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Miao X, Alidadipour A, Saed V, Sayyadi F, Jadidi Y, Davoudi M, Amraee F, Jadidi N, Afrisham R. Hepatokines: unveiling the molecular and cellular mechanisms connecting hepatic tissue to insulin resistance and inflammation. Acta Diabetol 2024:10.1007/s00592-024-02335-9. [PMID: 39031190 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Insulin resistance arising from Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) stands as a prevalent global ailment, a manifestation within societies stemming from individuals' suboptimal dietary habits and lifestyles. This form of insulin resistance emerges as a pivotal factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence underscores the significant role of hepatokines, as hepatic-secreted hormone-like entities, in the genesis of insulin resistance and eventual onset of type 2 diabetes. Hepatokines exert influence over extrahepatic metabolism regulation. Their principal functions encompass impacting adipocytes, pancreatic cells, muscles, and the brain, thereby playing a crucial role in shaping body metabolism through signaling to target tissues. This review explores the most important hepatokines, each with distinct influences. Our review shows that Fetuin-A promotes lipid-induced insulin resistance by acting as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). FGF21 reduces inflammation in diabetes by blocking the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in adipocytes and adipose tissue, while also improving glucose metabolism. ANGPTL6 enhances AMPK and insulin signaling in muscle, and suppresses gluconeogenesis. Follistatin can influence insulin resistance and inflammation by interacting with members of the TGF-β family. Adropin show a positive correlation with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), a key regulator of gluconeogenesis. This article delves into hepatokines' impact on NAFLD, inflammation, and T2DM, with a specific focus on insulin resistance. The aim is to comprehend the influence of these recently identified hormones on disease development and their underlying physiological and pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Arian Alidadipour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vian Saed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firooze Sayyadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Jadidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Davoudi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amraee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Jadidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Afrisham
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Su X, Xu Q, Li Z, Ren Y, Jiao Q, Wang L, Wang Y. Role of the angiopoietin-like protein family in the progression of NAFLD. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27739. [PMID: 38560164 PMCID: PMC10980950 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent cause of chronic liver disease, with a range of conditions including non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently recognized as the liver component of the metabolic syndrome, NAFLD is intimately linked to metabolic diseases. Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) comprise a class of proteins that resemble angiopoietins structurally. It is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, and may be the critical factor of metabolic syndrome. In recent years, many studies have found that there is a certain correlation between ANGPTLs and the occurrence and progression of NAFLD disease spectrum. This article reviews the possible mechanisms and roles of ANGPTL protein in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Qinchen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Zigan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Yidan Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qinlian Jiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Garruti G, Baj J, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giorgino F. Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1154561. [PMID: 37274345 PMCID: PMC10236950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatokines secreted by hepatocytes. Hepatokines influence metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and mediate the crosstalk between the liver, non-hepatic target tissues, and the brain. The liver also synthetizes bile acids (BAs) from cholesterol and secretes them into the bile. After food consumption, BAs mediate the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids in the duodenum. In recent studies, BAs act not simply as fat emulsifiers but represent endocrine molecules regulating key metabolic pathways. The liver is also the main site of the production of ketone bodies (KBs). In prolonged fasting, the brain utilizes KBs as an alternative to CHO. In the last few years, the ketogenic diet (KD) became a promising dietary intervention. Studies on subjects undergoing KD show that KBs are important mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress. The present review will focus on the role played by hepatokines, BAs, and KBs in obesity, and diabetes prevention and management and analyze the positive effects of BAs, KD, and hepatokine receptor analogs, which might justify their use as new therapeutic approaches for metabolic and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Garruti
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Valencia-Martínez A, Schaefer-Graf U, Amusquivar E, Herrera E, Ortega-Senovilla H. Relationship of ANGPTL6 With Neonatal Glucose Homeostasis and Fat Mass Is Disrupted in Gestational Diabetic Pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e4078-e4085. [PMID: 35876300 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Angiopoietin-like protein 6 (ANGPTL6) is a hepatokine, which, in animal studies, improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure to counteract insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE Evaluate in a human population, the role of serum ANGPTL6 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or its presence in fetal circulation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 190 women (115 controls and 75 GDM) and their offspring were studied. Insulin, glucose, ANGPTL6, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), and retinol, as well as leptin and adiponectin, were determined in maternal serum obtained at term and from umbilical artery blood at delivery. RESULTS At term, pregnant women with GDM showed higher serum concentrations of ANGPTL6, insulin, homeostatic model assessment, and apo-RBP4 (free RBP4) than controls but not of glucose, which remained similar in both groups. Also, in arterial cord serum, ANGPTL6 concentration was increased in GDM neonates with respect to the control group (201 ± 12 ng/mL vs 119 ± 8 ng/mL, respectively). No effect of maternal insulin treatment of some GDM mothers in neonates of either sex on ANGPTL6 levels was observed. In GDM, circulating ANGPTL6 showed no correlation with glucose or insulin concentration or with neonatal adiposity. However, in control pregnancies, the variation in glucose concentration was positively correlated with ANGPTL6 concentration, both in maternal and in cord samples, and cord ANGPTL6 was negatively correlated with neonatal fat mass. Furthermore, in control pregnant women, serum concentrations of ANGPTL6 and apo-RBP4 were negatively correlated. CONCLUSION Serum ANGPTL6 levels are associated with maternal glucose homeostasis and fetal adiposity in normal pregnancy. ANGPTL6 levels in maternal and cord serum GDM pregnancy at term are increased, although its mechanism and physiological role are unknown yet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Schaefer-Graf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital Center for Diabetes in Pregnancy, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Emilio Herrera
