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Zhang H, Gao L, Qi X, Ma H, Zhang S, Wang Z, Jin L, Shen Y. An injectable chitosan-based hydrogel incorporating carbon dots with dual enzyme-mimic activities for synergistically treatment of bacteria infected wounds. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114006. [PMID: 38870646 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections pose a serious threat to human health, and the emergence of superbugs and the growing antibiotic resistance phenomenon have made the development of novel antimicrobial products. In this paper, an ultrasmall Cu, N co-doped carbon dots (CDs-Cu-N) with excellent peroxidase mimic activity and enhanced catalase mimic activity was successfully prepared and anchored to an injectable chitosan (CS)-based hybrid hydrogel. As expected, the CDs-Cu-N-H2O2-CS hybrid hydrogel maintains the excellent enzyme-mimicking properties of CDs-Cu-N and shows superior antibacterial property, which has been proven to effectively promote the healing of S. aureus-infected wounds with good biocompatibility. Benefitting from the dual-enzyme-mimic activity of CDs-Cu-N, the hybrid hydrogel not only can catalyze the generation of highly toxic ROS from low concentration of H2O2 to inhibit the bacterial infections, but also can significantly promote the wound tissue repair and regeneration by improving the anoxic microenvironment and promoting neovascularization. In addition, this hybrid hydrogel also possessed excellent injectability and moldability. It can adapt to various the irregular shapes of acute wounds, maintaining a moist and safe microenvironment while prolonging the action time of nanozyme on wounds, thus promoting wound healing. This injectable hybrid hydrogel shows great potential applications in the field of wound infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yehua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Liu M, Huang L, Xu X, Wei X, Yang X, Li X, Wang B, Xu Y, Li L, Yang Z. Copper Doped Carbon Dots for Addressing Bacterial Biofilm Formation, Wound Infection, and Tooth Staining. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9479-9497. [PMID: 35713471 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oral infectious diseases and tooth staining, the main challenges of dental healthcare, are inextricably linked to microbial colonization and the formation of pathogenic biofilms. However, dentistry has so far still lacked simple, safe, and universal prophylactic options and therapy. Here, we report copper-doped carbon dots (Cu-CDs) that display enhanced catalytic (catalase-like, peroxidase-like) activity in the oral environment for inhibiting initial bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) adhesion and for subsequent biofilm eradication without impacting the surrounding oral tissues via oxygen (O2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Especially, Cu-CDs exhibit strong affinity for lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and peptidoglycans (PGN), thus conferring them with excellent antibacterial ability against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), such that they can prevent wound purulent infection and promoting rapid wound healing. Additionally, the Cu-CDs/H2O2 system shows a better performance in tooth whitening, compared with results obtained with other alternatives, e.g., CDs and clinically used H2O2, particularly its negligible enamel and dentin destruction. It is anticipated that the biocompatible Cu-CDs presented in this work are a promising nano-mouthwash for eliminating oral pathogenic biofilms, prompting wound healing as well as tooth whitening, highlighting their significance in oral health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Bingnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Lihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhongmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Gu R, Liang A, Liao G, To I, Shehu A, Ma X. Roles of co-factors in drug-induced liver injury: drug metabolism and beyond. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:646-654. [PMID: 35221288 PMCID: PMC9132098 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains one of the major concerns for healthcare providers and patients. Unfortunately, it is difficult to predict and prevent DILI in the clinic because detailed mechanisms of DILI are largely unknown. Many risk factors have been identified for both "intrinsic" and "idiosyncratic" DILI, suggesting that cofactors are an important aspect in understanding DILI. This review outlines the cofactors that potentiate DILI and categorizes them into two types: (1) the specific cofactors that target metabolic enzymes, transporters, antioxidation defense, immune response, and liver regeneration; and (2) the general cofactors that include inflammation, age, gender, comorbidity, gut microbiota, and lifestyle. The underlying mechanisms by which cofactors potentiate DILI are also discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes the risk factors for DILI, which can be used to predict and prevent DILI in the clinic. This work also highlights the gaps in the DILI field and provides future perspectives on the roles of cofactors in DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Gu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.G., A.S., X.M.) and School of Pharmacy (A.L., G.L., I.T.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alina Liang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.G., A.S., X.M.) and School of Pharmacy (A.L., G.L., I.T.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Grace Liao
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.G., A.S., X.M.) and School of Pharmacy (A.L., G.L., I.T.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabelle To
