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Qian M, Sun Z, Chen X, Van Calenbergh S. Study of G protein-coupled receptors dimerization: From bivalent ligands to drug-like small molecules. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106809. [PMID: 37651896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades an increasing number of studies revealed that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are capable of forming dimers or even higher-ordered oligomers, which may modulate receptor function and act as potential drug targets. In this review, we briefly summarized the design strategy of bivalent GPCR ligands and mainly focused on how to use them to study and/or detect GPCP dimerization in vitro and in vivo. Bivalent ligands show specific properties relative to their corresponding monomeric ligands because they are able to bind to GPCR homodimers or heterodimers simultaneously. For example, bivalent ligands with optimal length of spacers often exhibited higher binding affinities for dimers compared to that of monomers. Furthermore, bivalent ligands displayed specific signal transduction compared to monovalent ligands. Finally, we give our perspective on targeting GPCR dimers from traditional bivalent ligands to more drug-like small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Zhengyang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Qian M, Ricarte A, Wouters E, Dalton JAR, Risseeuw MDP, Giraldo J, Van Calenbergh S. Discovery of a true bivalent dopamine D 2 receptor agonist. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 212:113151. [PMID: 33450620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Employing two different alkyne-modified dopamine agonists to construct bivalent compounds via click chemistry resulted in the identification of a bivalent ligand (11c) for dopamine D2 receptor homodimer, which, compared to its parent monomeric alkyne, showed a 16-fold higher binding affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor and a 5-fold higher potency in a cAMP assay in HEK 293T cells stably expressing D2R. Molecular modeling revealed that 11c can indeed bridge the orthosteric binding sites of a D2R homodimer in a relaxed conformation via the TM5-TM6 interface and allows to largely rationalize the results of the receptor assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Qian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adrián Ricarte
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigaciói InnovacióParc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elise Wouters
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James A R Dalton
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigaciói InnovacióParc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigaciói InnovacióParc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Shchepinova MM, Hanyaloglu AC, Frost GS, Tate EW. Chemical biology of noncanonical G protein-coupled receptor signaling: Toward advanced therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 56:98-110. [PMID: 32446179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of signaling membrane proteins, are the target of more than 30% of the drugs on the market. Recently, it has become clear that GPCR functions are far more multidimensional than previously thought, with multiple noncanonical aspects coming to light, including biased, oligomeric, and compartmentalized signaling. These additional layers of functional selectivity greatly expand opportunities for advanced therapeutic interventions, but the development of new chemical biology tools is absolutely required to improve our understanding of noncanonical GPCR regulation and pave the way for future drugs. In this opinion, we highlight the most notable examples of chemical and chemogenetic tools addressing new paradigms in GPCR signaling, discuss their promises and limitations, and explore future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Shchepinova
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gary S Frost
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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4
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Abstract
Solution phase synthesis was the first developed and the only method for peptide synthesis until the solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) introduced by Merrifield revolutionized the way peptides and their analogues are prepared nowadays. However, some peptides because of their chemical structure cannot be synthetized by SPPS, and the "old school" technique is still favorable to make them. Biphalin is a good example. It was first synthesized by Lipkowski almost 40 years ago as a dimeric analogue of enkephalin in which two tetra-amino acid fragments (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-) are joined tail to tail by a hydrazide bridge. The synthesis of this octapeptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH-NH ← Phe ← Gly ← D-Ala ← Tyr) and its analogues requires synthesis in solution because routine synthesis on a polymeric support is not possible. Biphalin shows high affinity at both μ and δ opioid receptors and produces a more robust spinal analgesia than morphine after intrathecal administration. Although biphalin and its analogues have been already deeply investigated, a complete description for its analgesic activity is not yet available.Here, we present a detailed procedure for the solution phase synthesis of biphalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Tymecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura, Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Erdei AI, Borbély A, Magyar