- School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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Kim TH, Hong DG, Yang YM. Hepatokines and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Linking Liver Pathophysiology to Metabolism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121903. [PMID: 34944728 PMCID: PMC8698516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis by sensing and responding to changes in nutrient status under various metabolic conditions. Recently highlighted as a major endocrine organ, the contribution of the liver to systemic glucose and lipid metabolism is primarily attributed to signaling crosstalk between multiple organs via hepatic hormones, cytokines, and hepatokines. Hepatokines are hormone-like proteins secreted by hepatocytes, and a number of these have been associated with extra-hepatic metabolic regulation. Mounting evidence has revealed that the secretory profiles of hepatokines are significantly altered in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common hepatic manifestation, which frequently precedes other metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, deciphering the mechanism of hepatokine-mediated inter-organ communication is essential for understanding the complex metabolic network between tissues, as well as for the identification of novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in metabolic disease. In this review, we describe the hepatokine-driven inter-organ crosstalk in the context of liver pathophysiology, with a particular focus on NAFLD progression. Moreover, we summarize key hepatokines and their molecular mechanisms of metabolic control in non-hepatic tissues, discussing their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gyun Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- KNU Researcher Training Program for Developing Anti-Viral Innovative Drugs, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yoon Mee Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- KNU Researcher Training Program for Developing Anti-Viral Innovative Drugs, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6909
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Chang E, Chang JS, Kong ID, Baik SK, Kim MY, Park KS. Multidimensional Biomarker Analysis Including Mitochondrial Stress Indicators for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gut Liver 2021; 16:171-189. [PMID: 34420934 PMCID: PMC8924798 DOI: 10.5009/gnl210106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accompanied by a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis with sequential progressions from inflammation to fibrosis and then to cancer. This heterogeneity interferes with the development of precise diagnostic and prognostic strategies for NAFLD. The current approach for the diagnosis of simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis mainly consists of ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, elastography, and various serological analyses. However, individual dry and wet biomarkers have limitations demanding an integrative approach for the assessment of disease progression. Here, we review diagnostic strategies for simple steatosis, steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis, followed by potential biomarkers associated with fat accumulation and mitochondrial stress. For mitochondrial stress indicators, we focused on fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), angiopoietin-related growth factor and mitochondrial-derived peptides. Each biomarker may not strongly indicate the severity of steatosis or steatohepatitis. Instead, multidimensional analysis of different groups of biomarkers based on pathogenic mechanisms may provide decisive diagnostic/prognostic information to develop a therapeutic plan for patients with NAFLD. For this purpose, mitochondrial stress indicators, such as FGF21 or GDF15, could be an important component in the multiplexed and contextual interpretation of NAFLD. Further validation of the integrative evaluation of mitochondrial stress indicators combined with other biomarkers is needed in the diagnosis/prognosis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Chang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Department of Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Chang
- Department of Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - In Deok Kong
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Department of Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Department of Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Department of Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Department of Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Jensen-Cody SO, Potthoff MJ. Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver. Mol Metab 2020; 44:101138. [PMID: 33285302 PMCID: PMC7788242 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver is a key regulator of systemic energy homeostasis and can sense and respond to nutrient excess and deficiency through crosstalk with multiple tissues. Regulation of systemic energy homeostasis by the liver is mediated in part through regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of either process may result in metabolic dysfunction and contribute to the development of insulin resistance or fatty liver disease. Scope of review The liver has recently been recognized as an endocrine organ that secretes hepatokines, which are liver-derived factors that can signal to and communicate with distant tissues. Dysregulation of liver-centered inter-organ pathways may contribute to improper regulation of energy homeostasis and ultimately metabolic dysfunction. Deciphering the mechanisms that regulate hepatokine expression and communication with distant tissues is essential for understanding inter-organ communication and for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic dysfunction. Major conclusions In this review, we discuss liver-centric regulation of energy homeostasis through hepatokine secretion. We highlight key hepatokines and their roles in metabolic control, examine the molecular mechanisms of each hepatokine, and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for metabolic disease. We also discuss important areas of future studies that may contribute to understanding hepatokine signaling under healthy and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O Jensen-Cody