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.G., A.S., X.M.) and School of Pharmacy (A.L., G.L., I.T.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amina Shehu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.G., A.S., X.M.) and School of Pharmacy (A.L., G.L., I.T.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.G., A.S., X.M.) and School of Pharmacy (A.L., G.L., I.T.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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4
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Hastings KL, Green MD, Gao B, Ganey PE, Roth RA, Burleson GR. Beyond Metabolism: Role of the Immune System in Hepatic Toxicity. Int J Toxicol 2021; 39:151-164. [PMID: 32174281 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819898399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver is primarily thought of as a metabolic organ; however, the liver is also an important mediator of immunological functions. Key perspectives on this emerging topic were presented in a symposium at the 2018 annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology entitled "Beyond metabolism: Role of the immune system in hepatic toxicity." Viral hepatitis is an important disease of the liver for which insufficient preventive vaccines exist. Host immune responses inadequately clear these viruses and often potentiate immunological inflammation that damages the liver. In addition, the liver is a key innate immune organ against bacterial infection. Hepatocytes and immune cells cooperatively control systemic and local bacterial infections. Conversely, bacterial infection can activate multiple types of immune cells and pathways to cause hepatocyte damage and liver injury. Finally, the immune system and specifically cytokines and drugs can interact in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. This rare disease can result in a disease spectrum that ranges from mild to acute liver failure. The immune system plays a role in this disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gary R Burleson
- BRT-Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, NC, USA
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5
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Oda S, Uchida Y, Aleo MD, Koza-Taylor PH, Matsui Y, Hizue M, Marroquin LD, Whritenour J, Uchida E, Yokoi T. An in vitro coculture system of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells for predicting drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:149-168. [PMID: 32816093 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preventing clinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a major challenge, because DILI develops via multifactorial mechanisms. Immune and inflammatory reactions are considered important mechanisms of DILI; however, biomarkers from in vitro systems using immune cells have not been comprehensively studied. The aims of this study were (1) to identify promising biomarker genes for predicting DILI in an in vitro coculture model of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a human liver cell line, and (2) to evaluate these genes as predictors of DILI using a panel of drugs with different clinical DILI risk. Transcriptome-wide analysis of PBMCs cocultured with HepG2 or differentiated HepaRG cells that were treated with several drugs revealed an appropriate separation of DILI-positive and DILI-negative drugs, from which 12 putative biomarker genes were selected. To evaluate the predictive performance of these genes, PBMCs cocultured with HepG2 cells were exposed to 77 different drugs, and gene expression levels in PBMCs were determined. The MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) showed the highest area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) value of 0.81 among the 12 genes with a high sensitivity/specificity (85/66%). However, a stepwise logistic regression model using the 12 identified genes showed the highest AUC value of 0.94 with a high sensitivity/specificity (93/86%). Taken together, we established a coculture system using PBMCs and HepG2 cells and selected biomarkers that can predict DILI risk. The established model would be useful in detecting the DILI potential of compounds, in particular those that involve an immune mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Oda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yuka Uchida
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Michael D Aleo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
- TOXinsights LLC, East Lyme, CT, USA
| | | | - Yusuke Matsui
- Laboratory of Intelligence Healthcare, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanori Hizue
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa D Marroquin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Eri Uchida
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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6
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Assar S, Nosratabadi R, Khorramdel Azad H, Masoumi J, Mohamadi M, Hassanshahi G. A Review of Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluoroquinolones. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:1007-1026. [PMID: 32746743 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1797778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Past researches indicate that some types of antibiotics, apart from their antimicrobial effects, have some other important effects which indirectly are exerted by modulating and regulating the immune system's mediators. Among the compounds with antimicrobial effects, fluoroquinolones (FQs) are known as synthetic antibiotics, which exhibit the property of decomposing of DNA and prevent bacterial growth by inactivating the enzymes involved in DNA twisting, including topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and IV. Interestingly, immune responses are indirectly modulated by FQs through suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and super-inducing IL-2, which tend to increase both the growth and activity of T and B lymphocytes. In addition, they affect the development of immune responses by influencing of expression of other cytokines and mediators. This study aims to review past research on the immunomodulatory effects of FQs on the expression of cytokines, especially IL-2 and to discuss controversial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Assar
