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Niu YL, Lu F, Liu XJ, Wang J, Liu DL, Liu QY, Yang J. Global climate change: Effects of future temperatures on emergency department visits for mental disorders in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119044. [PMID: 38697599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Rising temperatures can increase the risk of mental disorders. As climate change intensifies, the future disease burden due to mental disorders may be underestimated. Using data on the number of daily emergency department visits for mental disorders at 30 hospitals in Beijing, China during 2016-2018, the relationship between daily mean temperature and such visits was assessed using a quasi-Poisson model integrated with a distributed lag nonlinear model. Emergency department visits for mental disorders attributed to temperature changes were projected using 26 general circulation models under four climate change scenarios. Stratification analyses were then conducted by disease subtype, sex, and age. The results indicate that the temperature-related health burden from mental disorders was projected to increase consistently throughout the 21st century, mainly driven by high temperatures. The future temperature-related health burden was higher for patients with mental disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances and schizophrenia as well as for women and those aged <65 years. These findings enhance our knowledge of how climate change could affect mental well-being and can be used to advance and refine targeted approaches to mitigating and adapting to climate change with a view on addressing mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Niu
- Institute for Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013 Beijing, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Beijing Municipal Health Big Data and Policy Research Center, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Liu
- Department of Medical Record Management and Statistics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - De Li Liu
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, NSW 2650, Australia; Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Qi-Yong Liu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China.
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Zhou Q, Huang X, Su L, Tang X, Qin Y, Huo Y, Zhou C, Lan J, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Huang G, Wei Y. Immediate and delayed effects of environmental temperature on schizophrenia admissions in Liuzhou, China, 2013-2020: a time series analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:843-854. [PMID: 38326654 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the associations between environmental temperature and schizophrenia admissions in Liuzhou, China. A Poisson generalized linear model combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to analyze the effects of daily mean temperature on schizophrenia admissions from 2013 to 2020 in Liuzhou. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate possible modifications stratified by gender, marital status, and age. In this study, 10,420 schizophrenia admissions were included. The relative risks of schizophrenia admissions increased as the temperature rose, and the lag effects of high temperature on schizophrenia admissions were observed when the daily mean temperature reached 21.65°C. The largest single effect was observed at lag0, while the largest cumulative effect was observed at lag6. The single effects of high temperatures on schizophrenia admissions were statistically significant in both males and females, but the cumulative effects were statistically significant only in males, with the greatest effect at lag0-7. The single effect of high temperatures on admissions for unmarried schizophrenics was greatest at lag5, while the maximum cumulative effect for unmarried schizophrenia was observed at lag0-7. The single effects of high temperatures on schizophrenia admissions were observed in those aged 0-20, 21-40, and 41-60. The cumulative effects for schizophrenics aged 21-40 were observed from lag0-3 to lag0-7, with the maximum effect at lag0-7. In conclusion, the risk of schizophrenia admissions increased as the environmental temperature increased. The schizophrenics who were unmarried appeared to be more vulnerable to the single and cumulative effects of high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xianyan Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yanli Qin
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Yuting Huo
- Liujiang Branch of Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Jun Lan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Zaifei Huang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Guoguang Huang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Yuhua Wei
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, China.
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Gómez González L, Linares C, Díaz J, Egea A, Calle-Martínez A, Luna MY, Navas MA, Ascaso-Sánchez MS, Ruiz-Páez R, Asensio C, Padrón-Monedero A, López-Bueno JA. Short-term impact of noise, other air pollutants and meteorological factors on emergency hospital mental health admissions in the Madrid region. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115505. [PMID: 36805353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of environmental factors, such as air pollution, noise in urbanised settings and meteorological-type variables, may give rise to important effects on human health. In recent years, many studies have confirmed the relation between various mental disorders and these factors, with a possible impact on the increase in emergency hospital admissions due to these causes. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of a range of environmental factors on daily emergency hospital admissions due to mental disorders in the Madrid Autonomous Region (MAR), across the period 2013-2018. METHODOLOGY Longitudinal ecological time series study analysed by Generalised Linear Models with Poisson regression, with the dependent variable being daily Emergency Hospital Mental Health Admissions (EHMHA) in the MAR, and the independent variable being mean daily concentrations of chemical pollutants, noise levels and meteorological variables. RESULTS EHMHA were related statistically significantly in the short term with diurnal noise levels. Relative risks (RRs) for total admissions due to mental disorders and self-inflicted injuries, in the case of diurnal noise was RR: 1.008 95%CI (1.003 1.013). Admissions attributable to diurnal noise account for 5.5% of total admissions across the study period. There was no association between hospital admissions and chemical air pollution. CONCLUSION Noise is a variable that shows a statistically significant short-term association with EHMHA across all age groups in the MAR region. The results of this study may serve as a basis for drawing up public health guidelines and plans, which regard these variables as risk factors for mental disorders, especially in the case of noise, since this fundamentally depends on anthropogenic activities in highly urbanised areas with high levels of traffic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gómez González
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Egea
- Residente de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Calle-Martínez
- Residente de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Universitario, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Y Luna
- State Meteorological Agency Agencia Estatal de Meteorología/AEMET, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Navas
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M S Ascaso-Sánchez
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C Asensio
- Universidad Politéctnica de Madrid. Grupo de Investigación en Instrumentación y Acústica Aplicada Ctra. Valencia km 7 - Campus sur - 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Padrón-Monedero
- National School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A López-Bueno
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Lorenzo-López L, Lema-Arranz C, Fernández-Bertólez N, Costa S, Costa C, Teixeira JP, Pásaro E, Valdiglesias V, Laffon B. Relationship between DNA damage measured by the comet-assay and cognitive function. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 883-884:503557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sharma A, Bazylianska V, Moszczynska A. Parkin-deficient rats are resistant to neurotoxicity of chronic high-dose methamphetamine. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113811. [PMID: 34298012 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive and powerful central nervous system psychostimulant with no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy. Parkin is a neuroprotective protein and its loss of function contributes to Parkinson's disease. This study used 3-month-old homozygous parkin knockout (PKO) rats to determine whether loss of parkin protein potentiates neurotoxicity of chronic METH to the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. PKO rats were chronically treated with 10 mg/kg METH for 10 consecutive days and assessed for neurotoxicity markers in the striatum on the 5th and 10th day of withdrawal from METH. The PKO rats showed higher METH-induced hyperthermia; however, they did not display augmented deficits in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotoxicity markers, astrocyte activation or decreased mitochondrial enzyme levels as compared to wild-type (WT) rats. Interestingly, saline-treated PKO rats had lower levels of dopamine (DA) as well as mitochondrial complex I and II levels while having increased basal levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of gliosis. These results indicate PKO display a certain resistance to METH neurotoxicity, possibly mediated by lowered DA levels and downregulated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Niu Y, Gao Y, Yang J, Qi L, Xue T, Guo M, Zheng J, Lu F, Wang J, Liu Q. Short-term effect of apparent temperature on daily emergency visits for mental and behavioral disorders in Beijing, China: A time-series