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Gehrke N, Schattenberg JM. Metabolic Inflammation-A Role for Hepatic Inflammatory Pathways as Drivers of Comorbidities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1929-1947.e6. [PMID: 32068022 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global and growing health concern. Emerging evidence points toward metabolic inflammation as a key process in the fatty liver that contributes to multiorgan morbidity. Key extrahepatic comorbidities that are influenced by NAFLD are type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and impaired neurocognitive function. Importantly, the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced hepatic fibrosis increase the risk for systemic comorbidity in NAFLD. Although the precise nature of the crosstalk between the liver and other organs has not yet been fully elucidated, there is emerging evidence that metabolic inflammation-in part, emanating from the fatty liver-is the engine that drives cellular dysfunction, cell death, and deleterious remodeling within various body tissues. This review describes several inflammatory pathways and mediators that have been implicated as links between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehrke
- Metabolic Liver Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Metabolic Liver Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Qaddoumi MG, Alanbaei M, Hammad MM, Al Khairi I, Cherian P, Channanath A, Thanaraj TA, Al-Mulla F, Abu-Farha M, Abubaker J. Investigating the Role of Myeloperoxidase and Angiopoietin-like Protein 6 in Obesity and Diabetes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6170. [PMID: 32277104 PMCID: PMC7148302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is positively associated with obesity and diet-induced insulin resistance. Angiopoietin-like protein 6 (ANGPTL6) regulates metabolic processes and counteract obesity through increased energy expenditure. This study aims to evaluate the plasma MPO and ANGPTL6 levels in obese and diabetic individuals as well as MPO association with biochemical markers of obesity. A total of 238 participants were enrolled, including 137 control and 101 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. ANGPTL6 and MPO levels and other biomarkers were measured via ELISA. ANGPTL6 levels were significantly higher in the diabetic population and obese individuals. When the group was stratified based on T2D, ANGPTL6 levels were significantly higher in obese-diabetic participants compared with non-obese-diabetics, but obese-non-diabetic individuals had similar ANGPTL6 levels to their controls. MPO levels were higher in obese compared with non-obese participants but did not differ between T2D and control participants. MPO levels were upregulated in obese compared with non-obese in both diabetics and non-diabetics. MPO was positively associated with ANGPTL6, triglyceride, BMI, TNF-alpha, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Taken together, our findings suggest that both MPO and ANGPTL6 may regulate obesity, although MPO exerts this effect independent of diabetes while ANGPTL6 may have a modulatory role in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G Qaddoumi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Muath Alanbaei
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maha M Hammad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Irina Al Khairi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Preethi Cherian
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Arshad Channanath
- Functional Genomic Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Functional Genomic Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes and obesity. In recent decades, accumulating evidence has revealed that the hepatokines, proteins mainly secreted by the liver, play important roles in the development of NAFLD by acting directly on the lipid and glucose metabolism. As a member of organokines, the hepatokines establish the communication between the liver and the adipose, muscular tissues. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the hepatokines and how they modulate the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders especially NAFLD.
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Namkung J, Sohn JH, Chang JS, Park SW, Kim JY, Koh SB, Kong ID, Park KS. Increased Serum Angiopoietin-Like 6 Ahead of Metabolic Syndrome in a Prospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:521-529. [PMID: 30968619 PMCID: PMC6712233 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being an anti-obesity hepatokine, the levels of serum angiopoietin-like 6 (ANGPTL6) are elevated in various metabolic diseases. Thus, ANGPTL6 expression may reflect metabolic burden and may have compensatory roles. This study investigated the association between serum ANGPTL6 levels and new-onset metabolic syndrome. METHODS In total, 221 participants without metabolic syndrome were randomly selected from a rural cohort in Korea. Baseline serum ANGPTL6 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anthropometric and biochemical markers were analyzed before and after follow-up examinations. RESULTS During an average follow-up period of 2.75 (interquartile range, 0.76) years, 82 participants (37.1%) presented new-onset metabolic syndrome and had higher ANGPTL6 levels before onset than those without metabolic syndrome (48.03±18.84 ng/mL vs. 64.75±43.35 ng/mL, P=0.001). In the multivariable adjusted models, the odds ratio for the development of metabolic syndrome in the highest quartile of ANGPTL6 levels was 3.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 10.26). The use of ANGPTL6 levels in addition to the conventional components improved the prediction of new-onset metabolic syndrome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.775 vs. 0.807, P=0.036). CONCLUSION Increased serum ANGPTL6 levels precede the development of metabolic syndrome and its components, including low high density lipoprotein, high triglyceride, and high glucose levels, which have an independent predictive value for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Namkung
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
| | - Joon Hyung Sohn
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Chang
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sang Wook Park
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Genomic Cohort, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jang Young Kim
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Genomic Cohort, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sang Baek Koh
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Genomic Cohort, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - In Deok Kong
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Park