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdel Azad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahshad Mohamadi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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7
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Roth RA, Ganey PE. What have we learned from animal models of idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:475-491. [PMID: 32324077 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1760246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) continues to plague patients and restrict the use of drugs that are pharmacologically effective. Mechanisms of IDILI are incompletely understood, and a better understanding would reduce speculation and could help to identify safer drug candidates preclinically. Animal models have the potential to enhance knowledge of mechanisms of IDILI. AREAS COVERED Numerous hypotheses have emerged to explain IDILI pathogenesis, many of which center on the roles of the innate and/or adaptive immune systems. Animal models based on these hypotheses are reviewed in the context of their contributions to understanding of IDILI and their limitations. EXPERT OPINION Animal models of IDILI based on an activated adaptive immune system have to date failed to reproduce major liver injury that is of most concern clinically. The only models that have so far resulted in pronounced liver injury are based on the multiple determinant hypothesis or the inflammatory stress hypothesis. The liver pathogenesis in IDILI animal models involves various leukocytes and immune mediators such as cytokines. Insights from animal models are changing the way we view IDILI pathogenesis and are leading to better approaches to preclinical prediction of IDILI potential of new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
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8
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Giustarini G, Huppelschoten S, Barra M, Oppelt A, Wagenaar L, Weaver RJ, Bol-Schoenmakers M, Smit JJ, van de Water B, Klingmüller U, Pieters RHH. The hepatotoxic fluoroquinolone trovafloxacin disturbs TNF- and LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 391:114915. [PMID: 32035082 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is a severe disease that cannot be detected during drug development. It has been shown that hepatotoxicity of some compounds associated with IDILI becomes apparent when these are combined in vivo and in vitro with LPS or TNF. Among these compounds trovafloxacin (TVX) induced apoptosis in the liver and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice exposed to LPS/TNF. The hepatocyte survival and the cytokine release after TNF/LPS stimulation relies on a pulsatile activation of NF-κB. We set out to evaluate the dynamic activation of NF-κB in response to TVX + TNF or LPS models, both in mouse and human cells. Remarkably, TVX prolonged the first translocation of NF-κB induced by TNF both in vivo and in vitro. The prolonged p65 translocation caused by TVX was associated with an increased phosphorylation of IKK and MAPKs and accumulation of inhibitors of NF-κB such as IκBα and A20 in HepG2. Coherently, TVX suppressed further TNF-induced NF-κB translocations in HepG2 leading to decreased transcription of ICAM-1 and inhibitors of apoptosis. TVX prolonged LPS-induced NF-κB translocation in RAW264.7 macrophages increasing the secretion of TNF. In summary, this study presents new, relevant insights into the mechanism of TVX-induced liver injury underlining the resemblance between mouse and human models. In this study we convincingly show that regularly used toxicity models provide a coherent view of relevant pathways for IDILI. We propose that assessment of the kinetics of activation of NF-κB and MAPKs is an appropriate tool for the identification of hepatotoxic compounds during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giustarini
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Suzanna Huppelschoten
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Barra
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University of Pisa, Department of Pharmacy, Italy
| | - Angela Oppelt
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Wagenaar
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J Weaver
- Biopharmacy, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.), Suresnes 92284, France
| | - Marianne Bol-Schoenmakers
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost J Smit
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raymond H H Pieters
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Giustarini G, Vrisekoop N, Kruijssen L, Wagenaar L, van Staveren S, van Roest M, Bleumink R, Bol-Schoenmakers M, Weaver RJ, Koenderman L, Smit J, Pieters R. Trovafloxacin-Induced Liver Injury: Lack in Regulation of Inflammation by Inhibition of Nucleotide Release and Neutrophil Movement. Toxicol Sci 2020; 167:385-396. [PMID: 30247740 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluoroquinolone trovafloxacin (TVX) is associated with a high risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Although part of the liver damage by TVX+TNF relies on neutrophils, we have recently demonstrated that liver recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils is delayed by TVX. Here we show that the delayed leukocyte recruitment is caused by a combination of effects which are linked to the capacity of TVX to block the hemichannel pannexin 1. TVX inhibited find-me signal release in apoptotic HepG2 hepatocytes, decelerated freshly isolated human neutrophils toward IL-8 and f-MLF, and