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Konaklieva MI, Plotkin BJ. Targeting host-specific metabolic pathways-opportunities and challenges for anti-infective therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1338567. [PMID: 38455763 PMCID: PMC10918472 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1338567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can takeover critical metabolic pathways in host cells to fuel their replication. This interaction provides an opportunity to target host metabolic pathways, in addition to the pathogen-specific ones, in the development of antimicrobials. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging strategy of anti-infective therapy, which targets host cell metabolism utilized by facultative and obligate intracellular pathogens for entry, replication, egress or persistence of infected host cells. This review provides an overview of the host lipid metabolism and links it to the challenges in the development of HDTs for viral and bacterial infections, where pathogens are using important for the host lipid enzymes, or producing their own analogous of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) thus interfering with the human host's lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balbina J. Plotkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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2
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Silbernagel G, Chen YQ, Rief M, Kleber ME, Hoffmann MM, Stojakovic T, Stang A, Sarzynski MA, Bouchard C, März W, Qian YW, Scharnagl H, Konrad RJ. Inverse association between apolipoprotein C-II and cardiovascular mortality: role of lipoprotein lipase activity modulation. Eur Heart J 2023:7156982. [PMID: 37155355 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II) is thought to activate lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and is therefore a possible target for treating hypertriglyceridemia. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk has not been investigated in large-scale epidemiologic studies, particularly allowing for apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III), an LPL antagonist. Furthermore, the exact mechanism of ApoC-II-mediated LPL activation is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoC-II was measured in 3141 LURIC participants of which 590 died from cardiovascular diseases during a median (inter-quartile range) follow-up of 9.9 (8.7-10.7) years. Apolipoprotein C-II-mediated activation of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1)-LPL complex was studied using enzymatic activity assays with fluorometric lipase and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) substrates. The mean ApoC-II concentration was 4.5 (2.4) mg/dL. The relationship of ApoC-II quintiles with cardiovascular mortality exhibited a trend toward an inverse J-shape, with the highest risk in the first (lowest) quintile and lowest risk in the middle quintile. Compared with the first quintile, all other quintiles were associated with decreased cardiovascular mortality after multivariate adjustments including ApoC-III as a covariate (all P < 0.05). In experiments using fluorometric substrate-based lipase assays, there was a bell-shaped relationship for the effect of ApoC-II on GPIHBP1-LPL activity when exogenous ApoC-II was added. In ApoC-II-containing VLDL substrate-based lipase assays, GPIHBP1-LPL enzymatic activity was almost completely blocked by a neutralizing anti-ApoC-II antibody. CONCLUSION The present epidemiologic data suggest that increasing low circulating ApoC-II levels may reduce cardiovascular risk. This conclusion is supported by the observation that optimal ApoC-II concentrations are required for maximal GPIHBP1-LPL enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15 Graz, Austria
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Martin Rief
- Division of General Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5 Graz, Austria
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael M Hoffmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, 8036 Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Stang
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Auenbruggerpl. 15, Graz, Austria
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Germany GmbH, P5, 7 (Street) 68161 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yue-Wei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Auenbruggerpl. 15, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
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3
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Arias‐Alpizar G, Papadopoulou P, Rios X, Pulagam KR, Moradi M, Pattipeiluhu R, Bussmann J, Sommerdijk N, Llop J, Kros A, Campbell F. Phase-Separated Liposomes Hijack Endogenous Lipoprotein Transport and Metabolism Pathways to Target Subsets of Endothelial Cells In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202709. [PMID: 36565694 PMCID: PMC11469146 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma lipid transport and metabolism are essential to ensure correct cellular function throughout the body. Dynamically regulated in time and space, the well-characterized mechanisms underpinning plasma lipid transport and metabolism offers an enticing, but as yet underexplored, rationale to design synthetic lipid nanoparticles with inherent cell/tissue selectivity. Herein, a systemically administered liposome formulation, composed of just two lipids, that is capable of hijacking a triglyceride lipase-mediated lipid transport pathway resulting in liposome recognition and uptake within specific endothelial cell subsets is described. In the absence of targeting ligands, liposome-lipase interactions are mediated by a unique, phase-separated ("parachute") liposome morphology. Within the embryonic zebrafish, selective liposome accumulation is observed at the developing blood-brain barrier. In mice, extensive liposome accumulation within the liver and spleen - which is reduced, but not eliminated, following small molecule lipase inhibition - supports a role for endothelial lipase but highlights these liposomes are also subject to significant "off-target" by reticuloendothelial system organs. Overall, these compositionally simplistic liposomes offer new insights into the discovery and design of lipid-based nanoparticles that can exploit endogenous lipid transport and metabolism pathways to achieve cell selective targeting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Arias‐Alpizar
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 9502Leiden2300The Netherlands
- Division of BioTherapeuticsLeiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 9502Leiden2300The Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Papadopoulou
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 9502Leiden2300The Netherlands
| | - Xabier Rios
- CIC biomaGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)San Sebastián20014Spain
| | | | - Mohammad‐Amin Moradi
- Materials and Interface ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600The Netherlands
| | - Roy Pattipeiluhu
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 9502Leiden2300The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bussmann
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 9502Leiden2300The Netherlands
- Division of BioTherapeuticsLeiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 9502Leiden2300The Netherlands
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Department of BiochemistryRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegen6525The Netherlands
- Electron Microscopy CentreRadboudumc Technology Center MicroscopyRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein Zuid 28Nijmegen6525The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Llop
- Materials and Interface ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 9502Leiden2300The Netherlands
| | - Frederick Campbell
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 9502Leiden2300The Netherlands
- Present address:
NanoVation Therapeutics2405 Wesbrook Mall 4th floorVancouverBCV6T 1Z3Canada
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4
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Dedousis N, Teng L, Kanshana JS, Kohan AB. A single-day mouse mesenteric lymph surgery in mice: an updated approach to study dietary lipid absorption, chylomicron secretion, and lymphocyte dynamics. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100284. [PMID: 36152881 PMCID: PMC9646667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a crucial role in regulating whole-body lipid metabolism through its unique function of absorbing dietary fat. In the small intestine, absorptive epithelial cells emulsify hydrophobic dietary triglycerides (TAGs) prior to secreting them into mesenteric lymphatic vessels as chylomicrons. Except for short- and medium-chain fatty acids, which are directly absorbed from the intestinal lumen into portal vasculature, the only way for an animal to absorb dietary TAG is through the chylomicron/mesenteric lymphatic pathway. Isolating intestinal lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, is extremely difficult in vivo because of the dilution of postprandial lymph in the peripheral blood. In addition, once postprandial lymph enters the circulation, chylomicron TAGs are rapidly hydrolyzed. To enhance isolation of large quantities of pure postprandial chylomicrons, we have modified the Tso group's highly reproducible gold-standard double-cannulation technique in rats to enable single-day surgery and lymph collection in mice. Our technique has a significantly higher survival rate than the traditional 2-day surgical model and allows for the collection of greater than 400 μl of chylous lymph with high postprandial TAG concentrations. Using this approach, we show that after an intraduodenal lipid bolus, the mesenteric lymph contains naïve CD4+ T-cell populations that can be quantified by flow cytometry. In conclusion, this experimental approach represents a quantitative tool for determining dietary lipid absorption, intestinal lipoprotein dynamics, and mesenteric immunity. Our model may also be a powerful tool for studies of antigens, the microbiome, pharmacokinetics, and dietary compound absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dedousis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lihong Teng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jitendra S Kanshana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alison B Kohan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Vyletelová V, Nováková M, Pašková Ľ. Alterations of HDL's to piHDL's Proteome in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, and HDL-Targeted Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1278. [PMID: 36297390 PMCID: PMC9611871 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, steatohepatitis, periodontitis, chronic kidney disease, and others are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which persists even after accounting for traditional cardiac risk factors. The common factor linking these diseases to accelerated atherosclerosis is chronic systemic low-grade inflammation triggering changes in lipoprotein structure and metabolism. HDL, an independent marker of cardiovascular risk, is a lipoprotein particle with numerous important anti-atherogenic properties. Besides the essential role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antithrombotic properties. Inflammation and inflammation-associated pathologies can cause modifications in HDL's proteome and lipidome, transforming HDL from atheroprotective into a pro-atherosclerotic lipoprotein. Therefore, a simple increase in HDL concentration in patients with inflammatory diseases has not led to the desired anti-atherogenic outcome. In this review, the functions of individual protein components of HDL, rendering them either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory are described in detail. Alterations of HDL proteome (such as replacing atheroprotective proteins by pro-inflammatory proteins, or posttranslational modifications) in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and their impact on cardiovascular health are discussed. Finally, molecular, and clinical aspects of HDL-targeted therapies, including those used in therapeutical practice, drugs in clinical trials, and experimental drugs are comprehensively summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ľudmila Pašková