A, Szűcs E, Ötvös F, Gombos D, Al-Khrasani M, Stefanucci A, Dimmito MP, Luisi G, Mollica A, Benyhe S. Biochemical and pharmacological investigation of novel nociceptin/OFQ analogues and N/OFQ-RYYRIK hybrid peptides. Peptides 2019; 112:106-113. [PMID: 30513351 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous ligand nociceptin (N/OFQ) and a positively charged synthetic peptide RYYRIK are both selective for the nociceptin opioid receptor (NOPr). Despite their structural dissimilarity, N/OFQ and RYYRIK compete for the same binding site of NOP receptor possessing full and partial agonistic character, respectively. In the view of the message-address concept, hybrid peptide constructs were probed for the NOP receptor combining different regions of N/OFQ and RYYRIK related peptide sequences. Nine novel nociceptin- or Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 peptide variants or hybrid peptides were synthesized and characterized. Peptides P2 and P8 contain fragments of native N/OFQ. The other seven analogues (P1, P3-7, P9) are composed of Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 fragments and parts of the original nociceptin sequence. The analogues were characterized in receptor binding assays and G-protein activation experiments on rat brain membranes, as well as by electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens bioassay. In receptor binding assays ligands P2, P4, P6 (Ki 0.37 nM) and P7 showed higher affinity (Ki 0.65 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.37 nM and 0.44 nM, respectively) for NOP receptor than their parent compounds N/OFQ (Ki 2.8 nM) or Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 (Ki 4.2 nM). In [35S]GTPγS binding experiments P2 and P3 behaved as full agonists. The other variants exhibited partial agonist properties characterized by submaximal stimulatory effects. In mouse vas deferens bioassay only P2 showed agonist activity. P4, P5, P6 inhibited the biological activity of N/OFQ more effectively than the NOP receptor selective antagonist JTC-801. In summary, hybrid peptides P4, P5 and P6 proved to be NOP receptor partial agonists even antagonists, while P2 peptide retained the full agonist property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Erdei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary; Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adina Borbély
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - Anna Magyar
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary; Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Ötvös
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Dávid Gombos
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, H-1445 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4., Hungary
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università̀ degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università̀ degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Grazia Luisi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università̀ degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università̀ degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary.
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6
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Karamitri A, Sadek MS, Journé AS, Gbahou F, Gerbier R, Osman MB, Habib SAM, Jockers R, Zlotos DP. O-linked melatonin dimers as bivalent ligands targeting dimeric melatonin receptors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:349-356. [PMID: 30658234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of dimeric melatonin analogues 3a-e obtained by connecting two melatonin molecules through the methoxy oxygen atoms with spacers spanning 16-24 atoms and the agomelatine dimer 7 were synthesized and characterized in 2-[125-I]-iodomelatonin binding assays, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments, and in functional cAMP and β-arrestin recruitment assays at MT1 and MT2 receptors. The binding affinity of 3a-e generally increased with increasing linker length. Bivalent ligands 3a-e increased BRET signals of MT1 dimers up to 3-fold compared to the monomeric control ligand indicating the simultaneous binding of the two pharmacophores to dimeric receptors. Bivalent ligands 3c and 7 exhibited important changes in functional properties on the Gi/cAMP pathway but not on the β-arrestin pathway compared to their monomeric counterparts. Interestingly, 3c (20 atoms spacer) shows inverse agonistic properties at MT2 on the Gi/cAMP pathway. In conclusion, these findings indicate that O-linked melatonin dimers are promising tools to develop signaling pathway-based bivalent melatonin receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Karamitri
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France; Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Mirna S Sadek
- The German University in Cairo, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Anne-Sophie Journé
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France; Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Florence Gbahou
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France; Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.
| | - Romain Gerbier
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France; Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Mai B Osman
- The German University in Cairo, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy A M Habib
- The German University in Cairo, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France; Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- The German University in Cairo, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt.
