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Fasciani I, Petragnano F, Aloisi G, Marampon F, Carli M, Scarselli M, Maggio R, Rossi M. Allosteric Modulators of G Protein-Coupled Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors: A New Class of Atypical Antipsychotics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110388. [PMID: 33202534 PMCID: PMC7696972 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia was first described by Emil Krapelin in the 19th century as one of the major mental illnesses causing disability worldwide. Since the introduction of chlorpromazine in 1952, strategies aimed at modifying the activity of dopamine receptors have played a major role for the treatment of schizophrenia. The introduction of atypical antipsychotics with clozapine broadened the range of potential targets for the treatment of this psychiatric disease, as they also modify the activity of the serotoninergic receptors. Interestingly, all marketed drugs for schizophrenia bind to the orthosteric binding pocket of the receptor as competitive antagonists or partial agonists. In recent years, a strong effort to develop allosteric modulators as potential therapeutic agents for schizophrenia was made, mainly for the several advantages in their use. In particular, the allosteric binding sites are topographically distinct from the orthosteric pockets, and thus drugs targeting these sites have a higher degree of receptor subunit specificity. Moreover, “pure” allosteric modulators maintain the temporal and spatial fidelity of native orthosteric ligand. Furthermore, allosteric modulators have a “ceiling effect”, and their modulatory effect is saturated above certain concentrations. In this review, we summarize the progresses made in the identification of allosteric drugs for dopamine and serotonin receptors, which could lead to a new generation of atypical antipsychotics with a better profile, especially in terms of reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (F.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Francesco Petragnano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (F.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (F.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiotherapy, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (F.P.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
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Mendive‐Tapia L, Wang J, Vendrell M. Fluorescent cyclic peptides for cell imaging. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinling Wang
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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Zhao C, Mendive-Tapia L, Vendrell M. Fluorescent peptides for imaging of fungal cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 661:187-195. [PMID: 30465736 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections, especially with the advent of antimicrobial resistance, represent a major burden to our society. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in the development of new probes that accelerate the study of fungi-related biological processes and facilitate novel clinical diagnostic and treatment strategies. Fluorescence-based reporters can provide dynamic information at the molecular level with high spatial resolution. However, conventional fluorescent probes for microbes often suffer from low specificity. In the last decade, numerous studies have been reported on the chemical design and application of fluorescent peptides for both in vitro and in vivo imaging of fungal cells. In this article, we review different strategies used in the preparation of fluorescent peptides for pathogenic fungi as well as some of their applications in medical imaging and in mode-of-action mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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Evidence for the heterotetrameric structure of the adenosine A2A-dopamine D2 receptor complex. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:595-600. [PMID: 27068975 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heteromers of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as potential novel targets for drug development. Accumulating evidence indicates that GPCRs can form homodimers and heteromers, with homodimers being the predominant species and oligomeric receptors being formed as multiples of dimers. Recently, heterotetrameric structures have been proposed for dopamine D1receptor (D1R)-dopamine D3receptor (D3R) and adenosine A2Areceptor (A2AR)-dopamine D2receptor (D2R) heteromers. The structural model proposed for these complexes is a heteromer constituted by two receptor homodimers. The existence of GPCR homodimers and heteromers provides a structural basis for inter-protomer allosteric mechanisms that might account for a multiplicity of unique pharmacological properties. In this review, we focus on the A2AR-D2R heterotetramer as an example of an oligomeric structure that is key in the modulation of striatal neuronal function. We also review the interfaces involved in this and other recently reported heteromers of GPCRs. Furthermore, we discuss several published studies showing theex vivoexpression of A2AR-D2R heteromers. The ability of A2AR agonists to decrease the affinity of D2R agonists has been reported and, on the basis of this interaction, A2AR antagonists have been proposed as potential drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The heterotetrameric structure of the A2AR-D2R complex offers a novel model that can provide new clues about how to adjust the drug dosage to the expected levels of endogenous adenosine.
