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Jensen KL, Jensen SB, Madsen KL. A mechanistic overview of approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant dependence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854176. [PMID: 36160447 PMCID: PMC9493975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulant use disorder is a major health issue around the world with enormous individual, family-related and societal consequences, yet there are no effective pharmacological treatments available. In this review, a target-based overview of pharmacological treatments toward psychostimulant addiction will be presented. We will go through therapeutic approaches targeting different aspects of psychostimulant addiction with focus on three major areas; 1) drugs targeting signalling, and metabolism of the dopamine system, 2) drugs targeting either AMPA receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptors of the glutamate system and 3) drugs targeting the severe side-effects of quitting long-term psychostimulant use. For each of these major modes of intervention, findings from pre-clinical studies in rodents to clinical trials in humans will be listed, and future perspectives of the different treatment strategies as well as their potential side-effects will be discussed. Pharmaceuticals modulating the dopamine system, such as antipsychotics, DAT-inhibitors, and disulfiram, have shown some promising results. Cognitive enhancers have been found to increase aspects of behavioural control, and drugs targeting the glutamate system such as modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors and AMPA receptors have provided interesting changes in relapse behaviour. Furthermore, CRF-antagonists directed toward alleviating the symptoms of the withdrawal stage have been examined with interesting resulting changes in behaviour. There are promising results investigating therapeutics for psychostimulant addiction, but further preclinical work and additional human studies with a more stratified patient selection are needed to prove sufficient evidence of efficacy and tolerability.
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Guo J, Xu K, Yin JW, Zhang H, Yin JT, Li Y. Dopamine transporter in the ventral tegmental area modulates recovery from propofol anesthesia in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 121:102083. [PMID: 35181484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) To investigate the role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the recovery from propofol anesthesia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 150 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly split into a normal control group (NC), saline group (S), propofol anesthesia group (P), adeno-associated viral-NC-mCherry (AAV-NC) group, and AAV-DAT-RNAi (DAT-RNAi) group (n = 30 per group). In rats in the AAV intervention group, AAV was injected into the VTA nucleus via a stereotaxer. The rats in each group were continuously pumped with propofol through the tail vein at a dose of 70mg/kg/h, and the control group was infused with the same dose of saline at the same speed for 30min. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the expression of c-fos protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The induction and recovery time of propofol anesthesia were recorded based on the time of disappearance of the righting reflex (LORR) and recovery (RORR). The anesthesia depth score was performed on all rats 10min after starting the administration and 10min after withdrawal, which represented the depth of anesthesia during anesthesia and the degree of recovery during anesthesia recovery, respectively. electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during propofol anesthesia and recovery. RESULTS Compared to the NC group, the RORR of the DAT-RNAi group was shortened, and the anesthesia depth score was higher (P < 0.05). In the DAT-RNAi group, during the period of propofol anesthesia, the β wave frequencies increased, the θ wave frequencies decreased, and the expression of c-fos protein in PFC increased and during the recovery from propofol anesthesia, the α wave and β wave frequencies were increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Knockdown of the DAT in the VTA region can enhance the activity of PFC neurons and promote the recovery of rats from propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jiang-Wen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jie-Ting Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
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Newman AH, Ku T, Jordan CJ, Bonifazi A, Xi ZX. New Drugs, Old Targets: Tweaking the Dopamine System to Treat Psychostimulant Use Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 61:609-628. [PMID: 33411583 PMCID: PMC9341034 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-124205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of illicit psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine continues to pose significant health and societal challenges. Despite considerable efforts to develop medications to treat psychostimulant use disorders, none have proven effective, leaving an underserved patient population and unanswered questions about what mechanism(s) of action should be targeted for developing pharmacotherapies. As both cocaine and methamphetamine rapidly increase dopamine (DA) levels in mesolimbic brain regions, leading to euphoria that in some can lead to addiction, targets in which this increased dopaminergic tone may be mitigated have been explored. Further, understanding and targeting mechanisms underlying relapse are fundamental to the success of discovering medications that reduce the reinforcing effects of the drug of abuse, decrease the negative reinforcement or withdrawal/negative affect that occurs during abstinence, or both. Atypical inhibitors of the DA transporter and partial agonists/antagonists at DA D3 receptors are described as two promising targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Therese Ku