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
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6
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Wen Y, Chen YQ, Konrad RJ. The Regulation of Triacylglycerol Metabolism and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200093. [PMID: 35676229 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain a pool of TG within circulating lipoproteins that can be hydrolyzed in a tissue-specific manner by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to enable the delivery of fatty acids to adipose or oxidative tissues as needed. Elevated serum TG concentrations, which result from a deficiency of LPL activity or, more commonly, an imbalance in the regulation of tissue-specific LPL activities, have been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through multiple studies. Among the most critical LPL regulators are the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, and a number of different apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), apolipoprotein C2 (ApoC2), and apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3). These ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins work together to orchestrate LPL activity and therefore play pivotal roles in TG partitioning, hydrolysis, and utilization. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action, epidemiological findings, and genetic data most relevant to these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins. The interplay between these important regulators of TG metabolism in both fasted and fed states is highlighted with a holistic view toward understanding key concepts and interactions. Strategies for developing safe and effective therapeutics to reduce circulating TG by selectively targeting these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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7
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Oldham D, Wang H, Mullen J, Lietzke E, Sprenger K, Reigan P, Eckel RH, Bruce KD. Using Synthetic ApoC-II Peptides and nAngptl4 Fragments to Measure Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Radiometric and Fluorescent Assays. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:926631. [PMID: 35911520 PMCID: PMC9329559 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.926631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a crucial role in preventing dyslipidemia by hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs) in packaged lipoproteins. Since hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide, methods that accurately quantify the hydrolytic activity of LPL in clinical and pre-clinical samples are much needed. To date, the methods used to determine LPL activity vary considerably in their approach, in the LPL substrates used, and in the source of LPL activators and inhibitors used to quantify LPL-specific activity, rather than other lipases, e.g., hepatic lipase (HL) or endothelial lipase (EL) activity. Here, we describe methods recently optimized in our laboratory, using a synthetic ApoC-II peptide to activate LPL, and an n-terminal Angiopoietin-Like 4 fragment (nAngptl4) to inhibit LPL, presenting a cost-effective and reproducible method to measure LPL activity in human post-heparin plasma (PHP) and in LPL-enriched heparin released (HR) fractions from LPL secreting cells. We also describe a modified version of the triolein-based assay using human serum as a source of endogenous activators and inhibitors and to determine the relative abundance of circulating factors that regulate LPL activity. Finally, we describe how an ApoC-II peptide and nAngptl4 can be applied to high-throughput measurements of LPL activity using the EnzChek™ fluorescent TG analog substrate with PHP, bovine LPL, and HR LPL enriched fractions. In summary, this manuscript assesses the current methods of measuring LPL activity and makes new recommendations for measuring LPL-mediated hydrolysis in pre-clinical and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Oldham
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Juliet Mullen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Emma Lietzke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kayla Sprenger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert H. Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberley D. Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kimberley D. Bruce,
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8
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Zhang BH, Yin F, Qiao YN, Guo SD. Triglyceride and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:909151. [PMID: 35693558 PMCID: PMC9174947 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.909151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of death globally, and atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of CVDs. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a strong causal factor of atherosclerosis. However, the first-line lipid-lowering drugs, statins, only reduce approximately 30% of the CVD risk. Of note, atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) cannot be eliminated in a great number of patients even their LDL-C levels meet the recommended clinical goals. Previously, whether the elevated plasma level of triglyceride is causally associated with ASCVD has been controversial. Recent genetic and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that triglyceride and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) are the main causal risk factors of the residual ASCVD. TGRLs and their metabolites can promote atherosclerosis via modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and formation of foam cells. In this article, we will make a short review of TG and TGRL metabolism, display evidence of association between TG and ASCVD, summarize the atherogenic factors of TGRLs and their metabolites, and discuss the current findings and advances in TG-lowering therapies. This review provides information useful for the researchers in the field of CVD as well as for pharmacologists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ya-Nan Qiao
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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9
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HDL, ApoA-I and ApoE-Mimetic Peptides: Potential Broad Spectrum Agent for Clinical Use? Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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HDL Mimetic Peptides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1377:141-151. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1592-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Benitez Amaro A, Solanelles Curco A, Garcia E, Julve J, Rives J, Benitez S, Llorente Cortes V. Apolipoprotein and LRP1-Based Peptides as New Therapeutic Tools in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163571. [PMID: 34441867 PMCID: PMC8396846 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (Apo)-based mimetic peptides have been shown to reduce atherosclerosis. Most of the ApoC-II and ApoE mimetics exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by improving lipid profile. ApoC-II mimetics reverse hypertriglyceridemia and ApoE-based peptides such as Ac-hE18A-NH2 reduce cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in humans. Conversely, other classes of ApoE and ApoA-I mimetic peptides and, more recently, ApoJ and LRP1-based peptides, exhibit several anti-atherosclerotic actions in experimental models without influencing lipoprotein profile. These other mimetic peptides display at least one atheroprotective mechanism such as providing LDL stability against mechanical modification or conferring protection against the action of lipolytic enzymes inducing LDL aggregation in the arterial intima. Other anti-atherosclerotic effects exerted by these peptides also include protection against foam cell formation and inflammation, and induction of reverse cholesterol transport. Although the underlying mechanisms of action are still poorly described, the recent findings suggest that these mimetics could confer atheroprotection by favorably influencing lipoprotein function rather than lipoprotein levels. Despite the promising results obtained with peptide mimetics, the assessment of their stability, atheroprotective efficacy and tissue targeted delivery are issues currently under progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda Benitez Amaro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Eduardo Garcia
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Josep Julve
- Metabolic Basis of Cardiovascular Risk Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Rives
- Biochemistry Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08016 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.B.); or (V.L.C.)
| | - Vicenta Llorente Cortes
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.B.); or (V.L.C.)
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12
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Wolska A, Reimund M, Sviridov DO, Amar MJ, Remaley AT. Apolipoprotein Mimetic Peptides: Potential New Therapies for Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:597. [PMID: 33800446 PMCID: PMC8000854 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the seminal breakthrough of treating diabetic patients with insulin in the 1920s, there has been great interest in developing other proteins and their peptide mimetics as therapies for a wide variety of other medical disorders. Currently, there are at least 60 different peptides that have been approved for human use and over 150 peptides that are in various stages of clinical development. Peptides mimetic of the major proteins on lipoproteins, namely apolipoproteins, have also been developed first as tools for understanding apolipoprotein structure and more recently as potential therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry, peptide mimetics design and clinical trials for peptides based on apoA-I, apoE and apoC-II. We primarily focus on applications of peptide mimetics related to cardiovascular diseases. We conclude with a discussion on the limitations of peptides as therapeutic agents and the challenges that need to be overcome before apolipoprotein mimetic peptides can be developed into new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.R.); (D.O.S.); (M.J.A.); (A.T.R.)