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7
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Abstract
Opioid analgesics, most of which act through mu opioid receptors, have long represented valuable therapeutic agents to treat severe pain. Concerted drug development efforts for over a 100 years have resulted in a large variety of opioid analgesics used in the clinic, but all of them continue to exhibit the side effects, especially respiratory depression, that have long plagued the use of morphine. The recent explosion in fatalities resulting from overdose of prescription and synthetic opioids has dramatically increased the need for safer analgesics, but recent developments in mu receptor research have provided new strategies to develop such drugs. This chapter reviews recent advances in developing novel opioid analgesics from an understanding of mu receptor structure and function. This includes a summary of the mechanism of agonist binding deduced from the crystal structure of mu receptors. It will also highlight the development of novel agonist mechanisms, including biased agonists, bivalent ligands, and allosteric modulators of mu receptor function, and describe how receptor phosphorylation modulates these pathways. Finally, it will summarize research on the alternative pre-mRNA splicing mechanisms that produces a multiplicity of mu receptor isoforms. Many of these isoforms exhibit different pharmacological specificities and brain circuitry localization, thus providing an opportunity to develop novel drugs with increased therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavril W Pasternak
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven R Childers
- Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Erdei AI, Borbély A, Magyar A, Taricska N, Perczel A, Zsíros O, Garab G, Szűcs E, Ötvös F, Zádor F, Balogh M, Al-Khrasani M, Benyhe S. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of three opioid-nociceptin hybrid peptide ligands reveals substantially differing modes of their actions. Peptides 2018; 99:205-216. [PMID: 29038035 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to design opioid-nociceptin hybrid peptides, three novel bivalent ligands, H-YGGFGGGRYYRIK-NH2, H-YGGFRYYRIK-NH2 and Ac-RYYRIKGGGYGGFL-OH were synthesized and studied by biochemical, pharmacological, biophysical and molecular modelling tools. These chimeric molecules consist of YGGF sequence, a crucial motif in the N-terminus of natural opioid peptides, and Ac-RYYRIK-NH2, which was isolated from a combinatorial peptide library as an antagonist or partial agonist that inhibits the biological activity of the endogenously occurring heptadecapeptide nociceptin. Solution structures for the peptides were studied by analysing their circular dichroism spectra. Receptor binding affinities were measured by equilibrium competition experiments using four highly selective radioligands. G-protein activating properties of the multitarget peptides were estimated in [35S]GTPγS binding tests. The three compounds were also measured in electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens (MVD) bioassay. H-YGGFGGGRYYRIK-NH2 (BA55), carrying N-terminal opioid and C-terminal nociceptin-like sequences interconnected with GGG tripeptide spacer displayed a tendency of having either unordered or β-sheet structures, was moderately potent in MVD and possessed a NOP/KOP receptor preference. A similar peptide without spacer H-YGGFRYYRIK-NH2 (BA62) exhibited the weakest effect in MVD, more α-helical periodicity was present in its structure and it exhibited the most efficacious agonist actions in the G-protein stimulation assays. The third hybrid peptide Ac-RYYRIKGGGYGGFL-OH (BA61) unexpectedly displayed opioid receptor affinities, because the opioid message motif is hidden within the C-terminus. The designed chimeric peptide ligands presented in this study accommodate well into a group of multitarget opioid compounds that include opioid-non-opioid peptide dimer analogues, dual non-peptide dimers and mixed peptide- non-peptide bifunctional ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Erdei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Adina Borbély
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - Anna Magyar
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - Nóra Taricska
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - Ottó Zsíros
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Ferenc Ötvös
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zádor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Mihály Balogh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, H-1445, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4., Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, H-1445, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4., Hungary
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary.
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9
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Arnatt CK, Falls BA, Yuan Y, Raborg TJ, Masvekar RR, El-Hage N, Selley DE, Nicola AV, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. Exploration of bivalent ligands targeting putative mu opioid receptor and chemokine receptor CCR5 dimerization. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5969-5987. [PMID: 27720326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern antiretroviral therapies have provided HIV-1 infected patients longer lifespans and better quality of life. However, several neurological complications are now being seen in these patients due to HIV-1 associated injury of neurons by infected microglia and astrocytes. In addition, these effects can be further exacerbated with opiate use and abuse. One possible mechanism for such potentiation effects of opiates is the interaction of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) with the chemokine receptor CCR5 (CCR5), a known HIV-1 co-receptor, to form MOR-CCR5 heterodimer. In an attempt to understand this putative interaction and its relevance to neuroAIDS, we designed and synthesized a series of bivalent ligands targeting the putative CCR5-MOR heterodimer. To understand how these bivalent ligands may interact with the heterodimer, biological studies including calcium mobilization inhibition, binding affinity, HIV-1 invasion, and cell fusion assays were applied. In particular, HIV-1 infection assays using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages, and astrocytes revealed a notable synergy in activity for one particular bivalent ligand. Further, a molecular model of the putative CCR5-MOR heterodimer was constructed, docked with the bivalent ligand, and molecular dynamics simulations of the complex was performed in a membrane-water system to help understand the biological observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Arnatt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Bethany A Falls
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yunyun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Thomas J Raborg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ruturaj R Masvekar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Anthony V Nicola
