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Li J, Zhang Y, Yu F, Pan Y, Zhang Z, He Y, Yang H, Zhou P. Proteoglycan Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum Ameliorated Diabetes-Induced Muscle Atrophy via the AMPK/SIRT1 Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30359-30373. [PMID: 37636971 PMCID: PMC10448640 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy often occurs in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and leads to an increase in physical disability and insulin resistance. However, there are very few studies that have investigated potential natural products used for this condition. In this study, we demonstrated that FYGL (Fudan-Yueyang-G. lucidum), a proteoglycan extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, ameliorated muscle atrophy in rat and mouse models of diabetes. Histopathological analysis of muscle revealed that oral administration of FYGL significantly prevented reduction of the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and overexpression of muscle atrophic factors in diabetic rats and mice. Muscle RNA-seq analysis in vivo indicated that FYGL regulated genes related to myogenesis, muscle atrophy, and oxidative phosphorylation. Also, FYGL activated AMPK in vivo. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms were studied in palmitate-induced C2C12 muscle cells using immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting, which revealed that FYGL inhibited muscle atrophy by stimulating ATP production and activating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway, thus promoting oxidative metabolism. This result rationalized the in vivo findings. These results suggest FYGL as a promising functional food ingredient for the prevention of T2D-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fanzhen Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanna Pan
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yanming He
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Carreón-Trujillo S, Vázquez-González D, Corona JC. Atomoxetine Decreases Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Fission and Fusion In Human Neuron-like Cells But Does Not Alter Antioxidant Defences. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:105-115. [PMID: 36346546 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Atomoxetine (ATX) is a presynaptic norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor widely prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) due to its low abuse potential and absence of psychostimulant effects. While NET inhibition is implicated in the clinical response, several additional pharmacoactivities may contribute to clinical efficacy or unwanted side effects. We recently reported that ATX can dose-dependently alter mitochondrial function and cellular redox status. Here, we assessed potential alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics and cellular antioxidant capacity following high- and low-dose ATX treatment of differentiated human neuroblastoma cells. Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with ATX (1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μM) for 7 days under differentiation culture conditions. Changes in the expression levels of protein markers for mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission as well as of antioxidant proteins were analysed by Western blot. High-dose ATX (50 μM) reduced while low-dose ATX (10 μM) increased mitochondrial biogenesis as evidenced by parallel changes in SDHA, COX-I, PGC1α and TFAM expression. High-dose ATX also reduced mitochondrial fusion as evidenced by OPA1 and MFN2 downregulation, and mitochondrial fission as indicated by DRP1 and Fis1 downregulation. In contrast, ATX did not alter expression of the antioxidant enzymes SOD1 and catalase, the phase II transcription factor Nfr2, or the Nfr2-regulated antioxidant enzyme NQO1. Clinical responses and side effects of ATX may be mediated by dose-dependent modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics as well as NET inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Carreón-Trujillo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Vázquez-González
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Ichii S, Matsuoka I, Okazaki F, Shimada Y. Zebrafish Models for Skeletal Muscle Senescence: Lessons from Cell Cultures and Rodent Models. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238625. [PMID: 36500717 PMCID: PMC9739860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human life expectancy has markedly increased over the past hundred years. Consequently, the percentage of elderly people is increasing. Aging and sarcopenic changes in skeletal muscles not only reduce locomotor activities in elderly people but also increase the chance of trauma, such as bone fractures, and the incidence of other diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, due to reduced physical activity. Exercise therapy is currently the only treatment and prevention approach for skeletal muscle aging. In this review, we aimed to summarize the strategies for modeling skeletal muscle senescence in cell cultures and rodents and provide future perspectives based on zebrafish models. In cell cultures, in addition to myoblast proliferation and myotube differentiation, senescence induction into differentiated myotubes is also promising. In rodents, several models have been reported that reflect the skeletal muscle aging phenotype or parts of it, including the accelerated aging models. Although there are fewer models of skeletal muscle aging in zebrafish than in mice, various models have been reported in recent years with the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and further advancements in the field using zebrafish models are expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ichii
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Izumi Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Okazaki
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-592-31-5411
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Vallorz EL, Janda J, Mansour HM, Schnellmann RG. Kidney targeting of formoterol containing polymeric nanoparticles improves recovery from ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1073-1089. [PMID: 35779607 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The β2 adrenergic receptor agonist, formoterol, is an inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis and restorer of mitochondrial and kidney function in acute and chronic models of kidney injury. Unfortunately, systemic administration of formoterol has the potential for adverse cardiovascular effects, increased heart rate, and decreased blood pressure. To minimize these effects, we developed biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles containing formoterol that target the kidney, thereby decreasing the effective dose, and lessen cardiovascular effects while restoring kidney function after injury. Male C57Bl/6 mice, treated with these nanoparticles daily, had reduced ischemia-reperfusion-induced serum creatinine and kidney cortex kidney injury molecule-1 levels by 78% and 73% respectively, compared to control mice six days after injury. With nanoparticle therapy, kidney cortical mitochondrial number and proteins reduced by ischemic injury, recovered to levels of sham-operated mice. Tubular necrosis was reduced 69% with nanoparticles treatment. Nanoparticles improved kidney recovery even when the dosing frequency was reduced from daily to two days per week. Finally, compared to treatment with formoterol-free drug alone, these nanoparticles did not increase heart rate nor decrease blood pressure. Thus, targeted kidney delivery of formoterol-containing nanoparticles is an improvement in standard formoterol therapy for ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injuries by decreasing the dose, dosing frequency, and cardiac side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest L Vallorz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jaroslav Janda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Heidi M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, BIO5 Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, BIO5 Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, USA.
