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Magagnoli L, Ciceri P, Cozzolino M. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiology, Current treatments and investigational drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024. [PMID: 38881200 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2369307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It begins as an adaptive increase in parathyroid hormone levels to prevent calcium and phosphate derangements. Over time, this condition becomes maladaptive and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current therapies encompass phosphate-lowering strategies, vitamin D analogues, calcimimetics and parathyroidectomy. These approaches harbor inherent limitations, stimulating interest in the development of new drugs for SHPT to overcome these limitations and improve survival and quality of life among CKD patients. AREAS COVERED This review delves into the main pathophysiological mechanisms involved in SHPT, alongside the treatment options that are currently available and under active investigation. Data presented herein stem from a comprehensive search conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) spanning from 2000 onwards. EXPERT OPINION The advancements in investigational drugs for SHPT hold significant promise for enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects associated with conventional therapies. Although several challenges still hinder their adoption in clinical practice, ongoing research will likely continue to expand the available therapeutic options, refine treatment strategies, and tailor them to individual patient profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Magagnoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, IT, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Ciceri
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, IT, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, IT, Milano, Italy
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Gonçalves-Alves E, Garcia M, Rodríguez-Hernández CJ, Gómez-González S, Ecker RC, Suñol M, Muñoz-Aznar O, Carcaboso AM, Mora J, Lavarino C, Mateo-Lozano S. AC-265347 Inhibits Neuroblastoma Tumor Growth by Induction of Differentiation without Causing Hypocalcemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084323. [PMID: 35457141 PMCID: PMC9027928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, with heterogeneous clinical manifestations ranging from spontaneous regression to aggressive metastatic disease. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that senses plasmatic fluctuation in the extracellular concentration of calcium and plays a key role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. We have previously reported that this receptor exhibits tumor suppressor properties in neuroblastoma. The activation of CaSR with cinacalcet, a positive allosteric modulator of CaSR, reduces neuroblastoma tumor growth by promoting differentiation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. However, cinacalcet treatment results in unmanageable hypocalcemia in patients. Based on the bias signaling shown by calcimimetics, we aimed to identify a new drug that might exert tumor-growth inhibition similar to cinacalcet, without affecting plasma calcium levels. We identified a structurally different calcimimetic, AC-265347, as a promising therapeutic agent for neuroblastoma, since it reduced tumor growth by induction of differentiation, without affecting plasma calcium levels. Microarray analysis suggested biased allosteric modulation of the CaSR signaling by AC-265347 and cinacalcet towards distinct intracellular pathways. No upregulation of genes involved in calcium signaling and ER stress were observed in patient-derived xenografts (PDX) models exposed to AC-265347. Moreover, the most significant upregulated biological pathways promoted by AC-265347 were linked to RHO GTPases signaling. AC-265347 upregulated cancer testis antigens (CTAs), providing new opportunities for CTA-based immunotherapies. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of the biased allosteric modulation when targeting GPCRs in cancer. More importantly, the capacity of AC-265347 to promote differentiation of malignant neuroblastoma cells provides new opportunities, alone or in combination with other drugs, to treat high-risk neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Gonçalves-Alves
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Marta Garcia
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carlos J. Rodríguez-Hernández
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Soledad Gómez-González
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Mariona Suñol
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain;
| | - Oscar Muñoz-Aznar
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Angel M. Carcaboso
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cinzia Lavarino
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Silvia Mateo-Lozano
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (E.G.-A.); (M.G.); (C.J.R.-H.); (S.G.-G.); (O.M.-A.); (A.M.C.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Dinh LV, DeBono A, Keller AN, Josephs TM, Gregory KJ, Leach K, Capuano B. Development of AC265347-Inspired Calcium-Sensing Receptor Ago-Positive Allosteric Modulators. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3451-3462. [PMID: 34216111 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a clinical target in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism and related diseases. However, clinical use of approved CaSR-targeting drugs such as cinacalcet is limited due to adverse side effects including hypocalcaemia, nausea and vomiting, and in some instances, a lack of efficacy. The CaSR agonist and positive allosteric modulator (ago-PAM), AC265347, is chemically distinct from clinically-approved CaSR PAMs. AC265347 potently suppressed parathyroid hormone (PTH) release in rats with a lower propensity to cause hypocalcaemia compared to cinacalcet and may therefore offer benefits over current CaSR PAMs. Here we report a structure activity relationship (SAR) study seeking to optimise AC265347 as a drug candidate and disclose the discovery of AC265347-like compounds with diverse pharmacology and improved physicochemical and drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Vi Dinh
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University), 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University), 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Aaron DeBono
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University), 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University), 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University), 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University), 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University), 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University), 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Wen T, Wang Z, Chen X, Ren Y, Lu X, Xing Y, Lu J, Chang S, Zhang X, Shen Y, Yang X. Structural basis for activation and allosteric modulation of full-length calcium-sensing receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/23/eabg1483. [PMID: 34088669 PMCID: PMC8177707 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays an important role in calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone secretion. Here, we present multiple cryo-electron microscopy structures of full-length CaSR in distinct ligand-bound states. Ligands (Ca2+ and l-tryptophan) bind to the extracellular domain of CaSR and induce large-scale conformational changes, leading to the closure of two heptahelical transmembrane domains (7TMDs) for activation. The positive modulator (evocalcet) and the negative allosteric modulator (NPS-2143) occupy the similar binding pocket in 7TMD. The binding of NPS-2143 causes a considerable rearrangement of two 7TMDs, forming an inactivated TM6/TM6 interface. Moreover, a total of 305 disease-causing missense mutations of CaSR have been mapped to the structure in the active state, creating hotspot maps of five clinical endocrine disorders. Our results