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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10
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Kaczor AA, Jörg M, Capuano B. The dopamine D2 receptor dimer and its interaction with homobivalent antagonists: homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamics. J Mol Model 2016; 22:203. [PMID: 27491852 PMCID: PMC5023759 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to apply structure-based drug design techniques to G protein-coupled receptor complexes, it is essential to model their 3D structure and to identify regions that are suitable for selective drug binding. For this purpose, we have developed and tested a multi-component protocol to model the inactive conformation of the dopamine D2 receptor dimer, suitable for interaction with homobivalent antagonists. Our approach was based on protein-protein docking, applying the Rosetta software to obtain populations of dimers as present in membranes with all the main possible interfaces. Consensus scoring based on the values and frequencies of best interfaces regarding four scoring parameters, Rosetta interface score, interface area, free energy of binding and energy of hydrogen bond interactions indicated that the best scored dimer model possesses a TM4-TM5-TM7-TM1 interface, which is in agreement with experimental data. This model was used to study interactions of the previously published dopamine D2 receptor homobivalent antagonists based on clozapine,1,4-disubstituted aromatic piperidines/piperazines and arylamidoalkyl substituted phenylpiperazine pharmacophores. It was found that the homobivalent antagonists stabilize the receptor-inactive conformation by maintaining the ionic lock interaction, and change the dimer interface by disrupting a set of hydrogen bonds and maintaining water- and ligand-mediated hydrogen bonds in the extracellular and intracellular part of the interface. Graphical Abstract Structure of the final model of the dopamine D2 receptor homodimer, indicating the distancebetween Tyr37 and Tyr 5.42 in the apo form (left) and in the complex with the ligand (right).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division for Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., 20059, Lublin, Poland.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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11
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Butini S, Nikolic K, Kassel S, Brückmann H, Filipic S, Agbaba D, Gemma S, Brogi S, Brindisi M, Campiani G, Stark H. Polypharmacology of dopamine receptor ligands. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:68-103. [PMID: 27234980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Most neurological diseases have a multifactorial nature and the number of molecular mechanisms discovered as underpinning these diseases is continuously evolving. The old concept of developing selective agents for a single target does not fit with the medical need of most neurological diseases. The development of designed multiple ligands holds great promises and appears as the next step in drug development for the treatment of these multifactorial diseases. Dopamine and its five receptor subtypes are intimately involved in numerous neurological disorders. Dopamine receptor ligands display a high degree of cross interactions with many other targets including G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes and ion channels. For brain disorders like Parkinsońs disease, schizophrenia and depression the dopaminergic system, being intertwined with many other signaling systems, plays a key role in pathogenesis and therapy. The concept of designed multiple ligands and polypharmacology, which perfectly meets the therapeutic needs for these brain disorders, is herein discussed as a general ligand-based concept while focusing on dopaminergic agents and receptor subtypes in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - K Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Kassel
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Brückmann
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Filipic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Brindisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - H Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Brinkø A, Larsen MT, Koldsø H, Besenbacher L, Kolind A, Schiøtt B, Sinning S, Jensen HH. Synthesis and inhibitory evaluation of 3-linked imipramines for the exploration of the S2 site of the human serotonin transporter. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2725-38. [PMID: 27160055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The human serotonin transporter is the primary target of several antidepressant drugs, and the importance of a primary, high affinity binding site (S1) for antidepressant binding is well documented. The existence of a lower affinity, secondary binding site (S2) has, however, been debated. Herein we report the synthesis of 3-position coupled imipramine ligands from clomipramine using a copper free Sonogashira reaction. Ligand design was inspired by results from docking and steered molecular dynamics simulations, and the ligands were utilized in a structure-activity relationship study of the positional relationship between the S1 and S2 sites. The computer simulations suggested that the S2 site does indeed exist although with lower affinity for imipramine than observed within the S1 site. Additionally, it was possible to dock the 3-linked imipramine analogs into positions which occupy the S1 and the S2 site simultaneously. The structure activity relationship study showed that the shortest ligands were the most potent, and mutations enlarging the proposed S2 site were found to affect the larger ligands positively, while the smaller ligands were mostly unaffected.
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13
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Turnaturi R, Aricò G, Ronsisvalle G, Parenti C, Pasquinucci L. Multitarget opioid ligands in pain relief: New players in an old game. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:211-28. [PMID: 26656913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Still nowadays pain is one of the most common disabling conditions and yet it remains too often unsolved. Analgesic opioid drugs, and mainly MOR agonists such as morphine, are broadly employed for pain management. MOR activation, however, has been seen to cause not only analgesia but also undesired side effects. A potential pain treatment option is represented by the simultaneous targeting of different opioid receptors. In fact, ligands possessing multitarget capabilities led to an improved pharmacological fingerprint. This review focuses on the examination of multitarget opioid ligands which have been distinguished in peptide and non-peptide and further listed as bivalent and bifunctional ligands. Moreover, the potential of these compounds, both as analgesic drugs and pharmacological tools to explore heteromer receptors, has been stressed.