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Effects of Lactobacillus curvatus HY7602-Fermented Antlers in Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the improvements yielded by Lactobacillus curvatus HY7602-fermented antlers (FA) in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy and the effects of bioactive compounds increased by fermentation. Dexamethasone-treated C2C12 myoblast cells were treated with FA and non-fermented antlers (NFA). FA showed inhibitory effects on muscle protein degradation in the C2C12 cells. Hsb:ICR mice were orally administered saline (control(CON) and dexamethasone only (DEX)), oxymetholone (DEX+OXY), NFA (DEX+NFA), and FA (DEX+FA) via gavage. Before the end of the experiment, dexamethasone was intraperitoneally (IP) injected into the mice, except in the control group, to induce muscle atrophy. Compared with the DEX group, the DEX+FA group exhibited a significant prevention in the reduction of hindlimb strength, calf thickness, calf muscle weight, and the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers (p < 0.05). The FA-induced improvements in muscle atrophy were associated with a decreased gene expression of protein degradation and growth inhibition, and an increased gene expression of protein synthesis and growth factors. Sialic acid, a bioactive compound associated with muscles, was increased by 51.41% after fermentation and suppressed the expression of protein degradation genes in the C2C12 cells. L. curvatus HY7602-fermented antlers with increased sialic acid after fermentation may therefore be useful for preventing and improving muscle atrophy.
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Ouyang H, Gao X, Zhang J. Impaired expression of BCAT1 relates to muscle atrophy of mouse model of sarcopenia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:450. [PMID: 35562710 PMCID: PMC9102634 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying mechanism of muscle atrophy in sarcopenia is still not fully understood; branched chain aminotransferase 1(BCAT1) isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 encodes an evolutionarily conserved cytoplasmic aminotransferase for glutamate and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), thus constituting a regulatory component of cytoplasmic amino and keto acid metabolism. In human gliomas carrying wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase-1, BCAT1 promotes cell proliferation through amino acid catabolism. Hence, the goals of this study were to unravel the potential role of BCAT1 expression in muscle atrophy and to explore the mechanisms underlying this process. Methods We first measured Bcat1 expression by RT-qPCR and western blotting in murine and cellular models of muscle atrophy. To understand how the Bcat1-driven changes sustained muscle cell growth, we analyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and activation of the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway in muscle cells. Furthermore, we performed Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK8) assays and fluorescence staining to evaluate growth rate of cells and ROS levels. Finally, we verified that depletion of Bcat1 impairs the growth rate of muscle cells and increases ROS levels, indicating that muscle atrophy resulted from the downregulation of the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for two groups to determine statistical significance. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism version 6.0 and SPSS 16.0 software. Results Bcat1 expression level in skeletal muscles was lower in murine and cellular models of sarcopenia than in the control groups. Bcat1 knockdown not only suppressed the growth of muscle cells but also increased the production of ROS. Impaired cell growth and increased ROS production was rescued by co-introduction of an shRNA-resistant Bcat1 cDNA or addition of the mTORC1 stimulator MYH1485. Muscle cells with Bcat1 knockdown featured lower mTORC1 and S6K1 phosphorylation (pS6K1) than NT muscle cells. Addition of either shRNA-resistant Bcat1 cDNA or MYH1485 rescued the suppression of cell growth, increase in ROS production, and decrease in pS6K1. Conclusions The branched chain amino acids catabolic enzyme BCAT1 is essential for the growth of muscle cells. BCAT1 expression contributes to sustained growth of muscle cells by activating mTOR signaling and reducing ROS production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-022-05332-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ouyang
- Department of Neuromedicine, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xuguang Gao
- Department of Neuromedicine, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neuromedicine, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Lautherbach N, Gonçalves DAP, Silveira WA, Paula-Gomes S, Valentim RR, Zanon NM, Pereira MG, Miyabara EH, Navegantes LCC, Kettelhut IC. Urocortin 2 promotes hypertrophy and enhances skeletal muscle function through cAMP and insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathways. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101492. [PMID: 35390501 PMCID: PMC9035725 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although it is well established that urocortin 2 (Ucn2), a peptide member of the corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) family, and its specific corticotrophin-releasing factor 2 receptor (CRF2R) are highly expressed in skeletal muscle, the role of this peptide in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and protein metabolism remains elusive. Methods To elucidate the mechanisms how Ucn2 directly controls protein metabolism in skeletal muscles of normal mice, we carried out genetic tools, physiological and molecular analyses of muscles in vivo and in vitro. Results Here, we demonstrated that Ucn2 overexpression activated cAMP signaling and promoted an expressive muscle hypertrophy associated with higher rates of protein synthesis and activation of Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Furthermore, Ucn2 induced a decrease in mRNA levels of atrogin-1 and in autophagic flux inferred by an increase in the protein content of LC3-I, LC3-II and p62. Accordingly, Ucn2 reduced both the transcriptional activity of FoxO in vivo and the overall protein degradation in vitro through an inhibition of lysosomal proteolytic activity. In addition, we demonstrated that Ucn2 induced a fast-to-slow fiber type shift and improved fatigue muscle resistance, an effect that was completely blocked in muscles co-transfected with mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), but not with dominant-negative Akt mutant (Aktmt). Conclusions These data suggest that Ucn2 triggers an anabolic and anti-catabolic response in skeletal muscle of normal mice probably through the activation of cAMP cascade and participation of Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. These findings open new perspectives in the development of therapeutic strategies to cope with the loss of muscle mass. Ucn2 overexpression promotes muscle growth due to an increase in protein synthesis. Ucn2 inhibits FoxO activity and autophagic-lysosomal system. Ucn2-induced skeletal muscle phenotype is dependent on Akt and ERK1/2. Ucn2 induces a fast-to-slow fiber type shift and improves fatigue resistance. The increase in muscle fatigue resistance is dependent on ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lautherbach
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dawit A P Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Wilian A Silveira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sílvia Paula-Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Rossi Valentim
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Neuza M Zanon