provide a structural framework for understanding the activation, allosteric modulation mechanism, and disease therapy for class C GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaozhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xuhang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yangfei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shenghai Chang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuequan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Diao J, DeBono A, Josephs TM, Bourke JE, Capuano B, Gregory KJ, Leach K. Therapeutic Opportunities of Targeting Allosteric Binding Sites on the Calcium-Sensing Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:666-679. [PMID: 33860192 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The CaSR is a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that acts as a multimodal chemosensor to maintain diverse homeostatic functions. The CaSR is a clinical therapeutic target in hyperparathyroidism and has emerged as a putative target in several other diseases. These include hyper- and hypocalcaemia caused either by mutations in the CASR gene or in genes that regulate CaSR signaling and expression, and more recently in asthma. The development of CaSR-targeting drugs is complicated by the fact that the CaSR possesses many different binding sites for endogenous and exogenous agonists and allosteric modulators. Binding sites for endogenous and exogenous ligands are located throughout the large CaSR protein and are interconnected in ways that we do not yet fully understand. This review summarizes our current understanding of CaSR physiology, signaling, and structure and how the many different binding sites of the CaSR may be targeted to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Diao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aaron DeBono
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Bushinsky DA, Chertow GM, Cheng S, Deng H, Kopyt N, Martin KJ, Rastogi A, Ureña-Torres P, Vervloet M, Block GA. One-year safety and efficacy of intravenous etelcalcetide in patients on hemodialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 35:1769-1778. [PMID: 30859218 PMCID: PMC7538239 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT), a common complication of chronic kidney disease, is characterized by elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH). Etelcalcetide is an intravenous calcimimetic that increases sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptor to calcium and decreases PTH secretion. This open-label extension (OLE) trial evaluated the long-term effects of etelcalcetide for sHPT treatment in patients receiving hemodialysis. METHODS This 52-week, multicenter, single-arm OLE enrolled patients from three parent trials: two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and one open-label, single-arm, 'switch' study from cinacalcet to etelcalcetide. The primary endpoint was to investigate the nature, frequency, severity and relation to treatment of all adverse events (AEs) reported throughout the trial. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients with >30% reduction from baseline in PTH and the percentage change from baseline in PTH, albumin-corrected calcium (Ca), phosphate (P) and the calcium-phosphate product (Ca × P).ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01785875; Amgen study: 20120231. RESULTS Overall, 89.8% of the patients experienced one or more treatment-emergent AE. The most common were decreased blood Ca (43.3%), diarrhea (10.8%), vomiting (10.4%) and nausea (9.6%); symptomatic hypocalcemia occurred in 3.7% of the patients. Approximately 68% of patients achieved >30% reduction in PTH, and ∼56% achieved PTH ≤300 pg/mL. Mean percent changes from baseline ranged from -25.4% to -26.1% for PTH, -8.3% to -9.1% for Ca, -3.6% to -4.1% for P and -12.0% to -12.6% for Ca × P. CONCLUSIONS Etelcalcetide effectively lowered PTH and its effect was sustained, while no new safety concerns emerged over a 1-year treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bushinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Glenn M Chertow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sunfa Cheng
- Clinical Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Hongjie Deng
- Biostatistics, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Nelson Kopyt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Kevin J Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anjay Rastogi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Ureña-Torres
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Clinique du Landy, Saint Ouen, France and Necker Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marc Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology and Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ahmad R, Dalziel JE. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Taste Physiology and Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587664. [PMID: 33390961 PMCID: PMC7774309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest receptor family in mammals and are responsible for the regulation of most physiological functions. Besides mediating the sensory modalities of olfaction and vision, GPCRs also transduce signals for three basic taste qualities of sweet, umami (savory taste), and bitter, as well as the flavor sensation kokumi. Taste GPCRs reside in specialised taste receptor cells (TRCs) within taste buds. Type I taste GPCRs (TAS1R) form heterodimeric complexes that function as sweet (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) or umami (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) taste receptors, whereas Type II are monomeric bitter taste receptors or kokumi/calcium-sensing receptors. Sweet, umami and kokumi receptors share structural similarities in containing multiple agonist binding sites with pronounced selectivity while most bitter receptors contain a single binding site that is broadly tuned to a diverse array of bitter ligands in a non-selective manner. Tastant binding to the receptor activates downstream secondary messenger pathways leading to depolarization and increased intracellular calcium in TRCs, that in turn innervate the gustatory cortex in the brain. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between agonist binding and the conformational changes required for receptor activation, several major challenges and questions remain in taste GPCR biology that are discussed in the present review. In recent years, intensive integrative approaches combining heterologous expression, mutagenesis and homology modeling have together provided insight regarding agonist binding site locations and molecular mechanisms of orthosteric and allosteric modulation. In addition, studies based on transgenic mice, utilizing either global or conditional knock out strategies have provided insights to taste receptor signal transduction mechanisms and their roles in physiology. However, the need for more functional studies in a physiological context is apparent and would be enhanced by a crystallized structure of taste receptors for a more complete picture of their pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Leach K, Hannan FM, Josephs TM, Keller AN, Møller TC, Ward DT, Kallay E, Mason RS, Thakker RV, Riccardi D, Conigrave AD, Bräuner-Osborne H. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVIII. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:558-604. [PMID: 32467152 PMCID: PMC7116503 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor that responds to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent cations, L-amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, polyamines, polycationic peptides, and protons. The CaSR plays a critical role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis, as demonstrated by the many naturally occurring mutations in the CaSR or its signaling partners that cause Ca2+ o homeostasis disorders. However, CaSR tissue expression in mammals is broad and includes tissues unrelated to Ca2+ o homeostasis, in which it, for example, regulates the secretion of digestive hormones, airway constriction, cardiovascular effects, cellular differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, although the CaSR is targeted clinically by the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) cinacalcet, evocalcet, and etelcalcetide in hyperparathyroidism, it is also a putative therapeutic target in diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The CaSR is somewhat unique in possessing multiple ligand binding sites, including at least five putative sites for the "orthosteric" agonist Ca2+ o, an allosteric site for endogenous L-amino acids, two further allosteric sites for small molecules and the peptide PAM, etelcalcetide, and additional sites for other cations and anions. The CaSR is promiscuous in its G protein-coupling preferences, and signals via Gq/11, Gi/o, potentially G12/13, and even Gs in some cell types. Not surprisingly, the CaSR is subject to biased agonism, in which distinct ligands preferentially stimulate a subset of the CaSR's possible signaling responses, to the exclusion of others. The CaSR thus serves as a model receptor to study natural bias and allostery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a complex G protein-coupled receptor that possesses multiple orthosteric and allosteric binding sites, is subject to biased signaling via several different G proteins, and has numerous (patho)physiological roles. Understanding the complexities of CaSR structure, function, and biology will aid future drug discovery efforts seeking to target this receptor for a diversity of diseases. This review summarizes what is known to date regarding key structural, pharmacological, and physiological features of the CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Donald T Ward
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
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10
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Sensing Extracellular Calcium - An Insight into the Structure and Function of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:1031-1063. [PMID: 31646544 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays a key role in calcium homeostasis, by sensing free calcium levels in blood and regulating parathyroid hormone secretion in response. The CaSR is highly expressed in parathyroid gland and kidney where its role is well characterised, but also in other tissues where its function remains to be determined. The CaSR can be activated by a variety of endogenous ligands, as well as by synthetic modulators such as Cinacalcet, used in the clinic to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease. The CaSR couples to multiple G proteins, in a tissue-specific manner, activating several signalling pathways and thus regulating diverse intracellular events. The multifaceted nature of this receptor makes it a valuable therapeutic target for calciotropic and non-calciotropic diseases. It is therefore essential to understand the complexity behind the pharmacology, trafficking, and signalling characteristics of this receptor. This review provides an overview of the latest knowledge about the CaSR and discusses future hot topics in this field.
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11
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Kosiba AA, Wang Y, Chen D, Wong CKC, Gu J, Shi H. The roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity. Life Sci 2019; 242:117183. [PMID: 31874167 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is a vital organ responsible for regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance as well as eliminating toxic substances from the blood in the body. Exposure of humans to heavy metals in their natural and occupational environments, foods, water, and drugs has serious implications on the kidney's health. The accumulation of heavy metals in the kidney has been linked to acute or chronic renal injury, kidney stones or even renal cancer, at the expense of expensive treatment options. Therefore, unearthing novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic agents or targets against kidney injury for efficient treatment are imperative. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is typically expressed in the parathyroid glands and renal tubules. It modulates parathyroid hormone secretion according to the serum calcium (Ca2+) concentration. In the kidney, it modulates electrolyte and water excretion by regulating the function of diverse tubular segments. Notably, CaSR lowers passive and active Ca2+ reabsorption in distal tubules, which facilitates phosphate reabsorption in proximal tubules and stimulates proton and water excretion in collecting ducts. Moreover, at the cellular level, modulation of the CaSR regulates cytosolic Ca2+ levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades as well as autophagy and the suppression of apoptosis, an effect predominantly triggered by heavy metals. In this regard, we present a review on the CaSR at the cellular level and its potential as a therapeutic target for the development of new and efficient drugs against heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Kosiba
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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12
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Barahona MJ, Maina RM, Lysyy T, Finotti M, Caturegli G, Baratta V, D’Amico F, Mulligan D, Geibel JP. Activation of the Calcium Sensing Receptor Decreases Secretagogue-Induced Fluid Secretion in the Rat Small Intestine. Front Physiol 2019; 10:439. [PMID: 31130866 PMCID: PMC6509940 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has been localized and characterized in numerous tissues throughout the body. In the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, the CaSR is known to act as a nutrient sensor and has recently been found to play a role in intestinal fluid and electrolyte balance. This study aims to demonstrate the functionality of the CaSR as a modulator of fluid secretion and absorption along the small intestine. METHODS Small intestine regions (proximal, middle, and distal) were isolated from Sprague Dawley rats and loaded into an ex vivo intestinal perfusion device that provides independent intraluminal and extraluminal (serosa/basolateral) perfusion. The regions were perfused with 5 and 7 mM of Ca2+, both in the presence and absence of forskolin (FSK), a potent secretagogue. Control experiments were conducted with intraluminal perfusate containing standard Ringer-HEPES buffer with a physiological concentration of Ca2+ (1 mM). A second set of comparison experiments was performed with intraluminal perfusates containing AC-265347, a CaSR activator and agonist, in the presence of FSK. In all experimental conditions, the intraluminal perfusate contained fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin, a nonabsorbable fluorescent marker of secretion and/or absorption. Intraluminal fluorescence signal was utilized as a measure of water movement at the start of the experiment and every 15 min for 90 min. RESULTS Under physiological conditions, increasing the concentration of Ca2+ in the luminal perfusate reduced intestinal fluid secretion in all regions. At a Ca2+ concentration of 7 mM, net fluid absorption was observed in all regions. In the presence of FSK, 5 mM Ca2+ significantly decreased fluid secretion and 7 mM Ca2+ abolished FSK-induced fluid secretion. Intraluminal perfusion with 5 mM Ca2+ was as effective as AC-265347, in reducing secretagogue-induced fluid hypersecretion in the proximal and middle regions. CONCLUSION This study concludes that apical CaSR is active along the small intestine. Its activation by Ca2+ and/or calcimimetics reduces fluid secretion in a dose-dependent manner, with higher Ca2+ concentrations, or application of a calcimimetic, leading to fluid absorption. We furthermore show that, in the presence of FSK, receptor activation abates FSK secretagogue-induced fluid secretion. This presents a new therapeutic target to address secretory diarrheal illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Barahona
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Renee M. Maina
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Taras Lysyy
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michele Finotti