decreased the liver expression of ICAM-1. In blood of TVX+TNF-treated mice, we observed an accumulation of activated neutrophils despite an increased MIP-2 release by the liver. Depletion of monocytes and neutrophils caused increased serum concentrations of TNF, IL-6, and MIP-2 in TVX-treated mice as well as in mice treated with the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin, known to have a lower DILI-inducing profile. This supports the idea that early leukocyte recruitment regulates inflammation. In conclusion, disrupted regulation by leukocytes appears to constitute a fundamental step in the onset of TVX-induced liver injury, acting in concert with the capability of TVX to induce hepatocyte cell death. Interference of leukocyte-mediated regulation of inflammation represents a novel mechanism to explain the onset of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giustarini
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Kruijssen
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Wagenaar
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Selma van Staveren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Bleumink
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Bol-Schoenmakers
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.), Suresnes 92284, France
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smit
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Giustarini G, Kruijssen L, van Roest M, Bleumink R, Weaver RJ, Bol-Schoenmakers M, Smit J, Pieters R. Tissue influx of neutrophils and monocytes is delayed during development of trovafloxacin-induced tumor necrosis factor-dependent liver injury in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:753-765. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giustarini
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Laura Kruijssen
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Rob Bleumink
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.); 50, rue Carnot 92284 Suresnes Cedex France
| | - Marianne Bol-Schoenmakers
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smit
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Mitsugi R, Sumida K, Fujie Y, Tukey RH, Itoh T, Fujiwara R. Acyl-glucuronide as a Possible Cause of Trovafloxacin-Induced Liver Toxicity: Induction of Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 2 by Trovafloxacin Acyl-glucuronide. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1604-1610. [PMID: 27725437 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trovafloxacin is an antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market relatively soon after its release due to the risk of hepatotoxicity. Trovafloxacin is mainly metabolized to its acyl-glucuronide by uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1. In this study, we examined whether the acyl-glucuronide is involved in the development of hepatotoxicity. A UGT1A1-induced cell model was developed and the toxicity of trovafloxacin acyl-glucuronide was evaluated. The UGT1A1-induced cell model was developed by treating HepG2 cells with chrysin for 48 h. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, a cytokine involved in drug-induced liver injury, was uniquely induced by trovafloxacin in the UGT1A1-induced HepG2 cells. Induction of UGT1A1 resulted in a decrease in cell viability. An in vivo animal study further demonstrated the importance of UGT1A1 in the trovafloxacin-induced liver toxicity. Although the complete mechanism of trovafloxacin-induced liver injury is still unknown, trovafloxacin acyl-glucuronide can be involved in the development of toxic reactions in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Mitsugi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
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12
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Goto S, Deguchi J, Nishio N, Nomura N, Funabashi H. Hepatotoxicants induce cytokine imbalance in response to innate immune system. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:389-404. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Goto
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Jiro Deguchi
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Naoki Nishio
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Naruaki Nomura
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Hitoshi Funabashi
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
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13
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Su Y, Zhang Y, Chen M, Jiang Z, Sun L, Wang T, Zhang L. Lipopolysaccharide exposure augments isoniazide-induced liver injury. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1436-42. [PMID: 25331106 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazide (INH) is a classic antituberculosis drug associated with clinical idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. It has been hypothesized that the interaction between a drug and modest inflammation results in a decreased threshold for drug toxicity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that INH causes liver injury in rats when coadministered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neither INH nor LPS alone caused liver injury. The coadministration of INH and LPS was associated with increases in serum and histopathological markers of liver injury. Tumour necrosis factor-α expression was significantly increased in the coadministered group. The downregulation of the bile acid transporter, bile salt export pump, and multidrug resistance protein 2 at both mRNA and protein levels was observed. Furthermore, the level of Farnesoid X receptor, which regulates the bile salt export pump and multidrug resistance protein 2, were clearly decreased. These results indicate that the coadministration of nontoxic doses of LPS and INH causes liver injury; the disruption of biliary excretion is considered the primary inflammation-related characteristic of INH-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Su