study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139040. [PMID: 32446053 PMCID: PMC7298617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between temperature and mental disorders is still unclear. This study aims to assess the short-term effect of apparent temperature (AT) on daily emergency visits of mental and behavioral disorders (MDs) in Beijing, China. METHODS Daily counts of emergency visits related to MDs in Beijing from 2016 to 2018 were obtained. A quasi-Poisson generalized additive model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was applied to analyze the lag-exposure-response relationship between AT and emergency admissions related to MDs. Sunshine duration, precipitation, PM2.5, SO2, O3, time trend, day of week and holiday were adjusted in the model. RESULTS Total daily emergency visits for MDs during the study period were 16,606. With the reference of -2.4 °C (temperature with the minimum emergency visit risk), the single day effects of low AT (-8.6 °C, 10th percentile) and high AT (9.2 °C, 90th percentile) on MDs emergency visits reached a relative risk peak of 1.043 (95%CI: 1.017-1.069) on lag day 4 and 1.105 (95%CI: 1.006-1.215) on lag day 1, respectively. The greatest cumulative effect of high AT emerged on lag 0-5 days and reached a relative risk of 1.435 (95%CI: 1.048-1.965), while no significant cumulative effect of low AT was observed. There was a significant effect of high AT on emergency visits of MDs due to psychoactive substance use and male patients. CONCLUSIONS Both low and high AT are demonstrated to be the significant risk factors of MDs, which highlights the need of strengthening the health interventions, patient medical services and early warning for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing 100013, China; Research Center for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Li Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Moning Guo
- Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center, Beijing 100034, China; Beijing Municipal Health Commission Policy Research Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jianpeng Zheng
- Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center, Beijing 100034, China; Beijing Municipal Health Commission Policy Research Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center, Beijing 100034, China; Beijing Municipal Health Commission Policy Research Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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Jahan S, Wraith D, Dunne MP, Naish S, McLean D. Seasonality and schizophrenia: a comprehensive overview of the seasonal pattern of hospital admissions and potential drivers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2020; 64:1423-1432. [PMID: 32281005 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with heterogeneous aetiology mostly affecting younger people and causing immense disability. Seasonal patterns may be observed in schizophrenia hospital admissions with possible association with changing climatic parameters and socio-demographic characteristics. This study critically reviewed studies that have assessed seasonal variations of hospital admissions for schizophrenia and/or explored an association with climate parameters and/or other potential factors. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted using electronic databases (e.g. MEDLINE, Science Direct, PsycINFO, Pub Med) from inception to February 29, 2020. Thirty five papers were identified, of which only six (17.1%) examined evidence for a seasonal pattern or monthly excess of hospital admissions and the remaining twenty nine (82.9%) assessed climatic and socio-demographic attributes relating to the seasonal pattern or increased hospitalisation for schizophrenia. While most studies reported a summer peak in hospital admission rates, other studies reported a winter peak. Most of the evidence indicated that higher temperatures (> 28 °C) were positively correlated with schizophrenia admission rates. The individual effects of other climatic parameters (e.g. relative humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, sunlight) were less frequently assessed. Males, people of 21-60 years old, and those married were more vulnerable to climatic variability specifically to higher temperatures. Further studies using large sample sizes, analysis of a wide range of interacting environmental variables and sophisticated statistical approaches are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved. This will also provide more reliable statistical evidence that will help in the prevention and better management of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafkat Jahan
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
| | - Darren Wraith
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Michael P Dunne
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Suchithra Naish
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Duncan McLean
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health Treatment, Research and Education, Brisbane, Queensland, 4076, Australia
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Costa G, De Luca MA, Piras G, Marongiu J, Fattore L, Simola N. Neuronal and peripheral damages induced by synthetic psychoactive substances: an update of recent findings from human and animal studies. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:802-816. [PMID: 31719240 PMCID: PMC6990793 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that synthetic psychoactive substances, in addition to having abuse potential, may elicit toxic effects of varying severity at the peripheral and central levels. Nowadays, toxicity induced by synthetic psychoactive substances poses a serious harm for health, since recreational use of these substances is on the rise among young and adult people. The present review summarizes recent findings on the peripheral and central toxicity elicited by “old” and “new” synthetic psychoactive substances in humans and experimental animals, focusing on amphetamine derivatives, hallucinogen and dissociative drugs and synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gessica Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jacopo Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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The time course of blood brain barrier leakage and its implications on the progression of methamphetamine-induced seizures. Neurotoxicology 2018; 69:130-140. [PMID: 30282018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The initial goals of these experiments were to determine: 1) if blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was a cause or an effect of METH-induced seizures; 2) all the brain regions where BBB is disrupted as seizures progress; and 3) the correlations between body temperature and vascular leakage and neurodegeneration. A fourth objective was added after initial experimentation to determine if sub-strain differences existed in adult male C57 B6 J (Jackson laboratories, JAX) versus C57 B6N (Charles River, CR) mice involving their susceptibility to BBB breakdown and seizure severity. With the 1st "maximal" intensity myoclonic-tonic seizure (MCT) varying degrees of IgG infiltration across the BBB (≤1 mm2) were prominent in olfactory system (OS) associated regions and in thalamus, hypothalamus and neocortex. IgG infiltration areas in the OS-associated regions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, septum and more medial amygdala nuclei, and the hypothalamus were increased significantly by the time continuous behavioral seizures (CBS) developed. Mice receiving METH that had body temperatures of ≥40 °C had IgG infiltration along with MCT or CBS but peak body temperatures above 40 °C did not significantly increase IgG infiltration. Neurodegeneration seen at ≥6 h was restricted to the OS in both JAX and CR mice and was most prominent in the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus. Neurodegeneration in the anterior septum (tenia tecta) was seen only in the JAX mice. We hypothesize that METH-induced hypertension and hyperthermia lead to BBB breakdown and other vascular dysfunctions in the OS brain regions resulting in OS hyperexcitation. Excitation of the OS neural network then leads to the development of seizures. These seizures in turn exacerbate the energy depletions and the reactive oxygen stress produced by hyperthermia further damaging the BBB and vascular function. These events form a recurrent cycle that results in ever increasing seizure activity and neurotoxicity.
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Effect of increasing temperature on daily hospital admissions for schizophrenia in Hefei, China: a time-series analysis. Public Health 2018; 159:70-77. [PMID: 29567010 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between ambient temperature and hospital admissions for schizophrenia in Hefei, China. STUDY DESIGN An ecological design was used to explore the effect of ambient temperature on hospital admissions for schizophrenia. METHODS Daily data on hospital admissions for schizophrenia and meteorological data for the warm season (May-October) in 2005-2014 were obtained from Anhui Mental Health Centre and Hefei Bureau of Meteorology, respectively. Poisson generalised linear regression model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to analyse the effects of temperature on admissions for schizophrenia. Stratified analyses according to individual characteristics, such as age and sex, were also conducted. RESULTS A significant relationship was found between ambient temperature and admissions for schizophrenia. High temperature appeared to have a delayed effect on admissions for schizophrenia, and a temperature of 28°C (75th percentile) at lag 0-4 days was associated with a 7% (95% confidence interval: 4-11%) increase in admissions for schizophrenia. Stratified analyses showed that male patients, patients aged 21-60 years and married patients were more vulnerable to high temperature, and the temperature effects for those groups occurred at a lag of 1 day. CONCLUSION High temperature poses significant risks for schizophrenia in subtropical regions. Future preventive measures for reducing the occurrence of schizophrenia should be considered for susceptible populations.