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Caturegli
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Vanessa Baratta
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Francesco D’Amico
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - David Mulligan
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - John P. Geibel
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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13
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Coughlin Q, Hopper AT, Blanco MJ, Tirunagaru V, Robichaud AJ, Doller D. Allosteric Modalities for Membrane-Bound Receptors: Insights from Drug Hunting for Brain Diseases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5979-6002. [PMID: 30721063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemists are accountable for embedding the appropriate drug target profile into the molecular architecture of a clinical candidate. An accurate characterization of the functional effects following binding of a drug to its biological target is a fundamental step in the discovery of new medicines, informing the translation of preclinical efficacy and safety observations into human trials. Membrane-bound proteins, particularly ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are biological targets prone to allosteric modulation. Investigations using allosteric drug candidates and chemical tools suggest that their functional effects may be tailored with a high degree of translational alignment, making them molecular tools to correct pathophysiological functional tone and enable personalized medicine when a causative target-to-disease link is known. We present select examples of functional molecular fine-tuning of allosterism and discuss consequences relevant to drug design.
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14
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Lee SP, Wu WY, Hsiao JK, Zhou JH, Chang HH, Chien CT. Aromatherapy: Activating olfactory calcium-sensing receptors impairs renal hemodynamics via sympathetic nerve-mediated vasoconstriction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13157. [PMID: 29939497 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study determines whether the activation of olfactory calcium-sensing receptor initiates a sympathetic activation-dependent neurovascular reflex subsequently contributing to renal hemodynamic depression. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and nose-loading calcium-sensitive dye were used to explore the location and function of calcium-sensing receptor on the olfactory sensory neuron. The renal sympathetic nervous activity, renal hemodynamics and the microcirculation of kidney, liver and intestine were evaluated after liquid-phase intranasal administrations of saline, lidocaine, calcium-sensing receptor agonists and antagonist in sham and bilateral renal denervated rats. Real-time renal glomerular filtration rate was measured by a magnetic resonance renography. RESULTS Calcium-sensing receptors were expressed on the cilia the olfactory sensory neuron and their activation depolarized olfactory sensory neuron and induced the calcium influx in the terminal side on olfactory glomeruli. Activating olfactory calcium-sensing receptors significantly increased arterial blood pressure and renal sympathetic nervous activities and subsequently decreased renal blood flow, renal, hepatic and enteral microcirculation. Cotreatments with calcium-sensing receptor antagonist or lidocaine inhibited these physiological alterations. The renal hemodynamic depressions by olfactory calcium-sensing receptor activation were significantly blocked by bilateral renal denervation. The intranasal manganese administration decreased the glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION Calcium-sensing receptor acts as a functional chemosensory receptor on olfactory sensory neuron, and its activation causes the global sympathetic enhancement contributing to systematic vasoconstriction and subsequently depresses renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. These data implicate a possibly clinical aspect that several environmental stimuli may activate olfactory calcium-sensing receptors to evoke a sympathetic nervous system-mediated neurovascular reflex to depress renal hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pin Lee
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Wu
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging; Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital; Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; New Taipei City Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hao Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging; Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital; Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; New Taipei City Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine; Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Ting Chien
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei City Taiwan
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15
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Hannan FM, Olesen MK, Thakker RV. Calcimimetic and calcilytic therapies for inherited disorders of the calcium-sensing receptor signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4083-4094. [PMID: 29127708 PMCID: PMC6177618 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaS receptor) plays a pivotal role in extracellular calcium homeostasis, and germline loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) and autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH), respectively. CaS receptor signal transduction in the parathyroid glands is probably regulated by G-protein subunit α11 (Gα11 ) and adaptor-related protein complex-2 σ-subunit (AP2σ), and recent studies have identified germline mutations of these proteins as a cause of FHH and/or ADH. Calcimimetics and calcilytics are positive and negative allosteric modulators of the CaS receptor that have potential efficacy for symptomatic forms of FHH and ADH. Cellular studies have demonstrated that these compounds correct signalling and/or trafficking defects caused by mutant CaS receptor, Gα11 or AP2σ proteins. Moreover, mouse model studies indicate that calcilytics can rectify the hypocalcaemia and hypercalciuria associated with ADH, and patient-based studies reveal calcimimetics to ameliorate symptomatic hypercalcaemia caused by FHH. Thus, calcimimetics and calcilytics represent targeted therapies for inherited disorders of the CaS receptor signalling pathway. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mie K Olesen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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16
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Beto J, Bhatt N, Gerbeling T, Patel C, Drayer D. Overview of the 2017 KDIGO CKD-MBD Update: Practice Implications for Adult Hemodialysis Patients. J Ren Nutr 2018; 29:2-15. [PMID: 30150095 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal dietitians play a pivotal role in the ongoing management of chronic kidney disease in patients on hemodialysis. Awareness of changes to clinical practice guidelines that may impact laboratory parameters associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder is important for optimal patient care. In this article, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update recommendations related to the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in adults on hemodialysis are reviewed and treatment implications for renal dietitians discussed. Specific attention is given to the integration of updated recommendations such as the use of calcimimetics as part of a combination approach to the existing treatment paradigm. Renal dietitians can directly apply the updated clinical recommendations in the evaluation of diet composition; food additives; medication adherence challenges with phosphate binder type and use and serial monitoring of phosphorus, calcium, and parathyroid hormone levels to inform clinical decisions on treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Beto
- Research Associate, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.