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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14
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Lu J, Roth RA, Malle E, Ganey PE. Roles of the hemostatic system and neutrophils in liver injury from co-exposure to amiodarone and lipopolysaccharide. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:51-62. [PMID: 23912913 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that co-treatment of rats with amiodarone (AMD) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces idiosyncrasy-like liver injury. In this study, the hypothesis that the hemostatic system and neutrophils contribute to AMD/LPS-induced liver injury was explored. Rats were treated with AMD (400 mg/kg, ip) or vehicle and 16 h later with LPS (1.6×10⁶ endotoxin units/kg, iv) or saline (Sal). AMD did not affect the hemostatic system by itself but significantly potentiated LPS-induced coagulation activation and fibrinolysis impairment. Increased hepatic fibrin deposition and subsequent hypoxia were observed only in AMD/LPS-treated animals, starting before the onset of liver injury. Administration of anticoagulant heparin abolished AMD/LPS-induced hepatic fibrin deposition and reduced AMD/LPS-induced liver damage. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) accumulated in liver after treatment with LPS or AMD/LPS, but PMN activation was only observed in AMD/LPS-treated rats. Rabbit anti-rat PMN serum, which reduced accumulation of PMNs in liver, prevented PMN activation and attenuated AMD/LPS-induced liver injury in rats. PMN depletion did not affect hepatic fibrin deposition. Anticoagulation prevented PMN activation without affecting PMN accumulation. In summary, both the hemostatic system alteration and PMN activation contributed to AMD/LPS-induced liver injury in rats, in which fibrin deposition was critical for the activation of PMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Lu
- * Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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15
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Corsini A, Ganey P, Ju C, Kaplowitz N, Pessayre D, Roth R, Watkins PB, Albassam M, Liu B, Stancic S, Suter L, Bortolini M. Current challenges and controversies in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Saf 2013. [PMID: 23137150 DOI: 10.2165/11632970-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current key challenges and controversies encountered in the identification of potentially hepatotoxic drugs and the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are covered in this article. There is substantial debate over the classification of DILI itself, including the definition and validity of terms such as 'intrinsic' and 'idiosyncratic'. So-called idiosyncratic DILI is typically rare and requires one or more susceptibility factors in individuals. Consequently, it has been difficult to reproduce in animal models, which has limited the understanding of its underlying mechanisms despite numerous hypotheses. Advances in predictive models would also help to enable preclinical elimination of drug candidates and development of novel biomarkers. A small number of liver laboratory tests have been routinely used to help identify DILI, but their interpretation can be limited and confounded by multiple factors. Improved preclinical and clinical biomarkers are therefore needed to accurately detect early signals of liver injury, distinguish drug hepatotoxicity from other forms of liver injury, and differentiate mild from clinically important liver injury. A range of potentially useful biomarkers are emerging, although so far most have only been used preclinically, with only a few validated and used in the clinic for specific circumstances. Advances in the development of genomic biomarkers will improve the prediction and detection of hepatic injury in future. Establishing a definitive clinical diagnosis of DILI can be difficult, since it is based on circumstantial evidence by excluding other aetiologies and, when possible, identifying a drug-specific signature. DILI signals based on standard liver test abnormalities may be affected by underlying diseases such as hepatitis B and C, HIV and cancer, as well as the concomitant use of hepatotoxic drugs to treat some of these conditions. Therefore, a modified approach to DILI assessment is justified in these special populations and a suggested framework is presented that takes into account underlying disease when evaluating DILI signals in individuals. Detection of idiosyncratic DILI should, in some respects, be easier in the postmarketing setting compared with the clinical development programme, since there is a much larger and more varied patient population exposure over longer timeframes. However, postmarketing safety surveillance is currently limited by the quantity and quality of information available to make an accurate diagnosis, the lack of a control group and the rarity of cases. The pooling of multiple healthcare databases, which could potentially contain different types of patient data, is advised to address some of these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Gandhi A, Guo T, Shah P, Moorthy B, Ghose R. Chlorpromazine-induced hepatotoxicity during inflammation is mediated by TIRAP-dependent signaling pathway in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 266:430-8. [PMID: 23238562 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major component of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs). To understand the molecular mechanism of inflammation-mediated IADRs, we determined the role of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway in idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of the anti-psychotic drug, chlorpromazine (CPZ). Activation of TLRs recruits the first adaptor