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13
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Lightbourne M, Wolska A, Abel BS, Rother KI, Walter M, Kushchayeva Y, Auh S, Shamburek RD, Remaley AT, Muniyappa R, Brown RJ. Apolipoprotein CIII and Angiopoietin-like Protein 8 are Elevated in Lipodystrophy and Decrease after Metreleptin. J Endocr Soc 2020; 5:bvaa191. [PMID: 33442570 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Lipodystrophy syndromes cause hypertriglyceridemia that improves with leptin treatment using metreleptin. Mechanisms causing hypertriglyceridemia and improvements after metreleptin are incompletely understood. Objective Determine relationship of circulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) modulators with hypertriglyceridemia in healthy controls and in patients with lipodystrophy before and after metreleptin. Methods Cross-sectional comparison of patients with lipodystrophy (generalized lipodystrophy n = 3; partial lipodystrophy n = 11) vs age/sex-matched healthy controls (n = 28), and longitudinal analyses in patients before and after 2 weeks and 6 months of metreleptin. The study was carried out at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Outcomes were LPL stimulators apolipoprotein (apo) C-II and apoA-V and inhibitors apoC-III and angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) 3, 4, and 8; ex vivo activation of LPL by plasma. Results Patients with lipodystrophy were hypertriglyceridemic and had higher levels of all LPL stimulators and inhibitors vs controls except for ANGPTL4, with >300-fold higher ANGPTL8, 4-fold higher apoC-III, 3.5-fold higher apoC-II, 1.9-fold higher apoA-V, 1.6-fold higher ANGPTL3 (P < .05 for all). At baseline, all LPL modulators except ANGPLT4 positively correlated with triglycerides. Metreleptin decreased apoC-II and apoC-III after 2 weeks and 6 months, and decreased ANGPTL8 after 6 months (P < 0.05 for all). Plasma from patients with lipodystrophy caused higher ex vivo LPL activation vs hypertriglyceridemic control plasma (P < .0001), which did not change after metreleptin. Conclusion Elevations in LPL inhibitors apoC-III and ANGPTL8 may contribute to hypertriglyceridemia in lipodystrophy, and may mediate reductions in circulating and hepatic triglycerides after metreleptin. These therefore are strong candidates for therapies to lower triglycerides in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Lightbourne
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brent S Abel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Walter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yevgeniya Kushchayeva
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sungyoung Auh
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert D Shamburek
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ranganath Muniyappa
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), a form of dyslipidemia characterized by elevated plasma of triglycerides (TG), is associated with an increased risk for acute pancreatitis. Moreover, HTG has recently been shown to be linked to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD); therefore, there is a great interest in better understanding the pathophysiology of HTG and improving its clinical management. In this review, we briefly describe TG metabolism, recent guidelines for the clinical management of HTG and provide an overview of the current and potential new therapies for HTG. RECENT FINDINGS Screening patients for HTG is valuable for not only identifying patients with extreme TG elevations, who are at risk for pancreatitis, but also for managing ASCVD risk in patients with more moderate forms of HTG. Therefore, the most recent USA guidelines for cardiovascular diseases recommend using TG as a risk enhancer test, leading to a more aggressive treatment of patients with intermediate risk. Currently, there are several available approaches for reducing plasma TG, which include lifestyle changes, fibrates and omega-3 fatty acid treatment. The addition of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on top of statins has recently been shown to significantly reduce ASCVD events. Nevertheless, there is an unmet need for more effective treatment options. Several new therapies based on newly identified targets in TG metabolism, such as apolipoprotein C-III and angiopoietin-like 3 protein, are currently under development. SUMMARY The clinical management of HTG is important in the prevention and treatment of acute pancreatitis and also impacts on how ASCVD risk is managed. More work needs to be done to establish the mechanism for the ability of how EPA lowers ASCVD and how to best integrate it with other lipid-lowering therapies. The efficacy and safety of the novel therapies for HTG should be established soon in the ongoing late-stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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15
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Wolska A, Lo L, Sviridov DO, Pourmousa M, Pryor M, Ghosh SS, Kakkar R, Davidson M, Wilson S, Pastor RW, Goldberg IJ, Basu D, Drake SK, Cougnoux A, Wu MJ, Neher SB, Freeman LA, Tang J, Amar M, Devalaraja M, Remaley AT. A dual apolipoprotein C-II mimetic-apolipoprotein C-III antagonist peptide lowers plasma triglycerides. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/528/eaaw7905. [PMID: 31996466 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have established that hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is causally related to cardiovascular disease, making it an active area for drug development. We describe a strategy for lowering triglycerides (TGs) with an apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) mimetic peptide called D6PV that activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the main plasma TG-hydrolyzing enzyme, and antagonizes the TG-raising effect of apoC-III. The design of D6PV was motivated by a combination of all-atom molecular dynamics simulation of apoC-II on the Anton 2 supercomputer, structural prediction programs, and biophysical techniques. Efficacy of D6PV was assessed ex vivo in human HTG plasma and was found to be more potent than full-length apoC-II in activating LPL. D6PV markedly lowered TG by more than 80% within a few hours in both apoC-II-deficient mice and hAPOC3-transgenic (Tg) mice. In hAPOC3-Tg mice, D6PV treatment reduced plasma apoC-III by 80% and apoB by 65%. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol did not accumulate but rather was decreased by 10% when hAPOC3-Tg mice lacking the LDL-receptor (hAPOC3-Tg × Ldlr-/- ) were treated with the peptide. D6PV lowered TG by 50% in whole-body inducible Lpl knockout (iLpl-/- ) mice, confirming that it can also act independently of LPL. D6PV displayed good subcutaneous bioavailability of about 80% in nonhuman primates. Because it binds to high-density lipoproteins, which serve as a long-term reservoir, it also has an extended terminal half-life (42 to 50 hours) in nonhuman primates. In summary, D6PV decreases plasma TG by acting as a dual apoC-II mimetic and apoC-III antagonist, thereby demonstrating its potential as a treatment for HTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Larry Lo
- Corvidia Therapeutics Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Denis O Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohsen Pourmousa
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Milton Pryor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Rahul Kakkar
- Corvidia Therapeutics Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | - Sierra Wilson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard W Pastor
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Debapriya Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Steven K Drake
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antony Cougnoux
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming Jing Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Saskia B Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jingrong Tang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcelo Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Kim JT, Jedrychowski MP, Wei W, Fernandez D, Fischer CR, Banik SM, Spiegelman BM, Long JZ. A Plasma Protein Network Regulates PM20D1 and N-Acyl Amino Acid Bioactivity. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1130-1139.e4. [PMID: 32402239 PMCID: PMC7502524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-acyl amino acids are a family of cold-inducible circulating lipids that stimulate thermogenesis. Their biosynthesis is mediated by a secreted enzyme called PM20D1. The extracellular mechanisms that regulate PM20D1 or N-acyl amino acid activity in the complex environment of blood plasma remains unknown. Using quantitative proteomics, here we show that PM20D1 circulates in tight association with both low- and high-density lipoproteins. Lipoprotein particles are powerful co-activators of PM20D1 activity in vitro and N-acyl amino acid biosynthesis in vivo. We also identify serum albumin as a physiologic N-acyl amino acid carrier, which spatially segregates N-acyl amino acids away from their sites of production, confers resistance to hydrolytic degradation, and establishes an equilibrium between thermogenic "free" versus inactive "bound" fractions. These data establish lipoprotein particles as principal extracellular sites of N-acyl amino acid biosynthesis and identify a lipoprotein-albumin network that regulates the activity of a circulating thermogenic lipid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon T Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark P Jedrychowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Curt R Fischer
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven M Banik
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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The Role of HDL and HDL Mimetic Peptides as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091276. [PMID: 32899606 PMCID: PMC7563116 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the cardiovascular system has been extensively studied and the cardioprotective effects of HDL are well established. As HDL particles are formed both in the systemic circulation and in the central nervous system, the role of HDL and its associated apolipoproteins in the brain has attracted much research interest in recent years. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide, for which there currently exists no approved disease modifying treatment. Multiple lines of evidence, including a number of large-scale human clinical studies, have shown a robust connection between HDL levels and AD. Low levels of HDL are associated with increased risk and severity of AD, whereas high levels of HDL are correlated with superior cognitive function. Although the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of HDL in the brain are not fully understood, many of the functions of HDL, including reverse lipid/cholesterol transport, anti-inflammation/immune modulation, anti-oxidation, microvessel endothelial protection, and proteopathy modification, are thought to be critical for its beneficial effects. This review describes the current evidence for the role of HDL in AD and the potential of using small peptides mimicking HDL or its associated apolipoproteins (HDL-mimetic peptides) as therapeutics to treat AD.