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14
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Deekonda S, Wugalter L, Rankin D, Largent-Milnes TM, Davis P, Wang Y, Bassirirad NM, Lai J, Kulkarni V, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Design and synthesis of novel bivalent ligands (MOR and DOR) by conjugation of enkephalin analogues with 4-anilidopiperidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4683-8. [PMID: 26323872 PMCID: PMC4642889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design and synthesis of novel bivalent ligands based on the conjugation of 4-anilidopiperidine derivatives with enkephalin analogues. The design of non-peptide analogues is explored with 5-amino substituted (tetrahydronaphthalen-2yl) methyl containing 4-anilidopiperidine derivatives, while non-peptide-peptide ligands are explored by conjugating the C-terminus of enkephalin analogues (H-Xxx-DAla-Gly-Phe-OH) to the amino group of 4-anilidopiperidine small molecule derivatives with and without a linker. These novel bivalent ligands are evaluated for biological activities at μ and δ opioid receptors. They exhibit very good affinities at μ and δ opioid receptors, and potent agonist activities in MVD and GPI assays. Among these the lead bivalent ligand 17 showed excellent binding affinities (0.1 nM and 0.5 nM) at μ and δ opioid receptors respectively, and was found to have very potent agonist activities in MVD (56 ± 5.9 nM) and GPI (4.6 ± 1.9 nM) assays. In vivo the lead bivalent ligand 17 exhibited a short duration of action (<15 min) comparable to 4-anilidopiperidine derivatives, and moderate analgesic activity. The ligand 17 has limited application against acute pain but may have utility in settings where a highly reversible analgesic is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Deekonda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lauren Wugalter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Vinod Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Todd W Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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15
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Tröger T, Langenberg M, Zhong S, Ambrosini D, Enzensperger C. Fishing for accessory binding sites at GPCRs with 'loop-hooks' - an approach towards selectivity? Part I. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:197-208. [PMID: 24591311 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-subtype selectivity is an important issue in medicinal chemistry and can become very difficult to achieve if the actual binding pockets of the respective receptors are highly conserved. For such cases, known unselective ligands could be equipped with a spacer that sticks outside the actual orthosteric binding pocket towards the extracellular loops. The end of the spacer bears certain functional groups to enable specific or unspecific interactions with the receptor residues outside the binding cavity. Our experiments indicated that it is possible to achieve selectivity within the dopamine D1 family with such 'loop-hooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tröger
- Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische/Medizinische Chemie, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena (phone: +49-173-2765919; +49-3641-949800 (office); fax: +49-3641-949802)
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16
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Fernandes SM, Lee YS, Gillies RJ, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and evaluation of bivalent ligands for binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6360-5. [PMID: 25438759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins, especially G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are interesting and important theragnostic targets since many of them serve in intracellular signaling critical for all aspects of health and disease. The potential utility of designed bivalent ligands as targeting agents for cancer diagnosis and/or therapy can be evaluated by determining their binding to the corresponding receptors. As proof of concept, GPCR cell surface proteins are shown to be targeted specifically using multivalent ligands. We designed, synthesized, and tested a series of bivalent ligands targeting the over-expressed human melanocortin 4 receptor (hMC4R) in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Based on our data suggesting an optimal linker length of 25±10Å inferred from the bivalent melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) agonist, the truncated heptapeptide, referred to as MSH(7): Ac-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2 was used to construct a set of bivalent ligands incorporating a hMC4R antagonist, SHU9119: Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-2'-D-Nal-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 and another set of bivalent ligands containing the SHU9119 antagonist pharmacophore on both side of the optimized linkers. These two binding motifs within the bivalent constructs were conjoined by semi-rigid (Pro-Gly)3 units with or without the flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGO) moieties. Lanthanide-based competitive binding assays showed bivalent ligands binds to the hMC4R with up to 240-fold higher affinity than the corresponding linked monovalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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17
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Salama I, Löber S, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Synthesis and binding profile of haloperidol-based bivalent ligands targeting dopamine D(2)-like receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3753-6. [PMID: 25047579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Homodimers of dopamine D2-like receptors are suggested to be of particular importance in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and, thus, serve as promising targets for the discovery of atypical antipsychotics. This study describes the development of a series of novel bivalent molecules with a pharmacophore derived from the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol. These dimers were investigated in comparison to their monomeric analogues for their D2long, D2short, D3, and D4 receptor binding and the ability to bridge two neighboring receptor protomers. Radioligand binding studies provided diagnostic insights when Hill slopes close to two for the bivalent ligand 13 incorporating 22 spacer atoms and a comparative analysis with monovalent control ligands indicated a bivalent binding mode with a simultaneous occupancy of two neighboring binding sites.
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