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Zhao D, Zhang X, Xu Z, Cheng J, Xie M, Zhang H, Wang S, Li K, Yang H, Wen L, Wang X, Su H. Impact of short-term temperature variability on emergency hospital admissions for schizophrenia stratified by season of birth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:589-599. [PMID: 27539022 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal temperature range (DTR) and temperature change between neighboring days (TCN) are important meteorological indicators closely associated with global climate change. However, up to date, there have been no studies addressing the impacts of both DTR and TCN on emergency hospital admissions for schizophrenia. We conducted a time-series analysis to assess the relationship between temperature variability and daily schizophrenia onset in Hefei, an inland city in southeast China. Daily meteorological data and emergency hospital admissions for schizophrenia from 2005 to 2014 in Hefei were collected. After stratifying by season of birth, Poisson generalized linear regression combined with distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to examine the relationship between temperature variability and schizophrenia, adjusting for long-term trend and seasonality, mean temperature, and relative humidity. Our analysis revealed that extreme temperature variability may increase the risk for schizophrenia onset among patients born in spring, while no such association was found in patients born in summer and autumn. In patients born in spring, the relative risks of extremely high DTR comparing the 95th and 99th percentiles with the reference (50th, 10 °C) at 3-day lag were 1.078 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.025-1.135) and 1.159 (95 % CI 1.050-1.279), respectively. For TCN effects, only comparing 99th percentile with reference (50th, 0.7 °C) was significantly associated with emergency hospital admissions for schizophrenia (relative risk (RR) 1.111, 95 % CI 1.002-1.231). This study suggested that exposure to extreme temperature variability in short-term may trigger later days of schizophrenia onset for patients born in spring, which may have important implications for developing intervention strategies to prevent large temperature variability exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Xulai Zhang
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- School of Public Health and Social Work & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4509, Australia
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Mingyu Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Shusi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Kesheng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Huihui Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Liying Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China.
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Liu Q, Hazan A, Grinman E, Angulo JA. Pharmacological activation of the neurotensin receptor 1 abrogates the methamphetamine-induced striatal apoptosis in the mouse brain. Brain Res 2017; 1659:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kangas BD, Bergman J. Effects of self-administered methamphetamine on discrimination learning and reversal in nonhuman primates. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:373-80. [PMID: 26490034 PMCID: PMC4841750 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Frequent exposure to methamphetamine has been reported to adversely influence cognitive behavior and, in particular, inhibitory control processes. OBJECTIVE The present studies were conducted in squirrel monkeys to assess the effects of daily intravenous methamphetamine self-administration on touch screen-based repeated acquisition and discrimination reversal tasks thought to reflect behavioral dimensions of, respectively, learning and response inhibition. METHODS First, stable methamphetamine-maintained behavior was established in each subject (0.35-1.6 mg/kg/session), and subsequently, a second daily session of discrimination learning was conducted (20 h later). Subjects first learned to discriminate between two simultaneously presented stimuli (acquisition) and, subsequently, to re-learn the discrimination with the contingencies switched (reversal). The role of the interval between self-administration and touch screen sessions was evaluated, as well as the effects of abrupt methamphetamine discontinuation. RESULTS Results indicate that daily methamphetamine self-administration markedly disrupted the development of discrimination learning, initially requiring nearly twice the number of trials to master discriminations. The magnitude of adverse effects in individual subjects correlated to the level of daily methamphetamine intake. Importantly, however, behavioral disruption of discrimination learning was surmounted following remedial training. Once criterion levels of discrimination performance were achieved, subsequent development of reversal performance was largely unaffected except when the interval between self-administration and touch screen session was short and, thus, likely a result of methamphetamine’s direct effects. Discontinuation of methamphetamine produced no disruption in acquisition or reversal. CONCLUSION These results indicate that self-administered methamphetamine can markedly disrupt learning processes and highlight key differences in its effects on different aspects of discrimination learning.
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Teixeira‐Gomes A, Costa VM, Feio‐Azevedo R, Bastos MDL, Carvalho F, Capela JP. The neurotoxicity of amphetamines during the adolescent period. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 41:44-62. [PMID: 25482046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armanda Teixeira‐Gomes
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoRua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313PortoPortugal
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoRua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313PortoPortugal
| | - Rita Feio‐Azevedo
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoRua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313PortoPortugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoRua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313PortoPortugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoRua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313PortoPortugal
| | - João Paulo Capela
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoRua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313PortoPortugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Fernando PessoaRua Carlos da Maia, 2964200‐150PortoPortugal
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Bowyer JF, Hanig JP. Amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia: Implications of the effects produced in brain vasculature and peripheral organs to forebrain neurotoxicity. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:172-82. [PMID: 27626044 PMCID: PMC5008711 DOI: 10.4161/23328940.2014.982049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of amphetamine- (AMPH) and methamphetamine- (METH) induced hyperthermia on vasculature, peripheral organs and peripheral immune system are discussed. Hyperthermia alone does not produce amphetamine-like neurotoxicity but AMPH and METH exposures that do not produce hyperthermia (≥40°C) are minimally neurotoxic. Hyperthermia likely enhances AMPH and METH neurotoxicity directly through disruption of protein function, ion channels and enhanced ROS production. Forebrain neurotoxicity can also be indirectly influenced through the effects of AMPH- and METH- induced hyperthermia on vasculature. The hyperthermia and the hypertension produced by high doses amphetamines are a primary cause of transient breakdowns in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) resulting in concomitant regional neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in laboratory animals. This BBB breakdown can occur in the amygdala, thalamus, striatum, sensory and motor cortex and hippocampus. Under these conditions, repetitive seizures greatly enhance neurodegeneration in hippocampus, thalamus and amygdala. Even when the BBB is less disrupted, AMPH- or METH- induced hyperthermia effects on brain vasculature may play a role in neurotoxicity. In this case, striatal and cortical vascular function are adversely affected, and even greater ROS, immune and damage responses are seen in the meninges and cortical surface vasculature. Finally, muscle and liver damage and elevated cytokines in blood can result when amphetamines produce hyperthermia. Proteins, from damaged muscle may activate the peripheral immune system and exacerbate liver damage. Liver damage can further increase cytokine levels, immune system activation and increase ammonia levels. These effects could potentially enhance vascular damage and neurotoxicity.
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Wang X, Lavigne E, Ouellette-kuntz H, Chen BE. Acute impacts of extreme temperature exposure on emergency room admissions related to mental and behavior disorders in Toronto, Canada. J Affect Disord 2014; 155:154-61. [PMID: 24332428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of extreme ambient temperature on hospital emergency room visits (ER) related to mental and behavioral illnesses in Toronto, Canada. METHODS A time series study was conducted using health and climatic data from 2002 to 2010 in Toronto, Canada. Relative risks (RRs) for increases in emergency room (ER) visits were estimated for specific mental and behavioral diseases (MBD) after exposure to hot and cold temperatures while using the 50th percentile of the daily mean temperature as reference. Poisson regression models using a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) were used. We adjusted for the effects of seasonality, humidity, day-of-the-week and outdoor air pollutants. RESULTS We found a strong association between MBD ER visits and mean daily temperature at 28°C. The association was strongest within a period of 0-4 days for exposure to hot temperatures. A 29% (RR=1.29, 95% CI 1.09-1.53) increase in MBD ER vists was observed over a cumulative period of 7 days after exposure to high ambient temperature (99th percentile vs. 50th percentile). Similar associations were reported for schizophrenia, mood, and neurotic disorers. No significant associations with cold temperatures were reported. LIMITATIONS The ecological nature and the fact that only one city was investigated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that extreme temperature poses a risk to the health and wellbeing for individuals with mental and behavior illnesses. Patient management and education may need to be improved as extreme temperatures may become more prevalent with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Environmental Issues Division, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Canada.
| | - Eric Lavigne
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Environmental Issues Division, Canada.
| | - Hélène Ouellette-kuntz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Canada.
| | - Bingshu E Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Canada.