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18
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Gao M, Yang C, Wang X, Guo M, Yang L, Gao S, Zhang X, Ruan G, Li X, Tian W, Lu G, Dong X, Ma S, Li W, Wang Y, Zhu H, He J, Yang H, Liu G, Xian X. ApoC2 deficiency elicits severe hypertriglyceridemia and spontaneous atherosclerosis: A rodent model rescued from neonatal death. Metabolism 2020; 109:154296. [PMID: 32562799 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE ApoC2 is an important activator for lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich plasma lipoproteins. ApoC2-deficient patients display severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG) and recurrent acute pancreatitis. However, due to embryonic lethality in ApoC2 deleted mouse extensive understanding of ApoC2 function is limited in mammalian species. OBJECTIVE We sought to generate an animal model with ApoC2 deficiency in a rodent with some human-like features and then study the precise effects of ApoC2 on lipid and glucose homeostasis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using CRISPR/Cas9, we deleted Apoc2 gene from golden Syrian hamster and the homozygous (-/-) pups can be born in matured term but exhibited neonatal lethality. By continuous iv administration of normal hamster serum the ApoC2-/- pups could survive till weaning and displayed severe HTG in adulthood on chow diet. A single iv injection of AAV-hApoC2 at birth can also rescue the neonatal death of ApoC2-/- pups. Adult ApoC2-/-hamsters exhibited a unique phenotype of sHTG with hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia and spontaneous atherosclerosis. The sHTG in ApoC2-/- adult hamsters could not be corrected by various lipid-lowering medications, but partially ameliorated by medium chain triglyceride diet and completely corrected by AAV-hApoC2. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a novel ApoC2-deleted mammalian model with severe hypertriglyceridemia that was fully characterized and highlights a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of ApoC2 deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hebei Invivo Biotech Co, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guiyun Ruan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenhong Tian
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sisi Ma
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Weiqin Li
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is a critical cofactor for the activation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a plasma enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides (TG) on TG-rich lipoproteins (TRL). Although apoC-II was first discovered nearly 50 years ago, there is renewed interest in it because of the recent efforts to develop new drugs for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). The main topic of this review will be the development of apoC-II mimetic peptides as a possible new therapy for cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS We first describe the biochemistry of apoC-II and its role in TRL metabolism. We then review the clinical findings of HTG, particularly those related to apoC-II deficiency, and how TG metabolism relates to the development of atherosclerosis. We next summarize the current efforts to develop new drugs for HTG. Finally, we describe recent efforts to make small synthetic apoC-II mimetic peptides for activation of LPL and how these peptides unexpectedly have other mechanisms of action mostly related to the antagonism of the TG-raising effects of apoC-III. SUMMARY The role of apoC-II in TG metabolism is reviewed, as well as recent efforts to develop apoC-II mimetic peptides into a novel therapy for HTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mart Reimund
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Experimental Therapeutics for Challenging Clinical Care of a Patient with an Extremely Rare Homozygous APOC2 Mutation. Case Rep Endocrinol 2020; 2020:1865489. [PMID: 32292609 PMCID: PMC7149354 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1865489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among many causes of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare monogenic disorder that manifests as severe HTG and acute pancreatitis. Among the known causal genes for FCS, mutations in APOC2 only account for <2% of cases. Medical nutrition therapy is critical for FCS because usual triglyceride- (TG-) lowering medications are ineffective. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is an option to urgently reduce TG and pancreatitis episodes. Several novel biologics are under development to treat HTG and may provide therapeutic options for FCS in the future. Objective We present the challenging care of a 43-year-old man with FCS with apoC-II deficiency and the results of two types of TPE and of investigational TG-lowering biologic therapies. Results The patient's lipid profile was consistent with FCS. A novel homozygous variant was identified in APOC2, and its pathogenicity was confirmed. Even on a fat-restricted diet, his care was tremendously complicated with unremitting bouts of pancreatitis. TPE with FFP replacement lowered TG >90% post-sessions and appeared to reduce pancreatitis episodes. Experimental ANGPTL3 and APOC3 inhibitors each lowered TG by >50%. Conclusions Our case demonstrates the importance of delineating and defining the underlying etiology of a rare disorder to optimize therapy and to minimize unfavorable outcomes.
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21
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Basu D, Bornfeldt KE. Hypertriglyceridemia and Atherosclerosis: Using Human Research to Guide Mechanistic Studies in Animal Models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:504. [PMID: 32849290 PMCID: PMC7423973 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies support a strong association between hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, whether a causal relationship exists between hypertriglyceridemia and increased CVD risk is still unclear. One plausible explanation for the difficulty establishing a clear causal role for hypertriglyceridemia in CVD risk is that lipolysis products of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), rather than the TRLs themselves, are the likely mediators of increased CVD risk. This hypothesis is supported by studies of rare mutations in humans resulting in impaired clearance of such lipolysis products (remnant lipoprotein particles; RLPs). Several animal models of hypertriglyceridemia support this hypothesis and have provided additional mechanistic understanding. Mice deficient in lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the major vascular enzyme responsible for TRL lipolysis and generation of RLPs, or its endothelial anchor GPIHBP1, are severely hypertriglyceridemic but develop only minimal atherosclerosis as compared with animal models deficient in apolipoprotein (APO) E, which is required to clear TRLs and RLPs. Likewise, animal models convincingly show that increased clearance of TRLs and RLPs by LPL activation (achieved by inhibition of APOC3, ANGPTL3, or ANGPTL4 action, or increased APOA5) results in protection from atherosclerosis. Mechanistic studies suggest that RLPs are more atherogenic than large TRLs because they more readily enter the artery wall, and because they are enriched in cholesterol relative to triglycerides, which promotes pro-atherogenic effects in lesional cells. Other mechanistic studies show that hepatic receptors (LDLR and LRP1) and APOE are critical for RLP clearance. Thus, studies in animal models have provided additional mechanistic insight and generally agree with the hypothesis that RLPs derived from TRLs are highly atherogenic whereas hypertriglyceridemia due to accumulation of very large TRLs in plasma is not markedly atherogenic in the absence of TRL lipolysis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karin E. Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karin E. Bornfeldt
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22
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Reimund M, Wolska A, Risti R, Wilson S, Sviridov D, Remaley AT, Lookene A. Apolipoprotein C-II mimetic peptide is an efficient activator of lipoprotein lipase in human plasma as studied by a calorimetric approach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:67-72. [PMID: 31477272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are associated with higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. One way to reduce plasma TG is to increase the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate limiting enzyme in plasma TG metabolism. An apolipoprotein (apo) C-II mimetic peptide (18A-CII-a) has been recently developed that stimulated LPL activity in vitro and decreased plasma TG concentration in animal models for hypertriglyceridemia. Since this peptide can serve as a new therapeutic approach for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, we investigated how 18A-CII-a peptide influences LPL activity in human plasma. We used recently described isothermal titration calorimetry based approach to assess the peptide, which enables the analysis in nearly undiluted human plasma. The 18A-CII-a peptide was 3.5-fold more efficient in stimulating LPL activity than full-length apoC-II in plasma sample from normolipidemic individual. Furthermore, 18A-CII-a also increased LPL activity in hypertriglyceridemic plasma samples. Unlike apoC-II, high concentrations of the 18A-CII-a peptide did not inhibit LPL activity. The increase in LPL activity after addition of 18A-CII-a or apoC-II to plasma was due to the increase of the amount of available substrate for LPL. Measurements with isolated lipoproteins revealed that the relative activation effects of 18A-CII-a and apoC-II on LPL activity were greater in smaller size lipoprotein fractions, such as remnant lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins. In summary, this report describes a novel mechanism of action for stimulation of LPL activity by apoC-II mimetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Reimund
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert Risti
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Sierra Wilson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Denis Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia.