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
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Esfahani M, Baranchi M, Goodarzi MT. The implication of hepatokines in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2477-2480. [PMID: 31405664 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatokines are liver-derived proteins with equivocal roles in metabolic syndrome (MetS). These proteins have prominent role in pathogenesis of MetS component such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The identification and functional characterization of hepatokines may provide significant insights that could help in better understanding of MetS pathogenesis. Fetuin-A, Hepatocyte-derived fibrinogen-related protein 1, Fibroblast growth factor 21, Angiopoietin-related growth factor, Selenoprotein-P, Angiopoietin like proteins, Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 are regarded as the most significant hepatokines. We describe recent data on these new hormones in progression of MetS. Understanding of the accurate role of these proteins in pathophysiology of MetS can help improving prevention and treatment of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Wu J, Li A, Cai H, Zhang C, Lei C, Lan X, Chen H. Intron retention as an alternative splice variant of the cattle ANGPTL6 gene. Gene 2019; 709:17-24. [PMID: 31102716 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 6, which is encoded by ANGPTL6 gene (also known as angiopoietin growth factor, AGF), has been extensively characterized with regard to its proposed functions as angiogenesis and energy metabolism. The present results showed the occurrence of alternative splicing by intron retention (IR) event in the bovine ANGPTL6 gene (bANGPTL6). By means of RT-PCR, TA clone and sequencing, we have shown that the bANGPTL6 gene has a splice variant generated by the retention of its partial intron 3. The computational analysis of the bANGPTL6 genomic sequence showed that its intron 3 has a high percentage of GC (62.31%) and a length of 199 nt, characteristics that have been associated with an IR event. The IR event does not interfere with the coding region as the bANGPTL6 prepropeptide is entirely coded in the third exon. Additionally, both the intronless (namely, bANGPTL6α) and intron-retaining (namely, bANGPTL6β) ANGPTL6 transcripts are constitutively co-expressed in the bovine liver. Further, the relative expression level of different variants in liver was tested by both semi-RT-PCR and RT-qPCR methods. The results suggested bANGPTL6β are significantly higher than bANGPTL6α. Overall, our findings will be helpful for studies on the molecular mechanism of IR events and the functions of ANGPTL6 gene. Specially, bANGPTL6β gene probably contributes to a new target for treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Hanfang Cai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Chenge Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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Sharma V, Pangtey GS, Gupta R, Rehan HS, Gupta LK. Correlation of long-term glycemic control as measured by glycated hemoglobin with serum angiopoietin-like 6 protein levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Indian J Pharmacol 2018; 49:250-253. [PMID: 29033485 PMCID: PMC5637136 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_261_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiopoietin-like growth factors (ANGPTLs) regulate glucose, lipid homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to find whether long-term glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]) has any correlation with serum ANGPTL6 levels in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS It was an open-label, observational, prospective clinical study. Sixty-five participants (41 diabetic patients receiving daily dose of oral metformin for a minimum of 3 months and 24 matched controls) completed the study. A single venous blood sample was taken from each participant to determine serum HbA1c and serum ANGPTL6 levels. Comparison of serum ANGPTL6 levels according to the HbA1c levels, in groups A, B, and C ranging from 6.5%-8%, 8.1%-9.5%, and >9.5%, respectively, was done using Kruskal-Wallis H-test followed by pairwise comparisons. RESULTS Serum HbA1c and serum ANGPTL6 levels were raised significantly (P < 0.05) in diabetic patients when compared with control participants. A positive correlation was observed between serum HbA1c and serum ANGPTL6 levels (r = 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.81, 0.92). Mean ANGPTL6 level for Group A (n = 20) was 394.3 pg/ml, for Group B (n = 8) 692.8 pg/ml, and for Group C (n = 13) 896.2 pg/ml. CONCLUSIONS Serum ANGPTL6 levels were significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients in comparison with healthy controls. Poor glycemic control in diabetes mellitus as reflected by higher serum HbA1c levels is associated with raised serum ANGPTL6 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikaas Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rachna Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Lalit Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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15
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Kim MJ, Namkung J, Chang JS, Kim SJ, Park KS, Kong ID. Leptin regulates the expression of angiopoietin-like 6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:397-402. [PMID: 29852166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like 6 (ANGPTL6) is a hepatokine that antagonizes obesity and insulin resistance by increasing energy expenditure. Despite its beneficial effects on metabolism, human studies have shown a paradoxical increase in ANGPTL6 level in the serum of patients with metabolic diseases, which has been interpreted as a compensatory upregulation. However, the regulatory mechanism of ANGPTL6 remains unclear. Since upregulation of ANGPTL6 is induced on metabolic stress, we investigated the hepatic expression of ANGPTL6 by leptin, a representative adipokine of obesity. Mice on a high-fat diet showed increased serum leptin levels and hepatic Angptl6 expression, which were attenuated by exercise training. A single leptin injection also induced hepatic ANGPTL6 expression and increased serum ANGPTL6 levels. In an in vitro model using primary hepatocytes, leptin treatment significantly upregulated ANGPTL6 expression at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as the amount of secreted ANGPTL6 protein in conditioned media. Similarly, exercise training on human participants also showed diminished serum levels of leptin and ANGPTL6. Altogether, these results strongly indicated that hepatic ANGPTL6 expression was determined by leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kim
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jun Namkung
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jae Seung Chang
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - In Deok Kong
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.