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo G Pereira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Elen H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz C C Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Isis C Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Mei H, Xie R, Li T, Chen Z, Liu Y, Sun C. Effect of Atomoxetine on Behavioral Difficulties and Growth Development of Primary School Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Prospective Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9020212. [PMID: 35204932 PMCID: PMC8870549 DOI: 10.3390/children9020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Objective: Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children over six years old. Although it is common knowledge that primary school children with ADHD often present with difficulties in the morning prior to school and in the evening, these two periods, and the family interactions they involve, are often neglected in studies of ADHD. Questionnaire–Children with Difficulties (QCD) has been widely used in China to evaluate parents’ perceptions of ADHD and patients’ daily behaviors during different times. In the long term, the efficacy and safety of atomoxetine have been well established in previous studies. Still, the short-term effects of atomoxetine treatment on serum growth parameters, such as IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and thyroid function, are not well documented. Therefore, this study was the first one using the QCD to quantify the efficacy of atomoxetine treatment in the morning prior to school and in the evening, and has investigated the possible influence on the growth parameters of Chinese primary school children with ADHD. (2) Method: This prospective study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from August 2019 to February 2021. Changes in the children’s behavior and core ADHD symptoms following treatment were assessed using three parent-reported questionnaires, including Children with Difficulties (QCD), the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV scale (SNAP-IV), and the Conners’ parents rating scales (CPRS). The height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured and corrected to reflect the standard deviations (SDS) in Chinese children based on age and gender. Serum growth parameters, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and thyroid function, were also measured to assess the children’s growth development. Any adverse drug reactions were assessed every three weeks. (3) Result: Finally, 149 children were enrolled in this study, and they completed 12 weeks of atomoxetine treatment. The QCD results indicated that the atomoxetine treatment could significantly alleviate behavioral difficulties in primary children with ADHD, especially in the morning prior to school (p < 0.001, r = 0.66) and in the evening (p < 0.001, r = 0.73). A statically significant decrease in weight SDS (p < 0.05) was noted during treatment, but the effect size was slight (r = 0.09). The atomoxetine treatment had no significant impact on height SDS, BMI SDS, and serum growth parameters, such as the levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and thyroid function. The SNAP-IV results showed a significant improvement in the core symptoms of ADHD, while the CPRS results indicated a significant improvement in controlling ADHD symptoms across two different domains, learning problems (r = 0.81) and hyperactivity (r = 0.86). No severe adverse reactions were observed in the course of treatment, and the most common adverse reactions were gastrointestinal symptoms. (4) Conclusions: Atomoxetine is an effective and safe treatment for primary school children with ADHD. In China, it may be an excellent choice to alleviate parenting stress and improve the condition of primary school children with ADHD. Moreover, our study indicated that the serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were within the normal range in newly diagnosed ADHD children, and atomoxetine will not affect the serum concentration of growth parameters, such as IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and thyroid function, in the short term. However, the treatment may reduce appetite, resulting in a reduction in the Children’s weight for a short period. Further observational studies to monitor the long-term effects of atomoxetine on primary school children are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiya Mei
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.M.); (R.X.); (T.L.)
| | - Ruijin Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.M.); (R.X.); (T.L.)
| | - Tianxiao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.M.); (R.X.); (T.L.)
| | - Zongxin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188, Shixin Avenue, Suzhou 215000, China;
| | - Yueying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.M.); (R.X.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (C.S.)
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Hunt LC, Graca FA, Pagala V, Wang YD, Li Y, Yuan ZF, Fan Y, Labelle M, Peng J, Demontis F. Integrated genomic and proteomic analyses identify stimulus-dependent molecular changes associated with distinct modes of skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109971. [PMID: 34758314 PMCID: PMC8852763 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that occurs with aging and disease, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Previous work determined that common transcriptional changes occur in muscle during atrophy induced by different stimuli. However, whether this holds true at the proteome level remains largely unexplored. Here, we find that, contrary to this earlier model, distinct atrophic stimuli (corticosteroids, cancer cachexia, and aging) induce largely different mRNA and protein changes during muscle atrophy in mice. Moreover, there is widespread transcriptome-proteome disconnect. Consequently, atrophy markers (atrogenes) identified in earlier microarray-based studies do not emerge from proteomics as generally induced by atrophy. Rather, we identify proteins that are distinctly modulated by different types of atrophy (herein defined as “atroproteins”) such as the myokine CCN1/Cyr61, which regulates myofiber type switching during sarcopenia. Altogether, these integrated analyses indicate that different catabolic stimuli induce muscle atrophy via largely distinct mechanisms. Skeletal muscle wasting is caused by many catabolic stimuli, which were thought to act via shared mechanisms. Hunt et al. now show that distinct catabolic stimuli induce muscle wasting via largely different molecular changes. The authors identify atrophy-associated proteins (“atroproteins”) that may represent diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam C Hunt
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Flavia A Graca
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vishwajeeth Pagala
- Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Zuo-Fei Yuan
- Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Myriam Labelle
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Fabio Demontis
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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10
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Identification of a KLF5-dependent program and drug development for skeletal muscle atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102895118. [PMID: 34426497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102895118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is caused by various conditions, including aging, disuse related to a sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity, and cachexia. Our insufficient understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying muscle atrophy limits the targets for the development of effective pharmacologic treatments and preventions. Here, we identified Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), a zinc-finger transcription factor, as a key mediator of the early muscle atrophy program. KLF5 was up-regulated in atrophying myotubes as an early response to dexamethasone or simulated microgravity in vitro. Skeletal muscle-selective deletion of Klf5 significantly attenuated muscle atrophy induced by mechanical unloading in mice. Transcriptome- and genome-wide chromatin accessibility analyses revealed that KLF5 regulates atrophy-related programs, including metabolic changes and E3-ubiquitin ligase-mediated proteolysis, in coordination with Foxo1. The synthetic retinoic acid receptor agonist Am80, a KLF5 inhibitor, suppressed both dexamethasone- and microgravity-induced muscle atrophy in vitro and oral Am80 ameliorated disuse- and dexamethasone-induced atrophy in mice. Moreover, in three independent sets of transcriptomic data from human skeletal muscle, KLF5 expression significantly increased with age and the presence of sarcopenia and correlated positively with the expression of the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase genes FBXO32 and TRIM63 These findings demonstrate that KLF5 is a key transcriptional regulator mediating muscle atrophy and that pharmacological intervention with Am80 is a potentially preventive treatment.