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Apolipoprotein C-II Mimetic Peptide Promotes the Plasma Clearance of Triglyceride-Rich Lipid Emulsion and the Incorporation of Fatty Acids into Peripheral Tissues of Mice. J Nutr Metab 2019; 2019:7078241. [PMID: 30863636 PMCID: PMC6377985 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7078241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Plasma apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and thus lowers plasma triglycerides (TG). We previously reported that a human apoC-II mimetic peptide (C-II-a) decreased plasma TG in apoC-II mutant mice, as well as in apoE-knockout mice. Because it is unknown what tissues take up free fatty acids (FFAs) released from TG after C-II-a peptide administration, we investigated in mice TG plasma clearance and tissue incorporation, using 3H-triolein as a tracer, with and without C-II-a treatment. Methods and Results Intralipid® fat emulsion was labeled with 3H-triolein and then mixed with or without C-II-a. Addition of the peptide did not alter mean particle size of the lipid emulsion particles (298 nm) but accelerated their plasma clearance. After intravenous injection into C57BL/6N mice, the plasma half-life of the 3H-triolein for control and C-II-a treated emulsions was 18.3 ± 2.2 min and 14.8 ± 0.1 min, respectively. In apoC-II mutant mice, the plasma half-life of 3H-triolein for injected control and C-II-a treated emulsions was 30.1 ± 0.1 min and 14.8 ± 0.1 min, respectively. C57BL/6N and apoC-II mutant mice at 120 minutes after the injection showed increased tissue incorporation of radioactivity in white adipose tissue when C-II-a treated emulsion was used. Higher radiolabeled uptake of lipids from C-II-a treated emulsion was also observed in the skeletal muscle of C57BL/6N mice only. In case of apoC-II mutant mice, decreased uptake of radioactive lipids was observed in the liver and kidney after addition of C-II-a to the lipid emulsion. Conclusions C-II-a peptide promotes the plasma clearance of TG-rich lipid emulsions in wild type and apoC-II mutant mice and promotes the incorporation of fatty acids from TG in the lipid emulsions into specific peripheral tissues.
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Bourdi M, Amar M, Remaley AT, Terse PS. Intravenous toxicity and toxicokinetics of an HDL mimetic, Fx-5A peptide complex, in cynomolgus monkeys. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 100:59-67. [PMID: 30359697 PMCID: PMC6893859 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fx-5A peptide complex (Fx-5A), a High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) mimetic, has been shown to reduce atherosclerosis. The safety and toxicokinetics of Fx-5A administered IV by 30 min infusion at 8, 25 or 75 mg/kg body weight or vehicle, once every other day for 27 days, were assessed in cynomolgus monkeys. The Fx-5A was well tolerated at all doses. At the highest dose, there were statistically significant effects on hematology and clinical chemistry parameters that were considered non-adverse. Dose-dependent recoverable non-adverse erythrocytes morphological changes (acanthocytes, echinocytes, spherocytes, microcytes, and/or schistocytes) were observed. Fx-5A was not hemolytic in in-vitro fresh NHP or human blood assay. There were no Fx-5A-related statistically significant changes for any cardiovascular function, ECG or respiratory parameters, when compared to control. In addition, there were no Fx-5A-related effects on organ weights, macroscopic or microscopic endpoints. Finally, Fx-5A exhibited sporadic non-appreciable detection of anti-Fx-5A antibodies and a dose-dependent linear toxicokinetics with T1/2 value ranges from 2.7 to 6.2 h. In conclusion, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level was considered to be 75 mg/kg/day with associated exposures average Cmax and AUC0-last of 453 μg/mL and 2232 h μg/mL, respectively, on Day 27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bourdi
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Marcelo Amar
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pramod S Terse
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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25
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26
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He PP, Jiang T, OuYang XP, Liang YQ, Zou JQ, Wang Y, Shen QQ, Liao L, Zheng XL. Lipoprotein lipase: Biosynthesis, regulatory factors, and its role in atherosclerosis and other diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 480:126-137. [PMID: 29453968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Liu C, Han T, Stachura DL, Wang H, Vaisman BL, Kim J, Klemke RL, Remaley AT, Rana TM, Traver D, Miller YI. Lipoprotein lipase regulates hematopoietic stem progenitor cell maintenance through DHA supply. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1310. [PMID: 29615667 PMCID: PMC5882990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mediates hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs) to supply free fatty acids (FFAs) to tissues. Here, we show that LPL activity is also required for hematopoietic stem progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance. Knockout of Lpl or its obligatory cofactor Apoc2 results in significantly reduced HSPC expansion during definitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish. A human APOC2 mimetic peptide or the human very low-density lipoprotein, which carries APOC2, rescues the phenotype in apoc2 but not in lpl mutant zebrafish. Creating parabiotic apoc2 and lpl mutant zebrafish rescues the hematopoietic defect in both. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is identified as an important factor in HSPC expansion. FFA-DHA, but not TG-DHA, rescues the HSPC defects in apoc2 and lpl mutant zebrafish. Reduced blood cell counts are also observed in Apoc2 mutant mice at the time of weaning. These results indicate that LPL-mediated release of the essential fatty acid DHA regulates HSPC expansion and definitive hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tianxu Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David L Stachura
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Boris L Vaisman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 31 Center St, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Richard L Klemke
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 31 Center St, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tariq M Rana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David Traver
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Wolska A, Dunbar RL, Freeman LA, Ueda M, Amar MJ, Sviridov DO, Remaley AT. Apolipoprotein C-II: New findings related to genetics, biochemistry, and role in triglyceride metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2017; 267:49-60. [PMID: 29100061 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is a small exchangeable apolipoprotein found on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), such as chylomicrons (CM) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and on high-density lipoproteins (HDL), particularly during fasting. ApoC-II plays a critical role in TRL metabolism by acting as a cofactor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the main enzyme that hydrolyses plasma triglycerides (TG) on TRL. Here, we present an overview of the role of apoC-II in TG metabolism, emphasizing recent novel findings regarding its transcriptional regulation and biochemistry. We also review the 24 genetic mutations in the APOC2 gene reported to date that cause hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Finally, we describe the clinical presentation of apoC-II deficiency and assess the current therapeutic approaches, as well as potential novel emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Richard L Dunbar
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; ICON plc, North Wales, PA, USA; Cardiometabolic and Lipid Clinic, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masako Ueda
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denis O Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
It is now evident that elevated circulating levels of triglycerides in the non-fasting state, a marker for triglyceride (TG)-rich remnant particles, are associated with increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent findings from basic and clinical studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to the atherogenicity of these apoB-containing particles. Here, we review current knowledge of the formation, intravascular remodelling and catabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and highlight (i) the pivotal players involved in this process, including lipoprotein lipase, glycosylphosphatidylinositol HDL binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), apolipoprotein (apo) C-II, apoC-III, angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) 3, 4 and 8, apoA-V and cholesteryl ester transfer protein; (ii) key determinants of triglyceride (TG) levels and notably rates of production of very-low-density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL1) particles; and (iii) the mechanisms which underlie the atherogenicity of remnant particles. Finally, we emphasise the polygenic nature of moderate hypertriglyceridemia and briefly discuss modalities for its clinical management. Several new therapeutic strategies to attenuate hypertriglyceridemia have appeared recently, among which those targeted to apoC-III appear to hold considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M John Chapman
- INSERM and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France
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30
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Lipid Metabolism and Emerging Targets for Lipid-Lowering Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:872-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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31