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
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Slack RD, Ku T, Cao J, Giancola J, Bonifazi A, Loland CJ, Gadiano A, Lam J, Rais R, Slusher BS, Coggiano M, Tanda G, Newman AH. Structure-Activity Relationships for a Series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinyl Alkyl Alicyclic Amines at the Dopamine Transporter: Functionalizing the Terminal Nitrogen Affects Affinity, Selectivity, and Metabolic Stability. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2343-2357. [PMID: 31661268 PMCID: PMC9617638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atypical dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical models of psychostimulant abuse. In rats, 1-(4-(2-((bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinyl)ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-propan-2-ol (3b) was effective in reducing the reinforcing effects of both cocaine and methamphetamine but did not exhibit psychostimulant behaviors itself. While further development of 3b is ongoing, diastereomeric separation, as well as improvements in potency and pharmacokinetics were desirable for discovering pipeline drug candidates. Thus, a series of bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinyl)alkyl alicyclic amines, where the piperazine-2-propanol scaffold was modified, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for binding affinities at DAT, as well as the serotonin transporter and σ1 receptors. Within the series, 14a showed improved DAT affinity (Ki = 23 nM) over 3b (Ki = 230 nM), moderate metabolic stability in human liver microsomes, and a hERG/DAT affinity ratio = 28. While 14a increased locomotor activity relative to vehicle, it was significantly lower than activity produced by cocaine. These results support further investigation of 14a as a potential treatment for psychostimulant use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Slack
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Therese Ku
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - JoLynn Giancola
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Claus J. Loland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Gadiano
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Jenny Lam
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Mark Coggiano
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
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Jordan CJ, Cao J, Newman AH, Xi ZX. Progress in agonist therapy for substance use disorders: Lessons learned from methadone and buprenorphine. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107609. [PMID: 31009632 PMCID: PMC6745247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) are serious public health problems worldwide. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiology of drug reward and the transition to addiction, effective pharmacotherapies for SUD remain limited and a majority of drug users relapse even after a period of treatment. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several medications for opioid, nicotine, and alcohol use disorders, whereas none are approved for the treatment of cocaine or other psychostimulant use disorders. The medications approved by the FDA for the treatment of SUD can be divided into two major classes - agonist replacement therapies, such as methadone and buprenorphine for opioid use disorders (OUD), nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and varenicline for nicotine use disorders (NUD), and antagonist therapies, such as naloxone for opioid overdose and naltrexone for promoting abstinence. In the present review, we primarily focus on the pharmacological rationale of agonist replacement strategies in treatment of opioid dependence, and the potential translation of this rationale to new therapies for cocaine use disorders. We begin by describing the neural mechanisms underlying opioid reward, followed by preclinical and clinical findings supporting the utility of agonist therapies in the treatment of OUD. We then discuss recent progress of agonist therapies for cocaine use disorders based on lessons learned from methadone and buprenorphine. We contend that future studies should identify agonist pharmacotherapies that can facilitate abstinence in patients who are motivated to quit their illicit drug use. Focusing on those that are able to achieve abstinence from cocaine will provide a platform to broaden the effectiveness of medication and psychosocial treatment strategies for this underserved population. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Zanettini C, Scaglione A, Keighron JD, Giancola JB, Lin SC, Newman AH, Tanda G. Pharmacological classification of centrally acting drugs using EEG in freely moving rats: an old tool to identify new atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors. Neuropharmacology 2018; 161:107446. [PMID: 30481526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors (DUIs) bind to the dopamine transporter and inhibit the reuptake of dopamine but have lower abuse potential than psychostimulants. Several atypical DUIs can block abuse-related effects of cocaine and methamphetamine, thus making them potential medication candidates for psychostimulant use disorders. The aim of the current study is to establish an in-vivo assay using EEG for the rapid identification of atypical DUIs with potential for medication development. The typical DUIs cocaine and methylphenidate dose-dependently decreased the power of the alpha, beta, and gamma bands. The atypical DUI modafinil and its F-analog, JBG1-049, decreased the power of beta, but in contrast to cocaine, none of the other frequency bands, while JHW007 did not significantly alter the EEG spectrum. The mu-opioid receptor agonists heroin and morphine dose-dependently decreased the power of gamma and increased power of the other bands. The effect of morphine on EEG power bands was antagonized by naltrexone. The NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine increased the power of all frequency bands. Therefore, typical and atypical DUIs and drugs of other classes differentially affected EEG spectra, showing distinctive features in the magnitude and direction of their effects on EEG. Comparative analysis of the effects of test drugs on EEG indicates a potential atypical profile of JBG1-049 with similar potency and effectiveness to its parent compound modafinil. These data suggest that EEG can be used to rapidly screen compounds for potential activity at specific pharmacological targets and provide valuable information for guiding the early stages of drug development. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Zanettini
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Alessandro Scaglione
- Neural Circuits and Cognition Unit, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, NIA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline D Keighron
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - JoLynn B Giancola
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Chieh Lin
- Neural Circuits and Cognition Unit, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, NIA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Behavioral economic analysis of the effects of N-substituted benztropine analogs on cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:47-58. [PMID: 28932889 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Benztropine (BZT) analogs and other atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors selectively decrease cocaine self-administration at doses that do not affect responding maintained by other reinforcers. Those effects were further characterized in the current study using a behavioral economic assessment of how response requirement (price) affects reinforcers obtained (consumption) in rats. METHODS Two groups of rats were trained to press levers with food (45-mg pellet) or cocaine (0.32 mg/kg/injection) reinforcement under fixed-ratio (FR) 5-response schedules. In selected sessions, the FR requirement was increased (5-80) during successive 20-min components to determine demand curves, which plot consumption against price. An exponential function was fitted to the data to derive the consumption at zero price (Q 0) and the rate of decrease in consumption (essential value, EV) with increased price. The BZT analogs, AHN1-055, AHN2-005, JHW007 (3.2-10 or 17.8 mg/kg, each), vehicle, or comparison drugs (methylphenidate, ketamine), were administered i.p. before selected demand-curve determinations. RESULTS Consumption of cocaine or food decreased with increased FR requirement. Each drug shifted the demand curve rightward at the lowest doses and leftward/downward at higher doses. The effects on EV and Q 0 were greater for cocaine than for food-reinforced responding. Additionally, the effects of the BZT analogs on EV and Q 0 were greater than those obtained with a standard dopamine transport inhibitor, methylphenidate, and the NMDA antagonist, ketamine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg, each). With these latter drugs, the demand-curve parameters were affected similarly with cocaine and food-maintained responding. CONCLUSIONS The current findings, obtained using a behavioral economic assessment, suggest that BZT analogs selectively decrease the reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine.