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11
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Khodabukus A, Kaza A, Wang J, Prabhu N, Goldstein R, Vaidya VS, Bursac N. Tissue-Engineered Human Myobundle System as a Platform for Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Injury Biomarkers. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:124-136. [PMID: 32294208 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional serum biomarkers used to assess skeletal muscle damage, such as activity of creatine kinase (CK), lack tissue specificity and sensitivity, hindering early detection of drug-induced myopathies. Recently, a novel four-factor skeletal muscle injury panel (MIP) of biomarkers consisting of skeletal troponin I (sTnI), CK mass (CKm), fatty-acid-binding protein 3 (Fabp3), and myosin light chain 3, has been shown to have increased tissue specificity and sensitivity in rodent models of skeletal muscle injury. Here, we evaluated if a previously established model of tissue-engineered functional human skeletal muscle (myobundle) can allow detection of the MIP biomarkers after injury or drug-induced myotoxicity in vitro. We found that concentrations of three MIP biomarkers (sTnI, CKm, and Fabp3) in myobundle culture media significantly increased in response to injury by a known snake venom (notexin). Cerivastatin, a known myotoxic statin, but not pravastatin, induced significant loss of myobundle contractile function, myotube atrophy, and increased release of both traditional and novel biomarkers. In contrast, dexamethasone induced significant loss of myobundle contractile function and myotube atrophy, but decreased the release of both traditional and novel biomarkers. Dexamethasone also increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -3 in the culture media which correlated with increased remodeling of myobundle extracellular matrix. In conclusion, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that tissue-engineered human myobundles can provide an in vitro platform to probe patient-specific drug-induced myotoxicity and performance assessment of novel injury biomarkers to guide preclinical and clinical drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-90281
| | - Amulya Kaza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-90281
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-90281
| | - Neel Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-90281
| | | | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Drug Research and Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-90281
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12
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Scholpa NE, Simmons EC, Crossman JD, Schnellmann RG. Time-to-treatment window and cross-sex potential of β 2-adrenergic receptor-induced mitochondrial biogenesis-mediated recovery after spinal cord injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 411:115366. [PMID: 33316273 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-characterized consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). We previously reported that treatment with the FDA-approved β2-adrenergic receptor agonist formoterol beginning 8 h post-SCI induces mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) and improves body composition and locomotor recovery in female mice. To determine the time-to-treatment window of formoterol, female mice were subjected to 80 kdyn contusion SCI and daily administration of vehicle or formoterol (0.3 mg/kg) beginning 24 h after injury. This delayed treatment paradigm improved body composition in female mice by 21 DPI, returning body weight to pre-surgery weight and restoring gastrocnemius mass to sham levels; however, there was no effect on locomotor recovery, as measured by the Basso-Mouse Scale (BMS), or lesion volume. To assess the cross-sex potential of formoterol, injured male mice were treated with vehicle or formoterol (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) beginning 8 h after SCI. Formoterol also improved body composition post-SCI in male mice, restoring body weight and muscle mass regardless of dose. Interestingly, however, improved BMS scores and decreased lesion volume was observed only in male mice treated with 0.3 mg/kg. Additionally, 0.3 mg/kg formoterol induced MB in the gastrocnemius and injured spinal cord, as evidenced by increased MB protein expression and mitochondrial number. These data indicate that formoterol treatment improves recovery post-SCI in both male and female mice in a dose- and initiation time-dependent manner. Furthermore, formoterol-induced functional recovery post-SCI is not directly associated with peripheral effects, such as muscle mass and body weight.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Body Composition/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Female
- Formoterol Fumarate/administration & dosage
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Organelle Biogenesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Recovery of Function
- Sex Factors
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
- Spinal Cord Injuries/drug therapy
- Spinal Cord Injuries/metabolism
- Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology
- Time Factors
- Time-to-Treatment
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Scholpa
- Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Epiphani C Simmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Josh D Crossman
- Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Southwest Environmental Health Science Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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13
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Kim AR, Kim SW, Lee BW, Kim KH, Kim WH, Seok H, Lee JH, Um J, Yim SH, Ahn Y, Jin SW, Jung DW, Oh WK, Williams DR. Screening ginseng saponins in progenitor cells identifies 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh 2 as an enhancer of skeletal and cardiac muscle regeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4967. [PMID: 32188912 PMCID: PMC7080739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased prevalence of skeletal and cardiac muscle disorders, such as sarcopenia and cardiac infarction. In this study, we constructed a compendium of purified ginsenoside compounds from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, which is a traditional Korean medicinal plant used to treat for muscle weakness. Skeletal muscle progenitor cell-based screening identified three compounds that enhance cell viability, of which 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 showed the most robust response. 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 increased viability in myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, but not fibroblasts or disease-related cells. The cellular mechanism was identified as downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1) via upregulation of Akt1/PKB phosphorylation at serine 473, with the orientation of the 20 carbon epimer being crucially important for biological activity. In zebrafish and mammalian models, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 enhanced muscle cell proliferation and accelerated recovery from degeneration. Thus, we have identified 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 as a p27Kip1 inhibitor that may be developed as a natural therapeutic for muscle degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ra Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Wook Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba-Wool Lee
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk-Hwa Kim
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Hee Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Lee
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - JungIn Um
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ho Yim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Cell Regeneration Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital/Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Darren R Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Duda P, Hajka D, Wójcicka O, Rakus D, Gizak A. GSK3β: A Master Player in Depressive Disorder Pathogenesis and Treatment Responsiveness. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030727. [PMID: 32188010 PMCID: PMC7140610 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), originally described as a negative regulator of glycogen synthesis, is a molecular hub linking numerous signaling pathways in a cell. Specific GSK3β inhibitors have anti-depressant effects and reduce depressive-like behavior in animal models of depression. Therefore, GSK3β is suggested to be engaged in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder, and to be a target and/or modifier of anti-depressants’ action. In this review, we discuss abnormalities in the activity of GSK3β and its upstream regulators in different brain regions during depressive episodes. Additionally, putative role(s) of GSK3β in the pathogenesis of depression and the influence of anti-depressants on GSK3β activity are discussed.