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Lee J, Hegele RA. Investigated treatments for lipoprotein lipase deficiency and related metabolic disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1311784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Ueda M, Dunbar RL, Wolska A, Sikora TU, Escobar MDR, Seliktar N, deGoma E, DerOhannessian S, Morrell L, McIntyre AD, Burke F, Sviridov D, Amar M, Shamburek RD, Freeman L, Hegele RA, Remaley AT, Rader DJ. A Novel APOC2 Missense Mutation Causing Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency With Severe Triglyceridemia and Pancreatitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1454-1457. [PMID: 28201738 PMCID: PMC6283445 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare heritable disorder associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent pancreatitis. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency and apolipoprotein C-II deficiency are two well-characterized autosomal recessive causes of FCS, and three other genes have been described to cause FCS. Because therapeutic approaches can vary according to the underlying etiology, it is important to establish the molecular etiology of FCS. CASE DESCRIPTION A man originally from North Africa was referred to the University of Pennsylvania Lipid Clinic for severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent pancreatitis, consistent with the clinical diagnosis of FCS. Molecular analyses of FCS-associated genes revealed a homozygous missense variant R72T in APOC2. Molecular modeling of the variant predicted that the apolipoprotein C-II R72T peptide has reduced lipid binding affinity. In vitro studies of the patient's plasma confirmed the lack of functional apoC-II activity. Moreover, the apoC-II protein was undetectable in the patient's plasma, quantitatively as well as qualitatively. CONCLUSIONS We identified a missense APOC2 variant causing apoC-II deficiency in a patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent pancreatitis. Beyond dietary management and usual pharmacologic therapies, an apoC-II mimetic peptide may become an optional therapy in patients with apoC-II deficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Ueda
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Richard L Dunbar
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Tracey U Sikora
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Maria Del Rosario Escobar
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Naomi Seliktar
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Emil deGoma
- Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Stephanie DerOhannessian
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Linda Morrell
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Adam D McIntyre
- Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Frances Burke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Denis Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Marcelo Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Robert D Shamburek
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Lita Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Serum Proteome Alterations in Patients with Cognitive Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury Revealed by iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8572509. [PMID: 28251161 PMCID: PMC5303854 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8572509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background. Cognitive impairment is the leading cause of traumatic brain injury- (TBI-) related disability; however, the underlying pathogenesis of this dysfunction is not completely understood. Methods. Using an isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation- (iTRAQ-) based quantitative proteomic approach, serum samples from healthy control subjects, TBI patients with cognitive impairment, and TBI patients without cognitive impairment were analysed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) related to post-TBI cognitive impairment. In addition, DEPs were further analysed using bioinformatic platforms and validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results. A total of 56 DEPs were identified that were specifically related to TBI-induced cognitive impairment. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that a wide variety of cellular and metabolic processes and some signaling pathways were involved in the pathophysiology of cognitive deficits following TBI. Five randomly selected DEPs were validated using ELISA in an additional 105 cases, and the results also supported the experimental findings. Conclusions. Despite limitations, our findings will facilitate further studies of the pathological mechanisms underlying TBI-induced cognitive impairment and provide new methods for the research and development of neuroprotective agents. However, further investigation on a large cohort is warranted.
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Reimund M, Kovrov O, Olivecrona G, Lookene A. Lipoprotein lipase activity and interactions studied in human plasma by isothermal titration calorimetry. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:279-288. [PMID: 27845686 PMCID: PMC5234706 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LPL hydrolyzes triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins. Due to the complex regulation mechanism, it has been difficult to mimic the physiological conditions under which LPL acts in vitro. We demonstrate that isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), using human plasma as substrate, overcomes several limitations of previously used techniques. The high sensitivity of ITC allows continuous recording of the heat released during hydrolysis. Both initial rates and kinetics for complete hydrolysis of plasma lipids can be studied. The heat rate was shown to correspond to the release of fatty acids and was linearly related to the amount of added enzyme, either purified LPL or postheparin plasma. Addition of apoC-III reduced the initial rate of hydrolysis by LPL, but the inhibition became less prominent with time when the lipoproteins were triglyceride poor. Addition of angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)3 or ANGPTL4 caused reduction of the activity of LPL via a two-step mechanism. We conclude that ITC can be used for quantitative measurements of LPL activity and interactions under in vivo-like conditions, for comparisons of the properties of plasma samples from patients and control subjects as substrates for LPL, as well as for testing of drug candidates developed with the aim to affect the LPL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Reimund
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Oleg Kovrov
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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35
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Gordon SM, Pourmousa M, Sampson M, Sviridov D, Islam R, Perrin BS, Kemeh G, Pastor RW, Remaley AT. Identification of a novel lipid binding motif in apolipoprotein B by the analysis of hydrophobic cluster domains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:135-145. [PMID: 27814978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is a large amphipathic protein that is the structural scaffold for the formation of several classes of lipoproteins involved in lipid transport throughout the body. The goal of the present study was to identify specific domains in the apoB sequence that contribute to its lipid binding properties. A sequence analysis algorithm was developed to identify stretches of hydrophobic amino acids devoid of charged amino acids, which are referred to as hydrophobic cluster domains (HCDs). This analysis identified 78 HCDs in apoB with hydrophobic stretches ranging from 6 to 26 residues. Each HCD was analyzed in silico for secondary structure and lipid binding properties, and a subset was synthesized for experimental evaluation. One HCD peptide, B38, showed high affinity binding to both isolated HDL and LDL, and could exchange between lipoproteins. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations indicate that B38 inserts 3.7Å below the phosphate plane of the bilayer. B38 forms an unusual α-helix with a broad hydrophobic face and polar serine and threonine residues on the opposite face. Based on this structure, we hypothesized that B38 could efflux cholesterol from cells. B38 showed a 12-fold greater activity than the 5A peptide, a bihelical Class A amphipathic helix (EC50 of 0.2658 vs. 3.188μM; p<0.0001), in promoting cholesterol efflux from ABCA1 expressing BHK-1 cells. In conclusion, we have identified novel domains within apoB that contribute to its lipid biding properties. Additionally, we have discovered a unique amphipathic helix design for efficient ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mohsen Pourmousa
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denis Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rafique Islam
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - B Scott Perrin
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Georgina Kemeh
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard W Pastor
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Kim KK, Kim TW, Kang YH, Kim DJ, Choe M. Lipid-lowering effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc. seed oil (ZSO) in hyperlipidemic rats and lipolytic effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:1427-1436. [PMID: 30263426 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of the antiatherosclerotic effect of Zanthoxylum schinifolium, the therapeutic potential of Zanthoxylum schinifolium seed oil (ZSO) was tested in terms of the blood lipid profile and obesity in rats. The lipolytic effects of ZSO were determined in adipocytes and the total body and liver weight were decreased in rats. Compared with the high-cholesterol high-fat (HCHF) group, the rats in the HCHF+ZSO group showed improved levels of hyperlipidemia indicators. Furthermore, western blot analysis confirmed that the improvement of hyperlipidemia indicators was induced by stimulation of lipoprotein lipase expression. Additional results indicated that the reduction in body weight was likely caused by phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) via the protein kinase A pathway, ultimately leading to lipolysis. In conclusion, the results of the in vivo experiment showed that ZSO improved the lipid profiles in the blood, lowering cardiovascular disease and arteriosclerosis and degrading cellular lipids by activating HSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Kon Kim