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Gonçalves J, Baptista S, Silva AP. Psychostimulants and brain dysfunction: a review of the relevant neurotoxic effects. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:135-49. [PMID: 24440369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants abuse is a major public concern because is associated with serious health complications, including devastating consequences on the central nervous system (CNS). The neurotoxic effects of these drugs have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, numerous questions and uncertainties remain in our understanding of these toxic events. Thus, the purpose of the present manuscript is to review cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be responsible for brain dysfunction induced by psychostimulants. Topics reviewed include some classical aspects of neurotoxicity, such as monoaminergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and hyperthermia. Moreover, recent literature has suggested new phenomena regarding the toxic effects of psychostimulants. Thus, we also reviewed the impact of these drugs on neuroinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurogenesis. Assessing the relative importance of these mechanisms on psychostimulants-induced brain dysfunction presents an exciting challenge for future research efforts. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Baptista
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal.
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Winhusen T, Walker J, Brigham G, Lewis D, Somoza E, Theobald J, Somoza V. Preliminary evaluation of a model of stimulant use, oxidative damage and executive dysfunction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2013; 39:227-34. [PMID: 23808868 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2013.798663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illicit stimulant use increases oxidative stress and oxidative stress has been found to be associated with deficits in memory, attention and problem-solving. OBJECTIVE To test a model of the association among oxidative DNA damage, a severe form of oxidative stress, and stimulant use, executive function and stimulant-use outcomes. METHODS Six sites evaluating 12-step facilitation for stimulant abusers obtained peripheral blood samples from methamphetamine-dependent (n = 45) and cocaine-dependent (n = 120) participants. The blood samples were submitted to a comet assay to assess oxidative DNA damage. Executive Dysfunction was assessed with the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe), which is a reliable and valid self-report assessment of executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy. Stimulant-use measures included self-reported stimulant use and stimulant urine drug screens (UDS). RESULTS While more recent cocaine use (<30 days abstinence) was associated with greater oxidative DNA damage (W = 2.4, p < 0.05, d = 0.36), the results did not support the hypothesized relationship between oxidative DNA damage, executive dysfunction and stimulant use outcomes for cocaine-dependent patients. Support for the model was found for methamphetamine-dependent patients, with oxidative DNA damage significantly greater in methamphetamine-dependent patients with executive dysfunction (W = 2.2, p < 0.05, d = 0.64) and with executive dysfunction being a significant mediator of oxidative DNA damage and stimulant use during active treatment (ab = 0.089, p < 0.05). As predicted, neither disinhibition nor apathy were significant mediators of oxidative damage and future stimulant use. CONCLUSION These findings provide preliminary support for a model in which oxidative damage resulting from methamphetamine use results in executive dysfunction, which in turn increases vulnerability to future stimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Winhusen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Nasehi M, Ahmadzadeh O, Rezayof A, Zarrindast MR. Does CA1 dopaminergic system play a role in cholestasis induced hypothermia? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2013; 20:181-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Levi MS, Patton RE, Hanig JP, Tranter KM, George NI, James LP, Davis KJ, Bowyer JF. Serum myoglobin, but not lipopolysaccharides, is predictive of AMPH-induced striatal neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2013; 37:40-50. [PMID: 23608161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Determinants of amphetamine (AMPH)-induced neurotoxicity are poorly understood. The role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and organ injury in AMPH-induced neurotoxicity was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats that were give AMPH and became hyperthermic during the exposure. Environmentally-induced hyperthermia (EIH) in the rat was compared to AMPH to determine whether AMPH-induced increases in LPS and peripheral toxicities were solely attributable to hyperthermia. Muscle, liver, and kidney function were determined biochemically at 3h or 1 day after AMPH or EIH exposure and histopathology at 1 day after treatment. Circulating levels of LPS were monitored (via limulus amoebocyte coagulation assay) during AMPH or EIH exposure. Blood LPS levels were detected in 40-50% of the AMPH and EIH rats, but the presence of LPS in the serum had no effect on organ damage or striatal dopamine depletions (neurotoxicity). In both CR and NCTR rats, serum bound urea nitrogen and creatinine levels increased at 3h after EIH or AMPH (2- to 3-fold above control) but subsided by 1 day. Alanine transaminase was increased (indicating liver dysfunction) by both AMPH and EIH at 3 h (2- to 10-fold above control) in CR rats, but the levels were not significantly different between the control and AMPH groups in NCTR animals. Mild liver necrosis was detected in 1 of 7 rats examined in the AMPH group and in 1 of 5 rats examined in the EIH group (only NCTR rats were examined). Serum myoglobin increased (indicating muscle damage) in both CR and NCTR rats at 3h and was more pronounced with AMPH (≈5-fold above control) than EIH. Our results indicate that: (1) "free" blood borne LPS often increases with EIH and AMPH but may not be necessary for striatal neurotoxicity and CNS immune responses; (2) liver or kidney dysfunction may result from muscle damage; however, it is not sufficient nor necessary to produce, but may exacerbate, neurotoxicity; (3) AMPH-induced serum myoglobin release is a potential biomarker and possibly a factor in AMPH-induced toxicity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Levi
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA.
