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Dedousis N, Teng L, Kanshana JS, Kohan AB. A single-day mouse mesenteric lymph surgery in mice: an updated approach to study dietary lipid absorption, chylomicron secretion, and lymphocyte dynamics. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100284. [PMID: 36152881 PMCID: PMC9646667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a crucial role in regulating whole-body lipid metabolism through its unique function of absorbing dietary fat. In the small intestine, absorptive epithelial cells emulsify hydrophobic dietary triglycerides (TAGs) prior to secreting them into mesenteric lymphatic vessels as chylomicrons. Except for short- and medium-chain fatty acids, which are directly absorbed from the intestinal lumen into portal vasculature, the only way for an animal to absorb dietary TAG is through the chylomicron/mesenteric lymphatic pathway. Isolating intestinal lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, is extremely difficult in vivo because of the dilution of postprandial lymph in the peripheral blood. In addition, once postprandial lymph enters the circulation, chylomicron TAGs are rapidly hydrolyzed. To enhance isolation of large quantities of pure postprandial chylomicrons, we have modified the Tso group's highly reproducible gold-standard double-cannulation technique in rats to enable single-day surgery and lymph collection in mice. Our technique has a significantly higher survival rate than the traditional 2-day surgical model and allows for the collection of greater than 400 μl of chylous lymph with high postprandial TAG concentrations. Using this approach, we show that after an intraduodenal lipid bolus, the mesenteric lymph contains naïve CD4+ T-cell populations that can be quantified by flow cytometry. In conclusion, this experimental approach represents a quantitative tool for determining dietary lipid absorption, intestinal lipoprotein dynamics, and mesenteric immunity. Our model may also be a powerful tool for studies of antigens, the microbiome, pharmacokinetics, and dietary compound absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dedousis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lihong Teng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jitendra S Kanshana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alison B Kohan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Pathak P, Shukla P, Kanshana JS, Jagavelu K, Sangwan NS, Dwivedi AK, Dikshit M. Standardized root extract of Withania somnifera and Withanolide A exert moderate vasorelaxant effect in the rat aortic rings by enhancing nitric oxide generation. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 278:114296. [PMID: 34090907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, commonly known as Ashwagandha, belongs to the family Solanaceae. In Ayurveda, Ashwagandha has been defined as one of the most important herb and is considered to be the best adaptogen. It is also an excellent rejuvenator, a general health tonic and cure for various disorders such as cerebrovascular, insomnia, asthma, ulcers, etc. Steroidal lactones (Withanolides: Withanolide A, Withaferin A, Withanolide D, Withanone, etc) isolated from this plant, possess promising medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulatory etc. Standardized root extract of the plant NMITLI-118R (NM) was prepared at CSIR-CIMAP, and was investigated for various biological activities at CSIR-CDRI. Among the notable medicinal properties, NM exhibited excellent neuroprotective activity in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. AIM OF THE STUDY Endothelial dysfunction is the primary event in the cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disorders, present study was thus undertaken to evaluate vasoprotective potential of NM and its biomarker compound Withanolide A (WA) using rat aortic rings and EA.hy926 endothelial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Transverse aortic rings of 10 weeks old Wistar rats were used to evaluate effect of NM and WA on the vasoreactivity. While, mechanism of NM and WA mediated vasorelaxant was investigated in Ea.hy926 cell line by measuring NO generation, nitrite content, Serine 1177 phosphorylation of eNOS, reduced/oxidized biopterin levels and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein. RESULTS Fingerprinting of NM using HPLC identified presence of WA in the extract. NM as well as WA exerted moderate vasorelaxant effect in the endothelium intact rat aortic rings which was lesser than acetylcholine (ACh). NM and WA augmented ACh induced relaxation in the rat aortic rings. NM and WA dependent vasorelaxation was blocked by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3,-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), indicating role of NO/cGMP. Further Ea.hy926 cells treated with NM and WA showed accumulation of nitrite content, enhanced NO levels, eNOS expression and eNOS phosphorylation (Serine 1177). CONCLUSION Altogether NM and WA dependent improvement in the NO availability seems to be mediated by the enhanced eNOS phosphorylation. WA, seems to be one of the active constituent of NM, and presence of other vasoactive substances cannot be ruled out. The data obtained imply that the vasorelaxant property of NM is beneficial for its neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Pathak
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110001, India.