- 1Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- 2Well-Being Bioproducts R&D Regional Innovation Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Korea
| | - Yun Hwan Kang
- Applied Product Development Team, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38540 Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- 2Well-Being Bioproducts R&D Regional Innovation Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Korea
| | - Myeon Choe
- 1Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Korea.,2Well-Being Bioproducts R&D Regional Innovation Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Korea
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Geldenhuys WJ, Lin L, Darvesh AS, Sadana P. Emerging strategies of targeting lipoprotein lipase for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:352-365. [PMID: 27771332 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although statins and other pharmacological approaches have improved the management of lipid abnormalities, there exists a need for newer treatment modalities especially for the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), by promoting hydrolytic cleavage of the triglyceride core of lipoproteins, is a crucial node in the management of plasma lipid levels. Although LPL expression and activity modulation is observed as a pleiotropic action of some the commonly used lipid lowering drugs, the deliberate development of drugs targeting LPL has not occurred yet. In this review, we present the biology of LPL, highlight the LPL modulation property of currently used drugs and review the novel emerging approaches to target LPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Altaf S Darvesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Prabodh Sadana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A major step in energy metabolism is hydrolysis of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) to release fatty acids that can be used or stored. This is accomplished by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) at 'binding lipolysis sites' at the vascular endothelium. A multitude of interactions are involved in this seemingly simple reaction. Recent advances in the understanding of some of these factors will be discussed in an attempt to build a comprehensive picture. RECENT FINDINGS The first event in catabolism of TRLs is that they dock at the vascular endothelium. This requires LPL and GPIHBP1, the endothelial transporter of LPL.Kinetic studies in rats with labeled chylomicrons showed that once a chylomicron has docked in the heart it stays for minutes and a large number of triacylglycerol molecules are split. The distribution of binding between tissues reflects the amount of LPL, as evident from studies with mutant mice.Clearance of TRLs is often slowed down in metabolic disease, as was demonstrated both in mice and men. In mice, this was directly connected to decreased amounts of endothelial LPL. SUMMARY The LPL system is central in energy metabolism and results from interplay between several factors. Rapid and exciting progress is being made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Michalak A, Mosińska P, Fichna J. Common links between metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: Current overview and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:837-46. [PMID: 27238750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) features a constellation of central obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism and often hypertension joined by insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. All these elements greatly raise patient's risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, resulting in an increased mortality. Metabolic syndrome affects approximately 20-25% of the world's adult population and thus it is essential to study its pathophysiology and seek new pharmacological targets. There is a thoroughly studied link between MS and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, i.e. steatohepatitis. However, recent findings also indicate similarities in pathophysiological features between MS and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including adipose tissue dysregulation, inadequate immune response, and inflammation. In this review we aim to outline the pathophysiology of MS and emphasize the aspects revealed recently, such as mineralocorticoid activity, involvement of sex hormones and an accompanying increase in prolactin secretion. More importantly, we focus on the common links between MS and IBD. Finally, we describe new strategies and drug targets that may be utilized in MS therapy, namely adiponectin mimetics, GLP-1-based multi agonists, ABCA1 agonists and possible role of miRNA. We also discuss the possible utility of selected agents as adjuvants in IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paula Mosińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Novel therapies for severe dyslipidemia target a wide range of unmet medical needs: severe familial hypercholesterolemia, severe hypertriglyceridemia and chylomicronemia, elevated lipoprotein (a), lipodystrophies, high-density lipoprotein particle diseases, lysosomal acid lipase deficiency and storage diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and others. The purpose of this review is to describe the contribution of human genetics to the development of therapeutic approaches targeting severe dyslipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in human genetics and the identification of rare genetic variants having strong effects on disease risk not only accelerated the development of therapies for severe dyslipidemia, they also revealed new pathways, genes and mechanisms of health, disease or drug response, and facilitated molecular diagnosis, which may prove essential as the authorized use of some of these novel drugs is limited to specific conditions. In addition, the dissection of the gene and cell machinery gave rise to new technologies, gene-based therapies and biodrugs covering a broad range of novel agents currently available or in clinical development to treat severe lipid disorders. SUMMARY Several novel therapies are recently available or under development to treat severe dyslipidemia and associated risk stem directly from genetic research. Altogether, these therapies target a broad variety of severe dyslipidemia pathways or mechanisms and illustrate that clinical lipidology has now entered the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gaudet
- Department of Medicine, Lipidology Unit, Community Genomic Medicine Center, Université de Montréal and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
The concept of lipoprotein mimetics was developed and extensively tested in the last three decades. Most lipoprotein mimetics were designed to recreate one or several functions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the context of cardiovascular disease; however, the application of this approach is much broader. Lipoprotein mimetics should not just be seen as a set of compounds aimed at replenishing a deficiency or dysfunctionality of individual elements of lipoprotein metabolism but rather as a designer concept with remarkable flexibility and numerous applications in medicine and biology. In the present review, we discuss the fundamental design principles used to create lipoprotein mimetics, mechanisms of their action, medical indications and efficacy in animal models and human studies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes information pertaining to the preclinical development of new apolipoprotein (apo) E mimetic peptides that stimulate cellular cholesterol efflux. RECENT FINDINGS Small α-helical peptides based on the C-terminal domain of apoE have been developed for therapeutic applications. These peptides stimulate cellular cholesterol efflux via the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) with high potency, like native apolipoproteins on a molar basis. This potent activity has been related to the unique ability of these peptides to maintain α-helix structure upon dilution. Recent structure-activity studies improving the safety features of these mimetic peptides have greatly improved their potential for clinical use. These studies have identified structural features of the class A α-helix motif that induce muscle toxicity and hypertriglyceridemia, which may have implications for the design of other HDL mimetic peptides. SUMMARY ABCA1 is an integral membrane protein that plays a central role in biology. Its principal function is to mediate the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipid from cells to extracellular apo, preventing a build-up of excess cholesterol in membranes. This process generates HDL particles that perform a variety of functions to protect against disease. A number of these functions can be viewed as directly or indirectly supporting ABCA1 activity, thus constituting a positive feedback system to optimize cellular lipid efflux responses and disease prevention. Consequently, therapeutic approaches that mimic the activities of apos may prove highly effective to combat disease. One such approach involves the use of peptides. The broad biological relevance of ABCA1 suggests these apo mimetic peptides may be useful for the treatment of a number of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Bielicki