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Huang PK, Aarde SM, Angrish D, Houseknecht KL, Dickerson TJ, Taffe MA. Contrasting effects of d-methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone, and 4-methylmethcathinone on wheel activity in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 126:168-75. [PMID: 22664136 PMCID: PMC3439532 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports from U.S., U.K. and European drug policy entities, and ongoing media accounts, show increasing recreational use of 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC, mephedrone) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Severe sympathomimetic symptoms, hallucinations, psychoses, and even deaths have been reported, yet little scientific information is available on the effects of these compounds in laboratory models. Available studies on the neurochemistry of these drugs show that 4-MMC and MDPV enhance DA neurotransmission, while 4-MMC additionally enhances 5-HT neurotransmission--a pattern much like that reported for methamphetamine versus 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). As is the case for designer amphetamines, these neurochemical distinctions may predict differential potential for repetitive versus episodic abuse and distinct lasting toxicities. METHODS This study determined relative locomotor stimulant effects of 4-MMC (1-10 mg/kg, s.c.) and MDPV (0.5-5.6 mg/kg, s.c.), in comparison with d-methamphetamine (MA; 0.5-5.6 mg/kg, s.c.) and MDMA (1-7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) on a measure of locomotor activity--voluntary wheel running--in male Wistar rats (N=8). RESULTS Compared to counts of wheel rotations after saline, a biphasic change in the pattern of counts was observed after injections of MA and MDPV, with relatively higher counts following lower doses and lower counts following the highest dose. However, monophasic, dose-dependent reductions in counts were observed in response to injections of MDMA and 4-MMC. CONCLUSION Thus, voluntary wheel running yielded the same categorical distinctions for these drugs as did prior experiments testing the effects of these drugs on monoaminergic neurotransmission. These data indicate that MDPV produces prototypical locomotor stimulant effects whereas 4-MMC is more similar to the entactogen MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Kai Huang
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
| | - Shawn M. Aarde
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
| | - Deepshikha Angrish
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
| | | | - Tobin J. Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
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Loewinger GC, Beckert MV, Tejeda HA, Cheer JF. Methamphetamine-induced dopamine terminal deficits in the nucleus accumbens are exacerbated by reward-associated cues and attenuated by CB1 receptor antagonism. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2192-201. [PMID: 22306525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) exposure is primarily associated with deleterious effects to dopaminergic neurons. While several studies have implicated the endocannabinoid system in METH's locomotor, rewarding and neurochemical effects, a role for this signaling system in METH's effects on dopamine terminal dynamics has not been elucidated. Given that CB1 receptor blockade reduces the acute potentiation of phasic extracellular dopamine release from other psychomotor stimulant drugs and that the degree of acute METH-induced increases in extracellular dopamine levels is related to the severity of dopamine depletion, we predicted that pretreatment with the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant would reduce METH-induced alterations at dopamine terminals. Furthermore, we hypothesized that administration of METH in environments where reward associated-cues were present would potentiate METH's acute effects on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and exacerbate changes in dopamine terminal activity. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used to measure electrically-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and revealed markers of compromised dopamine terminal integrity nine days after a single dose of METH. These were exacerbated in animals that received METH in the presence of reward-associated cues, and attenuated in rimonabant-pretreated animals. While these deficits in dopamine dynamics were associated with reduced operant responding on days following METH administration in animals treated with only METH, rimonabant-pretreated animals exhibited levels of operant responding comparable to control. Moreover, dopamine release correlated significantly with changes in lever pressing behavior that occurred on days following METH administration. Together these data suggest that the endocannabinoid system is involved in the subsecond dopaminergic response to METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Loewinger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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23
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Sung TI, Chen MJ, Lin CY, Lung SC, Su HJ. Relationship between mean daily ambient temperature range and hospital admissions for schizophrenia: Results from a national cohort of psychiatric inpatients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 410-411:41-46. [PMID: 22018962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental temperature is known to correlate with schizophrenia, but little is known about the association with changes in temperature. This 12-year study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the mean daily range of ambient temperature and schizophrenia admissions in a national cohort of psychiatric inpatients in Taiwan. Meteorological data provided by the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan were interpolated to create representative estimates. Psychiatric inpatient admissions in all hospitals with medical services enrolled in the current health care insurance system were retrieved from the 1996-2007 Psychiatric Inpatient Medical Claim dataset of the National Health Insurance Research Database. Generalized linear models with Poisson distributions were used to analyze the impact of mean diurnal change of temperature on schizophrenia admissions, controlling for internal correlations and demographic covariates. The daily temperature range varied between 1.7°C and 12.1°C (1st to 99th percentile). The relative risk of schizophrenia admission was significantly increased at a temperature range of 3.2°C (10th percentile), and the maximum was at 12.1°C (99th percentile); however, no such association was found with schizoaffective disorder. When restricted to the capital and largest city, the effects of temperature range were prominent and may correlate with temperature itself. The joint effect of temperature and temperature range was associated with elevated risk, particularly at cooler temperatures. A positive correlation was found between increasing temperature range and schizophrenia admissions. The increase in morbidity at high percentiles suggests that the increasing dynamics of temperature range are a valid reflection of risk, highlighting the need for precautionary action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-I Sung
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Rd, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Howard CD, Keefe KA, Garris PA, Daberkow DP. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity decreases phasic, but not tonic, dopaminergic signaling in the rat striatum. J Neurochem 2011; 118:668-76. [PMID: 21668447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine (METH) are known to cause depletions in striatal dopamine (DA) tissue content. However, the effects of METH-induced insults on dopaminergic neurotransmission are not fully understood. Here, we employed fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at a carbon-fiber microelectrode in the anesthetized rat striatum to assess the effects of a neurotoxic regimen of METH on phasic and tonic modes of dopaminergic signaling and underlying mechanisms of DA release and uptake. Extracellular DA was electrically evoked by stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle mimicking tonic and phasic firing patterns for dopaminergic cells and was monitored simultaneously in both the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum. Kinetic analysis of evoked recordings determined parameters describing DA release and uptake. Striatal DA tissue content was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. METH-pretreatment (four doses of 7.5 or 10.0 mg/kg s.c.) induced DA depletions of ∼ 40% on average, which are reported in both striatal subregions. METH pre-treatment significantly decreased the amplitude of signals evoked by phasic, but not tonic, stimulation. Parameters for DA release and uptake were also similarly reduced by ∼ 40%, consistent with effects on evoked phasic-like responses and DA tissue content. Taken together, these results suggest that METH-pretreatment selectively diminishes phasic, but not tonic, dopaminergic signaling in the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Howard
- Cell Biology, Physiology and Development Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4120, USA
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25
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Shima N, Miyawaki I, Bando K, Horie H, Zaitsu K, Katagi M, Bamba T, Tsuchihashi H, Fukusaki E. Influences of methamphetamine-induced acute intoxication on urinary and plasma metabolic profiles in the rat. Toxicology 2011; 287:29-37. [PMID: 21645582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is an illicit psychostimulant, and its abuse has become an international public health problem. MA intoxication can cause life-threatening hyperthermia, renal and liver failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and neurological damage. To investigate the relationship between the underlying mechanism of such intoxication and metabolic networks, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics experiments were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats treated with MA at 10mgkg(-1)h(-1) for 4h. Using a combination of gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry, global and targeted analyses were performed on biological samples collected during 0-24 and 72-96h (for urine), and at 24 and 96h (for plasma) after the last drug administration. Body temperature and plasma biochemical parameters were also measured to detect abnormal reactions in neuronal and other several tissues. 5-Oxoproline, saccharic acid, uracil, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), adipic acid, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, such as fumarate, were proposed as potential biomarkers related to MA-induced intoxications. In particular, the observation of decreased TCA cycle intermediates and 3-HB and increased glucose suggested that high doses of MA inhibit biogenic energy production by glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation via the TCA cycle, and the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. These results may provide not only a clue to clarify the underlying mechanism of diverse intoxication effects, but also biological fluid-based diagnostic and forensic methods with which to objectively demonstrate intoxication without directly determining the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan.