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15
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Hitachi K, Nakatani M, Funasaki S, Hijikata I, Maekawa M, Honda M, Tsuchida K. Expression Levels of Long Non-Coding RNAs Change in Models of Altered Muscle Activity and Muscle Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051628. [PMID: 32120896 PMCID: PMC7084395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic organ that is necessary for homeostasis and health of the human body. The size of skeletal muscle changes in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Although protein-coding RNAs including myostatin, NF-κβ, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have pivotal roles in determining the skeletal muscle mass, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass remains to be elucidated. Here, we performed expression profiling of nine skeletal muscle differentiation-related lncRNAs (DRR, DUM1, linc-MD1, linc-YY1, LncMyod, Neat1, Myoparr, Malat1, and SRA) and three genomic imprinting-related lncRNAs (Gtl2, H19, and IG-DMR) in mouse skeletal muscle. The expression levels of these lncRNAs were examined by quantitative RT-PCR in six skeletal muscle atrophy models (denervation, casting, tail suspension, dexamethasone-administration, cancer cachexia, and fasting) and two skeletal muscle hypertrophy models (mechanical overload and deficiency of the myostatin gene). Cluster analyses of these lncRNA expression levels were successfully used to categorize the muscle atrophy models into two sub-groups. In addition, the expression of Gtl2, IG-DMR, and DUM1 was altered along with changes in the skeletal muscle size. The overview of the expression levels of lncRNAs in multiple muscle atrophy and hypertrophy models provides a novel insight into the role of lncRNAs in determining the skeletal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hitachi
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Masashi Nakatani
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Shiori Funasaki
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Ikumi Hijikata
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Mizuki Maekawa
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Masahiko Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan;
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita 564-8565, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-562-93-9384
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16
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Scholpa NE, Simmons EC, Tilley DG, Schnellmann RG. β 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis improves skeletal muscle recovery following spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 322:113064. [PMID: 31525347 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to local spinal cord dysfunction, spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in decreased skeletal muscle mitochondrial activity and muscle atrophy. Treatment with the FDA-approved β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) agonist formoterol has been shown to induce mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) in both the spinal cord and skeletal muscle and, therefore, has the potential to address comprehensive mitochondrial and organ dysfunction following SCI. Female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to moderate contusion SCI (80 Kdyn) followed by daily administration of vehicle or formoterol beginning 8 h after injury, a clinically relevant time-point characterized by a 50% decrease in mtDNA content in the injury site. As measured by the Basso Mouse Scale, formoterol treatment improved locomotor recovery in SCI mice compared to vehicle treatment by 7 DPI, with continued recovery observed through 21 DPI (3.5 v. 2). SCI resulted in 15% body weight loss in all mice by 3 DPI. Mice treated with formoterol returned to pre-surgery weight by 13 DPI, while no weight gain occurred in vehicle-treated SCI mice. Remarkably, formoterol-treated mice exhibited a 30% increase in skeletal muscle mass compared to those treated with vehicle 21 DPI (0.93 v. 0.72% BW), corresponding with increased MB and decreased skeletal muscle atrophy. These effects were not observed in ADRB2 knockout mice subjected to SCI, indicating that formoterol is acting via the ADRB2 receptor. Furthermore, knockout mice exhibited decreased basal spinal cord and skeletal muscle PGC-1α expression, suggesting that ADRB2 may play a role in mitochondrial homeostasis under physiological conditions. These data provide evidence for systemic ADRB2-mediated MB as a therapeutic avenue for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Scholpa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Epiphani C Simmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Southwest Environmental Health Science Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
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17
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Corona JC, Carreón-Trujillo S, González-Pérez R, Gómez-Bautista D, Vázquez-González D, Salazar-García M. Atomoxetine produces oxidative stress and alters mitochondrial function in human neuron-like cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13011. [PMID: 31506604 PMCID: PMC6737196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomoxetine (ATX) is a non-stimulant drug used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It has been shown that ATX has additional effects beyond the inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake, affecting several signal transduction pathways and alters gene expression. Here, we study alterations in oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in human differentiated SH-SY5Y cells exposed over a range of concentrations of ATX. We found that the highest concentrations of ATX in neuron-like cells, caused cell death and an increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and alterations in mitochondrial mass, membrane potential and autophagy. Interestingly, the dose of 10 μM ATX increased mitochondrial mass and decreased autophagy, despite the induction of cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Thus, ATX has a dual effect depending on the dose used, indicating that ATX produces additional active therapeutic effects on oxidative stress and on mitochondrial function beyond the inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Carreón-Trujillo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raquel González-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denise Gómez-Bautista
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Vázquez-González
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Chia LY, Evans BA, Mukaida S, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS, Sato M. Adrenoceptor regulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin in muscle and adipose tissue. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2433-2448. [PMID: 30740664 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A vital role of adrenoceptors in metabolism and energy balance has been well documented in the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. It has been only recently demonstrated, however, that activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) makes a significant contribution to various metabolic and physiological responses to adrenoceptor agonists. mTOR exists as two distinct complexes named mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) and has been shown to play a critical role in protein synthesis, cell proliferation, hypertrophy, mitochondrial function, and glucose uptake. This review will describe the physiological significance of mTORC1 and 2 as a novel paradigm of adrenoceptor signalling in the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Understanding the detailed signalling cascades of adrenoceptors and how they regulate physiological responses is important for identifying new therapeutic targets and identifying novel therapeutic interventions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yeong Chia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saori Mukaida
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Mohammed MA, Mahmoud MO, Awaad AS, Gamal GM, Abdelfatah D. Alpha lipoic acid protects against dexamethasone-induced metabolic abnormalities via APPL1 and PGC-1 α up regulation. Steroids 2019; 144:1-7. [PMID: 30684496 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids (GCs) have various uses in the medicine in different specialties. However, GCs administration is usually accompanying with multiple side effects such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) has been documented to posse anti-diabetic properties. AIM OF THE STUDY this study highlights the role of ALA in avoiding dexamethasone induced metabolic disturbance. MATERIALS & METHODS 30 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Group (1): Control group; Groups 3, 4, and 5: rats received dexamethasone 1 mg/kg/day for 10 days; Groups 2, 4, and 5: Rats received ALA 100 mg/kg/day all the duration of the study, 2 weeks before dexamethasone, or concomitant with dexamethasone respectively. For each rat, we collected blood samples for measurement of glucose, lipid profiles, adiponectin, irisin, and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). We also isolated gastrocnemius muscles for measurement of insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α(PGC1-α), and adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1(APPL) gene expression. RESULTS Dexamethasone administration caused hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, decrease the level of adiponectin, irisin, and PI3K besides decreasing the gene expression of IRS-1, PGC-1 α, and APPL1. ALA administration pre or concomitant to dexamethasone avoided these results. CONCLUSION ALA can prevent metabolic abnormalities induced by dexamethasone via PGC1α and APPL1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed O Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Sayed Awaad