- Donner Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Sakurai T, Sakurai A, Vaisman BL, Amar MJ, Liu C, Gordon SM, Drake SK, Pryor M, Sampson ML, Yang L, Freeman LA, Remaley AT. Creation of Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II) Mutant Mice and Correction of Their Hypertriglyceridemia with an ApoC-II Mimetic Peptide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:341-53. [PMID: 26574515 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase, a plasma enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides (TGs). ApoC-II deficiency in humans results in hypertriglyceridemia. We used zinc finger nucleases to create Apoc2 mutant mice to investigate the use of C-II-a, a short apoC-II mimetic peptide, as a therapy for apoC-II deficiency. Mutant mice produced a form of apoC-II with an uncleaved signal peptide that preferentially binds high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) due to a 3-amino acid deletion at the signal peptide cleavage site. Homozygous Apoc2 mutant mice had increased plasma TG (757.5 ± 281.2 mg/dl) and low HDL cholesterol (31.4 ± 14.7 mg/dl) compared with wild-type mice (TG, 55.9 ± 13.3 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol, 55.9 ± 14.3 mg/dl). TGs were found in light (density < 1.063 g/ml) lipoproteins in the size range of very-low-density lipoprotein and chylomicron remnants (40-200 nm). Intravenous injection of C-II-a (0.2, 1, and 5 μmol/kg) reduced plasma TG in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum decrease of 90% occurring 30 minutes after the high dose. Plasma TG did not return to baseline until 48 hours later. Similar results were found with subcutaneous or intramuscular injections. Plasma half-life of C-II-a is 1.33 ± 0.72 hours, indicating that C-II-a only acutely activates lipolysis, and the sustained TG reduction is due to the relatively slow rate of new TG-rich lipoprotein synthesis. In summary, we describe a novel mouse model of apoC-II deficiency and show that an apoC-II mimetic peptide can reverse the hypertriglyceridemia in these mice, and thus could be a potential new therapy for apoC-II deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sakurai
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Akiko Sakurai
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Boris L Vaisman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scott M Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven K Drake
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Milton Pryor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maureen L Sampson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ling Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T.S., A.S., B.L.V., M.J.A., C.L., S.M.G., M.P., L.A.F., A.T.R.), Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (C.L.), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (M.L.S., A.T.R.), Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (S.K.D.), and Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (L.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Liu C, Gates KP, Fang L, Amar MJ, Schneider DA, Geng H, Huang W, Kim J, Pattison J, Zhang J, Witztum JL, Remaley AT, Dong PD, Miller YI. Apoc2 loss-of-function zebrafish mutant as a genetic model of hyperlipidemia. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:989-98. [PMID: 26044956 PMCID: PMC4527288 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2) is an obligatory activator of lipoprotein lipase. Human patients with APOC2 deficiency display severe hypertriglyceridemia while consuming a normal diet, often manifesting xanthomas, lipemia retinalis and pancreatitis. Hypertriglyceridemia is also an important risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. Animal models to study hypertriglyceridemia are limited, with no Apoc2-knockout mouse reported. To develop a genetic model of hypertriglyceridemia, we generated an apoc2 mutant zebrafish characterized by the loss of Apoc2 function. apoc2 mutants show decreased plasma lipase activity and display chylomicronemia and severe hypertriglyceridemia, which closely resemble the phenotype observed in human patients with APOC2 deficiency. The hypertriglyceridemia in apoc2 mutants is rescued by injection of plasma from wild-type zebrafish or by injection of a human APOC2 mimetic peptide. Consistent with a previous report of a transient apoc2 knockdown, apoc2 mutant larvae have a minor delay in yolk consumption and angiogenesis. Furthermore, apoc2 mutants fed a normal diet accumulate lipid and lipid-laden macrophages in the vasculature, which resemble early events in the development of human atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, apoc2 mutant embryos show ectopic overgrowth of pancreas. Taken together, our data suggest that the apoc2 mutant zebrafish is a robust and versatile animal model to study hypertriglyceridemia and the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of associated human diseases. Highlighted Article: Apoc2 loss-of-function zebrafish display severe hypertriglyceridemia, which is characteristic of human patients with defective lipoprotein lipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keith P Gates
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease and Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiopulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dina A Schneider
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Honglian Geng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pattison
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiopulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Duc Dong
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease and Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yury I Miller
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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45
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Leman LJ. The potential of apolipoprotein mimetic peptides in the treatment of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:215-217. [PMID: 27110290 DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Leman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States, phone: 858-784-2711, fax: 858-784-2798
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46
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Meyers NL, Larsson M, Olivecrona G, Small DM. A Pressure-dependent Model for the Regulation of Lipoprotein Lipase by Apolipoprotein C-II. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18029-18044. [PMID: 26026161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is the co-factor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) at the surface of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. LPL hydrolyzes triacylglycerol, which increases local surface pressure as surface area decreases and amphipathic products transiently accumulate at the lipoprotein surface. To understand how apoC-II adapts to these pressure changes, we characterized the behavior of apoC-II at multiple lipid/water interfaces. ApoC-II adsorption to a triacylglycerol/water interface resulted in large increases in surface pressure. ApoC-II was exchangeable at this interface and desorbed on interfacial compressions. These compressions increase surface pressure and mimic the action of LPL. Analysis of gradual compressions showed that apoC-II undergoes a two-step desorption, which indicates that lipid-bound apoC-II can exhibit at least two conformations. We characterized apoC-II at phospholipid/triacylglycerol/water interfaces, which more closely mimic lipoprotein surfaces. ApoC-II had a large exclusion pressure, similar to that of apoC-I and apoC-III. However, apoC-II desorbed at retention pressures higher than those seen with the other apoCs. This suggests that it is unlikely that apoC-I and apoC-III inhibit LPL via displacement of apoC-II from the lipoprotein surface. Upon rapid compressions and re-expansions, re-adsorption of apoC-II increased pressure by lower amounts than its initial adsorption. This indicates that apoC-II removed phospholipid from the interface upon desorption. These results suggest that apoC-II regulates the activity of LPL in a pressure-dependent manner. ApoC-II is provided as a component of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins and is the co-factor for LPL as pressure increases. Above its retention pressure, apoC-II desorbs and removes phospholipid. This triggers release of LPL from lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Meyers
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Mikael Larsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Donald M Small
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118.
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Li P, Ruan X, Yang L, Kiesewetter K, Zhao Y, Luo H, Chen Y, Gucek M, Zhu J, Cao H. A liver-enriched long non-coding RNA, lncLSTR, regulates systemic lipid metabolism in mice. Cell Metab 2015; 21:455-67. [PMID: 25738460 PMCID: PMC4350020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a significant portion of mammalian genome, yet the physiological importance of lncRNAs is largely unknown. Here, we identify a liver-enriched lncRNA in mouse that we term liver-specific triglyceride regulator (lncLSTR). Mice with a liver-specific depletion of lncLSTR exhibit a marked reduction in plasma triglyceride levels. We show that lncLSTR depletion enhances apoC2 expression, leading to robust lipoprotein lipase activation and increased plasma triglyceride clearance. We further demonstrate that the regulation of apoC2 expression occurs through an FXR-mediated pathway. LncLSTR forms a molecular complex with TDP-43 to regulate expression of Cyp8b1, a key enzyme in the bile acid synthesis pathway, and engenders an in vivo bile pool that induces apoC2 expression through FXR. Finally, we demonstrate that lncLSTR depletion can reduce triglyceride levels in a hyperlipidemia mouse model. Taken together, these data support a model in which lncLSTR regulates a TDP-43/FXR/apoC2-dependent pathway to maintain systemic lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiangbo Ruan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kurtis Kiesewetter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haitao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haiming Cao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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