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16
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Lee SE, West KP, Cole RN, Schulze KJ, Wu LSF, Yager JD, Groopman J, Christian P. Novel Plasma Proteins in Nepalese School-aged Children are Associated with a Small Head Size at Birth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6390. [PMID: 29686285 PMCID: PMC5913316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction increases the risk of poor childhood growth and development and chronic disease in adulthood. Yet, little is known about biological pathways that mediate the long-lasting effects of suboptimal intrauterine growth. We explored the plasma proteome in a cohort of 500 Nepalese children 6–8 years of age to identify plasma proteins associated with multiple anthropometric size indicators at birth. Among 982 proteins analyzed, no proteins differed by birth weight, length, or weight-for-length indicators. However, 25 proteins were differentially abundant in children with a small vs normal head circumference at birth (<−2 vs. ≥−2 z-scores of the WHO growth standards). Angiopoietin-like 6 was 19.4% more abundant and the other 24 proteins were 7–21% less abundant in children with a small vs normal head circumference at birth, adjusted for potential confounders. The less abundant proteins included actins, actin filament organizing proteins (α-actinin, talin, filamin, cofilin, profilin, and vinculin), proteins involved in muscle contraction, and glycolytic enzymes, which were all positively correlated with each other. A novel cluster of childhood plasma proteins involved in angiogenesis and cytoskeleton dynamics was associated with a small head size at birth. The prognostic value of an altered proteomic phenotype remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Eun Lee
- Center for Human Nutrition, Dept. of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Keith P West
- Center for Human Nutrition, Dept. of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert N Cole
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, Dept. of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lee S-F Wu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Dept. of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James D Yager
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - John Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Dept. of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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17
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Kang SG, Yi HS, Choi MJ, Ryu MJ, Jung S, Chung HK, Chang JY, Kim YK, Lee SE, Kim HW, Choi H, Kim DS, Lee JH, Kim KS, Kim HJ, Lee CH, Oike Y, Shong M. ANGPTL6 expression is coupled with mitochondrial OXPHOS function to regulate adipose FGF21. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:105-118. [PMID: 28184000 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is coupled with the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, thereby stimulating the secretion of non-cell autonomous factors, which may control systemic energy metabolism and longevity. However, the nature and roles of non-cell autonomous factors induced in adipose tissue in response to reduced OXPHOS function remain to be clarified in mammals. CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) is an essential mitoribosomal protein for the intramitochondrial production of mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS subunits. Deficiency of CRIF1 impairs the proper formation of the OXPHOS complex, resulting in reduced function. To determine which secretory factors are induced in response to reduced mitochondrial OXPHOS function, we analyzed gene expression datasets in Crif1-depleted mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Crif1 deficiency preferentially increased the expression of angiopoietin-like 6 (Angptl6) and did not affect other members of the ANGPTL family. Moreover, treatment with mitochondrial OXPHOS inhibitors increased the expression of Angptl6 in cultured adipocytes. To confirm Angptl6 induction in vivo, we generated a murine model of reduced mitochondrial OXPHOS function using adipose tissue-specific Crif1-deficient mice and verified the upregulation of Angptl6 and fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) in white adipose tissue. Treatment with recombinant ANGPTL6 protein increased oxygen consumption and Pparα expression through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in cultured adipocytes. Furthermore, the ANGPTL6-mediated increase in Pparα expression resulted in increased FGF21 expression, thereby promoting β-oxidation. In conclusion, mitochondrial OXPHOS function governs the expression of ANGPTL6, which is an essential factor for FGF21 production in adipose tissue and cultured adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Gi Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Choi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Saetbyel Jung
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyun Chung
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joon Young Chang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Kyung Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong Eun Lee
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hoil Choi
- Department of BiochemistryChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- Department of BiochemistryChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Koon Soon Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Animal Model CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular GeneticsGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesChungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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18