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | | | - Dina Abdelfatah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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20
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Gonçalves DA, Silveira WA, Manfredi LH, Graça FA, Armani A, Bertaggia E, O Neill BT, Lautherbach N, Machado J, Nogara L, Pereira MG, Arcidiacono D, Realdon S, Kahn CR, Sandri M, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LCC. Insulin/IGF1 signalling mediates the effects of β 2 -adrenergic agonist on muscle proteostasis and growth. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:455-475. [PMID: 30932373 PMCID: PMC6463755 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulation of β2 -adrenoceptors can promote muscle hypertrophy and fibre type shift, and it can counteract atrophy and weakness. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS Fed wild type (WT), 2-day fasted WT, muscle-specific insulin (INS) receptor (IR) knockout (M-IR-/- ), and MKR mice were studied with regard to acute effects of the β2 -agonist formoterol (FOR) on protein metabolism and signalling events. MKR mice express a dominant negative IGF1 receptor, which blocks both INS/IGF1 signalling. All received one injection of FOR (300 μg kg-1 subcutaneously) or saline. Skeletal muscles and serum samples were analysed from 30 to 240 min. For the study of chronic effects of FOR on muscle plasticity and function as well as intracellular signalling pathways, fed WT and MKR mice were treated with formoterol (300 μg kg-1 day-1 ) for 30 days. RESULTS In fed and fasted mice, one injection of FOR inhibited autophagosome formation (LC3-II content, 65%, P ≤ 0.05) that was paralleled by an increase in serum INS levels (4-fold to 25-fold, P ≤ 0.05) and the phosphorylation of Akt (4.4-fold to 6.5-fold, P ≤ 0.05) and ERK1/2 (50% to two-fold, P ≤ 0.05). This led to the suppression (40-70%, P ≤ 0.05) of the master regulators of atrophy, FoxOs, and the mRNA levels of their target genes. FOR enhanced (41%, P ≤ 0.05) protein synthesis only in fed condition and stimulated (4.4-fold to 35-fold, P ≤ 0.05) the prosynthetic Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in both fed and fasted states. FOR effects on Akt signalling during fasting were blunted in both M-IR-/- and MKR mice. Inhibition of proteolysis markers by FOR was prevented only in MKR mice. Blockade of PI3K/Akt axis and mTORC1, but not ERK1/2, in fasted mice also suppressed the acute FOR effects on proteolysis and autophagy. Chronic stimulation of β2 -adrenoceptors in fed WT mice increased body (11%, P ≤ 0.05) and muscle (15%, P ≤ 0.05) growth and downregulated atrophy-related genes (30-40%, P ≤ 0.05), but these effects were abolished in MKR mice. Increases in muscle force caused by FOR (WT, 24%, P ≤ 0.05) were only partially impaired in MKR mice (12%, P ≤ 0.05), and FOR-induced slow-to-fast fibre type shift was not blocked at all in these animals. In MKR mice, FOR also restored the lower levels of muscle SDH activity to basal WT values and caused a marked reduction (57%, P ≤ 0.05) in the number of centrally nucleated fibers. CONCLUSIONS NS/IGF1 signalling is necessary for the anti-proteolytic and hypertrophic effects of in vivo β2 -adrenergic stimulation and appears to mediate FOR-induced enhancement of protein synthesis. INS/IGF1 signalling only partially contributes to gain in strength and does not mediate fibre type transition induced by FOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit A Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Wilian A Silveira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro H Manfredi
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia A Graça
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Armani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertaggia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Brian T O Neill
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Lautherbach
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Machado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nogara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcelo G Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diletta Arcidiacono
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Realdon
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Myology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Isis C Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos C Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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21
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Fappi A, Neves JDC, Kawasaki KA, Bacelar L, Sanches LN, P. da Silva F, Larina‐Neto R, Chadi G, Zanoteli E. Omega-3 multiple effects increasing glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy: autophagic, AMPK and UPS mechanisms. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13966. [PMID: 30648357 PMCID: PMC6333722 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy occurs in many conditions, including use of glucocorticoids. N-3 (omega-3) is widely consumed due its healthy properties; however, concomitant use with glucocorticoids can increase its side effects. We evaluated the influences of N-3 on glucocorticoid atrophy considering IGF-1, Myostatin, MEK/ERK, AMPK pathways besides the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagic/lysosomal systems. Sixty animals constituted six groups: CT, N-3 (EPA 100 mg/kg/day for 40 days), DEXA 1.25 (DEXA 1.25 mg/kg/day for 10 days), DEXA 1.25 + N3 (EPA for 40 days + DEXA 1.25 mg/kg/day for the last 10 days), DEXA 2.5 (DEXA 2.5 mg/kg/day for 10 days), and DEXA 2.5 + N3 (EPA for 40 days + DEXA 2.5 mg/kg/day for 10 days). Results: N-3 associated with DEXA increases atrophy (fibers 1 and 2A), FOXO3a, P-SMAD2/3, Atrogin-1/MAFbx (mRNA) expression, and autophagic protein markers (LC3II, LC3II/LC3I, LAMP-1 and acid phosphatase). Additionally, N-3 supplementation alone decreased P-FOXO3a, PGC1-alpha, and type 1 muscle fiber area. Conclusion: N-3 supplementation increases muscle atrophy caused by DEXA in an autophagic, AMPK and UPS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fappi
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Juliana de C. Neves
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Karine A. Kawasaki
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Luana Bacelar
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Leandro N. Sanches
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Felipe P. da Silva
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Rubens Larina‐Neto
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Gerson Chadi
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
| | - Edmar Zanoteli
- Department of NeurologyFaculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSP, Brazil
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22
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Scholpa NE, Williams H, Wang W, Corum D, Narang A, Tomlinson S, Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG, Schnellmann RG. Pharmacological Stimulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis Using the Food and Drug Administration-Approved β 2-Adrenoreceptor Agonist Formoterol for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:962-972. [PMID: 30280980 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of the progressive cascade of damage referred to as secondary spinal cord injury (SCI) is vascular disruption resulting in decreased oxygen delivery and loss of mitochondria homeostasis. While therapeutics targeting restoration of single facets of mitochondrial function have proven largely ineffective clinically post-SCI, comprehensively addressing mitochondrial function via pharmacological stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is an underexplored strategy. This study examined the effects of formoterol, a mitochondrial biogenic Food and Drug Administration-approved selective and potent β2-adrenoreceptor (ADRB2) agonist, on recovery from SCI in mice. Female C57BL/6 mice underwent moderate SCI using a force-controlled impactor-induced contusion model, followed by daily formoterol intraperitoneal administration (0.1 mg/kg) beginning 1 h post-SCI. The SCI resulted in decreased mitochondrial protein expression, including PGC-1α, in the injury and peri-injury sites as early as 3 days post-injury. Formoterol treatment attenuated this decrease in PGC-1α, indicating enhanced MB, and restored downstream mitochondrial protein expression to that of controls by 15 days. Formoterol-treated mice also exhibited less histological damage than vehicle-treated mice 3 days after injury-namely, decreased lesion volume and increased white and gray matter sparing in regions rostral and caudal to the injury epicenter. Importantly, locomotor capability of formoterol-treated mice was greater than vehicle-treated mice by 7 days, reaching a Basso Mouse Scale score two points greater than that of vehicle-treated SCI mice by 15 days. Interestingly, similar locomotor restoration was observed when initiation of treatment was delayed until 8 h post-injury. These data provide evidence of ADRB2-mediated MB as a therapeutic approach for the management of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Scholpa