| | - Prachi Shukla
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Jitendra S Kanshana
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India.
| | - Anil K Dwivedi
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Tanslational Health Science and Technology, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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Kanshana JS, Mattila PE, Ewing MC, Wood AN, Schoiswohl G, Meyer AC, Kowalski A, Rosenthal SL, Gingras S, Kaufman BA, Lu R, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST, Minster RL, Hawley NL, Kershaw EE. A murine model of the human CREBRFR457Q obesity-risk variant does not influence energy or glucose homeostasis in response to nutritional stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251895. [PMID: 34520472 PMCID: PMC8439463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes have strong heritable components, yet the genetic contributions to these diseases remain largely unexplained. In humans, a missense variant in Creb3 regulatory factor (CREBRF) [rs373863828 (p.Arg457Gln); CREBRFR457Q] is strongly associated with increased odds of obesity but decreased odds of diabetes. Although virtually nothing is known about CREBRF's mechanism of action, emerging evidence implicates it in the adaptive transcriptional response to nutritional stress downstream of TORC1. The objectives of this study were to generate a murine model with knockin of the orthologous variant in mice (CREBRFR458Q) and to test the hypothesis that this CREBRF variant promotes obesity and protects against diabetes by regulating energy and glucose homeostasis downstream of TORC1. To test this hypothesis, we performed extensive phenotypic analysis of CREBRFR458Q knockin mice at baseline and in response to acute (fasting/refeeding), chronic (low- and high-fat diet feeding), and extreme (prolonged fasting) nutritional stress as well as with pharmacological TORC1 inhibition, and aging to 52 weeks. The results demonstrate that the murine CREBRFR458Q model of the human CREBRFR457Q variant does not influence energy/glucose homeostasis in response to these interventions, with the exception of possible greater loss of fat relative to lean mass with age. Alternative preclinical models and/or studies in humans will be required to decipher the mechanisms linking this variant to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra S. Kanshana
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Polly E. Mattila
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Ewing
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Ashlee N. Wood
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Schoiswohl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna C. Meyer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Aneta Kowalski
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Rosenthal
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Brett A. Kaufman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Ray Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Ryan L. Minster
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Kanuri BN, Rebello SC, Pathak P, Agarwal H, Kanshana JS, Awasthi D, Gupta AP, Gayen JR, Jagavelu K, Dikshit M. Glucose and lipid metabolism alterations in liver and adipose tissue pre-dispose p47 phox knockout mice to systemic insulin resistance. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:568-582. [PMID: 29544378 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1453136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress due to enhanced production or reduced scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been associated with diet (dyslipidemia) induced obesity and insulin resistance (IR). The present study was undertaken to assess the role of p47phox in IR using wild type (WT) and p47phox-/- mice, fed with different diets (HFD, LFD or Chow). Augmented body weight, glucose intolerance and reduced insulin sensitivity were observed in p47phox-/- mice fed with 45% HFD and 10% LFD. Further, body fat and circulating lipids were increased significantly with 5 weeks LFD feeding in p47phox-/- mice, while parameters of energy homeostasis were reduced as compared with WT mice. LFD fed knockout (KO) mice showed an enhanced hepatic glycogenolysis, and reduced insulin signalling in liver and adipose tissue, while skeletal muscle tissue remained unaffected. A significant increase in hepatic lipids, adiposity, as well as expression of genes regulating lipid synthesis, breakdown and efflux were observed in LFD fed p47phox-/- mice after 5 weeks. On the other hand, mice lacking p47phox demonstrated altered glucose tolerance and tissue insulin sensitivity after 5 weeks chow feeding, while changes in body weight, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and heat production are non-significant. Our data demonstrate that lack of p47phox is sufficient to induce IR through altered glucose and lipid utilization by the liver and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Nageswararao Kanuri