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Zou MF, Cao J, Abramyan AM, Kopajtic T, Zanettini C, Guthrie DA, Rais R, Slusher BS, Shi L, Loland CJ, Newman AH. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on a Series of 3α-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropanes and 3α-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylamino]tropanes As Novel Atypical Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorders. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10172-10187. [PMID: 29227643 PMCID: PMC5746459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of medications to treat cocaine use disorders has thus far defied success, leaving this patient population without pharmacotherapeutic options. As the dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a prominent role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine that can lead to addiction, atypical DAT inhibitors have been developed that prevent cocaine from binding to DAT, but they themselves are not cocaine-like. Herein, a series of novel DAT inhibitors were synthesized, and based on its pharmacological profile, the lead compound 10a was evaluated in phase I metabolic stability studies in mouse liver microsomes and compared to cocaine in locomotor activity and drug discrimination paradigms in mice. A molecular dynamic simulation study supported the hypothesis that atypical DAT inhibitors have similar binding poses at DAT in a conformation that differs from that of cocaine. Such differences may ultimately contribute to their unique behavioral profiles and potential for development as cocaine use disorder therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Fa Zou
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Ara M. Abramyan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Theresa Kopajtic
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Daryl A. Guthrie
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Claus J. Loland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Avelar AJ, Cao J, Newman AH, Beckstead MJ. Atypical dopamine transporter inhibitors R-modafinil and JHW 007 differentially affect D2 autoreceptor neurotransmission and the firing rate of midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:410-419. [PMID: 28625719 PMCID: PMC5546153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of psychostimulants like cocaine that inhibit dopamine (DA) reuptake through the dopamine transporter (DAT) represents a major public health issue, however FDA-approved pharmacotherapies have yet to be developed. Recently a class of ligands termed "atypical DAT inhibitors" has gained attention due to their range of effectiveness in increasing extracellular DA levels without demonstrating significant abuse liability. These compounds not only hold promise as therapeutic agents to treat stimulant use disorders but also as experimental tools to improve our understanding of DAT function. Here we used patch clamp electrophysiology in mouse brain slices to explore the effects of two atypical DAT inhibitors (R-modafinil and JHW 007) on the physiology of single DA neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Despite their commonalities of being DAT inhibitors that lack cocaine-like behavioral profiles, these compounds exhibited surprisingly divergent cellular effects. Similar to cocaine, R-modafinil slowed DA neuron firing in a D2 receptor-dependent manner and rapidly enhanced the amplitude and duration of D2 receptor-mediated currents in the midbrain. In contrast, JHW 007 exhibited little effect on firing, slow DAT blockade, and an unexpected inhibition of D2 receptor-mediated currents that may be due to direct D2 receptor antagonism. Furthermore, pretreatment with JHW 007 blunted the cellular effects of cocaine, suggesting that it may be valuable to investigate similar DAT inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. Further exploration of these and other atypical DAT inhibitors may reveal important cellular effects of compounds that will have potential as pharmacotherapies for treating cocaine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Avelar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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10
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Relapse to cocaine seeking in an invertebrate. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 157:41-46. [PMID: 28455125 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is characterised by cycles of compulsive drug taking, periods of abstinence and episodes of relapse. The extinction/reinstatement paradigm has been extensively used in rodents to model human relapse and explore underlying mechanisms and therapeutics. However, relapse to drug seeking behaviour has not been previously demonstrated in invertebrates. Here, we used a cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm in the flatworm, planarian, followed by extinction and reinstatement of drug seeking. Once baseline preference was established for one of two distinctly textured environments (i.e. compartments with a coarse or smooth surface), planarian received pairings of cocaine (5μM) in the non-preferred, and vehicle in the most preferred, environment, and were tested for conditioning thereafter. Cocaine produced robust CPP, measured as a significant increase in the time spent in the cocaine-paired compartment. Subsequently, planarian underwent extinction training, reverting back to their original preference within three sessions. Brief exposure to cocaine (5μM) or methamphetamine (5μM) reinstated cocaine-seeking behaviour. By contrast, the high affinity dopamine transporter inhibitor, (N-(n-butyl)-3α-[bis (4-fluorophenyl) methoxy]-tropane) (JHW007), which in rodents exhibits a neurochemical and behavioural profile distinct from cocaine, was ineffective. The present findings demonstrate for the first time reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in an invertebrate model and suggest that the long-term adaptations underlying drug conditioning and relapse are highly conserved through evolution.