protein, Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) to the TIR domain of TLRs leading to the activation of the downstream kinase, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). Prolonged activation of JNK leads to cell-death. We hypothesized that activation of TLR2 by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will augment the hepatotoxicity of CPZ by TIRAP-dependent mechanism involving prolonged activation of JNK. Adult male C57BL/6, TIRAP(+/+) and TIRAP(-/-) mice were pretreated with saline, LPS (2 mg/kg) or LTA (6 mg/kg) for 30 min or 16 h followed by CPZ (5 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle) up to 24h. We found that treatment of mice with CPZ in presence of LPS or LTA leads to ~3-4 fold increase in serum ALT levels, a marked reduction in hepatic glycogen content, significant induction of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and prolonged JNK activation, compared to LPS or LTA alone. Similar results were observed in TIRAP(+/+) mice, whereas the effects of LPS or LTA on CPZ-induced hepatotoxicity were attenuated in TIRAP(-/-) mice. For the first time, we show that inflammation-mediated hepatotoxicity of CPZ is dependent on TIRAP, and involves prolonged JNK activation in vivo. Thus, TIRAP-dependent pathways may be targeted to predict and prevent inflammation-mediated IADRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Gandhi
- University of Houston, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 1441 Moursund Street, Room 517, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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Fullerton AM, Roth RA, Ganey PE. 2,3,7,8-TCDD enhances the sensitivity of mice to concanavalin A immune-mediated liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 266:317-27. [PMID: 23164664 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a major role in immune-mediated liver injury, and exposure to environmental pollutants such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been reported to alter the inflammatory response as well as affect immune cell activity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TCDD pretreatment exacerbates hepatotoxicity in a murine model of immune-mediated liver injury induced by concanavalin A (Con A) administration. Mice were pretreated with 30 μg/kg TCDD or vehicle control on day zero and then given either Con A or saline intravenously on day four. Mice treated with TCDD did not develop liver injury; however, TCDD pretreatment increased liver injury resulting from moderate doses of Con A (4-10 mg/kg). TCDD-pretreated mice had altered plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNγ), and TCDD/Con A-induced hepatotoxicity was attenuated in IFNγ knockout mice. At various times after treatment, intrahepatic immune cells were isolated, and expression of cell activation markers as well as cytolytic proteins was determined. TCDD pretreatment increased the proportion of activated natural killer T (NKT) cells and the percent of cells expressing Fas ligand (FasL) after Con A administration. In addition FasL knockout mice and mice treated with CD18 antiserum were both protected from TCDD/Con A-induced hepatotoxicity, suggesting a requirement for direct cell-cell interaction between effector immune cells and parenchymal cell targets in the development of liver injury from TCDD/Con A treatment. In summary, exposure to TCDD increased NKT cell activation and exacerbated immune-mediated liver injury induced by Con A through a mechanism involving IFNγ and FasL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Fullerton
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 215, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Sparkenbaugh EM, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Hypoxia sensitization of hepatocytes to neutrophil elastase-mediated cell death depends on MAPKs and HIF-1α. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G748-57. [PMID: 22223132 PMCID: PMC3330781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00409.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The liver is sensitive to pathological conditions associated with tissue hypoxia (Hx) and the presence of activated neutrophils that secrete the serine protease elastase (EL). We demonstrated previously that cotreatment of rat hepatocytes with nontoxic levels of Hx and EL caused synergistic cell death. Hx is sensed by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, a transcription factor that heterodimerizes with HIF-1β/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator and directs expression of many genes, including the pro-cell death gene Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3). Since cell death from EL or Hx also requires MAPK activation, we tested the hypothesis that the cytotoxic interaction of Hx and EL depends on MAPK and HIF-1α signaling. Treatment of Hepa1c1c7 cells with EL in the presence of Hx (2% O(2)) resulted in synergistic cell death. EL reduced phosphorylated ERK in O(2)-replete and Hx-exposed cells, and ERK inhibition enhanced the cytotoxicity of EL alone. Hx-EL cotreatment caused an additive increase in phosphorylated p38, and p38 inhibition attenuated cell death caused by this cotreatment. EL enhanced Hx-induced HIF-1α accumulation and transcription of the HIF-1α-mediated cell death gene BNIP3, and p38 inhibition attenuated BNIP3 expression and production. Cytotoxicity and BNIP3 expression from EL-Hx cotreatment were reduced in HIF-1β-deficient HepaC4 cells compared with Hepa1c1c7 cells. These results suggest that p38 signaling contributes to Hx-EL cotreatment-induced cell death via modulation of HIF-1α-mediated gene transcription. Finally, lipid peroxidation was enhanced in Hx-EL-cotreated cells compared with cells treated with EL or Hx alone. Vitamin E treatment attenuated lipid peroxidation and protected cells from the cytotoxicity of Hx and EL, suggesting that lipid peroxidation plays a role.