- a Division of Pharmacology , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Sanjay C Rebello
- a Division of Pharmacology , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India
| | - Priya Pathak
- a Division of Pharmacology , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India
| | - Hobby Agarwal
- a Division of Pharmacology , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India
| | - Jitendra S Kanshana
- a Division of Pharmacology , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India
| | - Deepika Awasthi
- a Division of Pharmacology , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India
| | - Anand P Gupta
- c Division of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- c Division of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- a Division of Pharmacology , Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Lucknow , India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- d Bioscience and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur , India
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Kanshana JS, Rebello SC, Pathak P, Kanuri BN, Aggarwal H, Srivastava V, Khanna V, Singh V, Jagavelu K, Barthwal MK, Dikshit M. Standardized fraction of Xylocarpus moluccensis fruits improve vascular relaxation and plaque stability in dyslipidemic models of atherosclerosis. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 213:81-91. [PMID: 29129602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lamk.) M. Roem of family Meliaceae has triterpenoids rich fruits. Triterpenoids have been known to possess cardioprotection and anti-atherosclerotic activities (Han and Bakovic, 2015; Wu et al., 2009). Standardized fraction of these fruits exhibited anti-dyslipidemic (Srivastava et al., 2015), anti-inflammatory (Ravangpai et al., 2011) and CNS depressant activity (Sarker et al., 2007). However, there is no report in the literature on its cardiovascular effects. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was undertaken to assess vasoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic and further examine the anti-dyslipidemic effect of the standardized fraction of Xylocarpus moluccensis (F018) fruits in the mechanical injury and high fat diet (HFD) induced dyslipidemic/ atherosclerosis models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Guinea pigs were fed 0.08% cholesterol + 15% fat diet for 3 weeks, while ApoE KO mice were fed high fat diet for 18 weeks to induce dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. A combination of balloon injury and high fat diet (1% cholesterol, 6% peanut oil) for 5 weeks was used to accelerate atherosclerosis in NZW rabbits. F018 was administered once daily by oral route in guinea pigs (10, 25 or 50mg/kg/day for 3 weeks), ApoE KO mice (50mg/kg/day for 6 weeks) and in NZW rabbit (25mg/kg/day for 5 weeks) to monitor its effect on dyslipidemia, vasoreactivity and plaque composition by using standard methodologies. RESULTS F018 treatment in guinea pigs (25 and 50mg/kg/day), ApoE mice (50mg/kg/day) and rabbits (25mg/kg/day) significantly reduced plasma lipids and improved ACh induced vasorelaxation. Anti-dyslipidemic effect of F018 seems to be due to the modulation of enterohepatic genes involved in the cholesterol absorption and excretion. Moreover, significant improvement in the acetylcholine (ACh) induced vasorelaxation was accompanied with reduced inflammatory burden and enhanced activation of eNOS in ApoE mice aortic tissue. Similarly inflammatory cytokines, immunolabeling of macrophage marker (CD68) and MMP-9 were reduced along with augmentation in vascular smooth muscle cells and collagen type I and III in the mechanically injured iliac artery segment in the rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, F018 preserved vasoreactivity, reduced atherosclerotic plaque progression and enhanced plaque stability by reducing lipids, inflammatory cytokines, improving endothelial function and collagen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra S Kanshana
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sanjay C Rebello
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Priya Pathak
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | | | - Hobby Aggarwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | | | - Vivek Khanna