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Thomas M, George NI, Saini UT, Patterson TA, Hanig JP, Bowyer JF. Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses differ in meninges and associated vasculature, striatum, and parietal cortex after a neurotoxic amphetamine exposure. Synapse 2011; 64:579-93. [PMID: 20340164 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) is used to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, but it can produce neurotoxicity and adverse vascular effects at high doses. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (ERSR) entails the unfolded protein response, which helps to avoid or minimize ER dysfunction. ERSR is often associated with toxicities resulting from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins and has been associated with methamphetamine toxicity in the striatum. The present study evaluates the effect of AMPH on several ERSR elements in meninges and associated vasculature (MAV), parietal cortex, and striatum. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to saline, environmentally induced hyperthermia (EIH) or four consecutive doses of AMPH that produce hyperthermia. Expression changes (mRNA and protein levels) of key ERSR-related genes in MAV, striatum, and parietal cortex at 3 h or 1 day postdosing were monitored. AMPH increased the expression of some ERSR-related genes in all tissues. Atf4 (activating transcription factor 4, an indicator of Perk pathway activation), Hspa5/Grp78 (Glucose regulated protein 78, master regulator of ERSR), Pdia4 (protein disulfide isomerase, protein-folding enzyme), and Nfkb1 (nuclear factor of kappa b, ERSR sensor) mRNA increased significantly in MAV and parietal cortex 3 h after AMPH. In striatum, Atf4 and Hspa5/Grp78 mRNA significantly increased 3 h after AMPH, but Pdia4 and Nfkb11 did not. Thus, AMPH caused a robust activation of the Perk pathway in all tissues, but significant Ire1 pathway activation occurred only after AMPH treatment in the parietal cortex and striatum. Ddit3/Chop, a downstream effector of the ERSR pathway related to the neurotoxicity, was only increased in striatum and parietal cortex. Conversely, Pdia4, an enzyme protective in the ERSR, was only increased in MAV. The overall ERSR manifestation varied significantly between MAV, striatum, and parietal cortex after a neurotoxic exposure to AMPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monzy Thomas
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA
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Thomas M, George NI, Patterson TA, Bowyer JF. Amphetamine and environmentally induced hyperthermia differentially alter the expression of genes regulating vascular tone and angiogenesis in the meninges and associated vasculature. Synapse 2009; 63:881-94. [PMID: 19582783 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An amphetamine (AMPH) regimen that does not produce a prominent blood-brain barrier breakdown was shown to significantly alter the expression of genes regulating vascular tone, immune function, and angiogenesis in vasculature associated with arachnoid and pia membranes of the forebrain. Adult-male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either saline injections during environmentally-induced hyperthermia (EIH) or four doses of AMPH with 2 h between each dose (5, 7.5, 10, and 10 mg/kg d-AMPH, s.c.) that produced hyperthermia. Rats were sacrificed either 3 h or 1 day after dosing, and total RNA and protein was isolated from the meninges, arachnoid and pia membranes, and associated vasculature (MAV) that surround the forebrain. Vip, eNos, Drd1a, and Edn1 (genes regulating vascular tone) were increased by either EIH or AMPH to varying degrees in MAV, indicating that EIH and AMPH produce differential responses to enhance vasodilatation. AMPH, and EIH to a lesser extent, elicited a significant inflammatory response at 3 h as indicated by an increased MAV expression of cytokines Il1b, Il6, Ccl-2, Cxcl1, and Cxcl2. Also, genes related to heat shock/stress and disruption of vascular homeostasis such as Icam1 and Hsp72 were also observed. The increased expression of Ctgf and Timp1 and the decreased expression of Akt1, Anpep, and Mmp2 and Tek (genes involved in stimulating angiogenesis) from AMPH exposure suggest that angiogenesis was arrested or disrupted in MAV to a greater extent by AMPH compared to EIH. Alterations in vascular-related gene expression in the parietal cortex and striatum after AMPH were less in magnitude than in MAV, indicating less of a disruption of vascular homeostasis in these two regions. Changes in the levels of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins Igfbp1, 2, and 5 in MAV, compared to those in striatum and parietal cortex, imply an interaction between these regions to regulate the levels of insulin-like growth factor after AMPH damage. Thus, the vasculature and meninges surrounding the surface of the forebrain may be an important region in which AMPHs can disrupt vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monzy Thomas
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Krasnova IN, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:379-407. [PMID: 19328213 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is widely abused in the world. Several lines of evidence suggest that chronic METH abuse leads to neurodegenerative changes in the human brain. These include damage to dopamine and serotonin axons, loss of gray matter accompanied by hypertrophy of the white matter and microgliosis in different brain areas. In the present review, we summarize data on the animal models of METH neurotoxicity which include degeneration of monoaminergic terminals and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, we discuss molecular and cellular bases of METH-induced neuropathologies. The accumulated evidence indicates that multiple events, including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, hyperthermia, neuroinflammatory responses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress converge to mediate METH-induced terminal degeneration and neuronal apoptosis. When taken together, these findings suggest that pharmacological strategies geared towards the prevention and treatment of the deleterious effects of this drug will need to attack the various pathways that form the substrates of METH toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Krasnova
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA/NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Brain serotonin transporter in human methamphetamine users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:649-61. [PMID: 18841348 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Research on methamphetamine (MA) toxicity primarily focuses on the possibility that some of the behavioural problems in human MA users might be caused by damage to brain dopamine neurones. However, animal data also indicate that MA can damage brain serotonin neurones, and it has been suggested that cognitive problems and aggression in MA users might be explained by serotonergic damage. As information on the brain serotonin system in human MA users is fragmentary, our objective was to determine whether protein levels of serotonin transporter (SERT), a key marker of serotonin neurones, are decreased in brain of chronic MA users. METHODS SERT immunoreactivity was measured using an immunoblotting procedure in autopsied brain of 16 chronic MA users testing positive for the drug in blood and brain and matched controls. RESULTS SERT levels were non-significantly decreased (-14% to -33%) in caudate, putamen and thalamus (normal in hippocampus), and, unlike the robust striatal dopamine reduction, there was marked overlap between control and MA user ranges. Concentrations of SERT were significantly decreased (-23% to -39%) in orbitofrontal and occipital cortices (normal in frontopolar and temporal cortices). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MA might modestly damage brain serotonin neurones and/or inhibit SERT protein expression, with cerebral cortex being more affected than sub-cortical regions. The SERT reduction in orbitofrontal cortex complements other data suggesting involvement of this area in MA-related behaviour. Decreased brain SERT could also be related to the clinical finding that treatment with a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor might increase relapse to MA.
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Bowyer JF, Thomas M, Schmued LC, Ali SF. Brain region-specific neurodegenerative profiles showing the relative importance of amphetamine dose, hyperthermia, seizures, and the blood-brain barrier. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1139:127-39. [PMID: 18991857 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1432.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neurotoxic effects of acute high-dose exposures of laboratory animals to methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine (AMPH) is of relevance to understanding the neurotoxicity incurred in humans from overdose or abuse of these substances. We present recent findings on the neurodegenerative effects of both a single high dose of 40 mg/kg and a 4-dose exposure to AMPH in the rat. Comparing these results with those we have previously observed in rodents exposed to either AMPH or METH helps further address how dose, hyperthermia, seizures and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption interact to produce neurodegeneration. With regard to the 4-dose paradigm of AMPH exposure in the rat, our recent data, combined with previous findings, clearly show the importance of dose and hyperthermic interactions in producing neurodegeneration. The single high AMPH dose invariably resulted in extreme hyperthermia and brief episodes of clonic-tonic seizure activity in many rats. However, motor behavior indicative of status epilepticus was not observed in rats receiving the 40 mg/kg AMPH, which contrasts with what we have previously seen with 40 mg/kg METH dose in the mouse. This may explain why, unlike the mice given METH, there was minimal BBB disruption in the amygdala of rats. Nonetheless, in some of the surviving rats there was extensive neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and intralaminar and ventromedial/lateral thalamic nuclei. Early BBB disruption was seen in the hippocampus and may play an important role in the subsequent neurodegeneration. The fact that status epilepticus does not occur in rats that have major hippocampal and thalamic degeneration indicates that such damage may also occur in humans exposed to high doses of AMPH or METH in the absence of status epilepticus or prominent motor manifestations of seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Bowyer
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
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Rapid morphological brain abnormalities during acute methamphetamine intoxication in the rat: an experimental study using light and electron microscopy. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 37:18-32. [PMID: 18773954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes morphological abnormalities of brain cells during acute methamphetamine (METH) intoxication in the rat and demonstrates the role of hyperthermia, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and edema in their development. Rats with chronically implanted brain, muscle and skin temperature probes and an intravenous (i.v.) catheter were exposed to METH (9 mg/kg) at standard (23 degrees C) and warm (29 degrees C) ambient temperatures, allowing for the observation of hyperthermia ranging from mild to pathological (38-42 degrees C). When brain temperature peaked or reached a level suggestive of possible lethality (>41.5 degrees C), rats were injected with Evans blue (EB), rapidly anesthetized, perfused, and their brains were taken for further analyses. Four brain areas (cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus) were analyzed for EB extravasation, water and electrolyte (Na(+), K(+), Cl(-)) contents, immunostained for albumin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and examined for neuronal, glial and axonal alterations using standard light and electron microscopy. These examinations revealed profound abnormalities in neuronal, glial, and endothelial cells, which were stronger with METH administered at 29 degrees C than 23 degrees C and tightly correlated with brain and body hyperthermia. These changes had some structural specificity, but in each structure they tightly correlated with increases in EB levels, the numbers of albumin-positive cells, and water and ion contents, suggesting leakage of the BBB, acutely developing brain edema, and serious shifts in brain ion homeostasis as leading factors underlying brain abnormalities. While most of these acute structural and functional abnormalities appear to be reversible, they could trigger subsequent cellular alterations in the brain and accelerate neurodegeneration-the most dangerous complication of chronic amphetamine-like drug abuse.