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DeLarge AF, Erwin LL, Winsauer PJ. Atypical binding at dopamine and serotonin transporters contribute to the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone. Neuropharmacology 2017; 119:62-75. [PMID: 28396142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone), a constituent of the recreational substances known as "bath salts", is a synthetic cathinone that can produce auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as problematic cardiovascular effects. This study compared the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone (0.32-10 mg/kg) with other prototypical drugs of abuse: cocaine (0.56-32 mg/kg), d-amphetamine (0.18-3.2 mg/kg), ketamine (1.8-18 mg/kg), phencyclidine (PCP, 1-5.6 mg/kg), heroin (1-10 mg/kg), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (R-DOI, 0.1-1 mg/kg), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC 0.56-5.6 mg/kg), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, 0.32-5.6 mg/kg), methylphenidate (1-10 mg/kg), and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV, 0.56-5.6 mg/kg). The discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone were also assessed after administration of the sigma receptor antagonist rimcazole (0.32-10 mg/kg), the relatively selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor desipramine (1.8-18 mg/kg), and the selective serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor fluoxetine (1-18 mg/kg). Initially, rats were trained to discriminate an intraperitoneal injection of mephedrone (3.2 mg/kg) from saline under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food presentation. Following training, cumulative doses of mephedrone and the other drugs were administered to test for substitution (80% drug-lever responding). Of the drugs tested, including those that were tested in combination with mephedrone (i.e., rimcazole, desipramine, and fluoxetine), only cocaine fully substituted for mephedrone without substantially decreasing response rate. In addition, the three drugs administered in combination with mephedrone shifted the cumulative dose-effect curves leftward (percent drug-lever responding) and down (response rate), although fluoxetine did so in a dose-dependent manner ranging from antagonism to potentiation. In summary, the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone were most similar to those for the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, cocaine, and SERT and DAT activity were necessary for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa F DeLarge
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
| | - Laura L Erwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Peter J Winsauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
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12
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Talbot JN, Geffert LM, Jorvig JE, Goldstein RI, Nielsen CL, Wolters NE, Amos ME, Munro CA, Dallman E, Mereu M, Tanda G, Katz JL, Indarte M, Madura JD, Choi H, Leak RK, Surratt CK. Rapid and sustained antidepressant properties of an NMDA antagonist/monoamine reuptake inhibitor identified via transporter-based virtual screening. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Golovko AI, Bonitenko EY, Ivanov MB, Barinov VA, Zatsepin EP. The neurochemical bases of the pharmacological activity of ligands of monoamine-transport systems. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Brown DP, Rogers DT, Pomerleau F, Siripurapu KB, Kulshrestha M, Gerhardt GA, Littleton JM. Novel multifunctional pharmacology of lobinaline, the major alkaloid from Lobelia cardinalis. Fitoterapia 2016; 111:109-23. [PMID: 27105955 PMCID: PMC5299595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In screening a library of plant extracts from ~1000 species native to the Southeastern United States, Lobelia cardinalis was identified as containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nicAchR) binding activity which was relatively non-selective for the α4β2- and α7-nicAchR subtypes. This nicAchR binding profile is atypical for plant-derived nicAchR ligands, the majority of which are highly selective for α4β2-nicAchRs. Its potential therapeutic relevance is noteworthy since agonism of α4β2- and α7-nicAchRs is associated with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Bioassay-guided fractionation of L. cardinalis extracts led to the identification of lobinaline, a complex binitrogenous alkaloid, as the main source of the unique nicAchR binding profile. Purified lobinaline was a potent free radical scavenger, displayed similar binding affinity at α4β2- and α7-nicAchRs, exhibited agonist activity at nicAchRs in SH-SY5Y cells, and inhibited [(3)H]-dopamine (DA) uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. Lobinaline significantly increased fractional [(3)H] release from superfused rat striatal slices preloaded with [(3)H]-DA, an effect that was inhibited by the non-selective nicAchR antagonist mecamylamine. In vivo electrochemical studies in urethane-anesthetized rats demonstrated that lobinaline locally applied in the striatum significantly prolonged clearance of exogenous DA by the dopamine transporter (DAT). In contrast, lobeline, the most thoroughly investigated Lobelia alkaloid, is an α4β2-nicAchR antagonist, a poor free radical scavenger, and is a less potent DAT inhibitor. These previously unreported multifunctional effects of lobinaline make it of interest as a lead to develop therapeutics for neuropathological disorders that involve free radical generation, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission. These include neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin P Brown
- College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA
| | - Dennis T Rogers
- Naprogenix™, UK-AsTeCC, 145 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY 40506-0286, USA.