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Manoj K Barthwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Kanuri BN, Kanshana JS, Rebello SC, Pathak P, Gupta AP, Gayen JR, Jagavelu K, Dikshit M. Erratum: Corrigendum: Altered glucose and lipid homeostasis in liver and adipose tissue pre-dispose inducible NOS knockout mice to insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46010. [PMID: 28383572 PMCID: PMC5382890 DOI: 10.1038/srep46010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kanuri BN, Kanshana JS, Rebello SC, Pathak P, Gupta AP, Gayen JR, Jagavelu K, Dikshit M. Altered glucose and lipid homeostasis in liver and adipose tissue pre-dispose inducible NOS knockout mice to insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41009. [PMID: 28106120 PMCID: PMC5247703 DOI: 10.1038/srep41009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of diet induced obesity and KO mice models, nitric oxide is implied to play an important role in the initiation of dyslipidemia induced insulin resistance. However, outcomes using iNOS KO mice have so far remained inconclusive. The present study aimed to assess IR in iNOS KO mice after 5 weeks of LFD feeding by monitoring body composition, energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity/signaling, nitrite content and gene expressions changes in the tissues. We found that body weight and fat content in KO mice were significantly higher while the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), volume of carbon dioxide (VCO2), and heat production were lower as compared to WT mice. Furthermore, altered systemic glucose tolerance, tissue insulin signaling, hepatic gluconeogenesis, augmented hepatic lipids, adiposity, as well as gene expression regulating lipid synthesis, catabolism and efflux were evident in iNOS KO mice. Significant reduction in eNOS and nNOS gene expression, hepatic and adipose tissue nitrite content, circulatory nitrite was also observed. Oxygen consumption rate of mitochondrial respiration has remained unaltered in KO mice as measured using extracellular flux analyzer. Our findings establish a link between the NO status with systemic and tissue specific IR in iNOS KO mice at 5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Nageswararao Kanuri
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi - 110001, India
| | - Jitendra S Kanshana
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Sanjay C Rebello
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Priya Pathak
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Anand P Gupta
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi - 110001, India
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Khanna V, Jain M, Singh V, Kanshana JS, Prakash P, Barthwal MK, Murthy PSR, Dikshit M. Cholesterol diet withdrawal leads to an initial plaque instability and subsequent regression of accelerated iliac artery atherosclerosis in rabbits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77037. [PMID: 24146955 PMCID: PMC3798418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of long term cholesterol diet withdrawal on accelerated atherosclerosis in iliac artery of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits has not been explored so far. Atherosclerosis was thus induced in rabbits by a combination of balloon injury and atherogenic diet (AD) (1% cholesterol and 6% peanut oil) feeding for 8 weeks (baseline) followed by chow diet (CD) feeding for 4, 8, 16, 32, 50 and 64 weeks. The plaque characterization was done using histology, real time RT-PCR and vasoreactivity studies. Significant elevation in plasma lipids with AD feeding was normalized following 16 weeks of CD feeding. However, baseline comparison showed advanced plaque features even after 8 weeks of CD period with significant elevation in intima/media thickness ratio and plaque area later showing reduction at 50 and 64 weeks CD periods. Lesion lipid accumulation and CD68 positivity was maintained till 16 weeks of CD feeding which significantly reduced from 32 to 64 weeks CD periods. Baseline comparison showed significant increase in ground substance, MMP-9 and significant decrease in α-actin and collagen content at 8 weeks CD period indicating features of unstable plaque. These features regressed up to 64 weeks of CD. Partial restoration of functional vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation was seen after 64 weeks of CD feeding. mRNA expression of MCP-1, VCAM-1, collagen type I and III, MMP-9, TIMP-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and eNOS supported the above findings. The study thus reveals insights into initial plaque instability and subsequent regression on AD withdrawal in this model. These results are suggestive of an appropriate window for drug intervention for plaque stability/regression and restenosis as well as improves understanding of plaque regression phenomenon in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Khanna
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra S. Kanshana
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Prakash
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj K. Barthwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puvvada S. R. Murthy
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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