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Ito M, Numachi Y, Ohara A, Sora I. Hyperthermic and lethal effects of methamphetamine: roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Neurosci Lett 2008; 438:327-9. [PMID: 18486343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both human and animal studies suggest that hyperthermia contributes to the lethal effects of methamphetamine. To elucidate the roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia and lethal effects, we used D1 knockout (D1KO) mice, D2 knockout (D2KO) mice, and wild-type littermates. After the administration (i.p.) of a single dose of 30 mg/kg methamphetamine, no hyperthermic effect on body temperature was observed in D2KO mice, though there was a slight elevation in D1KO mice and a marked elevation in wild-type mice. Approximately 27% of the wild-type mice died after the administration, compared to only 7% of D1KO mice and 4% of D2KO mice. In conclusion, both D1 and D2 receptors play roles in the lethal toxic effects of methamphetamine, and mainly the D2 receptor is involved in the elevation of body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ito
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Bowyer JF, Robinson B, Ali S, Schmued LC. Neurotoxic-related changes in tyrosine hydroxylase, microglia, myelin, and the blood-brain barrier in the caudate-putamen from acute methamphetamine exposure. Synapse 2008; 62:193-204. [PMID: 18081184 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the histological morphology of the caudate-putamen (CPu) were determined after a high-dose methamphetamine (METH) exposure in an effort to elucidate whether BBB disruption plays a role in CPu neurotoxicity. This was accomplished by evaluating the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR), isolectin B4 reactivity, Black Gold II (BG-II) and Fluoro-Jade C (FJ-C) staining, and immunoreactivity to mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG-IR) in adult male mice at 90-min, 4-h, 12-h, 1-day, and 3-day post-METH exposure. The IgG-IR indicated that the BBB was only modestly altered in the CPu at time points after neurodegeneration occurred and dependent on hyperthermia and status epilepticus. The modest CPu IgG-IR changes observed in the perivascular areas indicated that immunoglobulins were present on some CPu microglia 1 day or more after METH. The first signs of CPu damage were swellings in the TH-IR axons, myelin damage, and a few degenerating neurons at 4-h post-METH. The loss of TH-IR was dependent on hyperthermia but not seizures or CPu neurodegeneration, and the TH-IR was virtually absent throughout the CPu within 12 h. Surprisingly, signs of FJ-C labeling (degenerating) axons in the CPu were seen only in the regions of pronounced somatic neurodegeneration and independent of TH-IR loss. Microglial activation did not occur until 1 day or more post-METH. In summary, a major BBB disruption within the CPu does not directly contribute to neurotoxicity in this single high-dose METH exposure. However, seizure activity produced or exacerbated by amygdalar BBB disruption can significantly increase CPu somatic neurodegeneration (but not affect dopamine (DA) terminal damage). The time course of microglial activation indicates a response to the neurodegeneration, myelin damage, and/or damaged DA terminals after loss of TH-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Bowyer
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Phillips TJ, Kamens HM, Wheeler JM. Behavioral genetic contributions to the study of addiction-related amphetamine effects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 32:707-59. [PMID: 18207241 PMCID: PMC2360482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamines, including methamphetamine, pose a significant cost to society due to significant numbers of amphetamine-abusing individuals who suffer major health-related consequences. In addition, methamphetamine use is associated with heightened rates of violent and property-related crimes. The current paper reviews the existing literature addressing genetic differences in mice that impact behavioral responses thought to be relevant to the abuse of amphetamine and amphetamine-like drugs. Summarized are studies that used inbred strains, selected lines, single-gene knockouts and transgenics, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping populations. Acute sensitivity, neuroadaptive responses, rewarding and conditioned effects are among those reviewed. Some gene mapping work has been accomplished, and although no amphetamine-related complex trait genes have been definitively identified, translational work leading from results in the mouse to studies performed in humans is beginning to emerge. The majority of genetic investigations have utilized single-gene knockout mice and have concentrated on dopamine- and glutamate-related genes. Genes that code for cell support and signaling molecules are also well-represented. There is a large behavioral genetic literature on responsiveness to amphetamines, but a considerably smaller literature focused on genes that influence the development and acceleration of amphetamine use, withdrawal, relapse, and behavioral toxicity. Also missing are genetic investigations into the effects of amphetamines on social behaviors. This information might help to identify at-risk individuals and in the future to develop treatments that take advantage of individualized genetic information.