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Butini S, Nikolic K, Kassel S, Brückmann H, Filipic S, Agbaba D, Gemma S, Brogi S, Brindisi M, Campiani G, Stark H. Polypharmacology of dopamine receptor ligands. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:68-103. [PMID: 27234980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Most neurological diseases have a multifactorial nature and the number of molecular mechanisms discovered as underpinning these diseases is continuously evolving. The old concept of developing selective agents for a single target does not fit with the medical need of most neurological diseases. The development of designed multiple ligands holds great promises and appears as the next step in drug development for the treatment of these multifactorial diseases. Dopamine and its five receptor subtypes are intimately involved in numerous neurological disorders. Dopamine receptor ligands display a high degree of cross interactions with many other targets including G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes and ion channels. For brain disorders like Parkinsońs disease, schizophrenia and depression the dopaminergic system, being intertwined with many other signaling systems, plays a key role in pathogenesis and therapy. The concept of designed multiple ligands and polypharmacology, which perfectly meets the therapeutic needs for these brain disorders, is herein discussed as a general ligand-based concept while focusing on dopaminergic agents and receptor subtypes in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - K Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Kassel
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Brückmann
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Filipic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Brindisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - H Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Molero A, Vendrell M, Bonaventura J, Zachmann J, López L, Pardo L, Lluis C, Cortés A, Albericio F, Casadó V, Royo M. A solid-phase combinatorial approach for indoloquinolizidine-peptides with high affinity at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim YC, Alberico SL, Emmons E, Narayanan NS. New therapeutic strategies targeting D1-type dopamine receptors for neuropsychiatric disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:230-238. [PMID: 28280503 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine acts via two major classes of receptors, D1-type and D2-type. D1 receptors are highly expressed in the striatum and can also be found in the cerebral cortex. Here we review the role of D1 dopamine signaling in two major domains: L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease and cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. While there are many drugs targeting D2-type receptors, there are no drugs that specifically target D1 receptors. It has been difficult to use selective D1-receptor agonists for clinical applications due to issues with bioavailability, binding affinity, pharmacological kinetics, and side effects. We propose potential therapies that selectively modulate D1 dopamine signaling by targeting second messengers downstream of D1 receptors, allosteric modulators, or by making targeted modifications to D1-receptor machinery. The development of therapies specific to D1-receptor signaling could be a new frontier in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cho Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Eric Emmons
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nandakumar S Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Tröger T, Langenberg M, Zhong S, Ambrosini D, Enzensperger C. Fishing for accessory binding sites at GPCRs with 'loop-hooks' - an approach towards selectivity? Part I. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:197-208. [PMID: 24591311 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-subtype selectivity is an important issue in medicinal chemistry and can become very difficult to achieve if the actual binding pockets of the respective receptors are highly conserved. For such cases, known unselective ligands could be equipped with a spacer that sticks outside the actual orthosteric binding pocket towards the extracellular loops. The end of the spacer bears certain functional groups to enable specific or unspecific interactions with the receptor residues outside the binding cavity. Our experiments indicated that it is possible to achieve selectivity within the dopamine D1 family with such 'loop-hooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tröger
- Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische/Medizinische Chemie, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena (phone: +49-173-2765919; +49-3641-949800 (office); fax: +49-3641-949802)
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Ye N, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ, Zhen X, Zhang A. Update 1 of: Recent Progress in Development of Dopamine Receptor Subtype-Selective Agents: Potential Therapeutics for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR123-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | | | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China 215123
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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Beyaert MGR, Daya RP, Dyck BA, Johnson RL, Mishra RK. PAOPA, a potent dopamine D2 receptor allosteric modulator, prevents and reverses behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in an amphetamine-sensitized preclinical animal model of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:253-62. [PMID: 22658400 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators are emerging as new therapeutics for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Conventional antipsychotic drugs are typically dopamine D2 receptor antagonists that compete with endogenous dopamine at the orthosteric site, and block excessive dopamine neurotransmission in the brain. However, they are unable to treat all symptoms of schizophrenia and often cause adverse motor and metabolic side effects. The binding profile of allosteric modulators differs, as they interact with their receptor at a novel binding site and their activity is determined by physiological signaling. In collaboration, our laboratories have synthesized and evaluated over 185 compounds for their allosteric modulatory activity at the dopamine D2 receptor. Of these compounds, PAOPA is among the most potent allosteric modulators, and has been shown to be effective in treating the MK-801 induced preclinical animal model of schizophrenia. The objective of this study was to evaluate PAOPA's ability to prevent and reverse behavioral abnormalities in an amphetamine-sensitized preclinical animal model of schizophrenia. Amphetamine sensitized rats were given PAOPA during sensitization and following sensitization to determine whether PAOPA is able to prevent and reverse behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, changes in post-mortem dopamine levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in various brain regions. The results presented demonstrate that PAOPA is able to prevent and reverse behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in an amphetamine-sensitized animal model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G R Beyaert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
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Allosteric modulators of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors: opportunities in drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:292-315. [PMID: 22728155 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsin-like (class A) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important classes of drug targets. The discovery that these GPCRs can be allosterically modulated by small drug molecules has opened up new opportunities in drug development. It will allow the drugability of "difficult targets", such as GPCRs activated by large (glyco)proteins, or by very polar or highly lipophilic physiological agonists. Receptor subtype selectivity should be more easily achievable with allosteric than with orthosteric ligands. Allosteric modulation will allow a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects largely expanding that of orthosteric ligands. Furthermore, allosteric modulators may show an improved safety profile as compared to orthosteric ligands. Only recently, the explicit search for allosteric modulators has been started for only a few rhodopsin-like GPCRs. The first negative allosteric modulators (allosteric antagonists) of chemokine receptors, maraviroc (CCR5 receptor), used in HIV therapy, and plerixafor (CXCR4 receptor) for stem cell mobilization, have been approved as drugs. The development of allosteric modulators for rhodopsin-like GPCRs as novel drugs is still at an early stage; it appears highly promising.
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