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Cinkajzlova A, Lacinova Z, Klouckova J, Kavalkova P, Trachta P, Kosak M, Haluzikova D, Papezova H, Mraz M, Haluzík M. Angiopoietin-like protein 6 in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and anorexia nervosa: The influence of very low-calorie diet, bariatric surgery, and partial realimentation. Endocr Res 2017; 42:22-30. [PMID: 27135654 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2016.1169544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Angiopoietin-like protein 6 (ANGPTL6) is a circulating protein with a potential role in energy homeostasis. The aim of the study was to explore the changes in ANGPTL6 levels in patients with obesity (Body mass index, BMI > 40 kg/m2) with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing dietary intervention (very low calorie diet - VLCD) and in a subgroup of T2DM patients after bariatric surgery. Additionally, we examined changes in ANGPTL6 in anorexia nervosa (AN) patients at baseline and after partial realimentation. We also explored the changes in ANGPTL6 mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of obese subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 23 non-diabetic obese patients, 40 obese patients with T2DM (27 underwent VLCD and 13 underwent bariatric surgery), 22 patients with AN, and 37 healthy control subjects. RESULTS ANGPTL6 levels of AN patients were increased relative to the control group (68.6 ± 9.9 ng/ml) and decreased from 110.2 ± 13.3 to 73.6 ± 7.1 ng/ml (p = 0.004) after partial realimentation. Baseline ANGPTL6 levels in patients with obesity and T2DM did not differ from the control group. VLCD decreased ANGPTL6 levels only in obese patients with T2DM. Bariatric surgery induced a transient elevation of ANGPTL6 levels with a subsequent decrease to baseline levels. ANGPTL6 mRNA expression transiently increased after bariatric surgery and returned to baseline levels after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest that serum ANGPTL6 levels and ANGPTL6 mRNA expression in SAT are affected by metabolic disorders and their treatment but do not appear to directly reflect nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cinkajzlova
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Lacinova
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
- b Third Department of Medicine-Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klouckova
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kavalkova
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trachta
- b Third Department of Medicine-Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Mikulas Kosak
- b Third Department of Medicine-Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Haluzikova
- c Department of Sports Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Papezova
- d Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Milos Mraz
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
- b Third Department of Medicine-Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzík
- e Department of Obesitology , Institute of Endocrinology , Prague , Czech Republic
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An Active Part ofArtemisia sacrorumLedeb. Suppresses Gluconeogenesis through AMPK Mediated GSK3β and CREB Phosphorylation in Human HepG2 Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1079-84. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Mohasseb M, Nour H, Elsawaf A, Khalil GI. Relationship between testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, angiopoietin related growth factor and insulin resistance in normal weight and obese men. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Mohasseb
- Physiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Hoda Nour
- Physiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Amel Elsawaf
- Physiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Gihane I. Khalil
- Chemical Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
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21
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Genetic variations of ANGPTL6 gene and their associations with growth traits and slaughter traits in Qinchuan cattle. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9223-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Wang Y, Chen YS, Zaro JL, Shen WC. Receptor-mediated activation of a proinsulin-transferrin fusion protein in hepatoma cells. J Control Release 2011; 155:386-92. [PMID: 21756950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A proinsulin-transferrin (ProINS-Tf) recombinant fusion protein was designed and characterized for the sustained release of an active form of insulin (INS) by hepatoma cells. During incubation with H4IIE hepatoma cells, a gradual decline of ProINS-Tf concentration, with a concomitant generation of the immuno-reactive insulin-transferrin (irINS-Tf), was detected in the culture medium by using INS- or proinsulin (ProINS)-specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) system. Further studies indicated that the conversion of ProINS-Tf to irINS-Tf was a transferrin receptor (TfR) mediated process that was pH-sensitive, and temperature- and microtubule-dependent. These results suggest that the conversion occurred during the slow recycling route of transferrin (Tf)-TfR pathway, possibly processed by proteases in the slow recycling compartments juxtaposed to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). ProINS-Tf exhibited little activity in the short-term promotion of glucose uptake in adipocytes, indicating that it was in an inactive form similar to ProINS. Stimulation of Akt phosphorylation by ProINS-Tf was detected only after prolonged incubation with H4IIE cells. On the other hand, ProINS-Tf pre-incubated with H4IIE cells for 24h acquired an immediate activity of stimulating Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, ProINS-Tf elicited a strong activity in the inhibition of glucose production following 24h incubation with H4IIE cells. Based on these findings, we conclude that the Tf-TfR endocytosis and recycling pathway enables the conversion and release of ProINS-Tf in an active form of irINS-Tf. Results from this study suggest that the Tf-TfR pathway can be exploited for the design of prohormone-Tf fusion proteins as protein prodrugs for their sustained and targeted activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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23
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Kitazawa M, Nagano M, Masumoto KH, Shigeyoshi Y, Natsume T, Hashimoto S. Angiopoietin-like 2, a circadian gene, improves type 2 diabetes through potentiation of insulin sensitivity in mice adipocytes. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2558-67. [PMID: 21586562 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like (Angptl)2, a member of the Angptl protein family, is predominantly secreted from adipose tissue and the heart. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of Angptl2 in epididymal adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice shows pulsatility and circadian rhythmicity and that the rhythmicity was disrupted in high-fat-fed and leptin receptor-deficient diabetic db/db mice with insulin resistance. To investigate whether the reduction in Angptl2 expression was related to the progression of diabetes, we treated db/db mice with recombinant Angptl2 for 4 wk during the peak period of Angptl2 expression in C57BL/6J mice. Angptl2-treated mice showed decreases in plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and fatty acid levels and an increase in plasma adiponectin, a therapeutic regulator of insulin resistance, leading to improvements in glucose tolerance. In cultured adipocytes, recombinant Angptl2 increased adiponectin expression and stimulated insulin sensitivity partially by reducing the levels of tribbles homolog 3, a specific Akt kinase inhibitory protein. Conversely, Angptl2 small interfering RNA reduced adiponectin expression, resulting in insulin resistance. In preadipocytes, treatment with Angptl2 small interfering RNA inhibited differentiation to adipocytes and reduced adiponectin expression. Taken together, our results suggest that replenishment of Angptl2 stimulates insulin sensitivity and improves the type 2 diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kitazawa
