognitive impairments in later life. In addition, adolescent smokers suffer from attention deficits, which progress with the years of smoking. Recent studies in rodents reveal the molecular changes induced by adolescent nicotine exposure that alter the functioning of synapses in the PFC and underlie the lasting effects on cognitive function. In particular, the expression and function of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are changed and this has an impact on short- and long-term plasticity of glutamatergic synapses in the PFC and ultimately on the attention performance. Here, we review and discuss these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Cleva RM, Watterson LR, Johnson MA, Olive MF. Differential Modulation of Thresholds for Intracranial Self-Stimulation by mGlu5 Positive and Negative Allosteric Modulators: Implications for Effects on Drug Self-Administration. Front Pharmacol 2012; 2:93. [PMID: 22232603 PMCID: PMC3252814 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological manipulation of the type 5 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu5) receptor alters various addiction related behaviors such as drug self-administration and the extinction and reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. However, the effects of pharmacological modulation of mGlu5 receptors on brain reward function have not been widely investigated. We examined the effects of acute administration of positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) on brain reward function by assessing thresholds for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). In addition, when acute effects were observed, we examined changes in ICSS thresholds following repeated administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with bipolar electrodes into the medial forebrain bundle and trained to respond for ICSS, followed by assessment of effects of mGlu5 ligands on ICSS thresholds using a discrete trials current–intensity threshold determination procedure. Acute administration of the selective mGlu5 NAMs MTEP (0, 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg) and fenobam (0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased ICSS thresholds (∼70% at the highest dose tested), suggesting a deficit in brain reward function. Acute administration of the mGlu5 PAMs CDPPB (0, 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg) or ADX47273 (0, 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg) was without effect at any dose tested. When administered once daily for five consecutive days, the development of tolerance to the ability of threshold-elevating doses of MTEP and fenobam to increase ICSS thresholds was observed. We conclude that mGlu5 PAMs and NAMs differentially affect brain reward function, and that tolerance to the ability of mGlu5 NAMs to reduce brain reward function develops with repeated administration. These brain reward deficits should be taken into consideration when interpreting acute effects of mGlu5 NAMs on drug self-administration, and repeated administration of these ligands may be an effective method to reduce these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cleva
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, USA
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Weaver MT, Sweitzer M, Coddington S, Sheppard J, Verdecchia N, Caggiula AR, Sved AF, Donny EC. Precipitated withdrawal from nicotine reduces reinforcing effects of a visual stimulus for rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:824-32. [PMID: 22218403 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has identified at least two positive reinforcement-related effects of nicotine: (a) primary reinforcement and (b) enhancement of reinforcement from concurrently available stimuli. Prior examples of the reinforcement-enhancing effects with rats showed that repeated, intermittent nicotine exposure increased responding for non-nicotine reinforcers, and this effect remained robust over several weeks. However, the effects of continuous nicotine exposure on responding for a non-nicotine reinforcer are unknown, as are the effects of abruptly withdrawing continuous nicotine on behavior maintained by the same reinforcer. METHODS Lever pressing for a visual reinforcer under a fixed ratio schedule was assessed while rats were maintained on a chronic, continuous infusion of nicotine (3.16 mg/kg/day; osmotic minipump). The effects of precipitated withdrawal on responding, following 16 days of continuous nicotine exposure, were assessed by pre-session subcutaneous injections of mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg). RESULTS Continuous nicotine initially increased active responding for the visual reinforcer; however, continued exposure resulted in an attenuation of this effect. Precipitated withdrawal from nicotine resulted in a significant decline in active responding. CONCLUSIONS The initial increase in responding for the visual reinforcer with chronic nicotine exposure is consistent with prior research showing that intermittent exposure to nicotine acts as a reinforcement enhancer. However, the attenuation of this enhancement following prolonged nicotine exposure is in contrast with the persistent effects previously reported. Finally, the decrease in visual reinforcers below control levels (nicotine-naive animals) following nicotine withdrawal highlights a potential for affective withdrawal, which may serve as a motive for continued nicotine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Weaver
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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