| | - Nisha Bhatt
- US Medical Leader Nephrology, Medical Affairs, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Teresa Gerbeling
- Renal Dietitian Coordinator, Dialysis Center of Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Chhaya Patel
- Nutrition Program Manager, Divisional Lead RD, ORCA Division, DaVita Inc., Denver, Colorado
| | - Debra Drayer
- Senior Regional Medical Liaison Nephrology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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17
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Diepenhorst NA, Leach K, Keller AN, Rueda P, Cook AE, Pierce TL, Nowell C, Pastoureau P, Sabatini M, Summers RJ, Charman WN, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Langmead CJ. Divergent effects of strontium and calcium-sensing receptor positive allosteric modulators (calcimimetics) on human osteoclast activity. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4095-4108. [PMID: 29714810 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Strontium ranelate, a drug approved and until recently used for the treatment of osteoporosis, mediates its effects on bone at least in part via the calcium-sensing (CaS) receptor. However, it is not known whether bone-targeted CaS receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs; calcimimetics) represent an alternative (or adjunctive) therapy to strontium (Sr2+ o ). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We assessed three structurally distinct calcimimetics [cinacalcet, AC-265347 and a benzothiazole tri-substituted urea (BTU-compound 13)], alone and in combination with extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o ) or Sr2+ o , in G protein-dependent signalling assays and trafficking experiments in HEK293 cells and their effects on cell differentiation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and hydroxyapatite resorption assays in human blood-derived osteoclasts. KEY RESULTS Sr2+ o activated CaS receptor-dependent signalling in HEK293 cells in a similar manner to Ca2+ o , and inhibited the maturation, TRAP expression and hydroxyapatite resorption capacity of human osteoclasts. Calcimimetics potentiated Ca2+ o - and Sr2+ o -mediated CaS receptor signalling in HEK293 cells with distinct biased profiles, and only cinacalcet chaperoned an endoplasmic reticulum-retained CaS mutant receptor to the cell surface in HEK293 cells, indicative of a conformational state different from that engendered by AC-265347 and BTU-compound 13. Intriguingly, only cinacalcet modulated human osteoclast function, reducing TRAP activity and profoundly inhibiting resorption. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Although AC-265347 and BTU-compound 13 potentiated Ca2+ o - and Sr2+ o -induced CaS receptor activation, they neither replicated nor potentiated the ability of Sr2+ o to inhibit human osteoclast function. In contrast, the FDA-approved calcimimetic, cinacalcet, inhibited osteoclast TRAP activity and hydroxyapatite resorption, which may contribute to its clinical effects on bone mineral density LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Diepenhorst
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia Rueda
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracie L Pierce
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Gerbino A, Colella M. The Different Facets of Extracellular Calcium Sensors: Old and New Concepts in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Signalling and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E999. [PMID: 29584660 PMCID: PMC5979557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current interest of the scientific community for research in the field of calcium sensing in general and on the calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) in particular is demonstrated by the still increasing number of papers published on this topic. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is the best-known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) able to sense external Ca2+ changes. Widely recognized as a fundamental player in systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, the CaR is ubiquitously expressed in the human body where it activates multiple signalling pathways. In this review, old and new notions regarding the mechanisms by which extracellular Ca2+ microdomains are created and the tools available to measure them are analyzed. After a survey of the main signalling pathways triggered by the CaR, a special attention is reserved for the emerging concepts regarding CaR function in the heart, CaR trafficking and pharmacology. Finally, an overview on other Ca2+ sensors is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
| | - Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
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Nemeth EF, Van Wagenen BC, Balandrin MF. Discovery and Development of Calcimimetic and Calcilytic Compounds. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 57:1-86. [PMID: 29680147 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular calcium receptor (CaR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the pivotal molecule regulating systemic Ca2+ homeostasis. The CaR was a challenging target for drug discovery because its physiological ligand is an inorganic ion (Ca2+) rather than a molecule so there was no structural template to guide medicinal chemistry. Nonetheless, small molecules targeting this receptor were discovered. Calcimimetics are agonists or positive allosteric modulators of the CaR, while calcilytics are antagonists and all to date are negative allosteric modulators. The calcimimetic cinacalcet was the first allosteric modulator of a GPCR to achieve regulatory approval and is a first-in-class treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on dialysis, and for hypercalcemia in some forms of primary hyperparathyroidism. It is also useful in treating some rare genetic diseases that cause hypercalcemia. Two other calcimimetics are now on the market (etelcalcetide) or under regulatory review (evocalcet). Calcilytics stimulate the secretion of parathyroid hormone and were initially developed as treatments for osteoporosis. Three different calcilytics of two different chemotypes failed in clinical trials due to lack of efficacy. Calcilytics are now being repurposed and might be useful in treating hypoparathyroidism and several rare genetic diseases causing hypocalcemia. The challenges ahead for medicinal chemists are to design compounds that select conformations of the CaR that preferentially target a particular signalling pathway and/or that affect the CaR in a tissue-selective manner.