| | - Francois Pomerleau
- College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center for Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA
| | - Kirin B Siripurapu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
| | - Manish Kulshrestha
- College of Agriculture, Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, 1100 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center for Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA
| | - John M Littleton
- Naprogenix™, UK-AsTeCC, 145 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY 40506-0286, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
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15
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LEVER JOHNR, FERGASON-CANTRELL EMILYA, WATKINSON LISAD, CARMACK TERRYL, LORD SARAHA, XU RONG, MILLER DENNISK, LEVER SUSANZ. Cocaine occupancy of sigma1 receptors and dopamine transporters in mice. Synapse 2016; 70:98-111. [PMID: 26618331 PMCID: PMC4724290 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of sigma1 (σ1) receptors contributes to the behavioral and toxic effects of (-)-cocaine. We studied a key step, the ability of (-)-cocaine to occupy σ1 receptors in vivo, using CD-1(®) mice and the novel radioligand [(125) I]E-N-1-(3'-iodoallyl)-N'-4-(3",4"-dimethoxyphenethyl)-piperazine ([(125) I]E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE). (-)-Cocaine displayed an ED50 of 68 μmol/kg for inhibition of specific radioligand binding in whole brain, with values between 73 and 80 μmol/kg for heart, lung, and spleen. For comparison, an ED50 of 26 μmol/kg for (-)-cocaine occupancy of striatal dopamine transporters (DAT) was determined by inhibition of [(125) I]3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropan-2β-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester ([(125) I]RTI-121) binding. A chief finding is the relatively small potency difference between (-)-cocaine occupancy of σ1 receptors and the DAT, although the DAT occupancy is likely underestimated. Interactions of (-)-cocaine with σ1 receptors were assessed further using [(125) I]E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE for regional cerebral biodistribution studies and quantitative ex vivo autoradiography of brain sections. (-)-Cocaine binding to cerebral σ1 receptors proved directly proportional to the relative site densities known for the brain regions. Nonradioactive E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE gave an ED50 of 0.23 μmol/kg for occupancy of cerebral σ1 receptors, and a 3.16 μmol/kg (i.p.) dose attenuated (-)-cocaine-induced locomotor hyperactivity by 30%. This effect did not reach statistical significance, but suggests that E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE is a probable σ1 receptor antagonist. As groundwork for the in vivo studies, we used standard techniques in vitro to determine ligand affinities, site densities, and pharmacological profiles for the σ1 and σ2 receptors expressed in CD-1(®) mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOHN R. LEVER
- Department of Radiology and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - EMILY A. FERGASON-CANTRELL
- Department of Radiology and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - LISA D. WATKINSON
- Department of Radiology and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - TERRY L. CARMACK
- Department of Radiology and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - SARAH A. LORD
- Department of Radiology and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - RONG XU
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - DENNIS K. MILLER
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - SUSAN Z. LEVER
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- MU Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
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16
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Reith ME, Blough BE, Hong WC, Jones KT, Schmitt KC, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Katz JL. Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 147:1-19. [PMID: 25548026 PMCID: PMC4297708 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of stimulant-use disorders remains a formidable challenge, and the dopamine transporter (DAT) remains a potential target for antagonist or agonist-like substitution therapies. METHODS This review focuses on DAT ligands, such as benztropine, GBR 12909, modafinil, and DAT substrates derived from phenethylamine or cathinone that have atypical DAT-inhibitor effects, either in vitro or in vivo. The compounds are described from a molecular mechanistic, behavioral, and medicinal-chemical perspective. RESULTS Possible mechanisms for atypicality at the molecular level can be deduced from the conformational cycle for substrate translocation. For each conformation, a crystal structure of a bacterial homolog is available, with a possible role of cholesterol, which is also present in the crystal of Drosophila DAT. Although there is a direct relationship between behavioral potencies of most DAT inhibitors and their DAT affinities, a number of compounds bind to the DAT and inhibit dopamine uptake but do not share cocaine-like effects. Such atypical behavior, depending on the compound, may be related to slow DAT association, combined sigma-receptor actions, or bias for cytosol-facing DAT. Some structures are sterically small enough to serve as DAT substrates but large enough to also inhibit transport. Such compounds may display partial DA releasing effects, and may be combined with release or uptake inhibition at other monoamine transporters. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms of atypical DAT inhibitors may serve as targets for the development of treatments for stimulant abuse. These mechanisms are novel and their further exploration may produce compounds with unique therapeutic potential as treatments for stimulant abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten E.A. Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Corresponding author: Maarten E.A. Reith, Department of Psychiatry, Alexandria Center of Life Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, 450 E 29th Street, Room 803, New York, NY 10016. Tel.: 212 - 263 8267; Fax: 212 – 263 8183;
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Weimin C. Hong
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kymry T. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kyle C. Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - John S. Partilla
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Richard B. Rothman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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