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20
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Moon Y. Cellular alterations of mucosal integrity by ribotoxins: Mechanistic implications of environmentally-linked epithelial inflammatory diseases. Toxicon 2012; 59:192-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Zou W, Roth RA, Younis HS, Malle E, Ganey PE. Neutrophil-cytokine interactions in a rat model of sulindac-induced idiosyncratic liver injury. Toxicology 2011; 290:278-85. [PMID: 22019926 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interacts with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac (SLD) to produce liver injury in rats. In the present study, the mechanism of SLD/LPS-induced liver injury was further investigated. Accumulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the liver was greater in SLD/LPS-cotreated rats compared to those treated with SLD or LPS alone. In addition, PMN activation occurred specifically in livers of rats cotreated with SLD/LPS. The hypothesis that PMNs and proteases released from them play critical roles in the hepatotoxicity was tested. SLD/LPS-induced liver injury was attenuated by prior depletion of PMNs or by treatment with the PMN protease inhibitor, eglin C. Previous studies suggested that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and the hemostatic system play critical roles in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by SLD/LPS. TNF and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) can contribute to hepatotoxicity by affecting PMN activation and fibrin deposition. Therefore, the role of TNF and PAI-1 in PMN activation and fibrin deposition in the SLD/LPS-induced liver injury model was tested. Neutralization of TNF or inhibition of PAI-1 attenuated PMN activation. TNF had no effect on PAI-1 production or fibrin deposition. In contrast, PAI-1 contributed to fibrin deposition in livers of rats treated with SLD/LPS. In summary, PMNs, TNF and PAI-1 contribute to the liver injury induced by SLD/LPS cotreatment. TNF and PAI-1 independently contributed to PMN activation, which is critical to the pathogenesis of liver injury. Moreover, PAI-1 contributed to liver injury by promoting fibrin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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22
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Roth RA, Ganey PE. Animal models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury—Current status. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:723-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.575765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Liguori MJ, Ditewig AC, Maddox JF, Luyendyk JP, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Nelson DM, Bhaskaran VM, Waring JF, Ganey PE, Roth RA, Blomme EAG. Comparison of TNFα to lipopolysaccharide as an inflammagen to characterize the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity potential of drugs: Trovafloxacin as an example. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4697-714. [PMID: 21151465 PMCID: PMC3000109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) are poorly understood, unpredictable, and not detected in preclinical studies. Although the cause of these reactions is likely multi-factorial, one hypothesis is that an underlying inflammatory state lowers the tolerance to a xenobiotic. Previously used in an inflammation IDR model, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is heterogeneous in nature, making development of standardized testing protocols difficult. Here, the use of rat tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) to replace LPS as an inflammatory stimulus was investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with separate preparations of LPS or TNFα, and hepatic transcriptomic effects were compared. TNFα showed enhanced consistency at the transcriptomic level compared to LPS. TNFα and LPS regulated similar biochemical pathways, although LPS was associated with more robust inflammatory signaling than TNFα. Rats were then codosed with TNFα and trovafloxacin (TVX), an IDR-associated drug, and evaluated by liver histopathology, clinical chemistry, and gene expression analysis. TNFα/TVX induced unique gene expression changes that clustered separately from TNFα/levofloxacin, a drug not associated with IDRs. TNFα/TVX cotreatment led to autoinduction of TNFα resulting in potentiation of underlying gene expression stress signals. Comparison of TNFα/TVX and LPS/TVX gene expression profiles revealed similarities in the regulation of biochemical pathways. In conclusion, TNFα could be used in lieu of LPS as an inflammatory stimulus in this model of IDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Liguori
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, & Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: (A.C.D.); (J.F.W.); (E.A.G.B.)
| | - Amy C. Ditewig
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, & Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: (A.C.D.); (J.F.W.); (E.A.G.B.)
| | - Jane F. Maddox
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.M.); (J.P.L.); (P.E.G.); (R.A.R.)
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.M.); (J.P.L.); (P.E.G.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Lois D. Lehman-McKeeman
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; E-Mail: (L.D.L.-M.); (V.M.B.)
| | - David M. Nelson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Vasanthi M. Bhaskaran
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; E-Mail: (L.D.L.-M.); (V.M.B.)
| | - Jeffrey F. Waring
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, & Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: (A.C.D.); (J.F.W.); (E.A.G.B.)
| | - Patricia E. Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.M.); (J.P.L.); (P.E.G.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Robert A. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.M.); (J.P.L.); (P.E.G.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Eric A. G. Blomme
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, & Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: (A.C.D.); (J.F.W.); (E.A.G.B.)