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Wu B, Melhem M, Subramanian R, Chen P, Jaramilla Sloey B, Fouqueray B, Hock MB, Skiles GL, Chow AT, Lee E. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Etelcalcetide, a Novel Calcimimetic for Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis. J Clin Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29534286 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Etelcalcetide, a d-amino acid peptide, is an intravenous calcimimetic approved for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Etelcalcetide binds the calcium-sensing receptor and increases its sensitivity to extracellular calcium, thereby decreasing secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by chief cells. Etelcalcetide and its low-molecular-weight transformation products are rapidly cleared by renal excretion in healthy subjects, but clearance is substantially reduced and dependent on hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease. The effective half-life is 3-5 days in patients undergoing hemodialysis 3 times a week. A clinical study using a single microtracer intravenous dose of [14 C]etelcalcetide indicated that 60% of the administered dose was eliminated in dialysate. Etelcalcetide undergoes reversible disulfide exchange with serum albumin to form a serum albumin peptide conjugate that is too large (67 kDa) to be dialyzed, until a subsequent exchange forms etelcalcetide or a low-molecular-weight transformation product. This exchange from albumin is apparent after hemodialysis, when it partially restores etelcalcetide concentrations in plasma. Etelcalcetide has no known risks for drug-drug interactions. In phase 3 studies, 74%-75% of hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism who received etelcalcetide achieved a >30% PTH reduction from baseline versus 8%-10% of patients who received placebo. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of etelcalcetide in hemodialysis patients supports a 5-mg starting dose administered after hemodialysis and uptitration in 2.5- or 5-mg increments every 4 weeks to a maximum dose of 15 mg 3 times a week.
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21
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Leach K, Gregory KJ. Molecular insights into allosteric modulation of Class C G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Colella M, Gerbino A, Hofer AM, Curci S. Recent advances in understanding the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27803801 PMCID: PMC5074356 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8963.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), a ubiquitous class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is responsible for the control of calcium homeostasis in body fluids. It integrates information about external Ca
2+ and a surfeit of other endogenous ligands into multiple intracellular signals, but how is this achieved? This review will focus on some of the exciting concepts in CaR signaling and pharmacology that have emerged in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Aldebaran M Hofer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Silvana Curci
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
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23
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Leach K, Gregory KJ, Kufareva I, Khajehali E, Cook AE, Abagyan R, Conigrave AD, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Towards a structural understanding of allosteric drugs at the human calcium-sensing receptor. Cell Res 2016; 26:574-92. [PMID: 27002221 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that allosterically target the human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have substantial therapeutic potential, but are currently limited. Given the absence of high-resolution structures of the CaSR, we combined mutagenesis with a novel analytical approach and molecular modeling to develop an "enriched" picture of structure-function requirements for interaction between Ca(2+)o and allosteric modulators within the CaSR's 7 transmembrane (7TM) domain. An extended cavity that accommodates multiple binding sites for structurally diverse ligands was identified. Phenylalkylamines bind to a site that overlaps with a putative Ca(2+)o-binding site and extends towards an extracellular vestibule. In contrast, the structurally and pharmacologically distinct AC-265347 binds deeper within the 7TM domains. Furthermore, distinct amino acid networks were found to mediate cooperativity by different modulators. These findings may facilitate the rational design of allosteric modulators with distinct and potentially pathway-biased pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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24
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Macías-García B, Rocha A, González-Fernández L. Extracellular calcium regulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation through calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in stallion sperm. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:236-45. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Macías-García
- CECA/ICETA: Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal/Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto; University of Porto; Portugal
- ICBAS: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; University of Porto; Portugal
| | - Antonio Rocha
- CECA/ICETA: Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal/Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto; University of Porto; Portugal
- ICBAS: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; University of Porto; Portugal
| | - Lauro González-Fernández
- CECA/ICETA: Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal/Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto; University of Porto; Portugal
- ICBAS: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; University of Porto; Portugal
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25
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Nguyen TB, Pasturaud K, Ermolenko L, Al-Mourabit A. Concise Access to 2-Aroylbenzothiazoles by Redox Condensation Reaction between o-Halonitrobenzenes, Acetophenones, and Elemental Sulfur. Org Lett 2015; 17:2562-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Binh Nguyen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances
Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de
la Terrase, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Karine Pasturaud
- Institut de Chimie des Substances
Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de
la Terrase, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Ludmila Ermolenko
- Institut de Chimie des Substances
Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de
la Terrase, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Ali Al-Mourabit
- Institut de Chimie des Substances
Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de
la Terrase, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
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26
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Leach K, Conigrave AD, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Towards tissue-specific pharmacology: insights from the calcium-sensing receptor as a paradigm for GPCR (patho)physiological bias. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:215-25. [PMID: 25765207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a widely expressed G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates numerous tissue-specific functions. Its multiple ligands and diverse roles attest to the need for exquisite control over the signaling pathways that mediate its effects. 'Biased signaling' is the phenomenon by which distinct ligands stabilize preferred receptor signaling states. The CaSR is subject to biased signaling in response to its endogenous ligands. Interestingly, the 'natural' bias of the CaSR is altered in disease states, and small molecule drugs engender biased allosteric modulation of downstream signaling pathways. Thus, biased signaling from the CaSR also has important implications pathophysiologically and therapeutically. As outlined in this review, this novel paradigm extends to other GPCRs, making the CaSR a model for studies of ligand-biased signaling and for understanding how it may be used to foster selective drug activity in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC, Australia.