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,2 Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Hannah Williams
- 3 Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Wenxue Wang
- 4 Neuroscience Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,5 Ralph H. Johnsons Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel Corum
- 2 Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Aarti Narang
- 4 Neuroscience Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,5 Ralph H. Johnsons Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- 4 Neuroscience Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,5 Ralph H. Johnsons Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina.,6 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- 7 Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- 3 Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,8 Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona.,9 Southwest Environmental Health Science Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,10 Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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23
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Qiu J, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Ma W, Fang Q, Sun H, Ding F. MicroRNA351 targeting TRAF6 alleviates dexamethasone-induced myotube atrophy. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:6238-6246. [PMID: 30622796 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.10.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids, including dexamethasone (Dex), are corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal gland, which are used as potent anti-inflammatory, anti-shock, and immunosuppressive agents. Dex is commonly used in patients with malignant tumors, such lung cancer. However, administration of high-dose Dex induces severe atrophy of the skeletal muscle, and the underlying mechanisms of this skeletal muscle atrophy remain unclear. Abundant miRNAs of skeletal muscle, such as miR-351, play an important role in the regulation of extenuating the process of muscle atrophy. Methods The mRNA and protein expression of TRAF6, MuRF1, MAFbx was determined by real-time PCR and western blot, while the expression of miR-351 was detected by real-time PCR. The myotubes were transfected with miR-351 mimic, negative control, or miR-351 inhibitor. The C2C12 myotubes diameter was measured. Results MicroRNA351 (miR-351) level was markedly reduced and the mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were increased in Dex-induced C2C12 myotube atrophy. miR-351 directly interacted with the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of TRAF6. Interestingly, miR-351 administration notably inhibited the reduction of the C2C12 myotube diameter induced by Dex treatment and reduced the levels of TRAF6, muscle-RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1), and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx). Conclusions miR-351 counteracts Dex-induced C2C12 myotube atrophy by repressing the TRAF6 expression as well as E3 ubiquitin ligase MuRF1 and MAFbx. miR-351 maybe a potential target for development of a new strategy for skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lingbin Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qingqing Fang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Fei Ding
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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24
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Kristina Parr M, Müller-Schöll A. Pharmacology of doping agents—mechanisms promoting muscle hypertrophy. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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25
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Scholpa NE, Schnellmann RG. Mitochondrial-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: Mitochondrial Biogenesis as a Potential Pharmacological Target. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:303-313. [PMID: 28935700 PMCID: PMC5676296 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by an initial trauma followed by a progressive cascade of damage referred to as secondary injury. A hallmark of secondary injury is vascular disruption leading to vasoconstriction and decreased oxygen delivery, which directly reduces the ability of mitochondria to maintain homeostasis and leads to loss of ATP-dependent cellular functions, calcium overload, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, further exacerbating injury. Restoration of mitochondria dysfunction during the acute phases of secondary injury after SCI represents a potentially effective therapeutic strategy. This review discusses the past and present pharmacological options for the treatment of SCI as well as current research on mitochondria-targeted approaches. Increased antioxidant activity, inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition, alternate energy sources, and manipulation of mitochondrial morphology are among the strategies under investigation. Unfortunately, many of these tactics address single aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately proving largely ineffective. Therefore, this review also examines the unexplored therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis, which has the potential to more comprehensively improve mitochondrial function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Scholpa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.E.S., R.G.S.); and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.E.S., R.G.S.); and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
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26
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The role of exercise-induced myokines in regulating metabolism. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 41:14-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Cameron RB, Beeson CC, Schnellmann RG. Development of Therapeutics That Induce Mitochondrial Biogenesis for the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Degenerative Diseases. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10411-10434. [PMID: 27560192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have various roles in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Because mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with many acute and chronic degenerative diseases, mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is a therapeutic target for treating such diseases. Here, we review the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in acute and chronic degenerative diseases and the cellular signaling pathways by which MB is induced. We then review existing work describing the development and application of drugs that induce MB in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we discuss natural products and modulators of transcription factors, kinases, cyclic nucleotides, and G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Cameron
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , 280 Calhoun Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States.,College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona , 1295 N. Martin Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , 280 Calhoun Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , 280 Calhoun Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States.,College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona , 1295 N. Martin Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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28