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Kiyatkin EA, Brown PL, Sharma HS. Brain edema and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier during methamphetamine intoxication: critical role of brain hyperthermia. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1242-53. [PMID: 17767502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of brain temperature in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), rats were injected with methamphetamine (METH 9 mg/kg) at normal (23 degrees C) and warm (29 degrees C) environmental conditions and internal temperatures were monitored both centrally (nucleus accumbens, NAcc) and peripherally (skin and nonlocomotor muscle). Once NAcc temperatures peaked or reached 41.5 degrees C (a level suggesting possible lethality), animals were administered Evans blue dye (protein tracer that does not normally cross the BBB), rapidly anaesthetized, perfused and had their brains removed. All METH-treated animals showed brain and body hyperthermia associated with relative skin hypothermia, suggesting metabolic activation coupled with peripheral vasoconstriction. While METH-induced NAcc temperature elevation varied from 37.60 to 42.46 degrees C (or 1.2-5.1 degrees C above baseline), it was stronger at 29 degrees C (+4.13 degrees C) than 23 degrees C (+2.31 degrees C). Relative to control, METH-treated animals had significantly higher brain levels of water, Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-), suggesting brain edema, and intense immunostaining for albumin, indicating breakdown of the BBB. METH-treated animals also showed strong immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), possibly suggesting acute abnormality or damage of astrocytes. METH-induced changes in brain water, albumin and GFAP correlated linearly with NAcc temperature (r = 0.93, 0.98 and 0.98, respectively), suggesting a key role of brain hyperthermia in BBB permeability, development of brain edema and subsequent functional and structural neural abnormalities. Therefore, along with a direct destructive action on neural cells and functions, brain hyperthermia, via breakdown of the BBB, may be crucial for both decompensation of brain functions and cell injury following acute METH intoxication, possibly contributing to neurodegeneration resulting from chronic drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioural Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Crean RD, Davis SA, Taffe MA. Oral administration of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and (+)methamphetamine alters temperature and activity in rhesus macaques. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87:11-9. [PMID: 17475314 PMCID: PMC1975960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Emergency Department visits and fatalities in which (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or (+)methamphetamine (METH) are involved frequently feature unregulated hyperthermia. MDMA and METH significantly elevate body temperature in multiple laboratory species and, most importantly, can also produce unregulated and threatening hyperthermia in nonhuman primates. A majority of prior animal studies have administered drugs by injection whereas human consumption of "Ecstasy" is typically oral, an important difference in route of administration which may complicate the translation of animal data to the human condition. OBJECTIVE To determine if MDMA and METH produce hyperthermia in monkeys following oral administration as they do when administered intramuscularly. METHODS Adult male rhesus monkeys were challenged intramuscularly (i.m.) and per os (p.o.) with 1.78 or 5 mg/kg (+/-)MDMA and with 0.1 or 0.32 mg/kg (+)METH. Temperature and activity were monitored with a radiotelemetry system. RESULTS Oral administration of either MDMA or METH produced significant increases in body temperature. Locomotor activity was suppressed by MDMA and increased by METH following either route of administration. CONCLUSIONS The data show that the oral route of administration is not likely to qualitatively reduce the temperature increase associated with MDMA or METH although oral administration did slow the rate of temperature increase. It is further established that MDMA reduces activity in monkeys even after relatively high doses and oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael A. Taffe
- Address Correspondence to: Dr. Michael A. Taffe, Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30–2400; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; USA; Phone: +1.858.784.7228; Fax: +1.858.784.7405;
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Von Huben SN, Lay CC, Crean RD, Davis SA, Katner SN, Taffe MA. Impact of ambient temperature on hyperthermia induced by (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rhesus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:673-81. [PMID: 16641942 PMCID: PMC2080863 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ambient temperature (T(A)) under which rodents are exposed to (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) affects the direction and magnitude of the body temperature response, and the degree of hypo/hyperthermia generated in subjects can modify the severity of lasting brain changes in 'neurotoxicity' models. The thermoregulatory effects of MDMA have not been well described in non-human primates and it is unknown if T(A) has the potential to affect acute hyperthermia and therefore other lasting consequences of MDMA. The objective of this study was to determine if the temperature alteration produced by MDMA in nonhuman primates depends on T(A) as it does in rats and mice. Body temperature and spontaneous home cage activity were monitored continuously in six male rhesus monkeys via radiotelemetry. The subjects were challenged intramuscularly with 0.56-2.4 mg/kg (+/-)MDMA under each of three T(A) conditions (18, 24, and 30 degrees C) in a randomized order. The temperature was significantly elevated following injection with all doses of MDMA under each ambient temperature. The magnitude of mean temperature change was approximately 1 degrees C in most conditions suggesting a closely controlled thermoregulatory response in monkeys across a range of doses and ambient temperatures. Activity levels were generally suppressed by MDMA; however, a 50% increase over vehicle was observed after 0.56 MDMA under the 30 degrees C condition. It is concluded that MDMA produces a similar degree of hyperthermia in rhesus monkeys across a range of T(A) conditions that result in hypothermia or exaggerated hyperthermia in rodents. Monkey temperature responses to MDMA appear to be more similar to humans than to rodents and therefore the monkey may offer an improved model of effects related to MDMA-induced hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael A. Taffe
- Address Correspondence to: Dr. Michael A. Taffe, Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, SP30-2400; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; USA; Phone: +1.858.784.7228; Fax: +1.858.784.7405;
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Bowyer JF, Ali S. High doses of methamphetamine that cause disruption of the blood-brain barrier in limbic regions produce extensive neuronal degeneration in mouse hippocampus. Synapse 2006; 60:521-32. [PMID: 16952162 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Histological examination of brain after a single high (40 mg/kg) dose of D-methamphetamine (METH) was used to determine the relationships between blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hyperthermia, intense seizure activity, and extensive degeneration that this exposure often produces. In very hyperthermic mice (body temperatures > 40.5 degrees C) exhibiting status epilepticus, increase in mouse IgG immunoreactivity (IgGIR) in the medial and ventral amygdala was observed within 90 min after METH exposure. In a few instances, where body temperature was in the 40.0 degrees C range, such IgGIR was also seen in animals that had exhibited status epilepticus. Variable increases in IgGIR, which correlated with neurodegeneration, also occurred within 12 h in the hippocampus, indicating BBB disruption in this region also. Degenerating neurons, Fluoro-Jade C (FJ-C) labeled, were first detected 4 h after METH in the amygdala and hippocampus. Extensive neurodegeneration occurred in the amygdaloid and hippocampal pyramidal cell regions in animals with marked IgGIR increase in these regions by 12 and 24 h after METH. A very rapid activation of brain microglia and/or infiltration of macrophages in regions of notable IgGIR increase with intense neurodegeneration were seen within 24 h. The phagocytosis rate of neurons in the hippocampus was so rapid that FJ-C labeling was virtually nonexistent 3 days after METH. METH did not produce IgGIR increase or neurodegeneration in the limbic regions in the absence of hyperthermia and seizures. Thus, high doses of METH can cause damage to the BBB when hyperthermia occurs, resulting in rapid and extensive hippocampal and amygdalar damage. The BBB disruption in the medial amygdala occurs first, and may well be contributing to the induction and severity of seizures, while BBB disruption in the hippocampus is likely a result of the seizures and hyperthermia. This hippocampal damage should be sufficient to compromise learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Bowyer
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Crean RD, Davis SA, Von Huben SN, Lay CC, Katner SN, Taffe MA. Effects of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and methamphetamine on temperature and activity in rhesus macaques. Neuroscience 2006; 142:515-25. [PMID: 16876329 PMCID: PMC1853374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe and malignant hyperthermia is a frequently reported factor in emergency department (ED) visits and fatalities in which use of amphetamine drugs, such as (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and (+)methamphetamine (METH), is confirmed. Individuals who use "ecstasy" are also often exposed, intentionally or otherwise, to several of these structurally-related compounds alone or in combination. In animal studies the degree of (subcritical) hyperthermia is often related to the severity of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity, suggesting health risks to the human user even when emergency medical services are not invoked. A clear distinction of thermoregulatory risks posed by different amphetamines is therefore critical to understand factors that may produce medical emergency related to hyperthermia. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the relative thermoregulatory disruption produced by recreational doses of MDMA, MDA and METH in nonhuman primates. Body temperature and spontaneous home cage activity were monitored continuously in six male rhesus monkeys via radiotelemetric devices. The subjects were challenged intramuscularly with 0.56-2.4 mg/kg MDMA, 0.56-2.4 mg/kg MDA and 0.1-1.0 mg/kg METH. All three amphetamines significantly elevated temperature; however the time course of effects differed. The acute effect of METH lasted hours longer than MDA or MDMA and a disruption of nighttime circadian cooling was observed as long as 18 h after 1.0 mg/kg METH and 1.78-2.4 mg/kg MDA, but not after MDMA. Activity levels were only reliably increased by 0.32 mg/kg METH. It is concluded that while all three substituted amphetamines produce hyperthermia in rhesus monkeys, the effects do not depend on elevated locomotor activity and exhibit differences between compounds. The results highlight physiological risks posed both by recreational use of the amphetamines and by current trials for clinical MDMA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Crean
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, SP30-2400, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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