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC, Australia
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27
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Rodríguez M, Goodman WG, Liakopoulos V, Messa P, Wiecek A, Cunningham J. The Use of Calcimimetics for the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A 10 Year Evidence Review. Semin Dial 2015; 28:497-507. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Rodríguez
- Servicio de Nefrologia; IMIBIC; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; Córdoba Spain
| | | | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; 1st Department of Internal Medicine; Medical School; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Università di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Andrzej Wiecek
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - John Cunningham
- Centre for Nephrology; UCL Medical School; Royal Free Campus; London United Kingdom
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28
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Cook AE, Mistry SN, Gregory KJ, Furness SGB, Sexton PM, Scammells PJ, Conigrave AD, Christopoulos A, Leach K. Biased allosteric modulation at the CaS receptor engendered by structurally diverse calcimimetics. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:185-200. [PMID: 25220431 PMCID: PMC4280977 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Clinical use of cinacalcet in hyperparathyroidism is complicated by its tendency to induce hypocalcaemia, arising partly from activation of calcium-sensing receptors (CaS receptors) in the thyroid and stimulation of calcitonin release. CaS receptor allosteric modulators that selectively bias signalling towards pathways that mediate desired effects [e.g. parathyroid hormone (PTH) suppression] rather than those mediating undesirable effects (e.g. elevated serum calcitonin), may offer better therapies. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We characterized the ligand-biased profile of novel calcimimetics in HEK293 cells stably expressing human CaS receptors, by monitoring intracellular calcium (Ca(2+) i ) mobilization, inositol phosphate (IP)1 accumulation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2) and receptor expression. KEY RESULTS Phenylalkylamine calcimimetics were biased towards allosteric modulation of Ca(2+) i mobilization and IP1 accumulation. S,R-calcimimetic B was biased only towards IP1 accumulation. R,R-calcimimetic B and AC-265347 were biased towards IP1 accumulation and pERK1/2. Nor-calcimimetic B was unbiased. In contrast to phenylalkylamines and calcimimetic B analogues, AC-265347 did not promote trafficking of a loss-of-expression, naturally occurring, CaS receptor mutation (G(670) E). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The ability of R,R-calcimimetic B and AC-265347 to bias signalling towards pERK1/2 and IP1 accumulation may explain their suppression of PTH levels in vivo at concentrations that have no effect on serum calcitonin levels. The demonstration that AC-265347 promotes CaS receptor receptor signalling, but not trafficking reveals a novel profile of ligand-biased modulation at CaS receptors The identification of allosteric modulators that bias CaS receptor signalling towards distinct intracellular pathways provides an opportunity to develop desirable biased signalling profiles in vivo for mediating selective physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Cook
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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29
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Leach K, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Conigrave AD. Engendering biased signalling from the calcium-sensing receptor for the pharmacotherapy of diverse disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1142-55. [PMID: 24111791 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is widely expressed in the body, where its activity is regulated by multiple orthosteric and endogenous allosteric ligands. Each ligand stabilizes a unique subset of conformational states, which enables the CaSR to couple to distinct intracellular signalling pathways depending on the extracellular milieu in which it is bathed. Differential signalling arising from distinct receptor conformations favoured by each ligand is referred to as biased signalling. The outcome of CaSR activation also depends on the cell type in which it is expressed. Thus, the same ligand may activate diverse pathways in distinct cell types. Given that the CaSR is implicated in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes, it is an ideal target for biased ligands that could be rationally designed to selectively regulate desired signalling pathways in preferred cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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30
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Nemeth EF. Allosteric modulators of the extracellular calcium receptor. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e277-84. [PMID: 24050279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular calcium receptor (CaR) is a Family C G protein-coupled receptor that controls systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, largely by regulating the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Ligands that activate the CaR have been termed calcimimetics and are classified as either Type I (agonists) or Type II (allosteric activators) and effectively inhibit the secretion of PTH. CaR antagonists have been termed calcilytics and all act allosterically to stimulate secretion of PTH. The calcimimetic cinacalcet has been approved for treating parathyroid cancer and secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on renal replacement therapy. Cinacalcet was the first allosteric modulator of a G proteincoupled receptor to achieve regulatory approval. This review will focus on the technologies used to discover and develop allosterically acting calcimimetics and calcilytics as novel therapies for bone and mineral-related disorders.
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31
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Alwarsh S, Ayinuola K, Dormi SS, McIntosh MC. Intercepting the Breslow intermediate via Claisen rearrangement: synthesis of complex tertiary alcohols without organometallic reagents. Org Lett 2013; 15:3-5. [PMID: 23214715 PMCID: PMC3572745 DOI: 10.1021/ol303053c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel Claisen rearrangement in which the Breslow intermediate is engaged as a hydroxy-substituted N,S-ketene acetal to provide complex 3° alcohols without the use of organometallic reagents is reported. The reaction constitutes an unprecedented reactivity mode for the Breslow intermediate.