- Biomedicinal Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
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Namkung J, Koh SB, Kong ID, Choi JW, Yeh BI. Serum levels of angiopoietin-related growth factor are increased in metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2011; 60:564-8. [PMID: 20673930 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-related growth factor (AGF), a novel hepatokine, showed therapeutic implications in diabetic and obese animal models. Although the physiologic functions of human AGF have not yet been identified, serum levels of AGF displayed up-regulation in groups with diseases including preeclampsia and diabetes; and there was little association between genetic variability of AGF and metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes. We analyzed serum levels of AGF and other biochemical and anthropometric markers in 216 Korean persons--the numbers of healthy controls and those with metabolic syndrome were 138 and 78, respectively--to confirm research data from animal models. Women had higher AGF than men (265.01 vs 311.84 ng/mL, P = .003). This study showed that serum AGF levels were significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome (325.89 ng/mL) than those in the healthy group (272.44 ng/mL) (P = .003). Among the components of metabolic syndrome, subjects with high waist circumference or decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had significantly increased serum AGF (271.92 vs 313.68 ng/mL, P = .013; 271.01 vs 310.58 ng/mL, P = .023, respectively). According to multivariate regression analysis, metabolic syndrome itself and waist circumference could be used, in addition to sex and age, as predictors of serum AGF level. In conclusion, serum AGF levels were paradoxically increased in metabolic syndrome, in comparison with data from animal experiments and data on sex, age, and waist circumference. Metabolic syndrome can be a predictor of serum AGF level. Further studies are needed to explore the possibilities of compensatory up-regulation, or AGF resistance, to explain the physiologic roles of AGF in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Namkung
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 220-71 South Korea
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Kadomatsu T, Tabata M, Oike Y. Angiopoietin-like proteins: emerging targets for treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. FEBS J 2010; 278:559-64. [PMID: 21182596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia are an increasingly prevalent medical and social problem in developed and developing countries. These conditions are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular basis underlying obesity and related metabolic diseases in order to develop effective preventive and therapeutic approaches against these conditions. Recently, a family of proteins structurally similar to the angiogenic-regulating factors known as angiopoietins was identified and designated 'angiopoietin-like proteins' (ANGPTLs). Encoded by seven genes, ANGPTL1-7 all possess an N-terminal coiled-coil domain and a C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain, both characteristic of angiopoietins. ANGPTLs do not bind to either the angiopoietin receptor Tie2 or the related protein Tie1, indicating that these ligands function differently from angiopoietins. Like angiopoietins, some ANGPTLs potently regulate angiogenesis, but ANGPTL3, -4 and ANGPTL6/angiopoietin-related growth factor (AGF) directly regulate lipid, glucose and energy metabolism independent of angiogenic effects. Recently, we found that ANGPTL2 is a key adipocyte-derived inflammatory mediator that links obesity to systemic insulin resistance. In this minireview, we focus on the roles of ANGPTL2 and ANGPTL6/AGF in obesity and related metabolic diseases, and discuss the possibility that both could function as molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kadomatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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Kim SJ, Yuan HD, Chung SH. Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses hepatic glucose production via AMP-activated protein kinase in HepG2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:325-8. [PMID: 20118562 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is known to have anti-diabetic activity, but the active ingredients are not yet fully identified. In this study, we found the inhibitory effect of Rg(1) on hepatic glucose production through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in HepG2 cells. Rg(1) significantly inhibited hepatic glucose production in a concentration-dependent manner, and this effect was reversed in the presence of compound C, a selective AMPK inhibitor. In addition, Rg(1) markedly induced the phosphorylations of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMPK and forkhead box class O1 (FoxO1), a key transcription factor for gluconeogenic enzymes, in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities were inhibited by 24% and 21%, respectively, when the cells were exposed to 40 microM of Rg(1), resulting from phosphorylation of FoxO1 and inhibition of gluconeogenic gene expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated the suppressive effect of Rg(1) on hepatic glucose production via LKB1-AMPK-FoxO1 pathway in HepG2 human hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jip Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Oike Y, Tabata M. Angiopoietin-like proteins--potential therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Circ J 2009; 73:2192-7. [PMID: 19875897 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent major increases in obesity and related metabolic diseases (known as the metabolic syndrome (MetS)) because of sedentary lifestyles and overnutrition in developed and developing countries, are an exploding