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Gómez-SanMiguel AB, Gomez-Moreira C, Nieto-Bona MP, Fernández-Galaz C, Villanúa MÁ, Martín AI, López-Calderón A. Formoterol decreases muscle wasting as well as inflammation in the rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E925-37. [PMID: 27245339 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00503.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant-induced arthritis is an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis that is associated with body weight loss and muscle wasting. β2-adrenergic receptor agonists are powerful anabolic agents that trigger skeletal muscle hypertrophy and have been proposed as a promising treatment for muscle wasting in human patients. The aim of this work was to determine whether formoterol, a selective β2-adrenoreceptor agonist, is able to ameliorate muscle wasting in arthritic rats. Arthritis was induced in male Wistar rats by intradermal injection of Freund's adjuvant. Control and arthritic rats were injected daily with 50 μg/kg sc formoterol or saline for 12 days. Body weight change, food intake, and arthritis index were analyzed. After euthanasia, in the gastrocnemius mRNA was analyzed by PCR, and proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. Arthritis decreased gastrocnemius weight, cross-sectional area, and myofiber size, whereas formoterol increased those variables in both arthritic and control rats. Formoterol decreased the external signs of arthritis as well as NF-κB(p65) activation, TNFα, and COX-2 levels in the gastrocnemius of arthritic and control rats. Those effects of formoterol were associated with a decreased expression of myostatin, atrogin-1, and MuRF1 and in LC3b lipidation. Arthritis increased the expression of MyoD, myogenin, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 and -5 in the gastrocnemius. In control and in arthritic rats, treatment with formoterol increased Akt phosphorylation and myogenin levels, whereas it decreased IGFBP-3 expression in the gastrocnemius. These data suggest that formoterol has an anti-inflammatory effect and decreases muscle wasting in arthritic rats through increasing Akt activity and myogenin and decreasing myostatin, the p-NF-κB(p65)/TNF pathway, and IGFBP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Gomez-Moreira
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - María Paz Nieto-Bona
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernández-Galaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Maria Ángeles Villanúa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Ana Isabel Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; and
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29
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Bartus RT, Bétourné A, Basile A, Peterson BL, Glass J, Boulis NM. β2-Adrenoceptor agonists as novel, safe and potentially effective therapies for Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:11-24. [PMID: 26459114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic and progressive neuromuscular disease for which no cure exists and better treatment options are desperately needed. We hypothesize that currently approved β2-adrenoceptor agonists may effectively treat the symptoms and possibly slow the progression of ALS. Although β2-agonists are primarily used to treat asthma, pharmacologic data from animal models of neuromuscular diseases suggest that these agents may have pharmacologic effects of benefit in treating ALS. These include inhibiting protein degradation, stimulating protein synthesis, inducing neurotrophic factor synthesis and release, positively modulating microglial and systemic immune function, maintaining the structural and functional integrity of motor endplates, and improving energy metabolism. Moreover, stimulation of β2-adrenoceptors can activate a range of downstream signaling events in many different cell types that could account for the diverse array of effects of these agents. The evidence supporting the possible therapeutic benefits of β2-agonists is briefly reviewed, followed by a more detailed review of clinical trials testing the efficacy of β-agonists in a variety of human neuromuscular maladies. The weight of evidence of the potential benefits from treating these diseases supports the hypothesis that β2-agonists may be efficacious in ALS. Finally, ways to monitor and manage the side effects that may arise with chronic administration of β2-agonists are evaluated. In sum, effective, safe and orally-active β2-agonists may provide a novel and convenient means to reduce the symptoms of ALS and possibly delay disease progression, affording a unique opportunity to repurpose these approved drugs for treating ALS, and rapidly transforming the management of this serious, unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Glass
- Dept Neurology and Emory ALS Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Dept Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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30
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Dutt V, Gupta S, Dabur R, Injeti E, Mittal A. Skeletal muscle atrophy: Potential therapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:86-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Whitaker RM, Stallons LJ, Kneff JE, Alge JL, Harmon JL, Rahn JJ, Arthur JM, Beeson CC, Chan SL, Schnellmann RG. Urinary mitochondrial DNA is a biomarker of mitochondrial disruption and renal dysfunction in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2015; 88:1336-1344. [PMID: 26287315 PMCID: PMC4675682 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the initiation and progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, no biomarkers exist linking renal injury to mitochondrial function and integrity. To this end, we evaluated urinary mitochondrial DNA (UmtDNA) as a biomarker of renal injury and function in humans with AKI following cardiac surgery. mtDNA was isolated from the urine of patients following cardiac surgery and quantified by quantitative PCR. Patients were stratified into no AKI, stable AKI, and progressive AKI groups based on Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) staging. UmtDNA was elevated in progressive AKI patients and was associated with progression of patients with AKI at collection to higher AKIN stages. To evaluate the relationship of UmtDNA to measures of renal mitochondrial integrity in AKI, mice were subjected to sham surgery or varying degrees of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. UmtDNA increased in mice after 10-15 min of ischemia and positively correlated with ischemia time. Furthermore, UmtDNA was predictive of AKI in the mouse model. Finally, UmtDNA levels were negatively correlated with renal cortical mtDNA and mitochondrial gene expression. These translational studies demonstrate that UmtDNA is associated with recovery from AKI following cardiac surgery by serving as an indicator of mitochondrial integrity. Thus UmtDNA may serve as valuable biomarker for the development of mitochondrial-targeted therapies in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Whitaker
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - L Jay Stallons
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua E Kneff
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph L Alge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harmon
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer J Rahn
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - John M Arthur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sherine L Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Dexamethasone and BCAA Failed to Modulate Muscle Mass and mTOR Signaling in GH-Deficient Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128805. [PMID: 26086773 PMCID: PMC4472719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and IGF-I, the secretion of which is stimulated by growth hormone (GH), prevent muscle atrophy. mTOR plays a pivotal role in the protective actions of BCAA and IGF-1. The pathway by which BCAA activates mTOR is different from that of IGF-1, which suggests that BCAA and GH work independently. We tried to examine whether BCAA exerts a protective effect against dexamethasone (Dex)-induced muscle atrophy independently of GH using GH-deficient spontaneous dwarf rats (SDRs). Unexpectedly, Dex did not induce muscle atrophy assessed by the measurement of cross-sectional area (CSA) of the muscle fibers and did not increase atrogin-1, MuRF1 and REDD1 expressions, which are activated during protein degradation. Glucocorticoid (GR) mRNA levels were higher in SDRs compared to GH-treated SDRs, indicating that the low expression of GR is not the reason of the defect of Dex's action in SDRs. BCAA did not stimulate the phosphorylation of p70S6K or 4E-BP1, which stimulate protein synthesis. BCAA did not decrease the mRNA level of atrogin-1 or MuRF1. These findings suggested that Dex failed to modulate muscle mass and that BCAA was unable to activate mTOR in SDRs because these phosphorylations of p70S6K and 4E-BP1 and the reductions of these mRNAs are regulated by mTOR. In contrast, after GH supplementation, these responses to Dex were normalized and muscle fiber CSA was decreased by Dex. BCAA prevented the Dex-induced decrease in CSA. BCAA increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K and decreased the Dex-induced elevations of atrogin-1 and Bnip3 mRNAs. However, the amount of mTORC1 components including mTOR was not decreased in the SDRs compared to the normal rats. These findings suggest that GH increases mTORC1 activity but not its content to recover the action of BCAA in SDRs and that GH is required for actions of Dex and BCAA in muscles.
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Bilgiç Ö, Bilgiç A. Possible atomoxetine-induced vitiligo: a case report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:179-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-015-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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