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Torres PAU, De Broe M. Calcium-sensing receptor, calcimimetics, and cardiovascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2012; 82:19-25. [PMID: 22437409 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal function impairment goes along with a disturbed calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D metabolism, resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). These mineral metabolism disturbances are associated with soft tissue calcifications, particularly arteries, cardiac valves, and myocardium, ultimately associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). sHPT may lead to cardiovascular calcifications by other mechanisms including an impaired effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and a decreased calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) expression on cardiovascular structures. PTH may play a direct role on vascular calcifications through activation of a receptor, the type-1 PTH/PTHrP receptor, normally attributed to PTH-related peptide (PTHrP). The CaR in vascular cells may also play a role on vascular mineralization as suggested by its extremely reduced expression in atherosclerotic calcified human arteries. Calcimimetic compounds increasing the CaR sensitivity to extracellular calcium efficiently reduce serum PTH, calcium, and phosphate in dialysis patients with sHPT. They upregulate the CaR in vascular cells and attenuate vascular mineralization in uremic states. In this article, the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with cardiovascular calcifications in case of sHPT, the impact of medical and surgical correction of sHPT, the biology of the CaR in vascular structures and its function in CKD state, and finally the role played by the CaR and its modulation by the calcimimetics on uremic-related cardiovascular calcifications are reviewed.
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Huang Y, Cavanaugh A, Breitwieser GE. Regulation of stability and trafficking of calcium-sensing receptors by pharmacologic chaperones. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 62:143-73. [PMID: 21907909 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385952-5.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gain- or loss-of-function mutations and polymorphisms of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) cause Ca(2+) handling diseases. Altered expression and/or signaling of wild-type CaSR can also contribute to pathology. Recent studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of mutations cause altered targeting and/or trafficking of CaSR to the plasma membrane. Pharmacological approaches to rescue of CaSR function include treatment with allosteric modulators, which potentiate the effects of the orthosteric agonist Ca(2+). Dissection of the mechanism(s) contributing to allosteric agonist-mediated rescue of loss-of-function CaSR mutants has demonstrated pharmacologic chaperone actions coincident with CaSR biosynthesis. The distinctive responses to the allosteric agonist (NPS R-568), which promotes CaSR stability, and the allosteric antagonist (NPS 2143), which promotes CaSR degradation, have led to a model for a conformational checkpoint during CaSR biosynthesis. The conformational checkpoint would "tune" CaSR biosynthesis to cellular signaling state. Navigation of a distinct checkpoint for endoplasmic release can also be augmented by pharmacologic chaperones. The diverse, post-endoplasmic reticulum quality control site(s) for pharmacologic chaperone modulation of CaSR stability and trafficking redefines the role(s) of allosteric modulators in regulation of overall GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is the key controller of extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)(o)) homeostasis via its regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and renal Ca(2+) reabsorption. The CaR-selective calcimimetic drug Cinacalcet stimulates the CaR to suppress PTH secretion in chronic kidney disease and represents the world's first clinically available receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM). Negative CaR allosteric modulators (NAMs), known as calcilytics, can increase PTH secretion and are being investigated as possible bone anabolic treatments against age-related osteoporosis. Here we address the current state of development and clinical use of a series of positive and negative CaR modulators. In addition, clinical CaR mutations and transgenic mice carrying tissue-specific CaR deletions have provided a novel understanding of the relative functional importance of CaR in both calciotropic tissues and those elsewhere in the body. The development of CaR-selective modulators and signalling reagents have provided us with a more detailed appreciation of how the CaR signals in vivo. Thus, both of these areas of CaR research will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Ward
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
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36
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Burstein ES, Carlsson ML, Owens M, Ma JN, Schiffer HH, Carlsson A, Hacksell U. II. In vitro evidence that (-)-OSU6162 and (+)-OSU6162 produce their behavioral effects through 5-HT2A serotonin and D2 dopamine receptors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:1523-33. [PMID: 21866391 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
(-)-OSU6162 has promise for treating Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and schizophrenia. Behavioral tests evaluating the locomotor effects of (-) and (+)-OSU6162 on 'low activity' animals (reserpinized mice and habituated rats) and 'high activity' animals (drug naive mice and non-habituated rats) revealed that both enantiomers of OSU6162 had dual effects on behavior, stimulating locomotor activity in 'low activity' animals and inhibiting locomotor activity in 'high activity' animals. To elucidate a plausible mechanism of action for their behavioral effects, we evaluated the intrinsic actions of (-)- and (+)-OSU6162, and a collection of other antipsychotic and antiparkinsonian agents at 5-HT2A and D2 receptors in functional assays with various degrees of receptor reserve, including cellular proliferation, phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis, GTPγS and beta-arrestin recruitment assays. We also tested for possible allosteric actions of (-)-OSU6162 at D2 receptors. Both enantiomers of OSU6162 were medium intrinsic activity partial agonists at 5-HT2A receptors and low intrinsic activity partial agonists at D2 receptors. (+)-OSU6162 had higher efficacy at 5-HT2A receptors, which correlated with its greater stimulatory activity in vivo, but (-)-OSU6162 had higher potency at D2 receptors, which correlated with its greater inhibitory activity in vivo. (-)-OSU6162 did not display any convincing allosteric properties. Both (+)- and (-)-OSU6162 were significantly less active at 27 other monoaminergic receptors and reuptake transporters tested suggesting that D2 and 5-HT2A receptors play crucial roles in mediating their behavioral effects. Compounds with balanced effects on these two receptor systems may offer promise for treating neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Burstein
- ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3911 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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