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Shaw PJ, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury and the role of inflammatory stress with an emphasis on an animal model of trovafloxacin hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:7-18. [PMID: 20538741 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) occur in a minority of patients yet account for the majority of postmarketing use restrictions by the Food and Drug Administration. Despite the impact of these toxicities, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Animal models of IADRs would be beneficial in understanding mechanisms and in developing assays with predictive potential. Recent work exploring the interactions between inflammatory stress and drugs associated with human idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) has led to the development of the first animal models that apply to a range of drugs. Here, we discuss hypotheses for the mechanisms of IDILI and focus on a murine model of trovafloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity as an example related to the inflammatory stress hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA
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25
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Anderson R, Tintinger G, Cockeran R, Potjo M, Feldman C. Beneficial and Harmful Interactions of Antibiotics with Microbial Pathogens and the Host Innate Immune System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1694-1710. [PMID: 27713324 PMCID: PMC4034004 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In general antibiotics interact cooperatively with host defences, weakening and decreasing the virulence of microbial pathogens, thereby increasing vulnerability to phagocytosis and eradication by the intrinsic antimicrobial systems of the host. Antibiotics, however, also interact with host defences by several other mechanisms, some harmful, others beneficial. Harmful activities include exacerbation of potentially damaging inflammatory responses, a property of cell-wall targeted agents, which promotes the release of pro-inflammatory microbial cytotoxins and cell-wall components. On the other hand, inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis, especially macrolides, possess beneficial anti-inflammatory/cytoprotective activities, which result from interference with the production of microbial virulence factors/cytotoxins. In addition to these pathogen-directed, anti-inflammatory activities, some classes of antimicrobial agent possess secondary anti-inflammatory properties, unrelated to their conventional antimicrobial activities, which target cells of the innate immune system, particularly neutrophils. This is a relatively uncommon, potentially beneficial property of antibiotics, which has been described for macrolides, imidazole anti-mycotics, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Although of largely unproven significance in the clinical setting, increasing awareness of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties of antibiotics may contribute to a more discerning and effective use of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Gregory Tintinger
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Pretoria Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Riana Cockeran
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Moliehi Potjo
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Deng X, Luyendyk JP, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Inflammatory stress and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity: hints from animal models. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:262-82. [PMID: 19805476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) present a serious human health problem. They are major contributors to hospitalization and mortality throughout the world (Lazarou et al., 1998; Pirmohamed et al., 2004). A small fraction (less than 5%) of ADRs can be classified as "idiosyncratic." Idiosyncratic ADRs (IADRs) are caused by drugs with diverse pharmacological effects and occur at various times during drug therapy. Although IADRs affect a number of organs, liver toxicity occurs frequently and is the primary focus of this review. Because of the inconsistency of clinical data and the lack of experimental animal models, how IADRs arise is largely undefined. Generation of toxic drug metabolites and induction of specific immunity are frequently cited as causes of IADRs, but definitive evidence supporting either mechanism is lacking for most drugs. Among the more recent hypotheses for causation of IADRs is that inflammatory stress induced by exogenous or endogenous inflammagens is a susceptibility factor. In this review, we give a brief overview of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and the inflammatory response induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We discuss the inflammatory stress hypothesis and use as examples two drugs that have caused IADRs in human patients: ranitidine and diclofenac. The review focuses on experimental animal models that support the inflammatory stress hypothesis and on the mechanisms of hepatotoxic response in these models. The need for design of epidemiological studies and the potential for implementation of inflammation interaction studies in preclinical toxicity screening are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Shaw PJ, Ditewig AC, Waring JF, Liguori MJ, Blomme EA, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Coexposure of mice to trovafloxacin and lipopolysaccharide, a model of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, results in a unique gene expression profile and interferon gamma-dependent liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2009; 107:270-80. [PMID: 18930950 PMCID: PMC2638649 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic trovafloxacin (TVX) has caused severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in people, whereas levofloxacin (LVX) has not. Mice cotreated with TVX and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but not with LVX and LPS, develop severe hepatocellular necrosis. Mice were treated with TVX and/or LPS, and hepatic gene expression changes were measured before liver injury using gene array. Hepatic gene expression profiles from mice treated with TVX/LPS clustered differently from those treated with LPS or TVX alone. Several of the probe sets expressed differently in TVX/LPS-treated mice were involved in interferon (IFN) signaling and the janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. A time course of plasma concentrations of IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-18, which directly induces IFN-gamma production, revealed that both cytokines were selectively increased in TVX/LPS-treated mice. Both IL-18(-/-) and IFN-gamma(-/-) mice were significantly protected from TVX/LPS-induced liver injury. In addition, IFN-gamma(-/-) mice had decreased plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-18, and IL-1beta when compared to wild-type mice. In conclusion, the altered expression of genes involved in IFN signaling in TVX/LPS-treated mice led to the finding that IL-18 and IFN-gamma play a critical role in TVX/LPS-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Amy C. Ditewig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Jeffrey F. Waring
- Department of Cell and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Michael J. Liguori
- Department of Cell and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Eric A. Blomme
- Department of Cell and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Patricia E. Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert A. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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