medical and social problem. These conditions are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death. Thus, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis underlying MetS and develop effective preventive and therapeutic approaches against CVD. To date, 7 angiopoietin-like proteins (Angptls) that are structurally similar to angiopoietins have been identified. However, none binds to the angiopoietin receptor, Tie2, or to the closely related Tie1 receptor, suggesting that these ligands function differently from angiopoietins. Some Angptls potently regulate angiogenesis, similar to angiopoietins, whereas others have pleiotropic activity other than angiogenesis and function in lipid and energy metabolism. In this review, we focus on the roles of Angptl2 and Angptl6/angiopoietin-like growth factor (AGF) in the development of MetS and CVD, and discuss the potential for Angptl2 and Angptl6/AGF to function as molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Association between angiopoietin-like 6 (ANGPTL6) gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes in the French MONICA Study. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2009; 35:287-92. [PMID: 19447061 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Although the ANGPTL6 (angiopoietin-like 6) gene product is now known to be involved in the regulation of fat mass and insulin sensitivity in mice, its physiological functions in humans have yet to be determined. METHODS Subjects from the population-based French MONICA Study (n=3402) were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ANGPTL6, and associations with anthropometric or biochemical phenotypes were looked for. RESULTS On evaluating the frequency of 17 ANGPTL6 SNPs in 100 randomly selected subjects on the basis of linkage disequilibrium mapping, four SNPs (rs6511435, rs8112063, rs11671983 and rs15723) were found to cover more than 95% of the known ANGPTL6 genetic variability. Subjects from the entire MONICA Study were then genotyped for these four SNPs. No significant association was detected for rs11671983 and rs15723. In contrast, the G allele of rs8112063 was associated with lower plasma glucose levels (P=0.009). Also, obese subjects carrying the G allele of rs6511435 had higher plasma insulin levels than AA subjects (P=0.0055). Moreover, the G allele of rs6511435 tended to be associated with a 20% higher risk of the metabolic syndrome (P=0.034). However, when false discovery rate testing (40 tests) was applied, these associations were no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSION These findings constitute the first study in humans of ANGPTL6 genetic variability. Although there was no evidence that polymorphisms in ANGPTL6 might be significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes, a weak association of these polymorphisms with these parameters cannot be excluded. Further association studies are needed to arrive at any definite conclusions.
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Ebert T, Bachmann A, Lössner U, Kratzsch J, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M. Serum levels of angiopoietin-related growth factor in diabetes mellitus and chronic hemodialysis. Metabolism 2009; 58:547-51. [PMID: 19303977 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-related growth factor (AGF) was recently introduced as a novel liver-derived protein that antagonizes obesity and insulin resistance. In the current study, we investigated circulating AGF levels in relation to renal function and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Angiopoietin-related growth factor was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in subjects with a glomerular filtration rate greater than 50 mL/min (n = 60, 30 diabetic and 30 nondiabetic) and in patients on chronic hemodialysis (CD; n = 60, 32 diabetic and 28 nondiabetic). Furthermore, AGF was correlated to clinical and biochemical measures of renal function, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammation. Median serum AGF levels were significantly lower in CD patients (125.9 +/- 96.3 microg/L) as compared with subjects with a glomerular filtration rate greater than 50 mL/min (164.0 +/- 95.4 microg/L) (P < .05). Furthermore, AGF serum levels were significantly increased in diabetic patients (161.7 +/- 114.2 microg/L) as compared with nondiabetic subjects (123.0 +/- 88.2 microg/L) (P < .01). Moreover, CD negatively and T2DM positively predicted AGF concentrations in multiple regression analysis. In addition, fasting serum glucose was independently and positively correlated with circulating AGF in all patients and controls. Our results suggest that renal dysfunction is negatively and T2DM is positively associated with AGF serum levels. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the physiologic significance of circulating AGF in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ebert
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Serum levels of angiopoietin-related growth factor are increased in preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:314-8. [PMID: 19057519 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is a serious complication in pregnancy with an increased future cardiovascular and metabolic risk for both mother and newborn. Recently, angiopoietin-related growth factor (AGF) was introduced as a novel liver-derived protein with proangiogenic and insulin-sensitizing effects. In the current study, we hypothesized that serum levels of AGF would be lower in preeclamptic patients as compared to healthy controls. METHODS AGF was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in control and preeclamptic patients during pregnancy ( CONTROL n =22, Preeclampsia: n =22) and 6 months after delivery ( CONTROL n =20, Preeclampsia: n =20). Furthermore, circulating AGF was correlated to clinical and biochemical measures of renal function, glucose, and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammation. RESULTS During pregnancy, median maternal AGF concentrations were significantly higher in preeclampsia (191.6 microg/l) as compared to control subjects (136.3 microg/l) (P = 0.004). Furthermore, preeclampsia and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were associated with AGF levels in multivariate analyses independent of maternal age. However, higher circulating AGF concentrations in preeclampsia did not persist 6 months after delivery. CONCLUSIONS Maternal AGF serum levels are significantly and paradoxically higher in preeclampsia during pregnancy. However, median postpartum circulating AGF levels are similar in preeclampsia and normal pregnancies.
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